Abstract:·AIM:To examine the relationship between corneal lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis after keratoplasty.·METHODS:Nineteen human corneas were obtained from 19 patients undergoing a second corneal transplantation in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center in 2005.Blood and lymphatic vessels in human transplanted corneas were identified by lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor(LYVE-1)and platelet endothelial cell adhesion modecule-1(PECAM-1)immunohistochemistry,and double enzyme-histochemistry;then the association of corneal blood vessel counting(BVC)with lymphatic vessel counting(LVC)was examined.·RESULTS:Corneal hemangiogenesis was present in 12 cases(63%),and lymphangiogenesis occurred in 5 cases(26%)of human transplanted corneas.In addition,corneal lymphangiogenesis was only present in vascularized corneas.LVC was strongly and positively correlated with BVC(r=0.725;P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:Corneal lymphangiogenesis develops after keratoplasty,and strongly associates with hemangiogenesis.·

Abstract:·AIM:To detect the differentiation effects of retinal cells or extracts on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BMSC).·METHODS:Human fetal BMSC were previously labeled by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester(CFSE),and co-cultured with retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells which were pre-treated with ultraviolet irradiation at a ratio of 1∶1 to induce the differentiation of BMSC for up to 14 days.In some assays,a retinal extract of bovine retinal extract(BRE)was added to detect the potential effects of retinal component on the differentiation of BMSC.In addition,neuron-specific enolase(NSE),Nestin and Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)immunostaining were performed to determine the characteristics of BMSC.·RESULTS:The results indicated that by co-cultured with RPE cells,fetal BMSC were differentiated into neural-like cells expressing special neuronal markers Nestin,GFAP and NSE.And the expression of these markers was obviously increased by BRE.·CONCLUSION:Retina derived cells and extracts can induce the differentiation of BMSC into neural-like cells.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the effects of geranylgeranylacetone(GGA)on the expression of heat shock protein70(HSP70)on retinal ganglion cells(RGC)in rats with chronic intraocular pressure(IOP)elevation.·METHODS:Seventy Wistars were divided into blank control group(10 rats),chronic hypertension group(30 rats)and GGA group(30 rats).Chronic hypertension was created by cauterizing the superficial scleral veins.800mg/(kg·d)GGA was given by oral daily after cauterization.Immunohistochemistry was used respectively to observe the changes of expression of HSP70 in the model rats and GGA interference rats at different time points during the course of chronic IOP elevation.·RESULTS:The successful model was identified as the IOP over 40% of normal rats.The retinal thickness was significantly reduced in model group and model+ GGA group compared with normal rats from 21 days through 28 days after cauterization(P<0.05),and that of model rats was obviously decreased in comparison with model+ GGA rats(P<0.05).The number of ganglion cells was significantly decreased in model rats and model+ GGA rats compared with normal rats from 21 days and 28 days.The stronger expression intensity(IOD)value was seen for HSP70 in the model+ GGA rats by immunochemistry(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:Systemic administration of GGA protects retina from chronic IOP elevation by regulating the expression of HSP70.·

Abstract:·Diabetes is a complex and heterogeneous disorder presently affecting more than 100 million people worldwide and causing serious socio-economic problems.Spontaneous rodent models of diabetes mellitus have proved invaluable in understanding the pathogenesis,complications,and genetic or environmental influences that increase the risks of diabetes.We have reviewed here in the development and characterization of spontaneous rodent models that displayed most features commonly associated with diabetic retinopathy.·

Abstract:·AIM:To report a case of cryptococcus meningitis in an immunocompetent teenager that presented early with diplopia and bilateral poor vision.·METHODS:A case report·RESULTS:A 17-year-old boy presented with blurring of vision in both eyes and diplopia for 3 weeks.It was associated with severe throbbing headaches,nausea and vomiting.He was also having low grade fever.On physical examination he was afebrile with no sign of meningism.His vision was 6/15 in both eyes with constricted visual field.Anterior segment was normal in both eyes.Extraocular muscles movement showed bilateral sixth nerve palsies.Fundoscopy revealed bilateral hyperaemic and slightly elevated optic disc.CT scan of the brain was normal with no evidence of intracranial mass or abnormal ventricles.Lumbar puncture revealed high opening pressure >300mmH2O.Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)microscopically and culture showed presence of cryptococcus neoformans.This case was combinedly managed with neuro-medical team.Patient was started on intravenous Amphotericin B and fluconazole.His neurological symptoms recovered after a week.His vision was improved to 6/6 in both eyes with recovery of peripheral visual field.The diplopia improved with recovery of sixth nerve palsies in both eyes.Unfortunately,patient developed nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection and was treated for the problem.·CONCLUSION:This case highlights the indolent nature of cryptococcus meningitis and the fact that the overt signs of meningism may not be present even in immunocompetent person.Diplopia may be one of the early presentations of meningitis patient.·

Abstract:·We report a case of retinal detachment in morning glory syndrome(MGS).We think that identification of the retinal break,removal of the traction force by vitrectomy,the use of long-acting gas as endotamponade,all contributed to the successful treatment of the disease.The pathogenic mechanisms of the disease and the function of B-scan to the diagnosis are included.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the inhibition effect on rat corneal neovascularizition(CNV)by drug combination of the cordyceps militaris extract(CME)and dexamethasone(Dex).·METHODS:CNV model was induced by alkaline burn of the cornea with 1mol/L NaOH.Forty-eight rats were divided into three groups randomly after modeling,A was model group,B was CME treatment group,and C was combination treatment group.All groups received medication by subconjunctival injection every other day after alkaline burn,group A received saline,group B received 10mg CME,group C also received 10mg CME,and received 0.25g/L Dex eyedrops three times each day,each injection volume was set at 0.1mL.On the 4,8,14 days,CNV was observed,and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and it’s mRNA in the cornea were detected.·RESULTS:After modeling,rat CNV of the combination group was significantly reduced than the model control group and CME treatment group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:CME combining with Dex can inhibit alkaline burn-induced CNV growth more effectively.·

