Abstract:AIM:To study the results and complications of LASIK surgery after radial keratotomy.·METHODS: This descriptive study was carried out in Yazd LASIK Center, Yazd, Iran. Cases included all patients who had been operated between April 2003 and Septem-ber 2006. Data were collected via a special questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software and paired t-test. ·RESULTS: Samples included 33 eyes of 23 patients of whom 11 (48%) were women and 12 (52%) were men. Their age ranged from 28 to 49 years old and the mean age was 31.6 years old. Two cases (6%) had openings of the previous radial keratotomy incisions during flap lifting and one case (3%) had moderate non-infec-tious keratitis. The mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was -2.17±0.94D, while the posto-perative SE was -0.17±0.19D, the difference of which was significant (P=0.0001). Mean preoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 0.07±0.02 and the postopera-tive was 0.88±0.16, the difference of which was also significant (P=0.0001). The mean best spectacle correct-ed visual acuity prior to the operation was 0.93±0.08 and 0.92±0.08 after the operation, the difference of which was not significant (P=0.268).·CONCLUSION: LASIK surgery could improve residual myopia after the radial keratotomy without major complications during or postoperation, but necessity of the second procedure must be pondering and require careful case selection and assessment.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide(TA) as treatment for macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion(RVO).·METHODS: The study group consisting 30 patients (30 eyes) with RVO combined with macular edema received intravitreal 4mg TA. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP), examination with slit-lamp microscope, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography(OCT) were observed during the follow-up. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 12.0 software.·RESULTS: The visual acuity(VA) of all patients was significantly improved and the central macular thickness (CMT) was significantly relieved. There was no correlation between course, age, CMT before injection and the type of RVO. There was positive correlation between visual acuity before injection and after injection.·CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of TA is an easy-operated and safe therapy. After injection, macular edema can be rapidly relieved. VA at baseline is the predictor for the prognosis of VA. Some patients experience recurrence of macular edema between 3 to 6 months after injection.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical presentations of traumatic optic neuropathy and to assess the visual outcome of three groups of patients managed differently (conservative, intravenous corticosteroids only and combination of intravenous and oral corticosteroids) at an academic tertiary care referral centre.·METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted involv-ing 24 consecutive patients (27 eyes) with traumatic optic neuropathy attending Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from January 2007 till December 2009.·RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (27 eyes) were included. All cases involved were male. Mean age was 33 years old. Motor vehicle accident was the major cause (83%). Both eyes were equally involved. Most of the eyes had poor vision on presentation (HM-NPL, 82%) with associated periorbital haematoma (22 eyes) and subcon-junctival haemorrhage (20 eyes). Majority of patients (19 patients, 79%) presented with more than one bony fracture of skull or orbit and 5 patients (21%) had no fractures. None of the patients had evidence of optic nerve compression on CT scans or MRI done. Eleven patients (46%) had been treated with intravenous and oral corticosteroids. The other 7 patients (29%) were treated conservatively and the third group (6 patients, 25%) was on intravenous corticosteroids only. Eleven of 12 eyes (92%) treated with intravenous and oral corticosteroids had showed 1 line improvement of visual acuity. Those eyes treated conservatively (78%) had showed 1 line improvement of visual acuity. As for patients treated with intravenous corticosteroids only, four patients remained NPL, one patient had mild visual improvement and the other one’s vision remained the same. The visual improvement in patients treated with conservative management was not significant (P=0.386). Patients treated with intravenous corticosteroids alone have shown no statistical visual improvement (P<0.05). Patients treated with intravenous followed by oral corticosteroids had significant visual improvement (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in visual outcome between patients treated with corticoster-oids and patients treated conservatively (P=0.368). No patient underwent surgical decompression of the optic nerve. In this series, the follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3 years.·CONCLUSION: Most of the traumatic optic neuropathy patients are presented with periorbital haematoma, subconjunctival haemorrhage and orbital wall fractures. Patients treated with intravenous followed by oral corti-costeroids have better visual outcome compared to conservative management.

Abstract:Hemophilia is a rare disorder that occasionally has visual symptoms after diagnosis. The authors present a case in which visual symptoms led to the initial diagnosis, a 22-year-old man who represented with spontaneous fundal haemorrhage. There is no history of bleeding and trauma. The fundal haemorrhage was absorbed significantly without any treatment after 3 months follow-up. Hemophilia A was found to be the causative disorder in this previously healthy man. The authors present a rare case in which unilateral visual complaints led to the diagnosis of hemophilia A. Thus, though uncommon, hemophilia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otherwise unexplained fundal haemorrhages.

Abstract:AIM:To report an unusual presentation of a rapid increase in size of an orbital schwannoma secondary to intratumoural haemorrhage.·METHODS: A case report.·RESULTS: A 79-year-old male patient had a 2 year history of a slow-growing lump over the medial aspect of his left upper eyelid. The lump had further increased in size recently. An incision biopsy was undertaken. However, during the following 4 weeks, the mass rapidly grew in size and had reduced his vision in the left eye to 6/18. He was referred to the orbit service for further management. On examination, he had a large mass emerging from the supero-medial aspect of his orbit. He had mechanical ptosis and the globe was displaced infero-laterally. Eye movements were limited in the left eye, especially in upgaze. A CT scan demonstrated an extraconal mass in the medial aspect of the left orbit. A left anterior orbitotomy with excision biopsy of the mass showed a well encapsulated mass. Histological examination demonstrated a schwannoma with cystic changes and thrombosed blood vessels. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. Postoperatively his vision improved to 6/6 and he no longer experienced diplopia. ·CONCLUSION: Our case emphasises the point that orbital schwannomas should be regarded as an important differential diagnosis for a slow growing tumour, but the rapid growth, of a previously presumed benign tumour, which can make it highly suspicious for malignancy or inflammation, could also represent intratumoural haemorrhage.

Abstract:AIM:To present a case of Coats’ disease in adult and to illustrate the retinal findings.·METHODS: A case report.·RESULTS: A 63 years old Malay man, a known case of diabetes mellitus, presented with one year history of painless and progressive reduced vision in the right eye. Right eye visual acuity was counting finger 2 feet while left eye best corrected visual acuity was 6/12. Right fundus showed presence of extensive subretinal exudates at the temporal part of the posterior pole involving the macular area and nasal to the optic disc. It was associated with multiple areas of abnormal blood vessels temporal to the macula with attenuated vessels. Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) showed presence of telangiectatic vessels at the area of subretinal exudates and leakage of fluorescein from the telangiectatic vessels. The left eye was normal. Based on clinical and FFA findings, he was diagnosed to have adult Coats’ disease. The right eye was treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Six months post laser, his visual acuity remained at 6/120 and there was minimal regression of the disease seen in the retina. ·CONCLUSION: The clinical and angiographic findings are important in diagnosing retinal telangiectasia. Treatment by laser photocoagulation in area of leakages may be beneficial in preventing visual loss.

Abstract:AIM:To study the therapic effect of drainage Fel Ursi (DFU) on retinal oxidative damage in strepfozocin-induced diabetic rats.·METHODS: The changes of body weight, blood glucose, retinal ultrastructure, SOD and MDA among the normal SD rats,diabetic rats and diabetic rats therapied by DFU were compared. ·RESULTS: There were mitochondrion changes, cell degeneration and apoptosis of retinal neurones and neuroglia cells in the diabetic rats retina. Compared with the control group, the SOD decreased significantly (P<0.05), the MDA increased significantly(P<0.05). However, the body weight and blood glucose had the same changes between the therapic group and diabetic rats group. ·CONCLUSION: DFU can relieve the retinal cells mito-chondrion pathological changes, prevent the cells apopto-sis, block up the process of the pathological changes of the retinal blood vessel.

