Abstract:AIM:To study the effects of Tetramethylpyrazine （TMP） on retinal pigment epithelium（RPE） degeneration,choroidal blood flow and oxidative stress of RPE cells. METHODS:The35mg/kg NalO₃-induced RPE degeneration rat eyes was given 25μg 1%TMP eye drops 3 times a day for 7 days before NalO₃ injection,and then 2 to 4 weeks after NalO₃ injection.RPE function was measured with cwave of electroretinogram（ERG）.Colored microsphere technique was used for in vivo experiments to determine the choroidal blood flow in ocular hypertensive（40mmHg） rabbit eyes.Methylthiazoltetrazolium（MTT） assay was used to study in vitro effect of TMP on various oxidants induced injury in the hRPE（ARPE-19（ATCC,Manassas, VA,USA））. RESULTS:Two weeks after NalO₃ injection,the amplitude of ERG c-wave fell markedly in NalO₃ group to 36%of control group（P<0.01）.No apparent difference was observed in TMP + NalO₃ group.Four weeks later,the NalO₃ group fell to 46%of control group（P<0.01）,while the TMP + NalO₃ group fell to only 77%of control group （P<0.01）.There was a 67%reversal of the ERG c-wave by TMP as compared to NalO₃ group（P<0.01）.The choroidal blood flow was significantly increased at all time points（at 30,60 and 120 minutes after TMP instillation） as compared with corresponding controls.TMP had no effect on hypoxia-（1%O₂）,t-BHP- and H₂O₂-induced damage in RPE cells.10μg/mL TMP could reverse 1 and 3mmol/L NaN₃-induced loss of viability of RPE by 18.5% （P<0.01） and 23%（P<0.01）,respectively.30μg/mL TMP could reverse 30 and 100mmol/L NalO₃ induced loss of viability of RPE by 18.1%（P<0.05） and 16.8%（P<0.01）,respectively. CONCLUSION:TMP can significantly protect RPE from NalO₃ induced degeneration in vivo and oxidative stress in vitro and can increase choroidal blood flow markedly in vivo.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the frequency of drug injection of alloxan diabetes on the established model of rabbit. METHODS:Thirty-six healthy rabbits,weighing 2- 2.5kg,were randomly divided into one time drug injection group(group A,n = 12),two times drug injection group (group B,n = 12) and three times drug injection group (group C,n = 12).Each rabbit was injected with a total amount of 150mg/kg of alloxan.Fasting blood glucose was measured.The success rate and death rate of each group were also calculated. RESULTS:The success rate of diabetic rabbit model in group B was higher than that in group A(P<0.01) and its death rate was lower than that of group A(P<0.01);the success rate of diabetic rabbit model in group C was highest and the death rate was the lowest in three groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Multiple administration of alloxan can improve success rate in establishing diabetic rabbit model with decreased death rate and increased stability.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cell（MSC） in the microenvironment of retinitis pigmentosa（RP） induced by the administration of sodium iodate. METHODS:In vitro cultured Lewis rat MSC were injected into the subretinal space of NalO₃ induced RP rat eyes（30g/L NalO₃100mg/kg）.To observe the trace and differentiation of MSC by immuno-fluorescent method successively in 5 weeks after the surgery. RESULTS:The majority of the transplanted cells stay in retinal pigment epithelium（RPE） layer and cones and rods layer.From the 2^nd week after transplantation,the engrafted MSC expressed PCK and rhodopsin under fluorescent microscope. CONCLUSION:MSC can survive mainly in the outer layer of retina in the microenvironment of RP and differentiate forward the RPE cell and photoreceptor.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of ginsenoside-Rg3 on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in retina with diabetic rats and its roles in preventing neovascularization in diabetes. METHODS:Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:negative control group,diabetic control group and ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group (5mg/kg,0.2mg/mL) followed by establishing diabetic model.The expression of VEGF and TNF-αwere measured after 8 weeks. RESULTS:There were significant differences among negative control group,diabetic control group and ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group in the expression of VEGF and TNF-α(F= 129.363,211.992;all the P<0.01). VEGF and TNF-αexpression were significantly higher in diabetic control group and ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group than that in negative control group(P<0.01),with a significant reduction in ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group than that in diabetic control group(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Ginsenoside-Rg3 can down-regulate the expression of VEGF and TNF-αin retina,which may interfere in the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of peribulbar anesthesia on intraocular pressure(IOP) and ocular amplitude pulse (OPA). METHODS:Thirty-two consecutive adult patients with monocular cataract enrolled in this study.IOP and OPA were measured with dynamic contour tonometer(DCT) before and 3,10 minutes after administration of lidocaine anesthesia.Data were analyzed with software SPSS 11.5. RESULTS:The IOP remained stable in the injected eyes and the non-injected eyes after administration of lidocaine anesthesia.The OPA was significantly decreased after injection of anesthesia agent in the injected eyes.The OPA in the non-injected eyes increased significantly 3 minutes after injection of the anesthesia agent,returning to preinjection level 10 minutes after the injection. CONCLUSION:Peribulbar anesthesia leads to decrease of OPA and shows no effect on IOP in the injected eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To present the epidemiology,cause of injury, ocular status and final visual acuity after management of severe ocular trauma required hospitalization during 7 years in a representative urban Chinese population. METHODS:A retrospective analysis of the hospital admission files of ocular trauma patients admitted to the Daping hospital from January 2000 to December 2006 was carried out. RESULTS:A total of 268 patients were open-globe injury and the remaining 294 patients were closed-globe types. The most common causes of ocular injuries were metal (29.4%),explosive(14.6%) and stone(13.9%).And the visual outcomes of most of eye injury patients in this study were poor;half of injured eyes ended with visual acuity worse than 0.1. CONCLUSION:Therapeutic methods to ocular trauma make a great progress in recent years,but the visual outcomes are poor.

Abstract:AIM:To report two cases whose decreased visual acuity was the first symptom of leukaemia and optical coherence tomography(OCT) allowed identification and localization of the retinal lesions. METHODS:Retrospective,interventional,case reports. RESULTS:One case of lymphoblastic acute leukaemia and chronic lymphoid leukaemia were diagnosed following decreased visual acuity.OCT showed macular serous detachment in the first case.The second case presented hypo fluorescent retinal infiltrates which appeared as hyper reflective lesions by OCT.Retinal changes disappeared and visual acuity was recovered following complete remission of the neoplasm. CONCLUSION:OCT is a valuable,non invasive diagnostic tool permitting detection,localization and follow-up of ocular dissemination of neoplasms.

