Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the final pathological manifestation of a variety of ocular diseases, whose pathogenesis is extremely complex, involving a variety of cells, cytokines and signaling pathways. microRNA (miRNA or miR) is a kind of small biological molecule. With the in-depth study of microRNA, more and more miRNA-mediated signaling pathways involved in disease studies have been revealed one by one. In the field of ophthalmology, miRNAs affect the development of CNV by targeting specific protein genes through various signaling pathways, which is also a focus of research in recent years. By regulating key signaling pathways of CNV, miRNAs promote or inhibit the occurrence of CNV. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of the regulation of miRNA on Wnt, PI3K-AKT, Notch, TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways related to the occurrence and development of CNV, providing new ideas for the subsequent improvement of the pathogenesis of CNV and the treatment of CNV through miRNA-targeted intervention.