Abstract:AIM: To clone and construct an eukaryotic expression plasmid containing β5 subunit gene, in order to study the mechanism of age-related cataract formation and the prevention measure. ·METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from human lens epithelium strain SRA01/04. β5 subunit cDNA was ampli-fied by RT-PCR, ligated into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+).·RESULTS: RT-PCR product is about 792bp specific segement. Analysis by estricting enzyme EcoRⅠand HindⅢ and DNA sequence showed the inserted β5 subunit gene was correct.·CONCLUSION: Eukaryotic expression plasimd pcDNA 3.1-β5 is successfully constructed in order to make a basis for the further reseach.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the anti-angiogenesis effect of angiostatin(AS) on rat corneal neovascularization(CNV) and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).·METHODS: CNV models were established in 105 SD rats,which were randomly divided into normal group(5 SD rats) and experimental group(100 SD rats,induced by alkali burn):normal saline group, 1g/L dexamethasone group, and different concentration angiostatin-treated group(group AS1 10μg/mL and group AS2 20μg/mL). Slit-lamp microscope was performed and the area of CNV was calculated on 3, 7, 14, 21 day after injury. Then 5 rats were randomly sacrificed and the corneas were taken for histopathological and immunohistochemistry examina-trion.·RESULTS: The area of CNV in the AS groups was smaller than that in the normal saline group 3 days after cautery(P<0.05). The expression of VEGF had statisti-cally significant difference between AS group and normal saline group(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION: AS can effectively inhibit rat CNV after alkali burn. The mechanism probably is down-regulation of the expression of VEGF.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in an animal model of oxygen-induced retino-pathy of prematurity(ROP).·METHODS: An animal model of oxygen-induced ROP was established,Western-blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of HIF-1α in retinae ,and the picture was analyzed by computer image analysis meter,ELISA was performed to detect the expression of VEGF in retinae.·RESULTS: Compared with normal control group, the expression of HIF-1α gradually increased in retinae in the fifth day,the tenth day,and the fifteenth day in hypoxia condition in the oxygen-induced rats(P<0.01), in an dose-dependent manner. The expression of VEGF was respectively 381.5±3.1,431.8±1.3 and 443.9±1.2ng/L in retinae in the fifth day,the tenth day,and the fifteenth day in hypoxia condition in the oxygen-induced rats. Com-pared with normal control group, the expression of VEGF in all experimented groups was significantly increased(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION: The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF is up-regulated in the oxygen-induced ROP.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of lamellar keratoplasty with long-term cryopreserved corneal materials for the treatment of Terrien’s marginal corneal degeneration.·METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with thin edges of the corneas which were almost perforated or already perforated underwent the lamellar keratoplasty with long-term cryopreserved corneal materials. The postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, the graft healing and the complications were observed. The period of follow-up was 2 years.·RESULTS: The marginal corneal lesions were not developed postoperatively. The postoperative visual acuities after 1 week were almost the same as that of preoperative, 1.0 in 11 cases, 0.6 to 0.8 in 6 cases, 0.3 to 0.5 in 8 cases, 0.05 to 0.25 in 2 cases. The complications such as transient high intraocular pressure, anterior chamber reaction, the not round pupil could be found in patients with preoperative corneal perforation. The postoperative graft rejection occurred in only 3 cases in 2 years.·CONCLUSION: The long-term cryopreserved corneal materials can be used for lamellar keratoplasty for the treatment of Terrien’s marginal corneal degeneration. Being the alternatives of fresh corneas, without source restriction and timing limitation, they are the ideal materials for the treatment of Terrien’s marginal corneal degeneration.