Abstract:·AIM:To learn the up-regulation of aquaporin protein 3(AQP3)expression in the corneal epithelial healing process of mice by cyclosporin A(CsA)eye drops.·METHODS:Models were established in the mechanical curettage method of corneal epithelium in mice to observe the repair of corneal epithelium.Corneas were treated with AQP3 immunohistochemical staining to observe the expression of AQP3.·RESULTS:AQP3 expression could be seen in the basal cell layer of the cornea.After applications of 125,250,500,1000mg/L CsA eye drops,the AQP3 expression was increased progressively.When corneal epithelium injury was treated with 500mg/L CsA eye drops,there was no statistical difference in healing size between the experimental group and control group 6 hours after injury,while 12,18,24 hours after injury there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:500mg/L CsA eye drops can accelerate mice corneal epithelial damage repair by increasing the expression of AQP3.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the mechanism on signal transduction of proliferation induced by urotensin-Ⅱ(U-Ⅱ)in lens epithelial cell(LEC).·METHODS:U-Ⅱ were incubated with cultured LEC.Meanwhile four blockers of signal transduction,H7,PD98059,W7 and nicardipine,were incubated with LEC separately.Then the proliferations of LEC were detected via 3H-TdR incorporation.·RESULTS:The radioactivity of 3H-TdR in U-Ⅱ group was higher than that in control group(P<0.01).The radioactivities of 3H-TdR in groups of four blockers decreased in varying degrees compared with U-Ⅱ group(P<0.01,P<0.01).The blocking effects of PD98059 and H7 were higher than that of nicardipine and W7(F= 13.251,P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:U-Ⅱ induced LEC proliferation by means of signal trasduction which can be blocked by four signal transduction blockers.The result provides a new thinking for prevention and treatment of after cataract.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the effect of urotensin Ⅱ(U-Ⅱ),a new biological activity substance,on proliferation of lens epithelial cell(LEC).·METHODS:Different concentrations of U-Ⅱ were incubated with in vitro cultured LEC in vitro.The activities of LEC were detected via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT).The proliferations of LEC were detected via 3H-TdR.·RESULTS:The absorbences of groups 10-9mol/L U-Ⅱ,10-8mol/L U-Ⅱ,10-7mol/L U-Ⅱ and 10-6mol/L U-Ⅱ were higher than that in control group(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01);the radio-activities of 3H-TdR in groups 10-10mol/L,10-9mol/L U-Ⅱ,10-8mol/L U-Ⅱ,10-7mol/L U-Ⅱ and 10-6mol/L U-Ⅱ were higher than that in control group(P<0.01),which were 1.36,1.40,1.45,1.59 and 1.66 times respectively,with a dose-dependent manner.·CONCLUSION:U-Ⅱ can induce proliferation of LEC.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the effect of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP)on superoxide dismutase(SOD)、malonaldehyde(MDA)and catalase(CAT)of isolated rat lens in vitro.·METHODS:The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups and the lens in each group were isolated and cultured with RPMI-1640 culture fluid and different concentrations of TMP solution(0,0.125,0.25,0.5,1,2 and 4g/L).After cultured for 24 hours,the transparency of the lens was observed with wake eye and homogenated.The enzyme activation levels of SOD、CAT and the contents of MDA were measured by photometry respectively.·RESULTS:Compared with normal group,0.25,0.5,1 and 2g/L TMP could obviously increase the activity of SOD,P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively,while 0.125 and 4g/L TMP had no significance effect.Compared with normal group,0.5g/L TMP could improve the activity of CAT,P<0.01 while other concentrations of TMP had no significance effect.Compared with normal group,0.125,0.25,0.5,1 and 2g/L TMP could obviously decrease the content of MDA,P<0.01,while 4g/L TMP had no significance effect.·CONCLUSION:TMP could increase enzyme activation of SOD and CAT,and decrease contents of MDA in isolated lens of rats.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the change of p21,CDK2 and Smad4 on the HLEC transfected with pEGFP-TGF-β1 plasmid and the effect of TGF-β1gene transfection on the cell cycle control of human lens epithelial cell.·METHODS:Immortalized human lens epithelial cellline(HLEC-B3)was transfered by pEGFP-TGF-β1 gene.The expression of TGF-β1mRNA,p21mRNA,CDK2mRNA and Smad4 mRNA and protein induced by transfered by TGF-β1 gene were measured by RT-PCR and Western-blot at different time periods.·RESULTS:RT-PCR detected that TGF-β1mRNA began to raise after 24h,culminated after 48h,decreased after 72h,decreased much after 96h,but still more than the normal.p21mRNA companied with it.but CDK2 decreased with it.Western-blot detected that the consequence consisted with RT-PCR.The effect of TGF-β1 gene was demonstrated from the lever of transcription and translation.Smad4 protein raised with the lever of TGF-β1 gene at various time point,but disappeared very quickly.·CONCLUSION:TGF-β1 can increase p21,but decrease CDK2,to impact the cell cycle of HLEC.TGF-β/Smad4 pathway take part in the course.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)on apoptosis of lens epithelial cell(LEC)of rabbits dexamethason(Dex)peroxide induced.·METHODS:Cultured normal rabbit lens in vitro were randomly divided into 3 groups:the control group(A),the group treated by Dex(10μmol/L)(B),the group treated by Dex peroxide and EGCG(10mmol/L)(C).The transparence and apoptosis ratio of lens on the time points of 3,5,7 days were determined by image analysis and flowcytometry,as well as by terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediate dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)detection,the effect of EGCG on the number of dexamethason-induced rabbit LEC with apoptosis were examined,the related comparisons and statistical analyses were carried out.·RESULTS:The transparence of the group treated by Dex and EGCG in association were higher than that of the group treated by Dex and lower than that of the control group.The differences among groups were statistically significant(P<0.01).There was a significant difference between the EGCG in association with tocopherol group and the Dex group(P<0.01).The TUNEL method revealed that the apoptosis rate of LEC in Dex group was apparently higher than that of the control group(P<0.01);There was a significant difference between the EGCG in association with tocopherol group and the Dex group(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:EGCG can evidently inhibit LEC apoptosis,and prevent and delay the development of the cataract.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of Avastin on treating the bleb fibrosis after trabeculectomy in rabbits.·METHODS:Forty eyes of 20 rabbits undergone trabeculectomy were randomly divided into three different doses of Avastin experimental groups,mitomycin C(MMC)group and blank control group.The eyes in three Avastin experimental groups were randomly received subconjunctival injection of 0.5,1,2mg Avastin when trabeculectomy finished and on 3rd,7th days after surgery.In the MMC treated group,MMC cotton patch,0.2g/L,was put under the capsule Tenons and scleral flap during operation.The appearance of filtrating bleb and inflammatory reactions were observed under slit-lamp;the filter areas were taken histopathologic examination on postoperative 7,14 days.·RESULTS:Filter blebs could be seen clearly in each group on postoperative 7 days.And on postoperative 14 days in the 2mg Avastin group and MMC group,filtering blebs were larger and more elevated than other groups;in 1mg Avastin group,there were only some small blebs;and in 0.5mg Avastin group and blank control group,filter blebs disappeared,and marked hyperplasia of fibrous tissue could be seen.Under the microscope on postoperative 7 days,there was no significant difference in the percentage of the bleb cavity surface area in the conjunctiva and the percentage of bleb-forming region in the conjunctiva.On postoperative 14 days,the percentage of the bleb cavity surface area in the conjunctiva of 2 mg and 1mg Avastin groups and MMC group were respectively 1.0%,0.8%,0.9%;and the percentage of bleb-forming region in the conjunctiva were 26.1%,2.9%,25.8%.The percentage of the bleb cavity surface area in the conjunctiva and the percentage of bleb-forming region in the conjunctiva of 2mg and 1 mg Avastin group were significantly higher than the blank control group,respectively(P=0.00;P=0.00).But there was no significantly difference between 2mg Avastin group and MMC group on the filtering bleb area percentage.·CONCLUSION:Subconjunctival injection of Avastin can effectively prevent the bleb fibrosis,maintain larger bleb area.This indicates that Avastin is most likely to be a novel agent to prevent excessive scarring following trabeculectomy.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),erythropoietin(EPO),erythropoietin receptor(EPOR)mRNA in different levels of glucose in the retinal Müller cells of mice in vitro.·METHODS:Müller cells of new-born mice were cultured with enzyme digestion.Müller cells were separated and purified by blowing and striking method.The expressions of VEGF mRNA,EPO mRNA,and EPOR mRNA were detected by RT-PCR.·RESULTS:Retinal Müller cells were cultured successfully,90% of which were positively stained by glutamine synthetase(GS).The expressions of VEGF mRNA,EPO mRNA and EPOR mRNA in retinal Müller cells were significantly enhanced in the high glucose group which increased obviously(P<0.05),but the difference between 50mmol/L group and the 40mmol/L group did not have statistical significance or time dependence.·CONCLUSION:With glucose concentration elevating,VEGF,EPO,EPOR expression of cultured retinal Müller cells increased.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the effects of high glucose condition on the proliferation and reactive oxygen species(ROS)expression in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells in vitro.·METHODS:Human RPE cells were cultured in vitro and divided into four groups:control group with DMEM/F12 culture solution including 5.6mmol/L glucose;high glucose group with DMEM/F12 culture solution including 30mmol/L glucose;high glucose plus SB203580 group with DMEM/F12 culture solution including 30mmol/L glucose plus 10μmol/L SB203580 the specific in hibitor of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase(p38-MAPK);mannitol group with DMEM/F12 culture solution including 5.6mmol/L glucose and 24.4mmol/L mannitol.Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay.ROS change in RPE cells in response to high glucose was detected with flow cytometry.·RESULTS:Compared to controls,the treatment of RPE cells with 30mmol/L glucose caused an obviously decrease of cellar viability.After pretreated with SB203580,cell viability was elevated compared with high glucose group.The ROS increased in high glucose group.·CONCLUSION:High glucose could damage RPE cells.The mechanisms may be that high glucose could evoke ROS expression via p38-MAPK pathway.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the phenomenon of sensory layer apoptosis in detached retina,and further to study the apoptosis mechanisms providing the rationale for clinical treatment.·METHODS:Completely random design was applied.Forty healthy pigment rabbits without oculopathy were divided into 8 groups,1 hour,3 hours,1 day,3,7,14,28 days after retinal detachment(RD)and normal control,5 rabbits in each group.Right eye of each rabbit was treated with infusing sodium hyaluronate under retinal neuro-epithelium layer.The eyeballs were enucleated at different times after RD.The morphologic changes of the retina were observed by electron microscopes.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)technique was used to assess apoptosis.·RESULTS:There was cell apoptosis in sensory layer after detachment of retina,but almost not observed in retinas from control,14 days and 28 days eyes.They were abundant at 1 hour,3 hours,3 days,7 days after RD,peaked at 3 days,and dropped precipitously at 7 days after detachment.Every multiple comparison among the groups of 1 hour,3 hours,1 day,3 days and 7 days after RD showed significant difference in comparing of apoptotic cells(P<0.01).An obvious change of cell number was found comparing each of 1 hour,3 hours;3 days and 7 days with each of normal control,1 hour,1 day and 28 days(P<0.01).But there was no significant difference of multiple comparison among control group,1 hour,14 days and 28 days group after RD.·CONCLUSION:Apoptosis is an important mechanism of sensory layer cell degeneration after RD.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the protective effect of gross saponins from tribulus terrestris L(GSTT)and Erigeron Breviscapus(Vant.)Hand-Mazz(EBHM)on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in rabbits of chronic high intraocular pressure(HIOP)mode 1.·METHODS:Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into control group,HIOP group,EBHM treated group,GSTT treated group.The HIOP models were made by injected 20g/L methylcellulose into anterior chamber in rabbits of HIOP group and two treated groups.The rabbits in two treated groups were treated with EBHM and GSTT extract every day,4.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg respectively.When the HIOP lasted for four weeks,killing rabbits,removal of the eye,electron microscopy of RGCs were done.·RESULTS:After modeling in each group were elevated intraocular pressure,ultrastructure of RGCs have obvious damage under electron microscope for HIOP group in relation to the two treatment groups.·CONCLUSION:GSTT and EBHM have a protective effect on RGCs in rabbits with chronic high intraocular pressure.·