Abstract:AIM:To study the relativity between lens epithelial cells （LECs） apoptosis rate and perfluoropropane gas after the operation of vitrectomy with nonexpansile perfluoropropane gas. METHODS:Totally 50 new Zealand health rabbits（100 eyes） were assigned randomly to three groups:the A group rabbits was normal group;the B group were control group,performed the operation of simple vitrectomy with BSS;the C group eyes were experimental group,performed the operation of vitrectomy with nonexpansile perfluoropropane gas.The intraocular pressures were measured with Schiotz indentation tonometer,and the lens shape were observed with slit lamp microscope on the 1^st,3^th,8^th,35^th,45^th day after operation.The apoptosis rate of lens epithelial cell was detected under light microscope after the treatment of TUNEL method. RESULTS:There was significant difference（P<0.05）on apoptosis rate of LECs between experimental group and the control group,normal group on the 35^th and 45^th day after operation;The apoptosis rate of LECs on the 35^th and 45^th day after operation is 1.81±0.91%,3.20±1.25%, and there was significant difference（P<0.05） between them. CONCLUSION:The perfluoropropane gas was one of the main reasons of the early cataract after the operation of vitrectomy with nonexpansile perfluoropropane gas. LECs apoptosis can be induced by C₃F₈,and apoptosis rate of LECs was gradually increased as the after-operation time prolonged.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the absorption of tetrandrine sustained-release absorption film in vivo in rabbit conjunctiva under the laser confocal microscopy. METHODS:Tetrandrine film prepared with an appropriate proportion of chitosan and gelatin was implanted under the conjunctiva of rabbits,blank film as control.1 week later the two groups of film was observed with the confocal microscope at five different levels.The average percentage of absorption area of the film was calculated. The difference of absorption was analyzed by the SPSS 18.0. RESULTS:Lots of uniform small particles in the dry film was observed under the laser confocal microscope.At the same time,there were some vacuoles and the absorption regions in the film under the rabbit conjunctiva.The average absorption percentage was 10.5%±0.28%in the tetrandrine film group,and 15.0%±4.6%in the control. Tetrandrine film absorption in the rabbits conjunctiva was lower,with t= 1.301 and P= 0.000. CONCLUSION:The laser confocal microscope can be used to observe the degradation of film directly,and to get the result of the tetrandrine releasing the biological absorption of the film.So it is a good tool of the pharmaceutical research.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the killing effects of tumor cells specific vector of suicide gene of CDglyTK driven by hTERT promoter on retinoblastoma Y79 in vivo. METHODS:The BALB/C nude mice were devided into two groups,ten mice each.The experimental mice were injected subcutaneously with the CDTK expressional retinoblastoma Y79 cells.The control mice were injected with non-transfected Y79 cells.Intraperitoneal injections with 5-FC and GCV were started 7 days after tumor injection.Tumor was allowed to grow and established.All the mice with tumor received prodrug once per day for 15 days.The volume of tumor were observed.Furthermore, the pathological results of tumor was observed.At the same time,RT-PCR was used to detect CDTK amplification fragements in the tumors. RESULTS:The volume of the tumor in experimental group,compared to the control group,showed a significant decrease.There was significant difference in the tumor volume between the two groups(P<0.05). There was generous necrosis in the transfected group.The result of RT-PCR showed 403bp fragment that was eaqual to the expection. CONCLUSION:Tumor cells specific vector of suicide gene of CDglyTK and prodrugs can inhibit the growth of tumor of Y79 subcutaneously.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effect and mechanism of VEGF and Ang-1 on differentiation and maturation of choroidal neovascluarization. METHODS:Mice of CNV model were received intravitreous injection with VEGF or Ang-1,the FFA images and pathological section were analyzed to detect the effects of factor Ang-1 or VEGF. RESULTS:In CNV model mice Ang-1 group was found less later period leakage than the control group,while in VEGF group is more than the control group.The scar was found in pathological tissue section of Ang-1 group,and granulation tissue was found in VEGF and control group. CONCLUSION:Ang-1 can suppress the formation and maturation of CNV and improve the scar formation.

Abstract:AIM:To study the expression of VE-cadherin and pcatenin in adherens junction in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rat retina. METHODS:Fifty healthy adult male SD rats were chosen and randomly divided into normal control(Con), and diabetic mellitus(DM) groups.Diabetic model was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ.After 2,5 and 8 weeks,retinas were separated and vascular permeability was quantified by albumin leakage from blood vessels into the retina using the Evans blue method.VE-cadherin andβ-catenin expression was measured in rat retinas using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS:Retinal vascular permeability was increased in the 2-,5- and 8-week diabetic retina respectively, compared with that in the controls(P<0.05).The localization of the expression of VE-cadherin was observed in retinal vessels of diabetic rats by immunohistochemistry. The allocation of the expresson ofβ-catenin was observed in external limiting membrane,outer nuclear layer,outer plexiform layer,inner plexiform layer,internal limiting membrane and microvessel of rat retinas.The expression of VE-cadherin was significantly decreased in STZ-induced diabetic rat retinas with the progression of diabetes.The expression ofβ-catenin was significantly increased in STZ-induced diabetic rat retinas with the progression of diabetes. CONCLUSION:The expression of VE-cadherin is decreased and that ofβ-catenin is increased in DM.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the inhibiting effect of intravitreal defibrase and vancomycin injection on proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), infectious endophthalmitis in rabbit model eyes of hemorrhagic penetrating ocular injury.
METHODS: Totally 40 New Zealand albino rabbits (right eyes) were taken as experimental rabbit model eyes of hemorrhagic penetrating ocular injury and all their left eyes were intact. The rabbits were divided into four groups randomly: phosphate buffered saline group（10 eyes）which were injected with 0.1mL phosphate buffered saline in vitreous; defibrase group（10 eyes）which were injected with 0.1U（0.1mL）defibrase in vitreous; vancomycin group（10 eyes）which were injected with 1mg （0.1mL）vancomycin in vitreous; defibrase combined with vancomycin group（10 eyes）which were injected with 01U（0.1mL）defibrase and 1mg （0.1mL）vancomycin in vitreous respectively. The inflammation in anterior segment of eye was estimated by slit-lamp microscope examination. Microbiology examination in vitreous must be taken upon these eyes that the inflammation have last over two weeks in anterior segment. Both degree of PVR and the bleeding indexes in vitreous were estimated by direct funduscopy examination. RESULTS: Both the bleeding indexes and degree of PVR in vitreous in defibrase combined with vancomycin group were lower than both phosphate buffered saline group （P<0.01；P<0.01） and vancomycin group（P<0.05；P<001）；There were 3 eyes (30%) suffered endophthalmitis in both phosphate buffered saline group and defibrase group respectively; There was no eye suffered endophthalmitis in both vancomycin group and defibrase combined with vancomycin group. CONCLUSION: The therapeutics of intravitreal defibrase combined with vancomycin injection can promotes the absorption of vitreous hemorrhage and decrease both the occurrence of bacterial endophthalmitis and the degree of PVR .

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility of cultured human umbilicus vascular endothelium replacing the function of cat’s native endothelium. METHODS:The third passaged cultured human umbilicus vascular endothelium were planted on the processed human amniotic membrane.After they confluented to a monolayer,the endothelium and human amniotic membrane were transplanted to the cat’s cornea to replace its native endothelium and Descement’s membrane(group A).Meanwhile,transplanting amniotic membrane solely(group B) and depriving of its native endothelium and Descement’s membrane but nothing was transplanted(group C) as control groups. After operation,the operated eyes were observed by slitlamp every day and taken photos also.At different time point,the operated corneas were examinated by light microscopy. RESULTS:In 12 cases of the group A,11 cases kept clear about one week post operation.But after two weeks,4 grafts showed the signs of rejection,thus resulting to the failure of the grafts.Among these failure grafts,3 cases spontaneously cleared after 4 weeks.Six cases kept clear all the time point post operation.The light and electric microscope showed that the transplanted human umbilicus vascular endothelium can carry out the barrier and pump function as well as the native corneal endothelium.4 cases of the group B showed no sign of rejection.In 4 cases of the group C,their cornea became edema step by step. CONCLUSION:The transplanted human umbilicus vascular endothelium can adapt to the anterior chamber environment and show pump and barrier function.The amniotic membrane can attached to the stoma tightly and show no signs of immunoreactions.