Abstract:AIM:To observe clinical efficacy of extracapsular cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation by two kinds of converse frown and trapezoidal scleral small incision.·METHODS: Eighty-nine patients 113 eyes age-related cataract patients were randomly divided into A group (43 cases, 56 eyes) and B group (46 cases, 57 eyes), they received extracapsular cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation by two kinds of converse frown and trapezoidal scleral small incision respectively, the best-corrected uisual aluity (BCVA), corneal astig-matism, intraocular pressure, intraocular lens position and complications were observed in 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery. ·RESULTS: The postoperative BCVA of both groups was improved significantly(P<0.05),but the corneal astig-matism had no significant difference between preopera-tion and postoperation; the BCVA and corneal astig-matism in 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery had no statistical difference within the group or between the groups. There were no complications such as abnormal intraocular pressure, bullous keratopathy or suppurative endophthalmitis occurred in both groups after surgery.·CONCLUSION: Extracapsular cataract extraction com-bined with intraocular lens implantation by two kinds of converse frown and trapezoidal scleral small incision both have advantages like quick recovery of visual acuity, small astigmatism, safe and convenient, no need of ex-pensive equipment, they are suitable to be used in basic hospitals.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of small incision horizontal manual fragmentation and phacoemulsification.·METHODS: A total of 249 eyes 210 cases underwent small incision horizontal manual fragmentation and intraocular lens implantation. 227 eyes 199 cases were performed phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Visual acuity, astigmatism and complica-tion were observed and analysed.·RESULTS: One month after operation, the visual acuity ≥0.5 was in 205 eyes(82.3%) in small incision group and 191 eyes(84.1%) in phacoemulsification group. The diffe-rence between the groups was not significant. 3 months after operation, the astigmatism degree was 0.95±0.51D in small incision group and 0.89±0 .78D in phacoemulsifi-cation group and the difference was not significant. The corneal edema disappeared 1 month after operation. There were no serious complications.·CONCLUSION: The clinical therapeutic effect of small incision horizontal manual fragmentation and phacoemul-sification is similar. The small incision horizontal manual fragmentation has been proved to be safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the application of vitrectomy combined with the ultrasonication of crystalline lens in ocular injury with lens dislocation.·METHODS: The data of 40 cases 40 eyes with ocular injury with lens dislocation treated by different ways of surgery in our Eye Center for 2 years were selected, and the complication after surgery, sight after surgery, intraocular tension, and so on were analyzed. The follow-up period was 3 months to 2 years.·RESULTS:In 19 cases 19 eyes with "vitrectomy com-bined with lens removal through limbus of cornea", corrected vision of 1 case 1 eye was not improved due to optic nerve contusion and it was not implanted intraocular lens. The rest 18 cases 18 eyes were all implanted posterior chamber intraocular lens, in which 8 cases 8 eyes had significant therapeutic effect accounted for 44%, 5 cases 5 eyes had therapeutic effect, accounted for 28%, 5 cases 5 eyes was ineffective, 28%. In 21 cases 21 eyes with "vitrectomy combined with the ultrasonication of crystalline lens ", corrected vision of 2 cases 2 eyes were not improve due to optic nerve contusion and they were not implanted intraocular lens. The rest 19 cases 19 eyes, were all implanted posterior chamber intraocular lens, in which 16 cases 16 eyes had significant therapeutic effect, accounted for 84%, 2 cases 2 eyes had therapeutic effect, accounted for 11%, 1 case 1 eye was ineffective, accounted for 5.26%. The comparison of significant therapeutic effect between two groups had statistical significance(χ2=4.787,df=1,P=0.029<0.05),No complications occurred. 5 cases 5 eyes complicated retina damage, accounted 26.32% in "vitrectomy combined with lens removal through limbus of cornea", and the comparison accounted for between two groups had statistical significance(χ2=4.193,P=0.042<0.05). 3 cases 3 eyes complicated with the interior of eyeball hemorrhage, accounted for 15.79%,and the comparison between two groups had no statistical significance.·CONCLUSION: The eyeballs of patients with ocular injury with lens dislocation can be operated under the airtight condition by "vitrectomy combined with the ultrasonication of crystalline lens ", which make the damage of eyeball tissue further reduced.Thereby, patient’s sight is remedied and improved in a very large extent.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) by analyzing the level difference of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 in peripheral blood between patients with NTG and cataract.·METHODS: The concentrations of IL-6, IL-12 were assessed in 37 cases of NTG patients, 40 cases of cataract patients by Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay, 3mL peripheral blood was extracted separately to do the test. No significant differences existed in age or gender between the two groups.·RESULTS:IL-6, IL-12 concentrations in NTG group and cataract group were (1.402±2.297)pg/mL, (8.214±5.355)pg/mL and (12.475±3.973) pg/mL, (20.116±4.216) pg/mL respectively. The mean concentrations of IL-6 and IL-12 in NTG group were significantly lower than these in cataract group (P<0.05).·CONCLUSION: The levels of IL-6, IL-12 in peripheral blood of patients with NTG were lower than those of cataract group. The alteration of the cellular immune system in patients with NTG supports our hypothesis that the immune system may play an important role in the initiation and sustainment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate reliability and diagnostic value of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) thickness by GDx measurements in the diagnosis of glaucoma, and to identify the most important RNFL thickness parameters of GDx for early glaucoma diagnosis with stepwise discrimination analysis, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value,positive likelihood ratio,negative likelihood ratio of RNFL parameters on glaucoma diagnosis. ·METHODS: This study included 94 normal subjects (188 eyes) and 88 glaucoma patients (173 eyes). Sensitivity was calculated for all glaucoma patients(173 eyes) and again for two separate subgroups: early glaucoma (n=122 eyes) and moderation or advanced glaucoma(n=51 eyes) according to the mean defect of visual field. Receive operating characteristic curves(ROC) of discrimination function were plotted.·RESULTS: The mean age of the normal subjects and patients with glaucoma were 41.7±8.8(ranged form 25 to 75) and 52.8±14.6 (ranged form 19 to 73), respectively. There were 47 males and 47 females in normal individuals and 37 males and 51 females in patients with glaucoma. Mean defect of visual field of patients with glaucoma was from -1.6 to 23.2dB (Octopus 1-2-3 automatic perimeter). There was significant difference between normal subjects and glaucoma patients in all parameters of RNFL with t-test and ANOVA (P<0.01). Using single GDx VCC value as a cut-off point, the sensitivity:74.0%, specificity: 74.0%, accuracy: 86.8%, positive predictive value: 73.0%, negative predic-tive value: 76.0%,positive likelihood ratio: 2.96,negative likelihood ratio: 0.33 for TSNIT; sensitivity: 71.1%, speci-ficity: 84.6%, accuracy: 77.5%, positive predictive value: 80.9%,negative predictive value:76.1%,positive likeli-hood ratio:4.62,negative likelihood ratio:0.34 for SA; sensitivity:76.3%, specificity:82.4%,accuracy:78.8%,positive predictive value:80.0%,negative predictive value:79.1%,positive likelihood ratio:4.34,negative likelihood ratio:0.35 for NFI. When using two GDx VCC values as cut-off point, the sensitivity: 76.3%, specificity 74.0%, accuracy: 93.3%, positive predictive value: 87.7%, negative predictive value: 63.2%,positive likelihood ratio: 3.05,negative likelihood ratio: 0.32 for TSNIT and NFI, sensitivity:83.8%, specificity 79.3%, accuracy: 80.8%, positive predictive value: 78.8%, negative predictive value: 84.2%,positive likelihood ratio: 2.43,negative likelihood ratio: 0.29 for NFI and SA; sensitivity:88.4%, specificity 79.3%, accuracy: 83.0%, positive predictive value: 80.0%, negative predictive value: 88.2%,positive likelihood ratio: 4.27,negative likelihood ratio: 0.15 for NFI and IA; sensitivity:79.2%, specificity 84.6%, accuracy: 81.3%, positive predictive value: 82.5%, negative predictive value: 84.6%,positive likelihood ratio: 5.14,negative likelihood ratio: 0.25 for SA and IA. sensitivity:86.7%, specificity 85.6%, accuracy: 85.4%, positive predictive value: 84.7%, negative predictive value: 87.5%,positive likelihood ratio: 6.02,negative likelihood ratio: 0.16 for the integral of NFI, TSNIT, SA and IA. Under the same specificity, the sensitivity of early glaucoma stage with GDx was 66.4%, accuracy: 58.5%, positive predictive value: 92.0%, negative predictive value: 77.5%,positive likelihood ratio: 2.56,negative likelihood ratio: 0.45. The sensitivity of modera-tion and advanced glaucoma stage with GDx was 86.3%, accuracy: 77.4%, positive predictive value:48.4%, negative predictive value: 95.3%,positive likelihood ratio: 3.45,negative likelihood ratio: 0.18. When the "cut-off" point of NFI≥20, the sensitivity was 78.3%, specificity: 78.7%, accuracy: 78.7%, positive predictive value: 77.3%, negative predictive value: 80.0%,positive likelihood ratio: 3.68,negative likelihood ratio: 0.28. When the "cut-off" point of NFI≥23, sensitivity was 75.1%, specificity: 84.0%, accuracy: 79.8%, positive predictive value: 81.3%, negative predictive value: 74.9%,positive likelihood ratio: 4.69,negative likelihood ratio: 0.30. When the "cut-off" value of NFI≥27, sensitivity was 64.7%, specificity: 91.0%, accuracy: 35.7%, positive predictive value: 86.8%, negative predictive value: 73.7%,positive likelihood ratio: 7.19,negative likelihood ratio: 0.39. The area under ROC curve of GDx parameter were: NFI: 0.84, IA:0.79, TSNIT: 0.78, SA: 0.77, ISE: 0.76, respectively. Among them, the NFI discriminated best. In general, the area under the ROC curve increased from early to moderate and advanced glaucoma. Using stepwise discrimination analysis, NFI and IA discriminated the best for detecting early glaucoma diagnosis (F test: P<0.01), sensitivity and specificity with IA and NFI were 88.4% and 74.6%, respectively.·CONCLUSION: GDx can provide quantitative para-meters for clinic detecting RNFL thickness; NFI and IA are the best discrimination indexes to distinguish normal subjects and patients with glaucoma. GDx is helpful for early glaucoma diagnosis in clinic practice.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the accuracy of the two diagnostic test,and to compare the clinical diagnostic value of frequency doubling technology(FDT) and optical coherence tomography.·METHODS: Prospective diagnostic test was set up 83 cases (162 eyes) of glaucoma and suspect glaucoma were enrolled and examinated by OCT and FDT.To obtain studied indices by the consequences and compare and combine the two diagnostic tests.Finally,to analyze the two diagnostic tests’ pre-test probability and post-test probability.·RESULTS: Comparing the sensitivity and the specificity of the two diagnostic tests ,the difference between them had not statistics meaning. The combined sensitivity were 88.4%,the diagnostic ability were increased 15.5% than OCT and 25.7% than FDT.The combined specificity were 84.42%,such increased 53.2% than OCT and 29.3% than FDT.OCT and FDT’s pre-test probability were 39.51%,the post-test probability were 52.83% and 57.08%.·CONCLUSION: OCT and FDT had better diagnostic value in diagnosing primary glaucoma,and the difference between them was not apparent.OCT and FDT combine would increase diagnostic value considerably.But in clinical application,we could not only depend on the result of OCT and FDT to determine primary glaucoma and need to detect further.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the diagnostic value of multifocal electroretinography(mfERG) in Age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ·METHOD: MfERG was recorded in 66 AMD patients and 13 healthy (people) with RETI scan (Version 3.11) system. The P 1 and N 1 wave components were analyzed.·RESULTS: Response densities of P1 wave in ring 1-3 and N1 wave in ring 1 were decreased and latencies of P1 wave in ring 1, N1 wave in ring 2, 3, 5 were delayed in dry-form group (P<0.05). Response densities decreased and latencies delayed in all rings in wet-form group, meanwhile, compared with dry-form group, response densities of P1 wave in ring 1-4 and N1 wave in ring 2-3 were decreased(P<0.05) and latencies of P1 wave in ring 5 and N1 wave in ring 1-3 were delayed (P<0.05). Response densities in ring 1-2 of the asymptomatic fellow eyes of wet-form group were decreased compared with the control and asymptomatic fellow eyes of dry form groups(P<0.05). No changes were observed between one eye in dry-form with contralateral wet-form group and dry-form group(P>0.05).·CONCLUSION: Response density in ring 1-3 of P1 wave and ring 1 of N1 wave, latency in ring 1 of P1 wave and ring 2,3,5 of N1 wave may be a sensitive index of dry-form AMD. Response density in ring 1-4 of P1 wave and ring 2-3 of N1 wave, latency in ring 1-5 of P1 wave and ring 1-3 of N1 wave may reflex functional changes in posterior pole of wet-form AMD. The asymptomatic fellow eyes of wet AMD are vulnerable to become dry AMD, while no influence on dry-form eyes with contrala-teral wet-form AMD in this study.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the change of mucus MUC5AC (Mucin5AC) selected by goblet cell in normal subjects and in soft contact lens (SCL) wear subjects. ·METHODS: Conjunctival impression cytology(CIC) were used to collect goblet cell, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the express level of MUC5AC selected by golbelt cell in normal subjects and in SCL wear subjects.·RESULTS: A significant decrease of MUC5AC was observed in the long-term(>5 years) and short-term(<5 years)SCL group compared with the control group (P1<0.01; P2<0.01),but analysis of the two SCL groups had no significant difference.·CONCLUSION: This study confirms difference in expression of the mucin MUC5AC in SCL and the health adult. It demonstrates a significant increase of dry eye symptom in SCL compared with the normals.