Abstract:·AIM:To compare the effect of different incisions on corneal astigmatism and uncorrected visual acuity in cataract surgery.·METHODS:Fifty-two eyes of 43 patients with corneal astigmatism above 1.00D were selected to undergo cataract surgery.Patients were randomly divided into two groups.Group A underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation with clear corneal incision on superior position(10∶30-11∶30 o’clock).Group B received extracapsular cataract extraction by manual nucleus division and IOL implantation.The eyes with astigmatism of 1.00-2.00D in group B received extracapsular cataract extraction with 6.0-7.0mm straight scleral tunnel incision at the maximum curvature meridian.The eyes with corneal astigmatism above 2.00D in group B received extracapsular cataract extraction with 6.0-7.0mm straight scleral tunnel incision at the maximum curvature meridian and an arcuate limbal incision 90° in length on the opposite side of the straight incision.The uncorrected visual acuity and corneal astigmatism were observed 2 weeks,3 months after operation.·RESULTS:Two weeks,3 months after operation,the uncorrected visual acuity in the group B was better than that in the group A.The corneal astigmatism in the group B was lower than that in the group A 2 weeks,3 months postoperatively.·CONCLUSION:The 6.0-7.0mm straight scleral tunnel incision at the maximum curvature meridian or together with an arcuate limbal incision on the opposite side of the straight incision in cataract surgery can reduce the preexisting corneal astigmatism.This is an effective way to achieve better visual quality after operation.·

Abstract:To explore the changes of corneal endothelium after the Nd∶YAG and 532nm laser therapy. METHODS: The corneal endothelia of the eyes which had been subjected to the treatment of peripheral iridectomy by using the Nd∶YAG laser and those subjected to the treatment by using the 532nm laser were observed with corneal endothelium microscope. RESULTS: Among the entire Nd∶YAG laser sufferers 14 days later, in the center of the corneal endothelium, the decrease of the cell density(CD) revealed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). After the treatment of peripheral iridectomy 14 days later, in the center of the corneal endothelium, the decrease of the CD revealed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). 7 days later, in the periphery of the corneal endothelium, average cell area,minimum cell area, CD and percentage of hexagonal endothelium(6A) were analyzed with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between pre- and postoperative central and 6 oclock periphery of corneal endothelium in central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC). CONCLUSION:The Nd∶YAG laser peripheral iridectomy has damage to corneal endothelium. The treatment of CSC by using the 532nm laser has no statistically significant damage to the corneal endothelium

Abstract:RESULTS: Among the entire Nd∶YAG laser sufferers 14 days later, in the center of the corneal endothelium, the decrease of the cell density(CD) revealed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). After the treatment of peripheral iridectomy 14 days later, in the center of the corneal endothelium, the decrease of the CD revealed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). 7 days later, in the periphery of the corneal endothelium, average cell area,minimum cell area, CD and percentage of hexagonal endothelium(6A) were analyzed with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between pre- and postoperative central and 6 oclock periphery of corneal endothelium in central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).

