The introduction of vitrectomy has solved a difficult and intractable problem in the ophthalmology community for the treatment of fundus oculi diseases. To date, minimally invasive vitrectomy (MIV) is the main surgical modality for the treatment of fundus oculi diseases. Clinically, patients develop dry eye symptoms after MIV, including lacrimal irritation, foreign body sensation, and visual disturbances. We speculates that MIV may damage the conjunctival and corneal epithelium as well as related sensory nerves, disrupting the tear film and causing a local inflammation response, thereby further affecting the ocular surface microenvironment and inducing or aggravating existing dry eye symptoms. At present, there are few studies on the changes of ocular surface after MIV. This article aims to analyze the effects of different factors on the microenvironment of the ocular surface before, during and after MIV, and to provide preventive and curative measures that can be taken to guide the clinic to make good preparations for the operation, to choose the appropriate surgical procedure, and to reduce the risk of dry eye in the postoperative period.