Abstract:AIM:To study caspase-3 gene expression and [Ca2+]i homeostasis in verapamil(Ver)-induced human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells apoptosis.METHODS:Ver 80mg/L was applied in cultured human RPE cells for 12,24 and 48 hours to induce RPE cells apoptosis.The expression of apoptotic effector gene caspase-3 was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Single cell was measured using fluorescence indicator Fura-3/AM with MetaFluo4.5/coolsnapfx/IX70 intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence imaging system.RESULTS:High levels of expression of caspase-3 mRNA were observed in normal RPE cells and it significantly increased after co-cultured with Ver.The fluorescence in resting RPE cells was strong and distributed throughout the cells.The nucleus appeared more fluorescent than the cytoplasm.Calcium fluorescence of RPE cells attenuated after co-cultured with Ver.CONCLUSION:Up-regulation of caspase-3 gene expression and disturbance of [Ca2+]i homeostasis might play pivotal roles in Ver-induced RPE cells apoptosis.

Abstract:To describe a modified simple iris suture for pupillary dilation technique during vitrectomy in cases with a miotic pupil.Four translimbal incisions were created with a sharp straight blade at 1∶30,10∶30,4∶30,and 7∶30 o’clock,respectively.The straight needle of 10-0 polypropylene suture and a Sinskey IOL hook was used to displace the pupillary margin toward the limbus.In 3 cases,four sutures caused a 6-mm to 9-mm square-shaped pupil,and the pupil was allowed to return to a smaller size at the end of the operation.It is simple and may reduce postoperative complications.

Abstract:A 65-year-old male presented with central leucomatous corneal opacity for which penetrating keratoplasty was done.Isolated stromal graft rejection was noticed 3 weeks after penetrating keratoplasty,which was confirmed on histopathology.Repeat penetrating keratoplasty 6 months later also had same fate.Diagnosis and management of isolated stromal graft rejection is a very challenging situation.

Abstract:AIM:To report a case of Nocardia keratitis presenting as viral disciform keratitisMETHODS:A case report.RESULTS:A 13-year-old boy,a non-contact lens user,presented with painful reduced vision of the right eye after following history of swimming in the stream for two weeks duration.Best-corrected visual acuity of the right eye was 6/30.There was a well-defined para-central disciform stromal infiltration with inflammatory reactions.A corneal sensation was diminished.Initial corneal scrapping for gram stain,Acanthamoeba smear and culture and sensitivity was found to be negative.He was diagnosed as presumed viral disciform keratitis and treated with oral acyclovir and topical steroid.Two weeks later,his vision became deteriorated associated with worsening of the corneal lesion.Re-scrapping corneal specimen for gram stain showed features of Nocardia sp.Topical Gatifloxacin 3g/L was commenced empirically and it showed rapid clinical response.His visual acuity was improved to 6/6 six months after treatment with minimal corneal opacity sparing the visual axis.CONCLUSION:Delay in diagnosis of Nocardia keratitis may lead to worsening of the condition.If proper treatment is initiated,Nocardia keratitis resolves with minimal scarring and good visual recovery.

Abstract:AIM:To report a rare case of medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC)with iridocorneal angle metastasis.METHODS:A 28-year-old woman,a known case of sporadic MTC was referred to our hospital due to left eye mass involving iridiocorneal angle.Several months’ later retinal evaluation revealed retinal involvement with some patches.RESULTS:After palliative laser photocoagulation ablation of the choroidal and angle lesions no signs of recurrence or any new lesion was detected.CONCLUSION:As we know this is the first report of MTC with iridocorneal angle metastasis in the literature.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the microenvironment in which human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)differentiated into photoreceptor cells under nutrilits induction medium in vitroMETHODS:High-purity BMSCs could be obtained using lymphocyte separation medium by density gradient centrifugation.In the first stage the third passage cells were induced to neural precursor cells with medium including FGF,EGF and BDNF.The expression of the Nestin and MAP-2 were detected by immunocytochemistry.PEDF and taurine instead of FGF,EGF and BDNF in medium cultured the induced BMSCs furthermore 2 or 3 weeks when the positive expression rate of Nestin reached the highest level.Rhodopsin was researched during this second stage by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR.RESULTS:Nestin could be detected from the third day after inducing differentiation,and reached its peak on the 12th day(90.9±2.6)%.MAP-2 also could be detected since the sixth day after inducing.Rhodopsin was detected during the farther inducing,and the positive rate was(20.7±3.8)% and(89.8±3.7)% in the second and third week respectively.CONCLUSION:BMSCs can differentiate into photoreceptor cells which express Rhodopsin under the condition by stages induction with FGF,EGF,BDNF,PEDF and taurine.