Abstract:·AIM:To compare effect of simple trabeculectomy and trabeculectomy combined with cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation(hereinafter referred to as triple surgery)in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma with short axial length.·METHODS:Thirty-nine eyes from 31 patients who suffered from angle-closure glaucoma with short axial length from July 2005 to January 2009 were retrospectively analyzed,in which 25 eyes had undergone simple trabeculectomy,14 triple surgeon.The patients were followed up for 1-25 months with an average of(9.51±6.11)months.·RESULTS:Postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP):the average IOP after triple surgery was(11.31±0.69)mmHg,before and after surgery there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.01),the average IOP after trabeculectomy was(18.47±3.54)mmHg,before and after surgery the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA):all BCVA were increased after triple surgery,of which 78% ≥0.3,BCVA of 5 eyes dropped instead of rising after trabeculectomy,of which 32% ≥0.3,the two methods had a significant difference;ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM):before and after triple surgery there was a statistically significant difference in trabecubr iris angle(TIA),but no difference before and after simple trabeculectomy;anterior chamber depth(ACD):the average ACD after triple surgery was(3.22±0.53)mm,before and after surgery there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.01),the average ACD after trabeculectomy was(2.21±0.41)mm,before and after surgery the difference was not statistically significant;Postoperative complications:triple surgery had fewer postoperative complications,which needed no surgical correction,trabeculectomy had more postoperative complications,some of which were serious and lasting,and needed reoperation.·CONCLUSION:Compared with simple trabeculectomy,trabeculectomy combined with cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation for angle-closure glaucoma with short axial length has a higher success rate,and better efficacy and fewer complications.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe clinical effects of Avastin combined with vitreous cavity injection of triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of diabetic retinopathy(DR)with macular edema(ME).·METHODS:Thirty-four cases of the DR with ME inpatients or outpatients in our hospital from March 2007 to April 2008,with both eyes involved in each case,were randomly divided into observation group of 17 cases and control group of 17 cases.Observation group were treated with intravitreal Avastin(20g/L),triamcinolone acetonide(40g/L)co-injection and the control group received intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide(40g/L)injection.The visual acuity,intraocular pressure,retinal neovascularization and the ME situation were observed and recorded.·RESULTS:The cure rate of the observation group was 64.7%,while the cure rate of the control group was only 41.2%.Observation group was significantly better than control group in the cure rate(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:Avastin combined with vitreous cavity injection of triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of DR with ME is an effective approach.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the effect of laser photocoagulation combined with intravitreous injection in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy(DR)with macular edema(ME).·METHODS:Patients who suffered DR(over Ⅲ)with ME received laser photocoagulation treatment in the whole retina with 532 wave length semiconductor laser instrument.Patients received intravitreous injection of triamcinolone acetonide in a week after operation.·RESULTS:After treatment,the eyesight of 218 eyes was improved or non-decreased in total 241 eyes,accounting for 90.5%.The amount of eyes whose eyesight was decreased was 23,accounting for 9.5%.Clinical effect was significant.·CONCLUSION:Laser photocoagulation combined with intravitreous injection is safe and effective in the treatment of DR with ME.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the difference of corneal and conjunctival epithelial changes between normal subjects and subjects with long-term soft contact lens(SCL)wear(>5 years)and to probe the possible effects and mechanism on ocular surface with long-term SCL wear among university students.·METHODS:In this study,fluorescein vital staining(FLS),conjunctival imperssion cytology(CIC)changes of long-term SCL wearers were used.The study included 198 eyes of 99 SCL wearers and 70 eyes of 35 subjects as control group.SCL wearers were divided into three groups of less than 5 years and 5 to 10 years and more than 10 years according to the duration of contact lens wear.The differences of FLS、goblet cell density(GCD)and grade of squamous metaplasia were analyzed.·RESULTS:There were statistical differences in FLS,GCD and grade of squamous metaplasia between the control group and the groups wearing SCL(P<0.01);There were statistical differences in GCD and grade of squamous metaplasia between the group wearing SCL for of less than 5 years and 5 to 10 years and more than 10 years(P<0.01);but there were not statistically differences in GCD and grade of squamous metaplasia between the group wearing SCL for 5 to 10 years and more than 10 years;There were positive correlations between grade of squamous metaplasia and FLS(r=0.589,P<0.01);but negative correlations between GCD and FLS(r=-0.351,P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:Long-term and extended wear SCL caused the corneal epithelial injury,and CIC changes,the longer wear,the greater the damage.There are significant correlations between GCD or CIC grading and FLS.GCD and CIC grading can be used to assess the ocular surface conditions of long-term and prolonging SCL wear.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the ability of digital fundus photography and direct funduscopy to detect diabetic retinopathy(DR)in patients with diabetic mellitus(DM)compared with fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA).·METHODS:All 264 cases with diabetes underwent non-mydriatic digital fundus photography,FFA,and direct funduscopy with dilation of their pupils.Then statistics contrast study of direct funduscopy and FFA,non-mydriatic digital fundus photography and FFA were carried out respectively.· RESULTS:In comparison with FFA,mild nonproliferative DR being taken as referable DR,direct funduscopy with dilation of pupils gave a sensitivity of 63.4%,a specificity of 76.9%,and a Kappa statistic of 41.9%,a Youden of 41.1%,digital fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 86.8%,a specificity of 92.3%,and a Kappa statistic of 80.7%,a Youden of 79.1%;moderate nonproliferative DR being taken as referable DR,direct funduscopy with dilation of pupils gave a sensitivity of 65.5%,a specificity of 94.7%,and a Kappa statistic of 39.1%,a Youden of 60.3%,and digital fundus photography gave a sensitivity of 93.1%,a specificity of 97.4%,and a Kappa statistic of 61.2%,a Youden of 90.5%.·CONCLUSION:Digital fundus photography centered at fovea for screening of early DR especially stage DR Ⅱ or more severe.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the features and the clinical significance of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)in multifocal posterior pigment epitheliopathy(MPPE).·METHODS:The clinical data of 35 cases(51 eyes)with MPPE during Jan.2007 to Apr.2009 were analyzed retrospectively.All the patients received the conventional examination,including the vision,slit-lamp,the direct/indirect ophthalmoscope examination,and the fundus color photography,FFA and ICGA with heidelberg retinal confocal laser instrument(HRA-2)were also carried out.·RESULTS:The multifocal retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)leakage and choroidal circulatory disturbances(including choroidal vascular filling delay as well as the expansion/leakage of choroidal blood vessels)were the main features of the MPPE in active phase examined by FFA and ICGA.Some patients occured the exudative retinal detachment for a large number of RPE leakage and a long time leakage,in which some changes similar to chronic uveitis appeared in a small part of patients including the leakages of retinal vessels,retinal non-perfusion areas and neovascularization,the disc with strong fluorescence in the FFA later phase.The chief changes were the RPE and choriocapillaris atrophy in FFA and ICGA with the MPPE in quiescent phase,but the choroidal circulation anomalies disappeared including the choroidal filling delay and dilated.·CONCLUSION:The MPPE patients have similar changes with central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)in FFA and ICGA,but the degree is more serious,in which some patients can be accompanied with some similar changes with chronic uveitis.The black infrared fluorescent focus in ICGA during the late phase will help us to judge the prognosis of the MPPE.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the changes of contrast sensitivity in dry eyes and evaluate the effects of artificial tear application on visual function in dry eyes.·METHODS:The study comprised volunteers in whom dry eye had been diagnosed,and normal subjects which were diagnosed.Their Schirmer’s Ⅰ teat(SⅠt),tear film break-up(BUT)and tear film interference pattern results were collected.All patients were given a contrast sensitivity testing at low,moderate,high spatial frequencies with the OPTEC 6500.BUT,SⅠt,tear film interference pattern,low,moderate,and high score were collected.·RESULTS:The eyes were classified by the diagnosis,based on the symptoms of dry eye,SⅠt,BUT and tear film interference pattern.There were no significant differences in the mean ages of two groups.Contrast sensitivity score in the dry eye group at low,moderate and high frequencies was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).In the dry eye group,there was a statistically significant increase in contrast sensitivity scores at low,moderate and high frequencies after application of artificial tears(P<0.05).There was no significant change in dry eye group after application of artificial tears with the control group.·CONCLUSION:The decreased contrast sensitivity in dry eyes improves with application of artificial tears.Therefore,the impeded quality of vision seen in dry eye patient could be restored close to normal with artificial tear therapy.Besides,contrast sensitivity test can be used as an objective evaluation of non-contact method of tear film quality,and can provide an objective basis for therapeutic effects of dry eyes.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the efficiency and safety of 1g/L pranoprofen eye drop in dry eye patients with ocular surface inflammation.·METHODS:Sixty dry eye patients of our hospital from April 2008 to October 2008 were randomly divided into two groups,A group:1g/L pranoprofen combined with application of artificial tears eye drops,4 times per day.B group was the control group:artificial tears alone,4 times per day.Experimental treatment lasted for 14 days.All patients met the inclusion criteria,and the patients symptoms,signs,tear film break-up time(BUT),Schirmer Ⅰ test,fluorescein staining score and so on at 3,7,14 days after treatment were observed.Then the results of the two groups were compared and statistical analysis was carried out.·RESULTS:The effect of 1g/L pranoprofen combined with application of artificial tears eye drops in treatment of dry eye patients was superior to the effect of artificial tears alone,results of two groups were statistically significant at the 14th day.·CONCLUSION:Pranoprofen can effectively control ocular inflammation in patients with dry eye,and it is an effective drug in adjuvant treatment of dry eye syndrome.·

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the effect of laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)on the accommodative convergence per unit of accommodation(AC/A)ratio in myopic patients.·METHODS:This clinical trial consisted of 40 myopic patients who had bilateral LASIK.The AC/A ratio was measured in the phoroptor with glasses before surgery and 1 week,1 month,3 and 6 months after surgery without glasses.·RESULTS:The average AC/A ratio was(2.98±0.80)△/D with glasses before LASIK,it reduced to(2.02±0.57)△/D,(2.43±0.63)△/D 1 week,1 month after LASIK respectively.There was significant decrease in the AC/A ratio 1 week and 1 month after LASIK(P<0.01).The AC/A ratio recovered to near preoperative values at 3 and 6 months after LASIK,they were(2.87±0.65)△/D,(2.91±0.68)△/D.·CONCLUSION:The AC/A ratio decreases 1 week,1 month after LASIK,it recovers to preoperative value at 3 months after LASIK and keeps stable.·

Abstract:·AIM:To explore the long-term efficacy of myopic astigmatism treated by Q-factor guided laser epithelial keratomileusis(LASEK).·METHODS:Seventy-two cases(72 eyes)who were treated with Q-guided LASEK were trial group.66 cases(66 eyes)who were treated with conventional LASEK were control group.Naked distant and near visual acuity(VA),best-corrected VA,refractive diopters,intraocular pressure,topography,K value,Q value,wave-front aberration,contrast sensitivity,corneal thickness and haze of pre-and post-operation were detected.The patients were followed up for more than 12 months.·RESULTS:At 12 months post-operative,the naked VA of trial group was 1.12±0.16 while 1.07±0.14 for control group.The best-corrected VA of trial group was 1.16±0.19 while 1.12±0.17 for control group.Q value of trial group was 0.478±0.203 while 0.798±0.238 for control group.The difference was significant.Higher-order aberrations of trial group was 0.406±0.103μm while 0.613±0.105μm for control group.The difference was significant.Spherical aberration of trial group was-0.186±0.108μm,while-0.320±0.159μm for control group.The difference was significant.There was 0.125±0.275 haze in trial group while 0.375±0.535 in control group.Contrast sensitivity of trial group recovered to pre-operative level at 3 months post-operatively while control group delayed to recover until 6 months post-operatively.In trial group,contrast sensitivity of 12 months post-operative was better than pre-operative.The difference of two groups was more prominent in dark glare status.·CONCLUSION:Q-factor guided LASEK is safe and effective with good stability.Compared with conventional LASEK,Q-factor guided LASEK can reduce higher-order aberrations and spherical aberration induced by surgery.The results become better as longer follow-up time.The contrast sensitivity recovers sooner and with less haze postoperatively.Better visual quality can be achieved in Q-factor guided LASEK.·

Abstract:·Gene therapy of retinoblastoma(RB)is a new type of treatment in recent years.In this paper,We make a review about gene therapy status,progress and problems of RB from three aspects of suicide genes,tumor suppressor genes,anti-angiogenic genes.·