Abstract:AIM:To detect the protein compositions in human lens by mass spectrography. METHODS:Prefractionation of complete lens proteins were carried out for reduction of complexity of samples. Then the proteins were separated by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel(1D SDSPAGE), the gels were divided into slices in accordance with Coomassie brilliant blue staining,after digestion in the gel with trypsin,coupled with reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) separation and linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(LTQ) for analysis of eluted peptides.Bioinformatics tools were used for metabolic process analyses of identified proteins. RESULTS:A total of 574 lens proteins were identified.A number of unknown lens proteins and proteins isoforms were identified,including 38 proteins analogous to some proteins,56 uncertain proteins,27 uncharacterized proteins,42 proteins known molecular weight but unknown functions.Meaningful results about metabolic process analyses were obtained by bioinformatics analyses for identified proteins. CONCLUSION:This study provide abundant data analyses of many unknown proteins of human lens and their corresponding metabolic processes.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the safety.complication and effect of Ho:YAG laser thermokeratoplasty(LTK)for the treatment of mild hyperopia without astigmatism. METHODS:In the thesis,Ho:YAG LTK was used to treat mild hyperopia.18 eyes of 12 patients(aged>45 years) were treated and the energy density was 65J/cm~2. The average follow-up period was 2 years. RESULTS:The mean age of patients was 55.25±10.12 years(range:45-65 years).The preoperative hyperopic mean spherical equivalent refraction was + 1.30±0.58D (range:+ 0.50D to +2.25D).The preoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA) was 0.44±0.23.All refractive error were corrected with no regression one month postoperatively.Only four eyes regressed + 0.25D three months postoperation.Six months later,the percentage of the residual refractive error less than±0.50D was 83% and less than±1.00D 89%.There was good coincidence ratio between the corrected refraction diopter and the attemped refraction diopter.And then there was a tendency of refractive regression.Two years later,the regression began to slow down.The best visual acuity appeared two weeks after operation,and then naked eye visual acuity began to regress.The preoperative UCVA equaled or more than 1.0 was 0.Three months postoperatively,the naked eye visual acuity increased very evidently.Three months postoperatively,UCVA equaled or more than 1.0 went to 78%(14 eyes).Two years later,UCVA equaled or more than 1.0 was 56%(10 eyes). CONCLUSION:Ho:YAG LTK is effective to treat simple low hyperopia.From clinical observation,it is evident that LTK operation is simple,safe,fast,and effective without short-term complication.LTK seems to be one of the promising procedures to treat mild hyperopia.We still need to observe its long time refraction stability.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of non - penetrating trabecular surgery(NPTS) with human umbilical vein (HUV) implant and mitomycin C(MMC) in patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). METHODS:NPTS with HUV implant and MMC was performed on 42 eyes of 42 patients with POAG.The outcome’s evaluation included postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP),number of anti-glaucoma medications,the morphologic characteristics of the filtering blebs and complications.All patients were followed up for 12 months. RESULTS:The postoperative complete success rate was 81%and qualified success rate was 95%at 12 months after surgery respectively;IOP was decreased from(26.1±7.7) mmHg to(15.3±3.8) mmHg at 12 months(P = 0.00);the number of anti-glaucoma medications was decreased from(3.2±0.5) to(0.3±0.2) at 12 months(P = 0.00);the morphologic characteristics of the filtering blebs:typeⅠwas 26%,typeⅡwas 59%,typeⅣwas 14%. Encapsulated bleb was observed in 6 eyes and there was a small amount of hyphema that was absorbed in 3 eyes, but the complications such as flat chamber,hypotony and choroidal effusion were not observed. CONCLUSIONS:NPTS with HUV implant and MMC might improve the clinical outcome of the patients with POAG,such as higher success rates,lower postoperative mean IOP,and less complication rates.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of trabeculectomy combined with bio-amnion implantation for patients with refractory glaucoma. METHODS:Totally 62 eyes of 46 glaucoma patients were randomly divided into 2 groups.In group A,32 eyes underwent trabeculectomy combined with bio-amnion implantation.In group B,30 eyes were as control group. The intraocular pressure(IOP),filtrative bleb,visual acuity and complications were observed. RESULTS:Following-up 12 months,the postoperative conditions were compared with those before the surgery. The IOP of both groups was significantly declined(P<0.01).The average IOP in group A was about 12.3±2.3mmHg,while in group B was about 15.7±2.7mmHg. 88%wasⅠandⅡbleb in group A,67%wasⅠandⅡbleb in group B.There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).Postoperative complications:shallow anterior chamber;5 eyes in group A,3 eyes in group B; choroidal detachment:2 eyes in group A,2 eyes in group B;bleb leaking:1 eye in group B. CONCLUSION:Combined trabeculectomy with bioamnion implantation can increase the success ratio in refractory glaucoma surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the efficacy and safety of trabeculectomy in the primary acute angle-closure glaucoma by ultrasound biomicroscopy. METHODS:Eighty cases 80 eyes of primary acute angleclosure glaucoma,which received trabeculectomy,were divided into 2 groups by the preoperational intraocular pressure(IOP) value,the high IOP group:30 cases 30 eyes,IOP≥30mmHg,the control group:50 cases 50 eyes, IOP<30mmHg.And after surgery,routine examinations such as IOP,visual acuity and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) were observed and analyzed. RESULTS:Most patients of high IOP group gained a better vision.The IOP of both groups were controlled between 8 to 15mmHg after surgery.In high IOP group, cyclodialysis was observed in 1 case,malignant glaucoma was observed in 1 case and shallow anterior chamber was observed in 1 case.Shallow anterior chamber was observed in 1 case of the control group.Anterior chamber depth(ACD),angle opening distance(AOD) and trabecular-ciliary process distance(TCPD) after operation compared with the preoperative had no significant differences. CONCLUSION:Trabeculectomy for AACG with persistent high IOP is safe and effective.Trabeculectomy should be performed promptly after using adequate remedies.UBM can find cyclodialysis,malignant glaucoma and shallow anterior chamber after trabeculectomy.UBM plays an important role in the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of the intravitreal bevacizumab(IVB) combined with vitrectomy,retinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy as a mult-treatment for the neovascular glaucoma(NVG). METHODS:Totally 27 patients 27 eyes which had the NVG secondary from central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO) were enrolled.All eyes accepted the vitrectomy,retinal photocoagulation combined with trabeculectomy 7 days after IVB(0.05mL/1.25mg).The visual acuity,the condition of the new vessels on the iris and the angle of anterior chamber and the intraocular pressure(IOP) were observed 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS:The new vessels on the iris and the angle of anterior chamber regressed completely in 25 eyes(93%), 7 days after IVB and thinned obviously in 2 eyes but not regressed(7%).The mean IOP before the IVB(55.81±4. 65mmHg) and the after(42.07±7.49mmHg) had significant difference(t = 14.973,P<0.01),but still higher than normal level(28-50mmHg).The mean IOP 1 month,3,6, 9 and 12 months after the vitrectomy,retinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy(14.85±4.56,16.70±3.73,20. 04±6.58,19.30±4.74,19.67±4.12,respectively) mmHg and 7 days after IVB had significant difference(P<0.01). The IOP were controlled completely in 22 eyes(82%), partly controlled in 3 eyes(11%),and not controlled in 2 eyes(7%).The visual acuity of all the eyes was stable and rise slightly. CONCIUSION:IVB as an adjunct method combined with vitrectomy,retinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy can make the new vessels on the iris and the angle of anterior chamber regression and to lower the IOP,thus it can increase the achievement ratio of the operation and decrease the complication.And the long-term effect is better to cure the protopathy at the same time.