Abstract:AIM:To probe into a method of rapid diagnosis of acanthamoeba keratitis with polymerase chain reaction(PCR).METHODS:PCR was performed to detect the DNA segment of acanthamoeba from standard strain and applied to 24 scraping samples from patients’ cornea.The results were compared with protozoan culture and 100g/L KOH wet mount.RESULTS:We successfully detected acanthamoeba from standard strain and samples from patients’ cornea 5 hours after PCR,but not from bacteria,fungi,herpes simplex virusⅠ(HSV-Ⅰ)and human corneal cells.The positive rate of samples from patients was 46%,which was higher than protozoan culture or 100g/L KOH wet mount(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:PCR is fairly valuable to get rapid and definite diagnosis of acanthamoeba keratitis.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of tubeimoside(Tu)on herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)of rabbits.METHODS:HSK models were established in 24 rabbits,which were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal saline(NS),acyclovir(ACV),Tu and Tu combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF).All eyes were examined and corneal samples’ lesions dynamic changes were selectively observed by slit-lamp microscope,scanning and transmission electron microscope.RESULTS:Among 4 groups of NS,ACV,Tu and Tu +bFGF,corneal epithelial involvement scores(CEIS)showed significant difference(P<0.01);compared ACV with Tu or Tu +bFGF respectively,CEIS had significant difference(P<0.05),as well as that between Tu and Tu +bFGF(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:There is curative effect on HSK with Tu(0.4g/L),and the therapeutic effect can be enhanced when combined with bFGF except for slight stimulatory.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the action of Rg3 in the inhibition of human lens epithelial cells SRA01/04 in vitro and its possible mechanism.METHODS:SRA01/04 cells were cultured in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum.10,20,40,80,120,160μg/mL Rg3 was added in medium respectively in experimental group,and the control group was set without Rg3.Effects of Rg3 on SRA01/04 proliferation were evaluated by MTT colorimetric assay.The morphology change of SRA01/04 cells was observed by the acridine orange(AO)/ethidium bromide(EB)staining.The flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptotic rates of SRA01/04 cells at 48 hours after Rg3 treated.RESULTS:The inhibiting rate of Rg3 on SRA01/04 cells was gradually enhanced in 10,20,40,80,120,160μg/mL Rg3 added group,showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner.We could observe the phenomena of budding and the formation of apoptosis body by fluorescent microscope.The apoptotic rates of SRA01/04 cells showed an increasing tendency in Rg3 added group with increase of Rg3 concentration(F=15.326,P=0.000).CONCLUSION:Rg3 can remarkably inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of SRA01/04 in vitro

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of the calcium channel blocker verapamil(Ver)on the proliferation,apoptosis and adhersion of the human lens epithelial cell(HLEC)in vitro.METHODS:Primary lens epithelial cells were cultured by the tissue explants adherent method.The second generations of lens epithelial cells were treated with Ver,the effect of proliferation and adhersion were examined with MTT.Cell morphological changes were examined by using AO/EB staining.Staining with Annexin V-FITC/PI was used to detect the apoptotic cells.The effect of Ver on HLEC cycle was analyzed by flow cytometer(FCM).RESULTS:HLEC grew out of the edge of tissue pieces after incubation for 4 to 6 days,they reached confluence after 15 to 20 days.HELC proliferation decreased with the increase of the concentration of Ver.The result of flow cytometer showed that the percentage of HLEC in G1 phase in drug group(78.1±0.2,83.2±0.6)compared with control group(72.0±0.9)was increased,HLEC in S phase in drug group(10.2±0.1,8.5±0.3)decreased in comparison with control group(16.9±0.3,P<0.05).Morphological observation demonstrated that treatment of HLEC with 40g/L Ver for 48 hours caused the typical morphological charateristics of apoptosis,including nuclear condensation and chromatin margination.The amount of adhered cells in drug group was 73.2% compared with control group.CONCLUSION:Ver could alter the cycle of HLEC and effectively inhibit the HLEC proliferation.It could induce apoptosis of HLEC and inhibit the adhersion of HLEC.