Abstract:AIM:To choose a relatively safe method of anesthesia by evaluating the ratio of no light perception preoperative for the patients with optic neuropathy (mainly referring to disc ischemia and atrophy) using two different methods on the vitrectomy. ·METHODS: Retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 80 cases 80 eyes with pars plana vitrectomy in patients, all the patients had been confirmed that the color of optic nerve was light before or during surgery. They were used retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia across vitrectomy before surgery, and checked the light perception of the eye at the end of surgery. If no light perception, treat-ment was performed.·RESULTS: There are 9 cases (22.5%) of no light perce-ption in retrobulbar anesthesia group at the end of surgery, but none of them in peribulbar anesthesia group. After aggressive treatment, 8 cases returned to light perception and only one patient was permanent blindness by following up.·CONCLUSION: For patients with optic neuropathy to undergo vitrectomy surgery,using retrobulbar anesthesia have a high probability of amaurosis,peribulbar anes-thesia is safer than retrobulbar anesthesia.

Abstract:Posterior capsule opacification(PCO) is a subsequent complication after the implantation of the artificial lens from the extracapsular cataract extraction. The lens epithelial cells after the operation play the key factors. The most important way to treat PCO is to avoid the growth and transposition of the lens epithelial cells,which is similar to the treatment of the tumor. So, the difficulty in the study is how to choose the best method of drug administration which can keep the effective concentration of the drug and reduce its side effect. This thesis summarizes the routes of drug administration in the treatment of PCO.

Abstract:Glaucoma is an important cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness, especially in the middle-aged and aged population, national epidemiological survey revealed the incidence of glaucoma in China. In this paper, based on the results of these surveys, the types of primary glaucoma, prevalence, blindness rate, the damage of visual function, rate of fail to diagnosis, treatment, high-risk groups, risk factors and screening methods were summarized.

Abstract:Anterior segment optical coherence tomography(OCT) is widely applied in ophthalmology because of the advantages of fast, non-contact and high resolution. It’s valuable on eye anterior segment morphology including corneal thickness, anterior chamber angle structure and iris shape. We reviewed the applications of OCT in glaucoma study.

Abstract:Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with choroidal detachment (CD) is a serious and unusual type of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Without prompt management, the prognosis could be worse due to rapid massive vitreous and periretinal proliferation. At present, the underlying etiology, pathogenesis and treatment are poorly elucidated, and studies both at home and abroad are mainly concentrated on its treatment. This article will review its etiology, pathogenesis and treatment in order to further understand RRD associated with CD, and provide valuable theory basis for the clinical oculists.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is one of the frequent chronic microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus, and it is a leading cause of blindness, but the specific mechanism of DR is not very clear. Now inflammatory reaction as one of the pathogeneses of DR has become the main concern for a growing number of scholars. In the following sections, we will review the function of IL-8 as a inflammatory factor in DR.

Abstract:Intraocular hypertension is a frequent problem in the ophthalmology clinic. It usually develops as glaucoma and causes irreversible damage to vision. Though the test of visual field is the gold standard in glaucoma,but it is often affected by the subjective factors. The visual electrophysiological examination offers a new method for early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Abstract:Lacrimal diseases are a series of common diseases in ophthalmology. Technique for lacrimal system intubation has been broadly applied in treating all kinds of lacrimal diseases, especially for lacrimal duct obstruction diseases. The instruments and equipments, backstop materials, combination treatment, complications and sequelae were reviewed in this paper.

Abstract:The exact cause of extremely high myopia is unknown by now. There were disadvantages of visual field becoming smaller and distortion of image to correct extremely high myopia by wearing spectacles, furthermore, the cornea is too thin to be accepted for excimer laser surgery. In recent years, we had gained satisfactory effects by using intraocular lens related refractive surgeries to treat extremely high myopia, so the good qualities and shortages of those intraocular refractive surgeries were reviewed in this paper.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the morphology of corneal endotheliitis by confocal microscope.METHODS: Confoscan 4.0 (made in Japan) was used to scan the 24 cases 24 eyes suffered from corneal endotheliitis and the image of every corneal sheet was recorded.RESULTS: Opacitas were found in anterior stroma.In deeper stroma, stroma cell was disorder and high glisten structure and DM reductus were found. High glisten structure were found before corneal endothelium which suggested that pleomorphism transform in corneal endothelium. There were corneal epithelium cell degeneration in 4 eyes.CONCLUSION: By confocal microscope we can observe the morphology of every corneal sheet as well as histopathologic slide. The morphological characteristic of corneal endotheliitis is that the deeper stroma and endothelium are damaged. Confocal microscope has certain reference value for cormeal endothelitis.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effects of penetrating keratoplasty in the treatment of stromal corneal dystrophy. METHODS: Fifteen cases 17 eyes with stromal corneal dystrophy were enrolled in this study and followed up for 6-36 months, with on average of 18 months. RESULTS: Visual acuity was increased significantly after keratoplasty. Corrected vision >0.1 was in 16 eyes(94%).Correct vision >0.3 was is 9 eyes(52%).Rejection occurred in 2 eyes and no corneal lesion recurred in all patients.CONCLUSION: Penetrating keratoplasty is an effective method in treatment of stromal corneal dystrophy.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the effects of tobramycin-dexamethasone(TobraDex) eye drops combined with aciclovir eye drops (ACV) to treat herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) .METHODS: Forty-three cases 46 eyes with HSK were divided into two groups randomly, one group of TobraDex eye drops was with 23 cases 25 eyes,another group of recombinant bovine fibroblast growth factor eye drops was with 20 case 21 eyes, clinical effect was analyzed.RESULTS: The shallow layer was cured completely, the effectiveness of in-depth TobraDex was 87.5%, and that of the group of recombinant bovine fibroblast growth factor was 60.0%, the average cure time of the TobraDex group was 12 days,and recombinant bovine fibroblast growth factor group was 17 days. CONCLUSION: The TobraDex eye drops combined with ACV eye drops to treat HSK can enhance the curative effect, shorten the course and the recrudescence,especially in in-depth HSK.