Abstract:AIM:To observe clinical effects of intravitreous injection of avastin(bevacizumab) in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) with macular edema(ME). METHODS:Indirect ophthalmoscopy,optical coherence tomography(OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) confirmed that 72 patients 75 eyes had CRVO with ME in our hospital from April 2007 to October 2009.Group A had 38 patients 39 eyes,group A1 of 20 patients 21 eyes received intravitreal injection of 1.25mg(0.05mL) avastin, group A2 of 18 patients with 18 eyes received intravitreal injection of 1.25mg(0.05mL) avastin and the treatment was repeated after 4 weeks.Group B had 34 patients 36 eyes,group B1 of 16 patients 16 eyes received intravitreal injection of 2.0mg(0.08mL) avastin,group B2 of 18 patients 20 eyes received intravitreal injection of 2.0mg (0.08mL) avastin and the treatment was repeated after 4 weeks.Visual acuity,intraocular pressure and fundus were compared before each treatment,1 week,2,4 weeks after treatment.The performance of FFA and OCT macular retinal thickness measurement were compared before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS:Out of 72 patients 75 eyes,visual acuity of 58 patients 61 eyes was improved and macular edema reduced.The difference between group A1 and group A2,group B1 and group B2 was significant(P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between group A1 and group B1,group A2 and group B2. CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of avastin can improve the CRVO in patients with ME secondary to a high degree of visual acuity and ME,repeated treatment effect is more obvious.But the increase intravitreal injection of avastin did not significantly reduce the high degree of ME.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs（NSAIDs） at different administration timing on central foveal thickness following cataract surgery in patients with cataracts and cataracts with diabetes. METHODS:Ninety patients were divided into two groups randomly in this prospective,randomized study. Each group had 23 patients with cataracts and diabetes and 22 patients with cataracts only.These groups were enrolled for cataract surgery from Feb.2009 to Sep.2009 without any postoperative complications.In groupⅠ（trial group）,pranoprofen was administered one day before surgery in 45 eyes.In groupⅠ（control group）, pranoprofen was administrated one day following cataract surgery in 45 eyes.All patients were treated with topical tobramycin and dexamethasone one day after surgery. Central foveal thickness was measured via pptical coherence tomography（OCT） during the final week before surgery as well as on the 7^th day and 30^th day after surgery. RESULTS:No significant differences were found in central foveal thickness between the groups on the 7^th day after surgery,however,there were significant differences in central foveal thickness between groups on the 30 day after surgery.There were no significant differences in central foveal as well as retinal thickening of the macular fovea in patients purely with cataracts on the 7^th and 30^th postoperative day.In the patients with cataracts and diabetic disease,significant differences were found in central foveal thickness and retinal thickening of macular fovea compared to patients with only cataracts（P<0.05） on the 7^th and 30^th day after surgery. CONCLUSION:Pranoprofen administrated preoperatively has better effects on alleviating retinal thickening of fovea centralis compared to its postoperative administration in the patients with cataracts and diabetic disease.Our findings suggest that preoperative administration of pranoprofen should be taken into account when we treat cataract patients with diabetic disease.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical efficacy of and side effects of intravitreal injection of Avastin for retinal vein occlusion(RVO),diabetic retinopathy(DR),age-related macular degeneration(ARMD),central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC),retinal choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS:Totally 400 cases 520 eyes of fundus disease diagnosed by outpatient including RVO,DR,ARMD, CSC,CNV and other retinal patients underwent intravitreal injection of avastin,and once every month. The visual acuity,fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), intraocular pressure,optical coherence tomography (OCT) were observed before and after the treatment,and the complications were summarized and analyzed. RESULTS:Following up for 3 months to 1 year,467 eyes (89.8%) had a normal intraocular pressure and improved OCT and FFA indicators,and with visual acuity improved above 2 lines,retinal edema and bleeding absorption, neovascularization regression;36 eyes(6.9%) with stable visual acuity and improved fundus situation,no neovascularization or increased intraocular pressure and other complications;17 eyes(3.3%) with visual acuity decreased,including 13 eyes(2.5%) from 0.2 to 0.1; One eye(0.2%) had endophthalmitis,visual acuity decreased from 0.6 to 0.2;One eye(0.2%) occurred central retinal artery occlusion,visual acuity changed from 0.02 to light perception;One eye(0.2%) had vitreous hemorrhage;One eye(0.2%) had retinal detachment; The visual acuity was improved without one eye associated with complications of central retinal artery occlusion;All 20 eyes(3.8%) had transient elevation of intraocular pressure,while the intraocular pressure reduce to normal by symptomatic treatment;One eye underwent trabeculectomy surgery after intravitreal injection of avastin treatment,with wound healing time from 7 to 10 days and low intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of avastin for RVO, DR,ARMD,CSC,CNV is an effective,safe method,and can improve visual acuity and reduce macular and retinal edema,vitreous and retinal hemorrhage;and promote the absorption of effective regression of retinal and choroidal neovascularization;and can inhibit the red iris changes and the occurrence of neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of TOSCA treatment of complex refractive errors. METHODS:Totally 59 patients 113 eyes who received TOSCA were selected.There were complex refractive errors,such as 67 eyes of the high degree of corneal thickness comparative thin,8 eyes of irregular corneal shapes,33 eyes of corneal astigmatism large,6 eyes of eccentric ablation after PRK/LASIK,5 eyes of re-myopia after PRK/LASIK.The spherical equivalent degree was -1.25 - -13.88D with an average of -6.87±2.86D.The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),spherical equivalent,keratomrtry of corneal curvature,the thickness of corneal,wavefront aberration and eccentric ablation were evaluated postoperatively. RESULTS:The UCVA was 0.13±0.12 preoperatively and 0.94±0.22 6 months postoperatively,there was statistical difference(P<0.05).The average spherical equivalent was -0.45±0.48D6 months postoperatively,it was within±0.5D.The preoperative keratomrtry of corneal curvature was 43.01±1.56D,and 37.99±1.69D 6 months postoperatively,there was statistical difference(P<0.05) between preoperation and postoperation.The preoperative average cutting thickness was 88.30±28.86μm and 117.93±32.72μm in LASIK/LASEK,the former saved about 27.77±23.24μm,there was no statistical difference between two groups(P<0.05).The total high order aberration,the level of coma,vertical coma and spherical aberration were 0.50±0.23,0.10±0.08,0.14±0.12,0.12±0.09 preoperatively,and 0.68±0.25,0.21±0.22,0.32±0.18,0.38±0.14 6 months postoperativly,there was statistical differen between them(P<0.05).The eccentric ablation of 6 eyes was more than 1.0mm with an average of 1.33±0.45mm because of PRK/LASIK preoperatively, its average was 0.49±0.22mm postoperatively,there was statistical difference between preoperation and postoperation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:In the treatment of complex refractive errors,TOSCA have better safety,effectiveness and predictability,and can save corneal thickness significantly to some extent.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the operation effects of using different concentration mitomycin C(MMC) intraoperatively on laser epithelium keratectomileusis(LASEK). METHODS:Totally 261 patients 496 eyes were devided into two groups:group 0.4mg/mL MMC(133 patients,245 eyes);group 0.2mg/mL MMC(128 patients,251 eyes). 0.4mg/mL and 0.2mg/mL MMC sulution were intraoperatively applied to the cases respectively.The two kinds of instilled solutions were held up in the eyes for 30,60,90 and 110 seconds successively according to the≤-3.00, -3.25- -6.00,-6.25～-9.00,≥-9.25 of diopter.The formation of corneal haze,the situation of visual acuity, the change of diopter,corneal endothelium density,the healing of cornea were observed. RESULTS:All the patients were followed up for 1 year. The clinical data of group 0.4mg/mL MMC and group 0.2mg/mL MMC were respectively as follows:the occurrence rate of haze was 1.2%and 13.2%;the appearance rate of influenced visual acuity was 0.8%and 2.0%;the changes of diopter were -0.52±0.09 and -0.67±0.11D(1 month),-0.29±0.15 and -0.58±0.21D(6 months),-0.35±0.16 and -0.54±0.18D(12 months);the corneal endothelium density of the two groups prooperation, 1 month,4 and 12 months after operation respectively was 2994.01±321.89 and 3005.92±382.54, 2974.89±339.87 and 2996.69±374.19,3001.02±306.92 and 2988.37±367.33,3011.18±321.31 and 3000.05±299.84. There was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05) in those index.But there were respectively two cases(3 eyes) and two cases(2 eyes) of Filamentary keratitis after taking off lenses in group 0.4mg/mL MMC and group 0.2mg/mL MMC. CONCLUSION:Using 0.4mg/mL MMC solution intraopera-tively can effectively inhibit haze formation and there for improve the results of LASEK greatly,and it is better than 0.2mg/mL MMC.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the recovery condition of child amblyopia,and to seek an effective method of preventing the amblyopia recrudescence,pseudomyopia and myopia formation by off glass indicate. METHODS:After follow-up of 3-7 years(every 1-2 months one time),totally 368 cases 678 eyes were analyzed.The vision,eye position,refraction,fundus, fixation property,computer optometry,dynamic examine by small pupil or the pupil optometry by atropine disperses were examined.The indicate of off glass following 4 targets;(1) bare vision≥1.0 in both eyes, following up time was a half year;(2) normal eye position or residual strabismus<5°;(3) hyperopia diopter≤+ 1.00DS;(4) the hyperopia astigmatism≤+ 0.50 DC.If the bare vision≤0.9,the necessary reason should be ascertain and appropriate treatment should be given. RESULTS:Totally 368 cases(678 eyes) amblyopia children underwent the regular treatment(3-7years),205 cases(678 eyes) took off the glasses(53.7%).And in mild amblyopia children(244 eyes) the off glass rate was 70.5%,which was higher than that in the moderate amblyopia children(114 eyes,37.4%) and the severe amblyopia children(6 eyes,22.2%).The off glass rate in ametropia amblyopia(678 eyes)(305 eyes,59.0%),which was similar to that in anisometropia children(29 eyes, 42.0%) and the strabismus children(30 eyes,32.6%). The pure hyperopia children(316 eyes) off glass rate was 62.7%,higher than that in pure astigmatism children(11 eyes,28.2%) and the complex astigmatism children(37 eyes,30.1%);But the pure myopia amblyopia,pure myopia astigmatism amblyopia,and the complex myopia astigmatism amblyopia did not take off the glass.The amblyopia child with the low diopter serve as mild amblyopia(289 eyes,spherical Iens≤3.00D,cylindrical lens≤1.00D) and the off glass rate was 58.7%;The moderate amblyopia(58 eyes,spherical lens 3.25-4.75D, cylindrical lens 1.25-1.50D),accounted for 48.5%,higher than that in high amblyopia(spherical lens≥5.00D, cylindrical lens≥1.75D;17 eyes,25.4%).The off glass rate was 70.5%for 3-8 years.The recurrence rate of amblyopia was in 1.3%,pseudomyopia in 1.5%,myopia in 9.1%,and the residual strbismus in 0.6%.115 cases (229 eyes,33.8%) should be observed. CONCLUSION:Analysis of the recovery in child amblyopia can consolidate curative effect,reduce the recurrence rate,enhance therapeutic effect.The long-term regular tracing and observation of the recovery in child amblyopia can discover the early amblyopia recrudescence and pseudomyopia,and prevent the formation of myopia and enhance the treatment of amblyopia by taking the correct remedial measure promptly.The above 4 items of off glass indicate are feasible;Tracing observation was necessary after 12 years old.