Abstract:In this article, through the analysis of high myopia with cataract and related surgical treatments of the disease, researches on the progress in phacoemulsification surgery of the disease are summarized

Abstract:·Glaucoma is a common clinical blinding eye disease,currently surgery is the principal way,but the recurrence rate after surgery is still high,the main reason is fibroblasts in the operation area,which lead to scar forma-tion blocking filtration road.To improve the success rate of surgery,a number of anti-cicatricial drugs are increasingly being applied in glaucoma filtration surgery in experimental and clinical studies,but these drugs also have certain complications and side effects.As medical technology advances,people are looking for some safer and more effective drug delivery methods and new drugs that inhibit scar formation.·

Abstract:Diabetic macular edema (DME) is caused by diabetes, featured by retinal thickening or hard exudates at macular center within 1D. It is one of the main reasons for decreased vision of diabetic retinopathy(DR). Its pathogenesis is speculated to be the damage of retinal inteernal and external barrier, as well as the role of cytokines. There are many checks that can make the diagnosis of macular edema, including fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), heidelberg retina tomography (HRT), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and so on. Laser treatment is still the most widely used method of treatment. DEMs more effective treatment methods have always been being clinically explored.Applications such as intravitreal injection of corticosteroid drugs, as well as co-vitrectomy retinal internal limiting membrane peeling surgery and other treatments in combination, have now achieved a good result. Despite that the treatment of DME is in great progress, it apparently still needs more effective treatment measures of less side effects.

Abstract:·Axonal and neuronal degeneration seem to be concomitant features of multiple sclerosis(MS)and are probably the pathological processes responsible for permanent disability in this disease.The retina is unique within the central nervous system(CNS)in that it contains axons and glia but no myelin,and it is,therefore,an ideal structure within which to visualize the processes of neurodegeneration,neuroprotection,and potentially even neurorestoration.In particular,the retina enables us to investigate a specific compartment of the CNS which is targeted by the disease process.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)as a kind of optical diagnosis technique has been used for clinical ophthalmology since the middle of 1990s.OCT can provide high-resolution reconstructions of retinal anatomy in a rapid and reproducible fashion and,we believe,is ideal for precisely modeling the disease process in MS.In this review,we presents the current applications and research progression of the retinal nerve fibre layer in MS using OCT.·

Abstract:·Pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF)is a relative molecular weight 50 000 secreting protein and a member of the serp in super-family.Recent studies demonstrated that PEDF has multiple biological functions,including antiangiogenic,neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties.It has recently been shown that PEDF is the most potential endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis in eyes.PEDF has a wide prospect for treatment of human neovascular diseases and retinal degenerative diseases.Finding of PEDF brings new hope for treatment of neovascular diseases.Research progresses in PEDF and the relations between PEDF and choroidal neovascular diseases are reviewed.·

Abstract:·The treatment of acute optic neuritis with glucocortico-steroid is always controversial,so academician from many countries make a series of clinical trial.We make a review about the history of using glucocorticosteroid to treat acute optic neuritis,the treatment method,side effecs and the influence factors of prognosis to evaluate its effects.·

Abstract:·The study of recent years showed that estrogen is an important signaling molecule in the nervous system.It plays an important role in the process of promoting nerve growth and development,plasticity,neurotransmitter synthesis and even the survival of neurons,myelin and axon regeneration.It causes for concern particularly that how estrogen plays in the stroke,senile dementia,Parkinson’s disease and other degenerative diseases of central nervous system and spinal cord,sciatic nerve injury,acute cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral ischemia,neural trauma,etc.However,it is rarely reported about the role of estrogen in neural stem cells transplantation and optic nerve disease.This article made a brief summary on the effect of estrogen on the protective effects of nerve.·

Abstract:·The torsional coordination of binocular eye movements is a complex task since misalignment produces retinal disparities which result in diplopia and decrease of stereopsis.In clinic,many special strabismus cases have torsional alignment problem.This review concerns research in torsional coordination of binocular eye movements.·

Abstract:·Light is one of the most important environmental factors on which all living beings in nature rely to survive.With the changes in the environment,the light-pollution is worsening and its influence on the visual quality of the human eyes is deepening.The influence of light-pollution on human eyes damage and visual quality was summarized in this paper.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the risk factors of corneal graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty.·METHODS:The rejection cases of penetrating kerato-plasty in our hospital from 2001-01 to 2008-01 were retros-pectively analyzed,the ratio of various factors in the graft rejection patients and the incidence of graft rejection in all kinds of cases were analyzed.·RESULTS:The total rejection rate was 31.0%,25.5% in normal group,59.4% in high-risk group(P<0.05),48.1% in chemical eye burn group(P<0.05).Rejection of high-risk group was early and serious.·CONCLUSION:Of the factors of corneal graft rejection,the rejection rate is different in different original diseases,the graft rejectim has a close relationship with the preoperative symptoms,planting beds,surgical operation design and the prevention after surgery.Planting beds neovascularization is a high risk factor of graft rejection.·