Abstract:AIM:To summarize and analyze the effect and characteristic of the phacoemulsification extraction and the small incision non-phacoemulsification extraction and intraocular lens(IOL), and evaluate a more suitable operation method in primary hospital. METHODS: A total of 387 cases 405 eyes was chosen and the cataract patients medical record material treated by the small incision non-phacoemulsification extraction and IOL was selected, and 256 cases 278 eyes were chosen and the cataract patients medical record material treated by the phacoemulsification extraction and IOL was selected, then the complications in the operation, after the operation, and the visual acuity restores situation were summarized. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the phacoemulsification extraction and the small incision non-phacoemulsification extraction in complications,during operation and after operation. CONCLUSION: The small incision non-phacoemulsification extraction and IOL is safe and effective, the operation is simple, the investment and expense are few, so it is more suitable in primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the various risk factors of cataract formation and find the intervention measures for reduce its incidence. METHODS: Two hundred and six cases of cataract from outpatients and inpatients in our hospital were collected from December 2006 to October 2009. The relationship between the physical health and cataract formation were investigated.RESULTS: Alcohol, excessive smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, glaucoma, the concentrations of blood glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, blood cholesterol C, triglyceride Gu were positively correlated with the occurrence of cataract; but blood carbon dioxide combining power, calcium, phosphorus, serum total blank, albumin binding capacity were negatively correlated with the occurrence of cataract. CONCLUSION: Active treatment of primary diseases and good habits is an important factor in reducing and delaying cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To estimate the safety and advantage of upper peribulbar anesthesia and topical anesthesia in extra capsular cataract extraction(ECCE) and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation. METHODS: All the 286 patients(301 eyes) with cataract from June 2005 to December 2008 were randomly assigned to three groups: group A(126 eyes) under upper peribulbar anesthesia and topical anesthesia; group B(89 eyes) under infra-conjunctival anesthesia;group C(86 eyes) under retrobulbar anesthesia. All the surgeries were under the microscope. The time of follow-up was 3 days. The effectiveness of anesthesia in operation, postoperative visual acuity and conjunctival reaction 3 days after operation were surveyed. RESULTS: The effectiveness of anesthesia in operation was good, these in group A and C were better than that in group B;postoperative visual acuities in group A and B were better than that in group C;conjunctival reaction in group A and group C were better than that in group B. CONCLUSION: ECCE and IOL implantation with upper peribulbar anesthesia and topical anesthesia is safe and superior to the infra-conjunctival anesthesia, topical anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility of the measure method of intraocular lens(IOL) diopter in cataract with silicon oil-filled eye by using corrected eye’s axiel. METHODS: Twenty-eight cases of silicon oil tamponaded eyes with cataract were taken in the study. Their ages were from 25 to 72. They received silicon oil extraction and cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in one operation. Before the operation, they received keratometry measure and eyeball length measure at seated. During the measurement ,the speed of the supersonic wave in vitreous was corrected from 1532m/s to 990m/s. Their IOL power were calculated by SKR-Ⅱformula with corrected eyeball length. RESULTS: All the cases had silicon oil extraction and cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in one operation. There were no complications. Their diopter were from -2.0D to 2.5D one month after the operation. CONCLUSION: Measurement of IOL diopter by axial length on patients with cataract and silicon oil tamponaded eyes is a feasible clinical method.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and trabeculectomy (triple surgery) in the treatment of glaucoma with cataract.METHODS: Triple surgery was performed in 62 patients 68 eyes with glaucoma and cataract, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, bleb and complications were observed.RESULTS: Follow-up was 6-50 (mean 16.8)months. The postoperative vision was improved in varying degrees. The postoperative intraocular pressure was controlled in normal range.CONCLUSION: Triple surgery in the treatment of glaucoma with cataract can better control the intraocular pressure, and can quickly obtain good vision with fewer complications.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects and safety of surgery correction on 41 cases of aphakia.METHODS: Forty-one cases of aphakia selected from 2004 to 2009 in our hospital were corrected by posterior chamber secondary intraocular lens implantation. The effects and safety were observed (in 6 months’ follow-up).RESULTS: Good correction effect was achieved in all cases after operation. CONCLUSION: Posterior chamber secondary intraocular lens implantation is an effective, safe and feasible method for aphakia without serious complications.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate whether the disc damage likelihood scale(DDLS)graded by the map of heidelberg retina tomography(HRT) is correlated with the structural and functional change in optic nerve with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS: Consecutive observational case series of 60 eyes 60 patients with POAG were enrolled in the study. HRT-Ⅲ examination was performed by an examiner masked to the clinical examination findings. While all eyes were detected by OCTOPUS -900 visual field perimetry (G2-TOP). Rim area(RA) and mean defect(MD)were recorded. The DDLS score were graded by topographic and reflective map of HRT-Ⅲ. Findings were assessed by the Pearsons.RESULTS: Eleven eyes with optic discs of 3.09 to 3.43mm2,36 eyes with optic discs of 2.41 to 2.67mm2 and 13 eyes with optic discs of 1.64 to 1.81 mm2 were analyzed. The results showed that DDLS was strongly correlated with RA and MD,and the correlation between DDLS and MD did not change obviously along with magnification of optic disc area.CONCLUSION: The DDLS graded by the map of HRT is a good method to grade the change of structural and function in optic nerve with POAG.

Abstract:AIM:To observe and evaluate the clinical features, manifestations and management of peseudo exfoliative glaucoma.METHODS: The clinical records of 13 cases 17 eyes with PEG were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS: Intraocultar pressure(IOP) was well controlled in 3 eyes with drug ,IOP of 1 eye was normal by trabeculectomy but the vision was no light. IOP and visual field of 3 eyes was normal.The IOP of 7 eyes on which phacoemulsification was performed was reduced significantly, phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy were performed on 2 eyes, IOP of 1 eye reduced significantly but vision was no light, malignant glaucoma was the postoperative compliation of 1 eye.CONCLUSION: Early recognition and treatment is very important to delay the process of glaucoma and reduce occurrence of surgical compliations.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the etiopathogenisis and therapeutic conditions of traumatic glaucoma, and provide epidemiologic data for traumatic glaucoma.METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 221 cases 223 eyes of traumatic glaucoma from June 2004 to May 2009 in our hospital was performed. RESULTS: According its etiopathogenisis, it concluded 95 cases 98 eyes(43.0%) of hyphema, 50 cases 53 eyes(22.6%) of dislocation of the lens, 39 cases 43 eyes(17.6%) of angle recession, 20 cases 20 eyes(9.1%) of lens cortex release, 8 cases 8 eyes(3.6%) of corneal perforation, 6 cases 6 eyes(2.7%) of intraocular foreign body, 3 cases 5 eyes(1.4%) of chemical burns. The majority of traumatic glaucoma was caused by hyphema after blunt trauma.CONCLUSION: The pathogenesis and etiopathogenisis of traumatic glaucoma are complex and visual function damage is serious. Prevention and rational treatment of traumatic glaucoma are the key factors to save the patients’ visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effect of mitomycin C(MMC) in glaucoma filtration surgery.METHODS: The effect of MMC in the glaucoma filtration surgeries in 35 eyes of 32 patients was observed.RESULTS: In the average two years’ follow-up, visual acuity was improved in 21 eyes, remained unchanged in 14 eyes, type Ⅰfiltration bleb occurred in 18 eyes, type Ⅱ in 15 eyes and type Ⅲ in 1 eye. One eye had normal intraocular pressure without filtration bleb.CONCLUSION: The application of MMC in glaucoma filtration surgery is an effective method for glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the efficacy of neovascular glaucoma treated by pan retinal photocoagulation or pan retinal cryotherapy combined with trabeculectomy. METHODS: Sixty-four patients 64 eyes with neovascular glaucoma were first treated by retinal photocoagulation or pan retinal cryotherapy and then trabeculectomy.Postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure,iris neovascularization,filtering bleb ,and complications of the surgery were studied.RESULTS: Follow-up visits during the period of 6 to 12 months after the treatment showed that visual acuity did not manifest improvement but mean intraocular pressure dropped from 47.89±6.74mmHg to 18.41±2.16mmHg. The intraocular pressure of 53 eyes was controlled normal,and the success rate was 73%. CONCLUSION: Trabeculectomy combined with pan retinal photocoagulation or pan retinal cryotherapy has better long-term therapeutic efficacy in treating neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate effects of trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC), intravitreous injection of triamcinolone acetonide ( TA) and cyclocryotherapy in patients with neovascular glaucoma(NVG).METHODS: Trabeculectomy with MMC was performed on 16 eyes of 16 patients with NVG. Intravitreous injection of TA(4mg/0.1mL), cyclocryotherapy at 4 to 6 points about half circle of the eye. Each point was frozen for 60 seconds.RESULTS: The postoperative normal IOP was in 14 eyes (88%) and the IOP above 21mmHg was in 2 eyes. The stimulative symptoms were reduced or relieved and iris new vessels were reduced. There was no atrophy of eyeball in all patients.CONCLUSION: Trabeculectomy with MMC, intravitreous injection of TA and cyclocryotherapy is an effective method for patients with NVG.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effect of pan retinal photocoag-ulation(PRP) on treating diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:A total of 408 cases (795 eyes) of DR was chosen, 532nm semiconductor laser was used to have PRP, spot diameter was 300-500μm, time was 0.2-0.3 seconds,spot space was 1-1.5 spot. Slap shot 300-500 points per time to reach tertiary light spot; the amount of laser was 1 000-1 500 points, retreated for 3-4 times. The fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was performed 3-6 months after the treatment.RESULTS: Patients with obvious effect were 289 eyes (36.3%); with effect were 418 eyes(52.6%); with no effect were 88 eyes (11.1%), and the total effective rate was 88.9%. 234 eyes (29.4% ) had improved visual acuity, and 453 eyes had invalid treatment(57.0%).CONCLUSION: PRP is the most effective way for DR,and an important method to control the illness and protect the eyesight of the patient.