Abstract:Intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide has been increasingly applied to diabetic retinopathy,such as diabetic macular edema,proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and persistent ocular hypotony complication after operation of diabetes retinopathy.At the same time, the complications also should not be ignored following widespread application of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide,such as high intraocular pres- sure,eye infection and so on.The articles summarize and introduce the application and complication of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide for diabetes retinopathy.

Abstract:The traditional monofocal intraocular lens can’t simultaneously offer short,intermediate and distance vision,while accommodating intraocular lens can not only solve accommodation but also elevate visual performance in cataract surgery.We summarize it from the perspectives of accommodation,visual performance et al.

Abstract:Proliferative retinopathies such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) and retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), are the leading causes of blindness.These pathologies are characterized by excessive pre-retinal blood vessel growth that can ultimately lead to a fibrous scar formation and culminate in retinal detachment.This abnormal and disproportionate hyper-vascularization is a compensatory mechanism to overcome an earlier phase of microvessel degeneration and reinstate metabolic equilibrium to the hypoxic retina.To date,the treatment modalities to counter these diseases largely rely on invasive surgical interventions.In this review,tightly around the angiogenesis, we discuss the current views on mechanisms and available treatments and present future strategies to tackle these diseases.

Abstract:The article illustrates the advancement of retinal vein occlusion treated with medicine,lasers and surgical treatment. The prospects in the future were also mentioned in the article.

Abstract:The congenital idiopathic nystagmus is a eye disease, which is not frequently encountered disease.,These disease can find in infants or young children,especially in less than six months children,.The disease have some features such as onset time early or not determined,eye sustained jump or swing involuntarily,Akira sensation in few patients,varying degrees of visual impairment,and some vision reduced and can not be corrected,the phenomenon of lateral view or compensatory head,and some head shaking,as well as the performance of compensatory behavior such as frequent blinking.The main treatment for this disease is surgery.Many effective factors:age of onset,nystagmus intensity,compensatory head,resting eye position,vision,operation type.This paper present the recent therapy development of this disease.

Abstract:Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort,visual disturbance,and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface.Common subjective complaints included ocular dryness,redness,itching of eye,foreign body sensation,etc.In recent years,with increasing morbility of the dry eye,people has paid more and more attention to the dry eye.This article reviews diagnosis,categorization,etiology and epidemiology of the dry eye

Abstract:AIM:To determine the epidemiological features of fungal keratitis in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river. METHODS:Two hundred and twelve fungal keratitis cases were evaluated and demographic data were recorded,including age,gender,occupation,whether or not they have a history of trauma or contact lens use and course of treatment. RESULTS:The cases of fungal keratitis were increased year after year.159 patients were male,177(83.5%) were agriculture worker,the mean age was 44.5 years old,a history of trauma was present in 98 patients(46.2%).The interval between infection and presentation for examination was 3-160 days,with a mean time of 24.1 days.117(55.2%) cases were healed after medical treatment.59(27.8%)cases received keratoplasty,with a clear graft rate of 64.4%.The most common spectrums were Fusarium sp.(74.2%) and Aspergillus sp.(8.3%). CONCLUSION:In Hubei,the most common pathogenic spectrum of fungal keratitis is Fusarium sp.Fungal keratitis is a grave disease that causes blindness.It is significantly important to improve the diagnosis level and give perfect treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy(DR) and to investigate the epidemiological characteristics as well as associated risk factors in the elderly people with early diagnosis and rational treatment in Beijing area. METHODS:A survey was conducted among cases of diabetes diagnosed in general hospital from May 2000 to May 2006,the diagnosis of DR was confirmed by ophthalmoscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA),multivariate analysis was used to show the risk factors for development of DR in 5 years. RESULTS:Totally 2194 individuals of diabetes were performed DR screening,the average follow-up duration was 5.8 years.The prevalence of DR increased slightly from 15.38%in 2000 to 16.20%in 2006;the incidence of DR was 8.38‰/year.Logistic regression test showed fasting plasma glucose(FPG),body mass index(BMI), mean arterial blood pressure(MBP),microalbunminuria (MAU) and duration were risk factors related to the incidence of DR. CONCLUSION:The prevalence and incidence of DM in the elderly people are significantly higher than that in general population,but their prevalence and incidence of DR are notably lower than that in general population,it confirms that DR could be controlled if FPG,BMI,MBP and MAU maintained good condition.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the distinctions of percentages of students with axial length/corneal radius ratio(AL/CR)>3 in different groups,and find out a key to monitoring for prevention and cure to myopia. METHODS:Totally 2970 students from the grade 1 and 4 of total primary schools,Yangfangdian district in Beijing had accepted examinations of distant visual acuity(DVA) by the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and AL or CR by lOLMaster.The statistical analyses were performed using data for the right eye. RESULTS:Students of grade 1(n = 1282,mean age 6.44±0.52 years) and grade 4(n = 1688,mean age 9.25±0.46 years) were examined.Compared with grade 4,the grade 1 had shorter AL,better DVA and smaller AL/CR ratio(P= 0.000),but no significant difference in CR(P = 0.31).The male had longer AL,better DVA and larger AL/CR ratio and CR than the female.Percentage of students with AL/CR>3 in grade 4 were higher than that in grade 1(x~2 = 644.929,P = 0.000).Percentages of students with AL/CR>3 in older group were higher than those in younger group(x~2 = 644.807,P = 0.000).The worse the DVA,the higher the percentages of students with AL/CR>3 in two groups(x~2 =82.914,x~2 = 297.236;P = 0.000). CONCLUSION:Distance visual acuity and axial length growth are affected by the prolonging of age.With the age growing and visual acuity decreasing,the percentages of students with myopia risk factor would increase and myopia attack rate of groups would increase accordingly.lOLMaster has advantages in the ocular biometric parameters measurement for ophthalmology research.

Abstract:AIM:To learn influencing factors of low vision through the investigation of Uygur peasants aged 40 and over in Xinjiang Kuche district,and offer several suggestions on how to prevent and treat low vision. METHODS:Cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting individuals aged 40 or above in Xinjiang Kuche district,and the information of age,education,gender, economy,the distance between the house and hospital and the consciousness of health were collected. RESULTS:Age and the distance were risk factors, gender,education,economy and the consciousness of health were protect factors. CONCLUSION:Paying more attention to the aged and males,improving the economic environment of the peasants,raising the education of the peasants,enhancing the conscious of health and providing convenient medical service,we can reduce the morbidity of low visual acuity,and make the peasants’ life better.

Abstract:AIM:To obtain the basic data of the myopia prevalence at primary school in Zhongshan city,especially to obtain the relationship between myopia and cornea,vitreous and ocular axis. METHODS:According to the myopia criteria of Eye Encyclopedia of China,cluster sampling was adopted to make the study sample.Ocular vision,corneal curvature, anterior chamber length,lens lengths and vitreous length were conducted with ARK-30/AR-20 automatic refractive instrument/cornea curvance and STRONG 6000AB portable ocular A/B ultrasonic on these samples. RESULTS:With the increase of age,the prevalence of students with myopia increased.The length of vitreous and ocular axis were not related with myopia. CONCLUSION:With the age raises,the incidence of myopia increases.The deepening of myopia,the increase of anteroposterior diameter of axial length.

Abstract:Several influencing factors of ophthalmological novitiate were analyzed through the teaching reform and exploration in clinical novitiate in seven-year medical student of clinical medicine in 2006 grade,fiver-year students in 2004 and 2005,and students of stomatology in 2005 and 2006 grade,such as reform of medical care system and changes in medical model,arrangement for time of course and student’s own right,and the strong dependence of diagnosis of eye diseases on special inspection equipment.The strategies for the factors listed above were also summarized as respecting patients, obtaining the patient’s consent and cooperation by setting up a good physician-patient relationship;improving the hands-on ability by teaching and practicing on each other; reasonable arrangements for time of course and emphasizing focal and difficult points,and making up the shortage of not visiting operation by taking advantage of multimedia technology.It’s the best way to improve the effect of teaching in ophthalmology based on the increase of quality in novitiate that gives more chance to students of contacting with patients and practice,developing the ability of clinical thinking and communicating with patients,verifying the theory in clinical novitiate.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical effects of lamellar corneal cauterization in treating bullous keratopathy(BK). METHODS:Totally 20 cases with BK were analyzed, including 15 cases after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation,5 cases after vitreous resection,the average age was 72.5 years.Visual acuity with 0.02-0.04 were in 9 cases,counting fingers in 5 cases,light perception in 3 cases and hand motions in 3 cases.All patients were treated by lamellar corneal cauterization. RESULTS:Eye symptoms disappeared in all cases and visual acuity was not obviously different before and after operation. CONCLUSION:Treating BK by lamellar corneal cauterization can effectively alleviate the symptom and prevent recurrence.