Abstract:·AIM:To compare the effect of ciliary sulcus sutured intraocular lens surgery and anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation for posterior capsule rupture of cataract.·METHODS:The retrospective analysis involved the ciliary sulcus sutured intraocular lens surgery,anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation for cataract posterior capsule rupture of 45 cases of 45 eyes.The efficacy of surgery was compared with the two groups.·RESULTS:Ciliary sulcus sutured intraocular lens surgery group and the anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation group can effectively cure capsular rupture after cataract treatment.But the latter had two cases of postoperative iridocyclitis and the elevation of intraocular pressure after six months and visual acuity improvement of the rest.The former had all visual acuity improved,and no obvious complications.·CONCLUSION:Ciliary sulcus sutured intraocular lens surgery and anterior chamber intraocular lens implan-tation in cataract surgery can be effective in the treatment of posterior capsule rupture and improve eyesight,but the former is closer to physical location with fewer postoperative complications.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the effect of the Nd∶YAG on the after cataract.·METHODS:A total of 652 cases 830 eyes including Elsching pearl after cataract,reductus after cataract and fibrosis after cataract were treated by YAG.According to the different type,different laser parameter was chosen.The Elsching pearl after cataract and reductus after cataract were treated by cruciform incision.And fibrosis after cataract was treated by cruciform incision or can-openning incision depends on the serious of the fibrosis.The intraocular pressure and visual acuity were observed 1 week,1 month and 3-6 months after therapy,respec-tively.The average follow-up was 2.72 months.·RESULTS:Among the 390 eyes of Elsching pearl after cataract,the intraocular pressure of 385 eyes was normal,the visual acuity of 386 eyes(99.0%)was improved.Among the 320 eyes of reductus after cataract,the intraocular pressure of 320 eyes was normal;the visual acuity of 318 eyes(99.3%)was improved.Among the120 eyes of fibrosis after cataract,the intraocular pressure of 113 eyes was normal,the visual acuity of 118 eyes(98.3%)was improved.·CONCLUSION:We should choose the laser parameter flexibly in order to ensure effective high proportion pulse energy,which is vital in the treatment of after cataract by YAG laser.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab(Avastin)injection in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD).·METHODS:The records of patients treated with intravitreal injection of 2.5mg bevacizumab for AMD were retrospectively reviewed.All patients were evaluated by complete ophthalmic examination,optical coherence tomography and fluorescein and/or indocyanine green angiography.Repeated treatment with intravitreous bevacizumab occurred if there were signs of persistent or recurrent exudation.Changes in best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),central foveal thickness(CFT)and total macular volume(TMV)over at least 6 months were the main outcome measures.·RESULTS:Thirty eyes of 30 patients(21 males and 9 females)with the average of 72 years old were included.The mean baseline of BCVA,CFT and TMV were 1.03±0.55(logMAR),364.97±151.83μm and 8.36±1.84mm3,respectively.Although there was no significant decrease in mean CFT and TMV one week after the injection,the mean BCVA had significant improvement(logMAR,0.79±0.33;P=0.02).At the last visit of 9.7 months follow-up(data available for 30 eyes),BCVA(logMAR,0.70±0.40;P=0.004),CRT(272.93±81.06;P=0.05)and TMV(7.20±0.98;P=0.004)showed significant improve-ments over baseline values.BCVA was improved by at least two lines in 18 eyes(60%),remained stable in 8 eyes(27%)at the last visit.A total of 58 injections were performed and the average number of injections was 1.93 in the group.About 50% of re-injections gained at least two lines of vision improvement one week following the re-treatment.No serious ocular or systemic adverse events were observed.·CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for exudative AMD was well tolerated with an improvement in BCVA,CFT and TMV over the mean 9.7 months follow-up period.Re-injection of intravitreal bevacizumab should be administered if needed.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the changes and significance of the serum plasma homocysteine(Hcy),superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA)and serum lipid levels within age-related macular degeneration(AMD)TCM syndrome types,and to observe if Hcy level is a risk factor in AMD among Chinese population.·METHODS:Fifty-two AMD patients’ blood samples were collected with 19 healthy samples as control.The fasting Hcy levels were measured by euzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.SOD,MDA,and blood fat concentration were also measured.And different AMD TCM syndrome types and all these indexes were analyzed to find the influence on Hcy from the related factors and the independent factor of AMD.·RESULTS:The Hcy levels in phlegm-blood stasis syndrome group and liver-kidney deficiency syndrome group were higher than those of the control(P<0.05),yet no differences were detected among three case groups.Results demonstrated negative correlation between Hcy and SOD level.SOD levels in phlegm-blood stasis syndrome group and liver-kidney deficiency syndrome group were higher than controls and phlegm syndrome group(P<0.05),while TC level was higher than controls(P<0.05);MDA,TC and LDL-C levels in all groups were elevated to different degrees(P<0.05).No difference of HDL-C level among four groups was found.·CONCLUSION:Hyperhomocysteine may play roles in phlegm-blood stasis syndrome and liver-kidney deficiency syndrome AMD by various pathogenic mechanisms,but was not a risk factor of AMD in this survey.Increased TC and LDL-C levels may be indexes of stage increasing in phlegm syndrome group.Increased TC,TG and LDL-C may be some of the useful markers of phlegm-blood stasis syndrome and liver-kidney deficiency syndrome.Decreased SOD and increased MDA may be regarded as pathological basis in AMD.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate a retinal visual acuity meter(retino-meter)in predicting the value of visual acuity after cataract surgery.·METHODS:Ninety-three patients(106 eyes)with various types of cataract were randomly selected,preoperative visual acuity tested by LAMBDA 100 retinometer in patients was compared with postoperative 3 months corrected visual acuity.·RESULTS:Of 106 eyes,12(11.3%)had equal preo-perative predicted and postoperative visual acuity,69(65.1%)had better visual acuity than predicted visual acuity(false-negative),25(23.6%)had postoperative visual acuity lower than predicted(false-positive).·CONCLUSION:LAMBDA 100 clinical detection of retinal visual acuity meter has an excellent result in determining the non-dense non-mature cataract with high accuracy.The existence of false-negative and false-positive cases in different eyes provides a basis for intrao-perative implantation of different intraocular lens.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical effect of phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal from pars plana in eyes with silicone oil tamponade.·METHODS:Twenty-four eyes of cataract with silicone oil tamponade were performed with phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal from pars plana.The visual acuities and complications were observed.·RESULTS:Three cases presented retinal detachment in the operation.Three months after operation the visual acuity in 1 eyes were >0.3,16 eyes were from 0.12 to 0.3 and 7 eyes were ≤0.1.21 eyes were implanted PC-IOL,3 eyes were not.·CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal from pars plana is an effective and safe mothed for the cataract after silicone oil tamponade.·

Abstract:·AIM:To analyze minimal outside scleral surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)concomitant myopia below PVR C2.·METHODS:The medical records of 32 patients(32 eyes)with RRD were retrospectively reviewed.Firstly,they were treated by body therapy and wearing pin-hole glasses in one week,then the retinal break were treated by laser.Minimal outside scleral surgery was used in the end.The intraoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity and the intraocular pressure were recorded.And complications were evaluated.·RESULTS:After 2 to 6 months follow-up,postoperative best-corrected visual acuity and the intraocular pressure improved than that of preoperative.Total retinal anatomical attachment was achieved in 32 patients(32 eyes).No serious postoperative complications took place.·CONCLUSION:Minimal outside scleral surgery is effective for primary RRD concomitant myopia below PVR C2.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the effect of krypton laser photocoagulation on branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO)with comptications.·METHODS:All of 46 patients 46 eyes with complications of BRVO were photocoagulated by krypton laser ;26 cases with macular edema were performed grid laser photocoagulation;20 cases with neovascularization were performed diffuse laser photo-coagulation.The patients were followed up by fundus examination and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)for 3 months.Patients who still had macular edema or neovascularization after the first photocoagulation at the end of 3 months were performed second photocoa-gulation.·RESULTS:Macular edema disappeared and visual acuity improved by 2 lines in 28 eyes,visual acuity of 16 cases were the same as before photocoagulation,and 2 cases were decreased.In the 20 patients with neovas-cularization,neovascularization disappeared in 16 patients after the first photocoagulation,4 patients after the second photocoagulation disappeared.·CONCLUSION:Krypton laser photocoagulation is obviously effective in treatment of BRVO with cimplications.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sub-bleb bevacizumab injection in treatment of filtering bleb neovascularization.·METHODS:A group of treament cases of filtering bleb by injecting bevacizumab 1mg(0.04mL,25mg/mL)were retrospectively analyzed.All the cases,8 cases of 8 eyes,were followed-up for 2-6 months.·RESULTS:Two weeks after the injection,intraocular pressure dropped to normal in 87.5%,neovascularization of bleb disappeared in 87.5%.All the cases had not such symptoms as high intraocular pressure,uveitis,adverse reaction of inner eyes or the whole body.·CONCLUSION:The sub-bleb injection of bevacizumab is an ideal choice to inhibit the neovascularization.It is easy to operate with fewer complications.It can be more effective if used earlier.However,it still needs further large sample multicentre clinical research.·