Abstract:AIM:In order to investigate the features of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) in congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP). METHODS: Prospective FFA and ophthalmoscopy were carried out in 22 patients with 65 CHPRE lesions.RESULTS: A total of 86% were over half the optic disc diameter in size. About 74% of CHRPE lesions were close to retinal vessels. The retinal vascular changes were: with capillary non-perfusion area (46%), partly block of retinal vessels (8%), chorioretinal anastomoses (6%), capillary microaneurysms (3%), choriocapillary vessels can be observed (5%) and in the depigmented marginal halo (20%). About 10% of the lesions were not seen on ophthalmoscope and could only be detected by angiography.CONCLUSION: Even though the diagnosis of CHRPE is clinical, FFA may be useful in confirming the diagnosis, as well as detecting additional lesions not seen by means of ophthalmoscopic examination.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of retinal vitreous hemorrhage . METHODS: Twenty-three eyes of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage were collected, the reason of vitreous hemorrhage was the horse shoe-shaped retinal hole associated with vessel breaks 2 eyes were with the simple concurrent vitreous hemorrhage, 21 eyes were with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated with vitreous hemorrhage; 3 eyes were performed only with laser treatment, 20 eyes underwent extra-retinal detachment surgery or vitrectomy.RESULTS: After laser or surgical treatment, there was no bleeding recurrence in the 23 eyes, hole was closed, the visual acuity of 22 eyes was better than or equal to that of preoperative, 1 eye of recurrent retinal detachment was the traction retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: Rhegmatogenous vitreous hemorrhage is a major reason for vitreous hemorrhage, early diagnosis and timely treatment can achieve a satisfactory effect and avoid serious complications.

Abstract:AIM:To research triamcinolone acetonide(TA) assisted vitrectomy marked residual vitreous cortex, posterior vitreous cortex and epiretinal membrane, and whether there is statistical significance in visual acuity and intraocular pressure when compared with the control group. METHODS: From January 2004 to January 2008, 52 patients 53 eyes with vitrectomy, including treatment group 28 eyes with intravitreal injection of TA in the control group, 25 eyes did not use TA. The mean follow-up was 6 months, visual acuity and intraocular pressure changes were observed, and analyzed the statistical significance. RESULTS: The intraocular pressure in treatment group and control group after two months greater than 21mmHg were 11% and 9%, no statistical significance existed; There were no significant changes in visual acuity between the two groups before and after surgery.CONCLUSION: TA can clearly mark the residual vitreous, posterior vitreous cortex and epiretinal membranes, improve operation efficiency, no side effects are found related with TA.