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the changes of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)protein levels and the density of dopaminergic amacrine cells before and after the administration of adenovirus-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor(Ad.BDNF)into the vitreous cavities of streptozotocin(STZ)reduced Wistar diabetic rats.METHODS:Adult male Wistar rats,9 weeks of age,were injected intraperitoneally with STZ to create diabetes models.Two weeks after the models were established,Ad.BDNF was administered into the vitreous cavities of rats.Four weeks after the models were established,the rats were killed and the retina was removed for Western blotting and Whole-mount immunohistochemistry for TH to observe the changes of TH and dopaminergic amacrine cells in retina.RESULTS:The protein levels of TH and the number of positive staining dopaminergic amacrine cells and the staining gray scale of experimental group without Ad.BDNF were statistically lower than that of the control group,there was statistical difference between two groups.But there were no statistical differences in experimental group with Ad.BDNF and control group.CONCLUSION:In the early stage of STZ diabetic,the administration of Ad.BDNF into the vitreous cavities can increase TH protein levels and the density of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the STZ rats’ retina.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI)on suppressing retinal neovascularization(RNV).METHODS:It was a random control experimental study.Thirty-six seven-day-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups randomly including hyperoxia group and ACEI group,eighteen in each group.ACEI group and hyperoxia group were exposed to 75% oxygen to establish a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy,and received daily intraperitoneal injections of captopril 10mg/kg and the equal amount of saline respectively for five days continuously after leaving oxygen box.Fluorescent angiography was used to assess the vascular pattern of retina.The proliferative neovascular response was quantified by counting the nuclei of new vessels extending from the retina into the vitreous in cross-sections.Angiotensin II(Ang II)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)protein levels in retinas were measured by Western blot.RESULTS:Fluorescent angiography presented increasing neovascular tufts with fluorescein leakage in hyperoxia group.Neovascular tufts and fluorescein leakage were decreased in ACEI group compared to the hyperoxia group.The number of endothelial cells of new vessels extending from retina to vitreous were decreased significantly in ACEI group compared with hyperoxia group(P=0.00).The expression of Ang II protein in retinas were decreased significantly in ACEI group compared with hyperoxia group(P=0.00).The expression of VEGF protein in retinas were decreased significantly in ACEI group compared with hyperoxia group(P=0.00).CONCLUSION:Early treatment with ACEI could inhibit RNV to some degree and protect the retinas.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of α-lipoic acid(α-LA)on the retinal morphology expression of P53 and Bax during retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.METHODS:A total of 72 SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,ischemia-reperfusion model group and LA treatment group.the last two groups were subdivided in group 6 hours,24 hours,48 hours,72 hours after reperfusion.The models of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury were made by elevating intraocular pressure.Immunohistochemistry and Western-blot were used to measure changes of P53 and Bax protein levels in retinal tissue.RESULTS:No expression of P53 and Bax positive cells were found in normal group,at the ischemia-reperfusion groups.the expression of P53 and Bax began to increase at 6 hours after reperfusion,at 24 hours reached the peak,began to decrease at 48 hours,and weakened obviously at 72 hours.The therapy groups of α-lipoic acid have the same trend with the ischemic groups in each index,but the expressive intensity of each period weakened in evidence.There was significant difference(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:P53 and Bax play an important role in the happening of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI);α-LA can inhibit the expression of P53 and Bax cell apoptosis.