Abstract:·AIM:To compare the clinical effect of intraorbital implantation of bioceramic spheres and hydroxyapatite spheres after evisceration.·METHODS:Seventy-three eyes of 73 patients were included in this study.Patients were randomly assigned to A,B groups.Thirty-five eyes were included in A group and 38 eyes in B group,respectively.After evisceration,patients in A group received the bioceramic implant and patients in B group received the hydroxyapatite implant.·RESULTS:Patients were followed-up for 6-15 months.There were no complications of implant extrusion,exposure,infection,or migration for patients in both groups.All patients in both groups had a good cosmetic result after final prosthetic fitting.Prosthetic motility was good in all patients.·CONCLUSION:Bioceramic is a safe and effective material of orbital implant for correction of anophthalmos after evisceration.The bioceramic implant is an alternative to the hydroxyapatite implant.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical effects of four kinds of ptosis surgery.·METHODS:The operative procedure was improved continuously to explore the effective treatment of ptosis surgery.·RESULTS:The result of each operation had its advan-tages and complications.Levator plication was an ideal surgical method for the current.·CONCLUSION:Clinical practice of levator plication differs with previous theory which considered that with each 3-5mm skin shortening by moderate ligament of levator,drooping amount of 1mm was corrected.Upper eyelid can be lifted by collapsing levator tendon membrane on the superior margin of moderate ligament and the upper palpebral margin located 2mm above corneal limbus and recovered to the corneal limbus after surgery.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe surgery results of the head dilaceration combined with amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of pterygium,and evaluate the best primary pterygium surgical method and surgical technique to reduce the relapse rate.·METHODS:Primary pterygium in 30 eyes of 20 cases were treated from January 2008 to August 2009.The surgery was to tear the head of pterygium with amniotic membrane transplantation.Postoperative corneal wound healing time and recurrence rate were observed.·RESULTS:Of postoperative follow-up 2 months to 18 months,mean follow-up time was 6 months,28 eyes were cured,the cure rate was 93%;2 eyes recurred,the recurrence rate was 7%.The average repair time of corneal wound was 2-3 days.22 of the 30 eyes had visual acuity improved in different degrees.Cosmetic effect:The patient was difficult to find signs of pterygium surgery under a slit lamp microscope.·CONCLUSION:Head dilaceration combined with amniotic mem-brane transplantation in the treatment of primary pterygium has quick recovery,low relapse rate and good cosmetic effect.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the recurrence rate and complications of different methods of recurrent pterygium surgery.·METHODS:Between November 2006 and February 2009,31 cases(33 eyes)of recurrent pterygium(12 eyes of which were accompanied by symblepharon and limitation of ocular motility)were treated with pterygium excision,intraoperative mitomycin C application,conjunctival autografting(pedicle or free)or amnion membrane transplantation.The surgical method was to excise pterygium thoroughly,cover the bare sclera with a sponge containing 0.2g/L mitomycin C for 3 minutes,then irrigate the area with saline solution.The methods of covering the bare sclera included pedicle flap transposition of upper or lower conjunctiva(26 eyes),dissociative upper and lateral conjunctiva transplantation(2 eyes),and amnion membrane transplantation(5 eyes).·RESULTS:All cases were followed up for 9 months to 3 years with no pterygium recurrence in 28 eyes and slightly recurrence(fibrovasclar tissue did not enter the limbus of cornea or the entry size was no more than 2mm)in 5 eyes,the recurrence rate was 15%,4 of which had been performed with pedicle flap transposition,and 1 of which had been performed with amnion membrane transplanta-tion.Slightly recurrences of symblepharon were observed in 3 eyes;conjunctival granuloma in 1 eye,uncomfortable symptoms such as dry,red and foreign body sensation in 5 eyes,and no corneal and sclera resolving occurrence in any eye.·CONCLUSION:The surgical method of pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograf-ting or amnion membrane transplantation,intraoperative mitomycin C application can obviously decrease the recurrence rate of recurrent pterygium.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of lacrimal duct flush with an improved method in treating neonatal dacryocystitis.·METHODS:Two hundred and eighty cases(340 eyes)with neonatal dacryocystitis were treated with lacrimal duct flush between 2006 and 2009,the cases were grouped in two categories:140 cases 164 eyes in A(lacrimal duct flush)group,and 140 cases 176 eyes in B(lacrimal duct flush with an improved method)group.·RESULTS:After follow-up for 3-18 months,141 eyes 86.0% of 164 eyes were not cured by lacrimal duct flush in A group.However,there were only 17 eyes 9.7% of 176 eyes need probing in B group.·CONCLUSION:Lacrimal duct flush with an improved method is an effective method in treating neonatal dacryocystitis.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate and analyze binocular symptoms on convergence weakness patients by Sheard’s criteria.·METHODS:Eighteen patients were selected.For each subject,their oculomotor function included refraction,distance and near disassociated phoria,distance and near fusional convergence,vergence facility,near point of convergence,relative accommodation,accommodation facility and amplitude.Data were analyzed in light of Morgan normal values and Sheard criteria.·RESULTS:There were 14 cases(78%)who weren’t fit to Sheard criterion and they were demand to average(3.47±2.83)△ BO prisms on their nearly work.·CONCLUSION:Sheard criteria is effective diagnostic aids or guides to predict convergence weakness patients.·

Abstract:·AIM:To find out the clinical situation,treatment and prognosis of AIDS’ complication of eyes by investigating material.·METHODS:The patients from Aug.2008 to Aug.2009 in Kabwe General Hospital of Zambia were collected.·RESULTS:Symptom was serious,course of disease was long and the rate of growing blind was high in AIDS’ complication of eyes.·CONCLUSION:We should thoroughly understand and grasp the clinical manifestation of AIDS’ complication of eyes,increase the detection rate of AIDS,discover earlier,treated early to improve the life’s quality of AIDS’ patients,meanwhile prevention is an important thing to reduce the incidence rate of AIDS.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical outcomes and complications of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens(IOL)implantation for high myopia.·METHODS:Forty-five eyes of 23 patients with high myopia went through ophthalmologic examination and underwent IOL implantation after ensured without contraindication.Descriptive study was done on the clinical outcomes and complications.·RESULTS:The postoperation uncorrected vision was as good as the best spectacle-corrected vision of pre-operation in all 45 eyes.3 eyes underwent transient high intraocular pressure and all the 45 IOL showed various degrees of pigmentation.·CONCLUSION:The short-term clinical outcome of phakic IOL for high myopia is effective and reliable and no complications occurred during the observation period.The long-term clinical outcomes need to observe.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical effect of using mitomycin C(MMC)during surgical treatment of epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).·METHODS:MMC 0.2g/L was applied in surgical treatment of epithelial ingrowth after LASIK on 31 patients(31 eyes).The uncorrected visual acuity and the recovery of corneal flap were observed after surgery.·RESULTS:The uncorrected visual acuity increased after surgery(P<0.05)and was 0.82±0.19 6 months posto-peratively.Majority of corneal flaps recovered well.Fringe of the flap melted in 4 eyes,but central visual acuity had no effect.·CONCLUSION:Excellent outcome was found in the surgical treatment of epithelial ingrowth after LASIK by using 0.2g/L MMC.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the features of optical coherence tomography(OCT)in multilobular retinal detachment in acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada(VKH)disease.·METHODS:Twenty-four eyes of 12 patients with VKH disease were examined with OCT and(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA).·RESULTS:OCT revealed serous detachment of retinal neuroepithelia in 24 eyes of 12 patients,and subretinal septa that divided the subretinal space into several compartments.After steroid therapy,the serous detachment and subretinal septa resolved completely.·CONCLUSION:Before therapy,subretinal septa caused multilobular retinal detachment in acute VKH disease.·

Abstract:·AIM:To analyze and sum up therapeutic effect of 2.5g/L timolol maleate eye drops on the refractive regression after excimer laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).·METHODS:Fifty-three cases(66 eyes)with refractive regres-sion from 1 400 cases(2 650 eyes)of excimer LASIK surgery in our hospital centers 2007-08/2008-08 after follow-up of more than 0.5 year were randomly divided into two groups according to operation time.The test group was treated with 2.5g/L timolol maleate eye drops.The control group was treated with 1g/L sodium hyaluronate eye drops.Treatment time of both groups was 2 weeks.At the end of treatment,the test group and the control group were analyzed comparatively(visual acuity increased by the number of lines).·RESULTS:The test group visual acuity was improved-1-4 lines(average 1.45±1.09 lines),the control group visual acuity was improved-2-2 lines(average 0.61±0.86 lines),Group t tests showed differences between the two groups was statistically significant(t=3.500,P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:Timolol maleate eye drops 2.5g/L have significant effect on postoperative refractive regression after LASIK.·

Abstract:·AIM:To understand the vision status of high school students in Fuxin city and related factors of myopia.·METHODS:Three thousand high school students of Fuxin city were randomly selected with questionnaire-type survey for a single factor and Logistic regression analysis.·RESULTS:Myopia prevalence was 69.79% with 64.60% male,75.26% female.Single factor analysis showed 18 variables of gender,parental myopia,learning posture,bad study habits,sports between classes,sports time,nap habits,daily sleep time,total time of computer use every day,daily use of computer for one time,evening study hall lighting,eye-up exercises(junior),frequently use of anti-fatigue eye ointment,former eye diseases,physical fatigue,discom-fort,dental caries,dietary bias,residence before high school had statistically significant relation with myopia.Multivariate analysis showed there was statistical significance between myopia and eight variables of gender,parental myopia,reading distance,daily physical activity time,nap,junior eyes with setting-up exercises,frequently use of anti-fatigue eyedrops and former residence before high school(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:Male,correct studying posture,careful eye-up exercises every day,no myopia parents,more daily physical activity,nap habits,frequently use of anti-fatigue eye drops,living in rural areas before high school are protective factors for students myopia.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the clinical curative effect of chufeng-yisun decoction for corneal edema after small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery.·METHODS:Ninety patients(90 eyes)with corneal edema after small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery were devided into two groups randomly.The treatment group included 45 patients(45 eyes)who were treated by chufengyisun decoction,combined conventional treatment;while the contrast group included 45 patients(45 eyes)who were only treated by wit conventional treatment.1 week for all patients treated was 1 course of treatment.The difference of corrected vision and the recurrence rate were observed and compared after 2 courses of treatment.·RESULTS:After treatment,corrected vision of the treatment group was 0.66±0.26,the contrast group was 0.54±0.21,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),the corrected vision of treatment group was higher than that of control group;Total effective rate of the treatment group was 97.8%,the contrast group was 91.1%,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),the total effective rate of treatment group was better than that of control group.·CONCLUSION:It is effective to treat corneal edema after small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery by chufengyisun decoction adding more drugs,and worth promoting.·

