MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are micromolecule non-coding RNA that play a key role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and are involved in regulating various biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation and metabolism.The expression of miRNAs varies significantly in the process of the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy(DR), many domestic and foreign studies have shown that miRNAs are closely related to the physiological and pathological mechanism of DR by regulating gene expression. Partial miRNAs that specifically expressed can regulate the level of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the retina and affect the occurrence and development of DR. Therefore, the progression of DR can be delayed by enhancing or inhibiting these miRNAs. The combination of single or multiple miRNAs can serve as novel transcriptome biomarkers for DR, and it is also a potential effective target for future treatment of DR. Current detection of specific miRNAs in blood or body fluids is helpful for early intervention and follow-up of DR. Therefore, this review focuses on the research progress of miRNAs and their molecular mechanisms, therapeutic prospects and biomarkers involved in DR regulation.