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the expression of cytokines:vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF),angiogenin,endothelin-1(ET-1)in venous blood of diabetic retinopathy rat models in early stage.METHODS:GK rats were chosen as the DR animal models and the normal Wistar rats as the control group.The rats were divided into 3 groups:aged 2,4,6 months old.Concentration of VEGF,PDGF-BB,angiogenin,ET-1 in venous blood were detected by ELISA.RESULTS:The expression of VEGF,angiogenin,ET-1 in venous blood of GK rats was significantly higher than that of normal Wistar rats(P<0.05).The concentration of ET-1 in venous blood of GK rats became higher as animal grew(P<0.05).There were no statistical differences in PDGF-BB of venous blood between the groups of rats.CONCLUSION:The expression of VEGF,ET-1,angiogenin in venous blood may be used to follow up the early stage of DR.Because of the obvious fluctuation of PDGF-BB in venous blood,we are not sure of its value.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of minocycline on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)of experimental optic neuritis in Wistar rats.METHODS:Twenty-two female experimental Wistar rats were assigned to two groups randomly:normal control group and experimental group.Then the rats of experimental group were assigned to three groups randomly:experimental control group(EAE group),minocycline group,methylprednisolone group(MP group).We observed the pathological changes of optic nerve and retina,detected the apoptosis of RGCs by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL)method.RESULTS:In EAE group,the optic nerve fibers showed bulb-like degeneration,the axis irregularity swelling,a quantity of inflammatory cell infiltrating under light microscope,the axons showed bulb-like degeneration,myelin sheaths were loose,microtubule and microfilament disappeared under electron microscopy,the animal model we induced showed typical pathological changes of the optic nerve in EAE.Demyelination occured in the optic nerve.The area percentage of axons:there was very significant difference(P<0.01),when EAE group,minocycline group and MP group compared with normal control group.There was significant difference(P<0.05),when minocycline group and MP group compared with EAE group.There was little apoptosis of RGCs in normal rats.There was very significant difference(P<0.01),when EAE group,minocycline group and MP group compared with normal control group.There was significant difference(P<0.05),when EAE group and MP group compared with minocycline group,as well as MP group compared with EAE group.CONCLUSION:The pathological changes of optic nerve in EAE model are consistent with demyelinated optic neuritis,the EAE animal model can be used for the research of demyelinated optic neuritis.Minocycline can reduce axonal degeneration in demyelinated optic neuritis,which effect is similar with methylprednisolone.Minocycline can inhibit the apoptosis of RGCs that form the axons of optic nerve in demyelinated optic neuritis,but methylprednisolone does not have any effects on the survival of RGCs in demyelinated optic neuritis.

Abstract:AIM:To examine the specimens of iris,ciliary body and retina from patients with sympathetic ophthalmia for the expression of costimulatory molecule CD28,CTLA-4 and its ligands B7-1(CD80)and B7-2(CD86).METHODS:The paraffin-embedded sections of sympathetic ophthalmia were obtained based on the specimens of 4 patients with sympathetic ophthalmia and 2 healthy persons,and analyzed by immunohistochemical method with polyclonal antibody probes for B7-1,B7-2,CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules.RESULTS:The specimens of normal iris and ciliary body showed B7-2 expression.B7-1 was found in the normal choroids.B7,CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules did not express in the normal retina.However,in the sympathetic ophthalmia,the iris and ciliary body showed B7-1,B7-2,CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules expression.Approximately 100% of retina pigment epithelium cells expressed B7-1 and B7-2 molecules,but not CD28 or CTLA-4 molecules.In the specimens of retina,there was low expression of B7-1,B7-2,CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules.CONCLUSION:The results of this study indicate that the interaction between B7 and CD28,CTLA-4 may contribute to the sustained immune activation in the uvea of the patients with sympathetic ophthalmia.

