AIM:To investigate and analyze the epidemiology of preschool children with myopia, and provid a basis for early prevention of myopia. METHODS: A total of 5182 preschool children aged 3 to 6 of kindergarten in foshan were randomly selected to be surveyed. Refractive screening of the selected children was made by using NIDEK auto refractometer AR-20. The children with suspected myopia and diopter ≤+2.00D were smeared 10g/L atropine on eyes for 3 days and carried out retinoscopy by specially-assigned person. The children diagnosed as myopia and diopter ≤+2.00D were carried out a survey of myopia by specially-assigned person. After correction of refractive errors, myope was required to reexamined every 6 months and followed up for 1 year. RESULTS: Prevalence rate of myopia in preschool children was 1.95%, urban 2.10%, rural 1.80%; 3 to 4 years old 0.98%, 4 to 5 years old 1.96%, 5 to 6 years old 2.45%. The incidence of myopia in preschool children was closely related to the history of myopia in consanguinity. There was no significant difference between urban and rural in the incidence of myopia in preschool children. CONCLUSION: Preschool children with myopia is not uncommon and should not be ignored.