Abstract:·AIM:To review and analyse the materials of 30 patients suffering from viral keratitis after intraocular surgery from 2007 to 2009 in our hospital.·METHODS:Thirty patients were included with 18 patients of cataract surgery;9 patients of vitrectomy and 3 patients of glaucoma surgery.The history of disease,time of onset symptoms ocular examnation and treatment were analyzed.·RESULTS:Eighteen patients had medical history of viral keratitis or severe viral conjunctivitis;6 patients had cold or gastral disease.All the patients had various degree irritative symptoms.All the patients had corneal invasive focus or arborization focus and recovered after antivirus therapy.·CONCLUSION:Viral keratitis after intraocular surgery is closely related with medical history of viral keratitis or severe viral conjunctivitis,low immunity,tear film stability,injure of corneal endothelium and mega-dose hormone after surgery.Early detection and treatment are the most important things.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the safety of small incision cataract extraction by manual nucleus division and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation for age-related cataract to analyze the intrao-perative complications and put forward correspond-ing treatment measures.·METHODS:A total of 122 eyes of 122 cataract cases were performed with small incision cataract extraction by manual nucleus division and IOL implantation through surface anesthesia.·RESULTS:Intraopertive compications included scleral flap gap in 2 eyes(1.6%),iris prolapse in 4 eyes(3.3%),iridodialysis in 3 eyes(2.4%)and posterior capsule rupture in 7 eyes(5.7%),postoperative complication included strip shaped opacity in corneal endothelium in 10 eyes(8.2%)and anterior chamber fribrinous exudates in 3 eyes(2.4%).·CONCLUSION:Small incision cataract extraction by manual nucleus division and IOL implantation is a safe,simple and effective operative method.The treatment of lens nucleus is the key of the operation and also the important step to prevent complications.·

Abstract:·AIM:To analyze the clinical characteristics and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)characteristics of the central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).·METHODS:Visual acuity,age of first treatment,prevalence of both eyes,male and female incidence ratio and FFA features of 48 CSC patients(58 eyes)were analyzed.·RESULTS:CSC prevalence of female was lower than that of male(1∶5.86);There were 30 CSC patients(35 eyes)≤ 45-year-old,with 5 cases of both eyes.FFA single leakage was in 17 eyes(48.6%),multi-lesion leakage in 9 eyes(25.7%),atypical leakage in 9 eyes(25.7%);18 CSC patients(23 eyes)were more than 45-year-old with 5 cases of both eyes.FFA single lesion leakage was in 2 eyes(8.7%),multi-lesion leakage in 11 eyes(47.8%),atypical leakage in 10 eyes(43.5%).The comparison between the two groups had significant differences(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:≤ 45-year-old FFA performed a single lesion leakage and ink stains,spray-type leakage.>45-year-old FFA leakage and pigment epithelium-type lesions decompensation of both eyes were more common than younger patients,leakage in recurrence was near the original point.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate diagnostic value of optical coherence tomography(OCT)in asy-mptomatic posterior vitreous detachment(PVD).·METHODS:Ninety-eight eyes of 49 cases which were examined and identified that one eye of each patient had PVD and 186 eyes of 93 cases from normal volunteers were checked with Cirrus HD-OCT made by Zeiss.·RESULTS:Of the 49 cases which had one eye of PVD,24 of the other eyes had different degrees of incomplete PVD,accounting for 48.9%.For the 93 volunteer cases,63 eyes of the 186 eyes were incomplete PVD,occounting of 33.9%,No black shadow symptom occurred for all the patients who had incomplete PVD.·CONCLUSION:OCT has a very good detection specifi-city and sensitivity for PVD,therefore it can be used us the required examination.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the efficacy of staging treatment of vitreous hemorrhage.·METHODS:The course of vitreous hemorrhage was divided to three stages,namely,early,middle and late.Methods of treatment were cooling blood to stop bleeding for early stage,quickening the blood to transform stasis for middle stage,benefiting vital energy,activating blood circulation and softening lump to loosen knot for late stage.Patients were treated with three courses,14 days for one course of treatment.Main investigating targets included vision,the absorption of vitreous hemorrhage.·RESULTS:The total effective rate of staging treatment for vitreous hemorrhage was 88.5%.·CONCLUSION:The efficacy of staging treatment for vitreous hemorrhage is significant.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the operative opportunity and surgical approach on patient with eyeball atrophy and complicated fracture of orbital maxillary zygomatic(OMZ)caused by severe eyeball rupture to solve eye-socked depression,face abnormality or restriction on opening of mouth on wounded side and trismus and so on caused by above reason.·METHODS:One week to 3 weeks after wounded,patient was treated by improved enucleation(removal of the eye)combined with orbital hydroxyapatites ocular implantation.1 week to 2 weeks after operation,fracture was reduced by incision of coronal,incision of lower eyelid bag and incision of mucogingival junction and was internal fixed with titanium screw or plate.Then porous was inserted after reconstruction.·RESULTS:After 3 months to 3 years follow-up,all 17 cases were treated successfully.·CONCLUSION:The early application of improved enucleation(removal of the eye)combined with orbital hydroxyapatites ocular implantation is effective for patients with eyeball atrophy and complicated fracture of OMZ,and no complication is found such as dislocation of the implant,rejection and infection.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the efficacy of fresh amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of refractory ocular surface diseases.·METHODS:Four cases of alkali burns and 10 cases of corneal ulcer in a total of 14 cases were selected.Single-layer amniotic membrane transplantion was performed,with postoperative follow-up of 6-12 months.·RESULTS:Fourteen cases had no sign of postoperative acute graft rejection clinically;At the same time,a rapid stabilization of ocular surface occurred.Alkali burn in 4 cases had non-progressive dissolution and perforation of cornea.In then 10 cases of corneal ulcers,8 cases had ulcer healing,visual acuity increased to varying degree.·CONCLUSION:Fresh amniotic membrane transplanta-tion for ocular surface reconstruction is an effective way,it can reduce corneal inflammation,prevent corneal progressive dissolution,accelerate ocular surface stability,reduce the formation of comeal neovascularization,gain precious time for the second period of corneal trans-plantation and create a sound foundation.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe and analyze eye position regression after refractive accommodative esotropia correction.·METHODS:A total of 120 cases of patients,with first diagnosed age of 1.5 to 3 years old,were treated with 10g/L atropine eye ointment every night and dilated retinoscopy a week after showed refraction in the +2.00~+10.00D,astigmatism in the 0~+4.00D,refractive irregular 0~+4.00D.+0.50D was subtracted at most from the dilated retinoscopy degree for the largest amount of optical correction.Minimum age for wearing glasses was 1.5 years old,amblyopia was treated at the same time.Atropine mydriasis optometry was reused every three months of return visit.Diopter was adjusted according to the results of optometry.·RESULTS:After follow-up of 5 years,eye position regression occurred in 19 cases of 120 cases with slope greater than +15°.Regression occurred at 4 to 12 years old.·CONCLUSION:Refractive accommodative esotropia has an eye position regression rate of 13%-17%,which is due mainly to age of onset,no wearing glasses correction after onset and non-binocular single vision function.Early detection,early wearing glasses correction is an important means to reduce the refractive accommodative eye position regression.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the treatment of children’s amblyopia with individualized treatment programs and observe the feasibility and efficacy.·METHODS:According to the treated order,178 cases of amblyopia children were divided into control group and treatment group.The control group was treated with traditional physical therapy,the treatment group in the total process of comprehensive treatment of amblyopia was treated with personalized treatment programs,the treatment effects of two groups were observed.·RESULTS:The efficiency of the control group was 78.6%,cure rate 35.7%;the efficiency of the treatment group was 94.3%,cure rate 58.0%,difference between the two groups was statistically significant.·CONCLUSION:During the treatment of amblyopia in children,the development of personalized treatment programs help to improve compliance and cure rate and is worthy of clinical application and promotion.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the clinical results of KTP-Nd∶YAG532 SHG laser surgery no the benign tumor of eyelid and palpebral margin.·METHODS:With surgeon wearing specialized protective glasses,handhelding fiber to the base of the tumor,continuous gasifying went to the tumor in 360° circle at the level of the eyelid skin surface and palpebral margin to make the tissue around the tumor dissociated,then the top tissue of the tumor was griped with the toothed forceps,and the parts in the central connected to the tumor were cut off.·RESULTS:The surgical site skin was smooth,and no scar on them,and there were no significant changes in normal eye tissues.·CONCLUSION:The treatment by KTP-Nd∶YAG532 SHG laser to cure the benign tomor of eyelid and palpebral margin is safe and effective.It is an new exploration of KTP-Nd∶YAG532 SHG laser surgery.·