Abstract:AIM:To observe and research the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in visual cortex of normal and monocular form deprivation amblyopia rats.METHODS:Model of monocular form deprivation amblyopia was established in SD rats by eyelid suture.Then the visual cortex was extracted and performed morphological analysis depending on Nissl’s dyeing,the expression of BDNF in visual cortex of P14,P21,P45,P120 MD rats was analyzed by immunohistochemistry SABC technique and computer graphics.RESULTS:Compared with the normal group,the number of neurons in visual cortex of MD rats was slightly reduced,neurons volume decreased,nuclear staining deepened.Expression of BDNF in normal visual cortex was consistent with visual development,P14-P21 the expression increased gradually,P21 reached peak,P45 decreased and P120 showed low expression,there was obvious statistical significance between P14 group and P21 group(P<0.01),and there was statistical significance between P45 group and P120 group(P<0.05);the BDNF kept low expression in visual cortex of MD amblyopia group,there was significant difference compared with the normal group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:The expression of BDNF in visual cortex is consistent with the development of visual,it participates in formed synaptic styling in critical period of visual development,it is the molecular basis for amblyopia formation.

Abstract:AIM:To compare higher order aberrations(HOA)and their changes after surface and stromal ablation surgeries.METHODS:This prospective study included 200 eyes of 100 patients who sought for refractive surgery;50 patients(100 eyes)received laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and 50 patients(100 eyes)received advanced surface ablation(ASA).Spherical equivalent(SE)of LASIK group ranged from-1.25 to-9.25(-5.75±1.74)D,SE of ASA group-2~-9.25(-5.42±1.81)D.Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best spectacle-corrected visual acuity(BSCVA),spherical and cylindrical diopter,SE,and wavefront aberrations were recorded pre-ablation,1 month,3 and 6 months post-ablation.RESULTS:Changes of C7,C12,RMS3-6 and RMSh positively correlated with changes of spherical,cylindrical diopter and SE.C7,RMS3,RMS6 and RMSh of ASA group were smaller compared with LASIK group at 1st month post-operation;C7 and C14 of ASA were also smaller at 3rd month post-operation,while C12 of LASIK was smaller;only C14 of ASA was smaller than LASIK at 6th month post-operation.Compared with LASIK group,changes of RMS3,RMS5,RMS6 and RMSh in ASA group were smaller at 1st month post-operation;changes of RMS6 in ASA was smaller at 3 months post-operation;changes of RMS3,RMS6 and RMSh in ASA were smaller at 6th month post-operation.CONCLUSION:Increase of HOA positively correlate with changes of SE and spherical diopter.Both HOA and its increase in ASA group are smaller when compare with LASIK group,which maintain until 6 months post-operation.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect on high myopia accompanied with cataract treated by phacoemulsification and implantation of the low dimensionality posterior chamber intraocular lens(IOL).METHODS:Eighty cases 100 eyes of high myopia accompanied with cataract whose mean axis oculi was 30.55mm received phacoemulsification and IOL implantation.We used sclera tunnel incision and phacoemulsification debulk.Preoperative axial length,preoperative visual acuity and postoperative visual acuity were recorded.Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.The follow-up time was from 3 to 12 months.RESULTS:There were 51 eyes(51.0%)whose best-corrected visual acuity exceeded 0.5 three months postoperatively.The operative complications were the rupture of posterior capsule 2 eyes,dislocation of lens 2 eyes.The postoperative complications were corneal endothelial edema 9 eyes,after cataract 2 eyes,retinal detachment 1 eye.CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification has many merits such as small incision and low astigmia.Phacoemulsification and implantation of the low dimensionality posterior chamber IOL used to treat high myopia accompanied with cataract can prevent complication and recover the visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of splitting irrigation and aspiration in the process of cataract surgery on removing cortex and soft nuclear.METHODS:Twenty-six cases with non-complicated traumatic cataract hospitalized in the department of ophthalmology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from 2006 to 2007,were assigned to clinical trial group.Data of 26 cases with traumatic cataract from 2004 to 2005 in the same department,which were performed with double-barreled irrigation/aspiration(I/A)cannula,were reviewed and used for control groups.The eligibility of these two groups was similar.RESULTS:Comparing with the double-barreled I/A,in the splitting I/A,the time of cortex/soft nuclear removal was