Abstract:AIM:To research characters of neurosensory retinal thickness in different macular sections of high myopia and analyze the correlation between neurosensory retinal thickness and gender, age, diopter as well as axial length.METHODS: One hundred and two patients with high myopia(102 eyes) were included.The neurosensory retinal thickness in different macular sections was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT).The difference among neurosensory retinal thickness in every macular sections and the corelation between neurosensory retinal thickness and gender, age, diopter as well as axial length were analyzed.RESULTS:The minimum retinal thickness of fovea centralis was 175.34±29.01μm.OCT assessment revealed a significant difference of neurosensory retinal thickness in every macular sections.The inner regions were thicker than the outer regions, the nasal, superior and inferior side were thicker than the temporal side, the mean retinal thickness of central region and the minimum retinal thickness of fovea centralis was the thinnest. With the increase of the axial length, the mean retinal thickness of central region was increased while the superior side of the outer region was decreased.CONCLUSION:Perhapes the change of neurosensory retinal thickness in every macular sections caused by the increase of the axial length is the pathological basis before the macular degeneration of high myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy in lysis of posterior synechia by 532 laser combined with Nd∶YAG laser.METHODS: Ninety-seven patients 116 eyes of posterior synechia were divided into three groups: Nd∶YAG laser group, 532 laser group and combined both group. Three kinds of method in order to loosen posterior synechia.RESULTS: Synechia in 116 eyes were dissolved by laser,the pupil diameter ≥ 6mm (n=92 ) accounted for 79.3%; 5-6mm (n=24) accounted for 20.7%. All the pupil adhesions were dissolved accounting for 74.1% (n=86); most of the pupil adhesions were dissolved in 30 eyes accounting for 25.9%. Nd∶YAG laser group (n=18): pupl diameter ≥6mm in postoperation was in 12 eyes accounted for 66.7%, 5-6mm was in 6 eyes accounted for 33.3%; 532 laser group(n= 61): the pupil diameter ≥6mm in postoperation was in 52 eyes accounted for 85.2%, 5-6mm was in 9 eyes accounted for 14.8%; 532 laser combined with Nd∶YAG laser group (n=37) : pupil diameter ≥6mm in postoperation was in 33 eyes accounted for 89.2%, 5-6mm was in 4 eyes accounted for 10.8%.CONCLUSION: Laser lysis is a safe and effective method for posterior synechia.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of qingkailing eye drops in treatment of chronic uveitis. METHODS: Clinical chronic uveitis selected were randomly divided into two groups, 40 cases in the control group received hormones and dilation, 40 cases in the treatment group received hormones,dilation and qingkailing eye drops.RESULTS: The treatment group had a quick effect, less hormone use, short duration, low relapse rate, which confirmed that qingkailing eye drops had an important role in the treatment of chronic uveitis.CONCLUSION: Qingkailing eye drops on chronic uveitis has a significant effect.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of sclera and amniotic membrane preserved by long-term cryopreservation with glycerol for treating the exposure of hydroxyapatite artificial eye stock. METHODS:Thirteen patients 13 eyes with exposure of hydroxyapatite artificial eye stock were treated by debridement and transplantation with sclera and amniotic membrane preserved by long-term cryopreservation with glycerol. The follow-up was 6 months to 1 year to observe the time of vascularization of sclera and epithelization of amniotic membrane.RESULTS: Thirteen patients 13 eyes were healed well, the time of vasculariztion of sclera was 10 days after operation and the time of epithelization of amniotic membrane was 7 days after operation. No conjunatival sac stenosis or re-exposure of artificial eye stock was observed. CONCLUSION: Sclera and amniotic membrane preserved by long-term cryopreservation with glycerol can be used to patch up the exposure of hydroxyapatite artificial eye stock. It is an effective method with high successful rate.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of transplantation of autologous corneal limbal stem cell for pterygium under microscope． METHODS: Fiftythree eyes 46 cases with pterygium were treated by transplantation of autologous corneal limbal stem cell．The simple resection of pterygium of 39 cases 46 eyes as the control group were analyzed． RESULTS: After followup of 6 to 12 months，no recurrence and no subepithelial fibrovascular proliferation were found and all achieved a radical cure．Compared with the control group,there were significant differences in therapy effects (P<0.01)． CONCLUSION: The excision of pterygium combined with autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation seems to be an effective treatment for pterygium with low recurrence rate and better vision.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of vitrectomy in treat-ment of severe ocular trauma. METHODS: Seventy-five cases 77 eyes with severe ocular trauma were treated with vitrectomy in combination of IOL implantation,intraocular foreign body extraction,retinal reposition.RESULTS:After treatment,vision was improved in 63 eyes (85% );remained unchanged or worsened in 14 eyes(15%); foreign bodies in 18 eyes were extracted in one operation, the extraction rate was 100%;23 eyes had retinal detachment, the reposition rate after operation was 85%. Vitreous hematocde was occurred in 26 eyes, suppurative endophthalmitis was controlled. Secondary glaucoma was occurred in 5 eyes, the intraocular pressure was in normal range. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy is an ideal method for severe ocular trauma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the influences of correction with spectacles in middle-aged and aged patient with ametropic asthenopia on xerophthalmia. METHODS: Eighty-six xerophthalmia patients combined with ametropic asthenopia aged 40-58 years old were randomly divided into drug treated group and drug-spectacles treated group, clinical symptoms and physical signs before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS: Clinical symptoms and physical signs were improved after treatment in both groups, there were statistical differences between the two groups(P<0.05), and the curative effect in drug-spectacles group was better than that in drug treated group. CONCLUSION: Drug-spectacles treatment has better effect on improving symptoms and physical signs.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the dry eye’s onset, clinical manifestations and diagnosis. METHODS: The 50 patients with suspected dry eye in our hospital from October 2008 to October 2009 were collected, medical history and symptoms were collected, regular and special eye’s examinations were performed. RESULTS: The clinical diagnosis of dry eye was in 41 cases 72 eyes, of which, aged ≥ 55 years old in 32 cases, including mixed-type dry eye in 28 cases, over evaporation in 3 cases, aqueous tear deficiency (ATD) in 1 case; aged <55 in years old in 9 cases, including mixed-type dry eye in 1 case, over evaporation in 6 cases, water liquid type in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: The symptoms are one of the most important indicators in the dry eye patients. While, there are a number of dry eye diagnostic methods, it is better to take variety of clinical measurements together in diagnosis of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the changes of ocular higher-order aberrations and corneal aspherical coefficient Q value and high aberration under different pupil diameter after conventional LASIK surgery using laser machine with small scanning spot 2mm active eye tracking system.METHODS: Thirty-three patients 60 eyes with myopia were received conventional LASIK surgery. The preoperative and postoperative 3 months records of total order aberrations, third order cornea, the fourth-order spherical aberration and corneal aspheric surface coefficient Q value in pupil diameter of 5mm and 6mm were examined and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: After LASIK surgery, 5mm and 6mm pupil diameters,higher order aberrations were increased significantly, especially in the fourth-order spherical aberration. There was significant increase in horizon coma than the vertical coma. Compared with under 5mm diameter higher order aberrations, those under 6mm were significantly increased before and after surgery. Corneal aspheric coefficient Q value significantly changed to the positive direction and there was significant difference after LASIK sugery.CONCLUSION: After conventional LASIK surgery with myopia, higher-order aberrations are increased significantly, especially in the fourth-order spherical aberration. After surgery, there is significant increase in the higher-order aberrations under 6mm pupil diameter than under 5mm pupil diameter. Corneal surface aspherical coefficient Q value is changed from negative to positive and there is significantly statistical difference.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the consistency change between the dominant eye and non-dominant eye after LASIK.METHODS: A retrospective study of 74 eyes of 37 cases who had underwent myopic LASIK were divided into 3 groups:group one, the vision of the dominant eye was equal the other eye’s; group two, the vision of the dominant was better than the other eye’s; group three, the vision of the dominant was worse than the other eye’s. All the cases were the best-corrected visual acuity before the operation and the follow-up period was after the operation 1 day, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. The results were compared and analysed.RESULTS: The consistency of the preoperation were not statistically different from that of other postoperation except the one after the surgery 1 day.CONCLUSION: LASIK does not change the consistency of the balance among the dominant eye and the non-dominant eye.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility of the clinical therapy in amblyopia with primary microtpia METHODS: The therapia was observed for 1-3 years in 37 patients,and the retrospective study was performed to analyze the therapeutic effect in different amblyopia degree,or in different age group,or in different fixationism, their impact on therapeutic effect was analyzed by statistical analysis. RESULTS: The total effective rate was 76% in their therapia,the cure rate was 22%,31% recovered the stereopsis, the therapeutic effect was uniformity in different amblyopia degree,or in different age group,the therapeutic effect was different in different fixationism (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Treatment of amblyopia with primary microtpia is feasible in different amblyopia degree,or in different age group .Further theory, clinical research and effective therapeutic regimen are necessary to improve the cure rate.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate and analyze the epidemiology of preschool children with myopia, and provid a basis for early prevention of myopia. METHODS: A total of 5182 preschool children aged 3 to 6 of kindergarten in foshan were randomly selected to be surveyed. Refractive screening of the selected children was made by using NIDEK auto refractometer AR-20. The children with suspected myopia and diopter ≤+2.00D were smeared 10g/L atropine on eyes for 3 days and carried out retinoscopy by specially-assigned person. The children diagnosed as myopia and diopter ≤+2.00D were carried out a survey of myopia by specially-assigned person. After correction of refractive errors, myope was required to reexamined every 6 months and followed up for 1 year. RESULTS: Prevalence rate of myopia in preschool children was 1.95%, urban 2.10%, rural 1.80%; 3 to 4 years old 0.98%, 4 to 5 years old 1.96%, 5 to 6 years old 2.45%. The incidence of myopia in preschool children was closely related to the history of myopia in consanguinity. There was no significant difference between urban and rural in the incidence of myopia in preschool children. CONCLUSION: Preschool children with myopia is not uncommon and should not be ignored.