Abstract:AIM:To discover the cause of dislocation of nucleus into vitreous vacuum in phacoemulsification and proper management for these conditions. METHODS:Totally 7526 cases with dislocation of nucleus in phacoemulsification were reviewed in 5 years. RESULTS:Seven patients had severe dislocation of nucleus.2 cases suffered pars plana vitreoctomy(PPV) and 5 cases had mature or over mature cataract.When dislocation happened,3 patients was immediately performed PPV combined with intraocular lens(IOL) implantation,1 patient was implanted PMMA IOL without taking out of nucleus,1 patient suffered retinal detachment after 2 weeks,and 2 patients could not be further proceed for poor condition. CONCLUSION:The vitreous state(high fluidity) is the most common cause for dislocation of nucleus in phacoemulsification.PPV is a proper method for these patients.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the safety and outcome of phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) technique for cataracts extraction in eyes with posterior capsule defect. METHODS:Totally 33 cataract cases(40 eyes) with posterior capsule defect were analyzed retrospectively. ECCE was performed in 12 eyes and phacoemulsification in 28 eyes. RESULTS:Posterior capsular rupture and vitreous prolapse:3 eyes(25%)in ECCE group and 3 eyes(11%)in phaco group(P<0.05).Postoperative visual acuities improved more than two lines:83%in ECCE group and 93%in Phaco group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification technique is safe and has a better outcome than ECCE for cataracts in eyes with posterior polar cataract.Keeping a stable anterior chamber,no water separation and correct handling of the posterior pole cortex and posterior capsule are the key factors for successful operation during this phaco technique.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical effect of cool phacoemulsification combined with vitrectomy for cataract and the oculi posterior segment lesions. METHODS:Totally 98 patients 108 eyes with cataract and oculi posterior segment lesions underwent the cool phacoemulsification combined with vitrectomy.The visual acuity,the rate of intraocular lens implantation and surgical complications were observed. RESULTS:On postoperative week 1 and months 3,the visual acuity of most of the patients were improved in varying degrees;there were some complications including secondary glaucoma,after-cataract,uveitis,secondary vitreous hemorrhage,secondary retinal detachment and so on. CONCLUSION:It is an effective therapeutic tool to treat cataract and the oculi posterior segment lesions by cool phacoemulsification combined with vitrectomy,which is worth promoting;And can replace sonicate technology for lens extraction.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the outcome of trabeculotomy and/ or goniotomy for pediatric aphakic glaucoma. METHODS:Retrospective chart review of consecutive children who had congenital cataract surgery between 1997 and 2010 and required goniotomy and/or trabeculotomy for aphakic glaucoma.Treatment success was defined as postoperative intraocular pressure≤24mmHg despite topical medication use,avoidance of trabeculectomy or shunt placement,and no visually significant complications in the follow-up period. Exclusion criteria included a diagnosis of anterior segment dysgenesis,microcornea,and glaucoma at the time of cataract surgery,and follow-up less than 1 year. RESULTS:Totally 10 patients 12 eyes met inclusion criteria.Of theses,2 eyes had goniotomy alone,2 eyes had goniotomy followed by trabeculotomy,and 8 eyes had trabeculotomy alone.Mean IOP before angle surgery was 35±10mmHg.Mean IOP at the last recorded visit was 22±4mmHg(P=0.0005).Treatment success was observed in 7 of the 12 eyes(58%):5 eyes(42%) were successful after a single angle surgery,each involving an initial trabeculotomy;2 eyes(17%) underwent subsequent shunt placement after initial goniotomy at 6 months and 1.3 years after the last angle surgery. CONCLUSION:When intraocular surgery is indicated to control IOP in pediatric aphakic glaucoma,trabeculotomy and/or goniotomy can be successful in the majority of eyes and may decrease the need for filtering and shunting procedures.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect,safety and postoperation complications in the treatment of ciliary block glaucoma by transscleral cyclodiode laser photocoagulation. METHODS:It is a prospective study.Seven patients diagnosed ciliary block g’aucoma were given maximal dose anti-glaucoma medicines.But their intraocular pressure were still more than 30mmHg.Then they were treated by transscleral cyclodiode laser photocoagulation. RESULTS:Intraocular pressure and best-corrected visual acuity were compared between preoperation and postoperation after 1 intervention week Mean±SD intraocular pressure was reduced from 33.63±4.50mmHg pre-operatively to 15.88±3.21mmHg post-operatively; Mean±SD best-corrected visual acuity was increased from 0.16±0.11 preoperatively to 0.42±0.20 postoperatively. These two indexes were significantly different. All the patients’ anterior chamber were formed during 36 hours and one patient who had a small hyphema healed well. CONCLUSION:Transscleral cyclodiode laser photocoagulation appears to be an effective and safe treatment for ciliary block glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide(TA) combined with laser photocoagulation in macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusion. METHODS:Thirty-eight macular edema eyes of 38 patients with retinal vein occlusion were diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy,FFA and OCT.All patients received an intravitreal injection of 4mg of TA(0.1mL) and photocoagulation after 1-2 month(s).The changes of vision,ocular tension,ocular fundus and retinal thickness were observed for 3-9months. RESULTS:Visual acuity was improved in 36 eyes, remained stable in 2 eyes.Visual acuity less than 0.1 were in 3 eyes,0.1-0.3 in 11 eyes,0.3-0.5 in 17 eyes,more than 0.5 in 7eyes.Ocular tension increased in 4 cases in different extent and put back in 2-5 months after given ocular hypotensive agents.No one occurred retinal toxic reaction. CONCLUSION:Intravitreal TA combined with laser photocoagulation is an efficient and safe treatment in macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusion,it can improve the visual acuity remarkablely.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of scleral buckling procedure for old retinal detachment. METHODS:Totally 12 patients 12 eyes with old retinal detachment preoperatively were under slit-lamp,using three mirrors to locate the retinal breaks,performed scleral buckling under the microscope.According to the preoperative position of the breaks pre-scleral suture was set,viscous subretinal fluid was drained,retinal breaks closed by croytherapy,silicone implanted under prescleral suture,and some patients combined with encircling band,ligated scleral suture to fixation.Patients were followed up to observe the retinal reattachment. RESULTS:The initial surgical retinal reattachment rate was 100%in all patients. CONCLUSION:Reattachment of retina can be achieved in some patients with old retinal detachment who undergo simple scleral buckling procedure.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the result of the local retinal photocoagulation in combination with phamacological treatment for patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR). METHODS:Partial photocoagulation with 532 semiconductor green laser has been used on patients with stageⅢdiabetic retinopathy(DR),combined with the administation of drugs to control blood glucose,blood pressure,blood lipid and hemorheology. RESULTS:Among 185 treated eyes,visual acuity of 168 eyes(90.8%) was improved and stabilized after treatment, decreased visual acuity and complications happened in 17 eyes(9.2%),there was significant difference between the pre-treatment and post treatment. CONCLUSION:Local retinal photocoagulation combined with drug treatment for patients with NPDR are safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To study the necessity of laser photocoagulation before laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) on the retinal degeneration. METHODS:Totally 49 eyes(49/1631) showed serious peripheral fundus degeneration after routine preoperative examination of 831 cases.Retinal tears were found in 17 eyes,lattice retinal degeneration in 15 eyes and cystoid retinal degeneration in 26 eyes.All of them have been treated with laser photocoagulation by 532nm solid laser. RESULTS:One month after laser photocoagulation, LASIK surgery was performed in laser region which has good pigmentation.There were no complications of retinal detachment during the follow-up period of 3-36 months. CONCLUSION:Detailed examination of fundus before LASIK is necessary.The preventative laser photocoagulation in serious peripheral fundus degeneration is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To study the changes of corneal curvature after simple pterygium excision and pterygium excision with limbal stem cell transplantation. METHODS:Totally 38 patients 54 eyes with pterygium were selected.They were divided into 2 groups in random:simple pterygium excision was performed in group A(16 cases and 21 eyes),pterygium excision with limbal stem cell transplantation was performed in group B (22 cases and 33 eyes).The results of visual acuity, astigmatism and corneal curvature were tested between pre-surgery and post-surgery 10 day,pre-surgery and post-surgery 1 month,post-surgery 10 day and post- surgery 1 month in both groups. RESULTS:Naked visual acuity of post-surgery was better than that of pre-surgery.Corneal horizontal curvature on post-surgery was better than that of presurgery. Corneal vertical curvature;In group A,the corneal vertical curvature of post-surgery was higher than that of pre-surgery(P<0.05).In group B,the vertical curvature on post-surgery 10 day had no statistical difference than that of pre-surgery(P>0.05),on post-surgery 1 month which was higher than that of presurgery and post-surgery 10 days(P<0.05).Corneal mean curvature on post-surgery was better than that of pre-surgery.Astigmatism:the with-the-rule keratic astigmatism on post-surgery 10 day and on post-surgery 1 month was less than that of pre-surgery. CONCLUSION:The corneal horizontal curvature in the surgeries for pterygium can be ascended which can reduce pterygium induced refractive astigmatism.In short time after surgery,the effect of simple pterygium excision is similar to the effect of pterygium excision with limbal stem cell transplantation on corneal curvature.