AIM:This prospective study was performed to measure the macular thickness and volume in patients with different kinds of monocular anisometropic amblyopia using optical coherence tomography.METHODS:A total of 52 pediatric cases with monocular anisometropic amblyopia were registered in our hospital from July 2009 to June 2010.Amblyopic group included hyperopic amblyopia eyes(41 cases) and myopic amblyopia eyes(11 cases).The control group was the non-amblyopic eyes in patients with monocular anisometropic amblyopia.After 104 eyes of 52 cases were scaned,the thickness and volume of macular retina were measured with OCT-3,including foveola and nine areas of macula.RESULTS:The difference of thickness of macular foveola F and fovea(<1mm)A1 areas showed statistical significance between amblyopic group and control group.The macular retinal(F and A1) thickness of amblyopic group were thicker than that of control group(P<0.05).The difference of volume of macular fovea(<1mm) A1 areas showed statistical significance between amblyopic group and control group.The macular retinal(A1)volume of amblyopic group was greater than that of control group(P<0.05).In amblyopic group,the difference of thickness of macular foveola fovea(<1mm) A1 and A2～A5 areas showed no statistical significance,while the difference of thickness of macular A6～A9 areas showed statistical significance between hyperopic amblyopia eyes and myopic amblyopia eyes.The macular retinal(A6～A9) thickness of hyperopic amblyopia eyes were thicker than that of myopic amblyopia eyes(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Thickness and volume of the macular retina may be affected by amblyopia,including macular fovea and foveola,which induced the decrease of central vision.There was no significant difference of thickness of macular fovea(<3mm) area.which was affected by amblyopia,between hyperopic amblyopia eyes and myopic amblyopia eyes.