Abstract:Medical education to international students has become an important part of higher education in China.ophthalmology is an essential and required course for international medical students.However, the internationalization of higher education in China has challenged the traditional teaching style of ophthalmology.In this article,we discussed current situation and challenges in ophthalmology teaching to international students,summarized special features and problems we encountered in teaching Indian students,and proposed some practical strategies to address these challenges and to improve the teaching.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of amniotic membrane transplantation for bullous keratopathy(BK) and investigate an effective and feasible treatment for BK. METHODS: Retrospective study of 18 cases with BK treated by amniotic membrane transplantation was conducted,the elapse time of the stimulation symptom of the eyes, the number of the bubbles vanised, the time of amnion dissolving, the time of corneal epithelium completely repair and the vision improvement were evaluated.RESULTS: Of the 18 cases, 10 cases got rid of pain in 3 days after the operation, 18 cases with the vanish of the bubbles, all cases with the amnion dissolved completely in 15 days, no cases had complication of rejection, all the cases with the corneal epithelium completely repaired in 15 days.CONCLUSION: Amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective and reliable treatment for BK with easily obtained and inexpensive materials.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of viscoelastic solution in the repair of corneal penetrating injuries. METHODS: Thirtytwo cases 32 eyes of corneal penetrating injuries were retrospectively studied.14 eyes were treated with simply corneal penetrating injuries repairation,18 eyes with corneal penetrating injuries repairation and iridial injuries reconstruction. RESULTS: All cases were recovered well.Postoperative visual acuities were 0.050.25 in 7 eyes,0.30.5 in 18 eyes,0.60.8 in 7 eyes. CONCLUSION: Viscoelastic solution can be used in repair of corneal penetrating injury to form anterior chamber operative room and protect tissues in eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical efficacy of small-incision extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. METHODS:A total of 285 patients 285 eyes with age-related cataract underwent small-incision extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation under the surgical microscope.The clinical efficacy were observed postoperatively. RESULTS: Visual acuity was improved after surgery.On postoperative day 1, visual acuity>0.3 were 265 cases (93.0%) and ≥ 0.5 were 245 cases(86.0%). CONCLUSION: Small-incision extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation have some advantages such as fast wound healing, mild surgery reaction, small astigmatism, easy to prevent and deal with outbreaks of intraoperative choroidal hemorrhage and few complications.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of capsular contraction syndrome treated by Nd∶YAG laser after phacoemusification.METHODS: Twenty-four cases 26 eyes who had capsular contraction syndrome after phacoemusification were treated with Nd∶YAG laser.Pre-and post-laser best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)were evaluated.RESULTS: The BCVA of all the cases was improved after Nd∶YAG treatment. CONCLUSION: Nd∶YAG laser is a valuable method for capsular contraction syndrome and it can improve the BCVA.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the damage of visual field with Posner Schlossman’s syndrome (PSS).METHODS:Clinical observation of visual field and intraocular pressure(IOP) of 42 patients with PSS was performed.RESULTS: The incidence of visual field damage was 35%.Patients with double-eyes involved,older age,longer course and narrower angle contributed to high incidence of visual field damage.CONCLUSION:The high incidence of visual field damage is likely to occur in patients with double-eyes involved, older age,longer course and narrower angle.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effects of compound trabeculectomy for refractory glaucoma.METHODS: Fifty-nine eyes 59 cases of refractory glaucoma were randomly divided into two groups:35 cases 35 eyes in observe group underwent compound trabeculectomy and 24 cases 24 eyes in control group underwent trabeculectomy.The postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP),filtration,the depth of anterior chamber and postoperative complications were observed between the two groups.RESULTS:In the follow-up of 12 months,59 eyes were successfully healed.The incidence rate of shallow anterior chamber in observe group and control group was 6% and 29% respectively(P<0.05) on the first day of postoperation.12 months later, the eyes with intraocular pressure from 6 to 21mmHg in observe group and control group were 30 eyes(86%) and 15 eyes(62%) respectively(P<0.05).Functional filtering bubles were 86% and 62% respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Compound trabeculectomy is effective and safe for refractory glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the perioperative nursing methods in the treatment of retinal detachment by vitrectomy.METHODS: Comprehensive nursing care were carried out before and after operation, including psychological care, guidance on how to take correct postural position and correct treatment of complications such as high intraocular pressure, pain, infection and other complications.RESULTS: The retinas were reset, vision was improved after operation.The effect of nursing care is satisfactory.CONCLUSION: Strengthening perioperative nursing care is an important measure to ensure the success of the vitrectomy operation.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate medical treatment and nursing of neovascular glaucoma(NVG) patients treated by intravitreous injection of Avastin combined with trabeculectomy and mitomycin C(MMC).METHODS: Twenty-four patients with angle-closure NVG were treated by intravitreous injection of Avastin combined with trabeculectomy and MMC. Psychological nursing was offered which could eliminate tention and fear of patients, build their confidence of conquering disease. Meanwhile, preoperative nursing, postopreative nursing as well as health guidances were also provided.RESULTS:Stable psychological situations were achieved in all patients which cooperated with medical treatment and nursing well, general NVG nursing knowledges and skills were acquired at the same time.CONCLUSION:Intravitreous injection of Avastin combined with trabeculectomy and MMC is effective on NVG treatment,which also brings new problem for nursing. Successful operations are guaranteed by psychological nursing and preoperative guidances, postopreative careful observation on visual situations as well as health guidances.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on choroidal neovascularization and the research value of related medical nursing.METHODS:The results and complications of 68 eyes in 65 cases of choroidal neovascularization treated with PDT was analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:Improvement in visual acuity more than two lines was in 31 eyes (46%), less than two lines was in 33 eyes (49%), and worse in 4 eyes (6%).No fluorescein leakage was found in 41 eyes (60%), while decreased fluorescein leakage in 22 eyes (32%), and increased fluorescein leakage in 5 eyes (8%); backache was found in 2 cases, liquid leakage and photosensitive skin reactions was not found. Satisfaction was found in all cases.CONCLUSION:The efficacy of PDT on choroidal neovascularization is reliable. Detailed explanation and intensive care is the key factor to avoid of medical dispute.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the effect between pterygium transposition and simple pterygium excision with limbal stem cell transplantation under topical anesthesia.METHODS:Fifty-one patients 61 eyes were randomized into two groups:transposition group and limbal stem cell transplantation group.Postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 to 2 years.RESULTS:One eye recurred in transplantation group. One eye recurred in limbal stem cell transplantation group. The recurred rate was 3% and 3% respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups.CONCLUSION:Pterygium transposition is characterized by rapid corneal wound healing with low recurrence rate. It’s a method worth popularizing.

Abstract:AIM:To analysis the refractive and ocular vision acuity changes of pre-and post-operation in different pterygium surgery.METHODS:A total of 24 eyes with primary pterygium were included in the study;12 eyes underwent pterygium excision and amnioticmembrane transplantation surgery;12 eyes underwent pterygium excision and conjunctival autograft transplantation surgery. Astigmatism and un-correctedvision acuity of pre-and post-operation were observed.RESULTS:In both groups, the astigmatism and visul acuity but not with hyperopia had statistic significance in pre-and post-operation.CONCLUSION:The refractive change in pterygium is hyperopia astigmatism,both pterygium excision and amnioticmembrane or conjunctival autograft transplantation surgery can low astigmatism degree and improve the visual acuity accordingly.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effects of endoscopic-assisted rhinodacryocystostomy.METHODS:Rhinodacryocystostomy with the aid of endoscope was operated in 36 cases 42 eyes.If concurrently suffering from nasal diseases,patients were also treated with endoscopic-assisted nasal surgery.The patency conditions of lacrimal passages were observed after the operations.RESULTS:Through post-surgery irrigation for six months,lacrimal passages showed patency in 38 eyes(90%),poor patency in 36 cases 42 eyes and obstruction in 2 eyes (5%), and were still blocked in 2 eyes(5%).CONCLUSION:The curative effect of endoscopic-assisted rhinodacryocystostomy is accurate and minimally invasive, facially scar-free.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate a simple and effective method for ruptured lacrimal canaliculi.METHODS:Self-made No.7 blunt epidural spinal needle as a catheter,dental 0.2mm ligation as a needle core wire,silicone tube as scaffold were applied on the ruptured lacrimal canaliculi.RESULTS: Two to three months after operation,extubation was performed,28 patients with ruptured lacrimal canaliculi were successful anastomosis.24 patients were unobstructed of lacrimal passages,4 patients were hindrance of lacrimal passages,1 patients were obstructed of lacrimal passages.CONCLUSION:Silicone tube can be used as the scaffold in canalicular anastomosis with cheaper and more convenient and simpler operation in primary hospitals.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the management methods and outcomes for epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK ).METHODS: Thirty-two eyes(19 cases) of epithelial ingrowth after LASIK in 5 134 eyes(2 633 cases) were collected.15 eyes(9 cases) with epithelial ingrowth over 2mm which defined by fluorescein staining had management by surgical removal.The 1mm epithelium of the margin in the LASIK flap was removed,and the ingrowthed epithelium was scraped under the corneal flap, irrigated by BSS under the flap,the flap was relocated and fitted with soft contact lens. RESULTS: The LASIK flap of 15 eyes were successfully repositioned with naked visual acuity recovered.CONCLUSION: Prompt and appropriate management can lead to an excellent visual outcome and avoid severe complications.