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the recurrence rate and complications of amniotic membrane transplantation combined with subconjunctival injection of pingyangmycin hydrochloride in treating the recurrent pterygium. METHODS:Between 2008 and 2010,80 cases(105 eyes)of recurrent pterygium were treated with pterygium excision combined with amnion membrane transplantation and pingyangmycin hydrochloride injection.Mitomycin was used during the surgery and eye drops of rb-FGF after surgery. RESULTS:All cases were followed up for 6-18 months, pterygium recurrence occurred in 2 eyes.The recurrence rate was 1.9%.Uncomfortable symptoms such as dry,red and foreign body sensation were in 4 eyes,and no corneal and sclera resolving occurrrence in any eye. CONCLUSION:The surgical method of pterygium excision combined with amniotic membrane transplantation and pingyangmycin hydrochloride injection can obviously decrease the recurrence rate of recurrent pterygium.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of reposition for prolapse of the lacrimal gland. METHODS:After diagnosing prolapse of the lacrimal gland,we made designs for skin incision before local anesthesia,marked the boundaries of the skin to be removed,then ablated the internal organization,fixed prolapsed lacrimal gland,and sutured double eyelid intactly. RESULTS:Among all the 33 cases,lacrimal gland was partially removed in 10 cases,and the lacrimal gland secretion in these cases was normal preoperatively,and slightly decreased after operation.Lacrimal gland was excised alone in 6 cases,without other treatment,bags under the eyes in those cases was not corrected satisfactorily.For the remaining patients,we made skin incision,removed the excessive skin and subcutaneous tissue,relocated the lacrimal gland,reduced the orbital septum,and the appearance was satisfying. CONCLUSION:The surgical anatomy can both restore the anatomical location and neurologic recovery of the lacrimal gland,and also improve the appearance of the bags under the eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the economic practicality of laser plastic operation of lacrimal duct combined with inversely planting silicone tube end treating lacrimal duct obstruction. METHODS:The patients of lacrimal duct obstruction were treated with traditional external dacryocystorhinostomy and laser plastic operation of lacrimal duct combined with inversely planting silicone tube end.The resluts were evaluated with the cost-effectiveness analysis of clinical economics. RESULTS:There was no significant difference between the effect of the 2 groups(P>0.05).The cost-effectiveness ratio of laser plastic operation of lacrimal duct combined with inversely planting silicone tube end is better,which is a better treatment. CONCLUSION:Laser plastic operation of lacrimal duct combined with inversely planting silicone tube end is an operative method which should be promoted.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the problems in the early diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome. METHODS:Twenty-five cases 50 eyes with VKH syndrome were collected and analysed,routine examination of FFA and OCT were performed,its reason and differential diagnosis method were analyzed,most of them were diagnosed correctly,some of them were diagnosed as central serous chorioretinopathy(4 cases),glaucoma(2 cases),optic neurve-retinitis(5 cases).All the cases were given high dose corticosteroise treatment,and examined with OCT after two weeks. RESULTS:After one week,all the patients’ visions recovered to better than 0.5 in 78%of eyes. CONCLUSION:FFA and OCT are the useful methods on early differential diagnosis of the VKH syndrome.Early correct diagnosis for VKH syndrome and high dose corticosteroise treatment are the important factors for the better prognosis.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficiency,security after implantation of iris-clawed anterior chamber intraocular lens(IOL) for the correction of high myopia. METHODS:Iris-clawed anterior chamber IOL were implanted for seven cases of patients with high myopia (13 eyes).After the following up for 12 months,visual acuity,intraocular pressure,corneal endothelial cells counting,the activity of the pupil,the position of IOL and complications were observed. RESULTS:The implantation was successfully performed in all of 13 eyes.After the following up for 7 days,the postoperative uncorrected visual acuity of 10 eyes(77%) was better than the preoperative best-corrected visual acuity.After the following up for 12 months,postoperative average uncorrected visual acuity(0.6±0.2) was better than the preoperative average best-corrected visual acuity (0.4±0.1),there was significant difference between preand post-operation(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative corneal endothelial cells counting,intraocular pressure (all P>0.05).The position of IOL retained center well,the react to light of the patient’s pupils was normal,and complications such as cataract and corneal endothelial decompensation was not found,but two eyes occurred corticosteroid-induced glaucoma after 3-4 weeks,and the simple eye of one case occurred retinal detachment after six months. CONCLUSION:Iris-clawed anterior chamber IOL is an effective,safe operative technique for the correction of high myopia.Follow-up study is still required for the evaluation of long-term results.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effects of preventive laser photocoagulation for myopia patients with peripheral retinal degeneration or holes before LASIK operation. METHODS:Before operation,the fundus was examined with direct and indirect ophthalmoscope and three-mirror contact lens.The 532nm laser photocoagulation was performed in order to strengthen the retina with severe peripheral degeneration. RESULTS:Peripheral fundus abnormalities and holes both increased with increased refraction diopter.The abnormalities were usually in the temporal fundus. Patients were followed up for 10 months,and no rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was found. CONCLUSION:It is necessary to know the retinopathy before operation.Preventive 532nm laser photocoagulation for moderate and high myopia patients,who were confirmed to have peripheral retinal degeneration or retinal holes before LASIK operation,is very necessary.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effect of wearing glasses for myopia on exophoria and accommodation of children and adolescents. METHODS:They were divided into three groups of continued wearing glasses,no wearing and interrupted wearing glasses.Exophoria was measured with heterophorometer.The AC/A ratio was measured with a synoptophore. RESULTS:The mean near exophoria of continued wearing group had significant difference with that of no wearing and interrupted wearing groups.The mean distant exophoria of three groups had no significant difference.The average value of AC/A ratio in continued wearing group has significant difference with that of no wearing and interrupted wearing groups. CONCLUSION:Myopia of adolescents and children was prone to exophoria.Exophoria myopia with continued wearing of glasses can decrease AC/A ratio and exophoria.relieve asthenopia,and reduce myopia at certain level.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the clinical effects of amblyopia combined training with rigid gas permeable contact lens (RGP)and frame glasses. METHODS:A total of 106 patients(including 189 eyes) were enrolled in this study.They were randomly divided into Group A(53 cases 99 eyes) wearing RGP and group B(53 cases 90 eyes) wearing frame glasses.Then the two groups received the same combined training to treat amblyopia 1 month after wearing glasses and the conditions of sight were observed 3,6 months and 1 year after wearing glasses. RESULTS:It was safe and effective to wear RGP, without occurrence of such severe complications as acute conjunctivitis or keratitis.The recovery rate of amblyopia in group A was significantly higher than that of group B, especially in treating patients with high anisometropia. There existed significant difference in Ridit test(P<0.05).After wearing RGP for 1 month in group A,5 patients 7 eyes had the corrected vision>0.8 without amblyopia training. CONCLUSION:Wearing RGP is better than wearing frame glasses in visual quality,and is a safe and effective tool to treat anisometropic amblyopia,which is worth to generalizing.

