Dry eye(DE)is a multi-factorial ocular surface disease. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of DE is still unclear. Inflammation and immune response are considered to be one of the core mechanisms among the pathogenesis of DE. Neuropeptides are small molecular peptides generated after the sensory nerve endings damaged or stimulated. They play an important role in triggering and regulating inflammatory response. Thus, they are important mediums between the nervous system and immune system. Recent studies have revealed that neuropeptides secreted by ocular surface nerves are considered to be an important factor involved in the pathogenesis of DE. Therefore, this paper summarized the research progress on the roles of neuropeptides underlying the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of DE, analyzed the latest points of view and research hot spots, so as to provide references for the prevention and treatment of DE.