Abstract:AIM:To rerview the research condition of domestic treatment project concerning treatment of neovascular glaucoma,and to find the treatment effect of different project and complications. MTHODS:A computer-based online search of CNKI (2005-01/2009-12) was performed for article with the keywords neovascular glaucoma,and the limitative language category was Chinese. RESULTS:The articles about neovascular glaucoma in local last 5 years,of which 87%involved cure,over 20 kinds treatment method was mentioned,which almost was compound therapy,some method is in consistent with international essential,but few doctor treated random. CONCLUSION:Panretinal cryocoagulation or photocoagulation combined with glaucoma valve implantation or compound trabeculectomy,triamcinolone and Bevacizumab application etc.is the topic and direction for the neovascular glaucoma treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To reduce severe complications occurrance by analysis the infection cornea with iron foreign in 620 cases. METHODS:Totally 620 cases of infective cornea with iron foreign underwent topical anesthesia and the foreign body was removed with needle. RESULTS:The infective corneas by the above method had no residual of corneal foreign bodies,and no uveitis, corneal perforation,secondary glaucoma or ocular atrophy occurred. CONCLUSION:The infective cornea with foreign body needle under slit-lamp have a clear vision,accurate, infection,easy to operate and suit to primary hospitals; This method also can observe the location,scope of foreign body and depth of anterior chamber infection,and oxide pigment membrane reaction.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the reason for different of visual acuity after phacoemulsification surgery in treating diabetic cataract and senile cataract patients. METHODS:After operation,diabetic cataract patients (60 eyes,diabetic group) and senile cataract patients(60 eyes,non-diabetic group) underwent the fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) on the postoperative week 1 and 2,month 3 and 6. RESULTS:There was significantly difference in improvement of visual acuity between non-diabetic group and diabetic group after phacoemulsification.Macular edema in diabetic group was significantly higher than that in non-diabetic group. CONCLUSION:Macular edema and diabetic retinopathy are the main reason for affecting visual acuity in patients with diabetic cataract after phacoemulsification.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the misdiagnosis course and outcome of acute angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS:Clinical data in diagnosis and treatment of 15 cases of misdiagnosed acute angle-closure glaucoma were to retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS:Totally 3 cases of misdiagnosis were because of self-medication treatment;12 cases of the first medical consultation are leaded to misdiagnosis.2 cases were misdiagnosed as conjunctivitis,6 cases as gastrointestinal diseases,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in 7 cases.Surgical treatments were in 14 cases and conservative treatment in one case.Visual acuity of more than 0.3 were in 5 cases,0.1-0.3 in 3 patients,less than 0.05 in 5 cases and less than 0.1 in 7 cases. CONCLUSION:Patients’s understanding error is their subjective reason of delay in diagnosis and treatment, and physicians should enhance the learning of basic knowledge of glaucoma in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect and experience of health education in patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS:Totally 35 cases with acute angle-closure glaucoma were analyzed retrospectively,and underwent the psychological therapy and health education. RESULTS:The patients presented stable emotion with a good healthy attitude,and achieved good therapeutic effect. CONCLUSION:All acute angle-closure glaucoma patients have the better therapeutic effect by the health education.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effects of compound anisodine and Sutaisheng for late optic nerve contusion eyes with no light perception METHODS:The pathogenesis characteristics and clinic treatment of compound anisodine and sutaisheng on late optic nerve contusion eyes with no light perception was analyzed retrospectively in 11 cases.According the result, these eyes were divided into two groups:effective-group and negative-group. RESULTS:The visual acuity of 4 was cases improved. The outcome of visual acuity was better in patients with the following conditions:the longer time of eyes turning into no light perception after trauma and presence of VEP. CONCLUSION:Late optic nerve contusion eyes with no light perception,which has the longer time of eyes turning into no light perception after trauma and presence of VEP, need active treatment.Anisodine and sutaisheng was the effective treatment for these cases.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of high dose methylprednisolone in acute optic neuritis(AON). METHODS:Clinical features of 57 cases 69 eyes with AON were studied. RESULTS:Within prompt intravenous methylprednisolone and other synthetic treatment,the cure rate of AON reached 68%and the effective rate was 91%. CONCLUSION:High dose methylprednisolone in AON not only is reasonable and effective,but also can shorten the period of treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of autologous limbal stem cell transplantation in treatment of pterygium. METHODS:Totally 128 Uygur patients with pterygium underwent the excision combined with autologous limbal stem cell transplantation.Cure criterion was corneal epithelial healing,restoration of transparency,non-pterygium tissue growth. RESULTS:One hundred and twenty-six patients were cured and 2 cases recurred,and the recurrence rate was 1.6%. CONCLUSION:Limbal stem cell transplantation for pterygium is a feasible method and can effectively prevent recurrence.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the causes,treatment and prevention of scleral melt after pterygium excision. METHODS:Totally 14 patients underwent pterygium excision alone,of which 11 cases use of MMC intraoperatively. The hormone eye drops wasn’t applied according to the condition of scleral melt.Non-hormonal antibiotic eye drops,bFGF eye drops combined with calf blood protein eye gel,subconjunctival injection of tobramycin + VitC and pressure dressing were applied.All the results were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS:All patients were treated with drug,and the sclera kept the smooth surface. CONCLUSION:Scleral melt after pterygium surgery is correlated with surgical methods,surgical techniques, intraoperative and postoperative medication and patient physical factors.Scleral melt after inappropriate handling or excision should be understood.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the surgery effect of lacrimal passages dredging,silicon tube implantation and mitomycin C (MMC) retrograde treatment by endoscopy for lacrimal duct obs-truction. METHODS:Totally 106 cases underwent the lacrimal passages dredging,Y-shaped silicon tube implantation, and mitomycin C application after 3 months,and the surgery effect were observed. RESULTS:Lacrimal passages dredging,silicon tube implantation and mitomycin C retrograde treatment by endoscopy extubation,the operation had easy procedure, and very little trauma.A normal life,work,study were recorded.Following-up 3 years:the effective rate of 96.2%or more were in 102 eyes,marked effect accounted for 92.5%(98 eyes),cure rate was in 90 eyes(84.9%) and invalid in 4 eyes(3.8%). CONCLUSION:The above technique is the preferred and supplementary treatment method for lacrimal duct obstruction,which also have less damage,higher success rate,fewer complications and lower operation costs.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of the artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation. METHODS:Totally 225 patients 261 eyes with nasolacrimal duct obstruction were implanted artificial nasolacrimal duct by retrograde expand nasolacrimal canal.All patient had nasolacrimal duct angiography examination before and after surgery to compare. RESULTS:Totally 225 patients 261 eyes were implanted artificial nasolacrimal duct,216 patients 252 eyes were operated successfully,the success rate was 96.7%.After the surgery patients were followed up for three months to two years(January 2008-April 2010).The effective rate was 95%after 3 months,91%after 1 year,75%after 2 years. CONCLUSION:Artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation is a simple and high efficiency operation without scar and trauma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical featuries of dry eye. METHODS:Fifty-three cases,according to their complaints and history,received routine ophthalmologic examination,the fluorescent stain test,tear break-up time (BUT) and SchirmerⅠtest.Some cases received laboratorial examination.The adequate treatments were performed after clear diagnosis. RESULTS:In this study,the clear diagnosis cases was 53 cases 96 eyes.41 cases of the dry eye≥50 years old, 12 cases<50 years old. CONCLUSION:Dry eye is a common and frequently-occurring disease,but it can be easily overlooked and misdiagnosed.Understanding detailed history and the basic pathologies and differential diagnosis of dry eye disease seems to be essential to diagnosis and differentiation of dry eye from other disorders.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the features of ocular contusion by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA). METHODS:Totally 272 cases 325 eyes were examined by direct ophthalmoscope,three mirror contact lens and FFA. RESULTS:Main causes for serious visual function injury were retina and optic nerve injury.It included commotio retinae,retinal hemorrhage,choroidal ruptures,chorioretinal rupture,chorioretinal hemorrhage,detachment of retina and injury of optic nerve. CONCLUSION:Patients of ocular contusion should be examined by FFA and fundus examination as long as the media is transparent,in order to definite the degree of injury and location in fundus.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical utility of CT and MRI for lacrimal mixed tumor. METHODS:Seventeen patients with lacrimal mixed tumor identified pathologically,who accepted CT or MRI inspection before the surgery,were analysed. RESULTS:The follow-up periods ranged from 6 months to 10 years.14 cases had no recurrence,and 3(18%) cases had recurrences.Of the cases with recurrences,1 case had not accepted CT or MRI inspection before the surgery in other hospital. CONCLUSION:CT and MRI have the accurate localization and the qualitative diagnosis value to the lacrimal mixed tumor.They also have important guiding meaning in the operative approach choice,the surgery design and the technique preparation.They have important meaning in instructing to completely remove the tumor in its capsule in the initial surgery and reducing the rate of recurrence.