shorter,the numbers of the anterior chamber fluctuation lesser,the postoperative visual better,the inflammatory reaction lighter.CONCLUSION:The utilization of the phacoemulsification I/A system to removal cortex/soft nuclear in traumatic cataract surgery is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To study deep sclera and Descemetic membrane incision with anterior air for glaucoma and refractory neovascular glaucoma.METHODS:Deep sclera and Descemetic membrane incision was performed in 111 eyes of 102 patients with glaucoma and refractory neovascular glaucoma.RESULTS:Follow-up period ranged from 18 to 36(mean 21.5)months.The mean IOP decreased significantly after operoction.The functional bulb forming was seen in glaucoma(95.5%)after operation.The mean visual acuity significantly changed before and after operation(P<0.05).No severe intraoperative and postoperative complications were found.CONCLUSION:A safe and effective result is observed in the deep sclera and Descemetic membrane incision with anterior air in the treatment of various glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To value the accuracy of Wavescan aberrometer in measuring refractive errors for myopic eyes.METHODS:Sixty-six eyes of 33 patients were divided into three groups :mild myopia(-0.50～-3.00D)17 eyes,moderate myopia(-3.00～-6.00D)27 eyes and high myopia(-6.00D～)22 eyes based on measurement with autorefractor after cycloplegia and non-cycloplegia.Same examination was made in all the patients using Wavescan aberrometer and the results were statistically compared between the two measurements with paired t-test.RESULTS:There was no significant difference in spherical and cylinder refraction between manifest refraction and Wavescan aberrometer in low and high myopia group(P=0.289,P=0.814,P=0.057,P=0.246);there was no significant difference in spherical and cylinder refraction between cycloplegia refraction and Wavescan aberrometer among low myopic,moderate myopic and high myopic eyes.Wavescan aberrometer and autorefractor after cycloplegia decreased with the increasing degrees of myopia.However this matching rate in cylinder increased with the increasing degrees of myopia.CONCLUSION:Wavescan aberrometer,as an assistant modality of VISX STAR S4 LASIK system,is highly accurate in refractive measurement.There are still some differences between Wavescan aberrometer and autorefractor after cycloplegia.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the long-term results of the macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)with optical coherence tomography(OCT)after scleral buckling and to analyze the relation between duration of macular detachment and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)with OCT image.METHODS:Retrospective 5 years follow-up of 47 eyes of 47 patients with macula-off RRD was involved.A microscopic fundus examination was conducted followed by Topcon OCT to assess the postoperative foveal microstructure.The correlation between the postoperative BCVA and microstructural findings at the fovea were evaluated.Images of the foveal microstructure were obtained by OCT and the BCVA was measured on the same day.Patients were divided into duration of macula detachment(DMD)less than 7 days and more than 7 days.RESULTS:Indirect ophthalmoscope indicated that all retinal detachments were reattached 5 years after operation.OCT showed that accumulation of subretinal fluid and macular neurosensory tissue accumulation at the fovea was in 1 eye(2%)respectively.And the mean visual acuity of these 2 patients was 0.13 after 5 years,which was significantly lower than that in the other 45 patients(without subretinal fluid)(0.54)(Student’s t test,P=0.025).CONCLUSION:The time of macula-off RRD has great influence on the recovery of visual acuity,which is a negative correlation,while visual acuity in the long period of time will increase to varying degrees,postoperative retinal thickness and visual acuity was positively correlated.We suggest that patients with good reattachment poor vision after reset should be performed OCT scans in order to discover the reasons for poor vision.This study assessed clinical prediction of macular retinal detachment surgery and potential restoration of visual function to provide the basis for the situation.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the impact of wearing several kinds of spectacles on progression of 50 myopia cases with esophoria.METHODS:Fifty myopia with esophoria were collected from 2004-2009,and whose refraction data and medical records were analyzed yearly.Wearing spectacles were ordinary glasses,reading glasses(reducing-1.50D),multifocal lens(MC),and reading additional lens,respectively.The refraction change of the four groups were analyzed by paired sample t-test.RESULTS:There were 50 patients,aged 9 to 17 years(12.04±2.53),26 males and 24 females.MC was better than ordinary glasses in controlling the increase of degree of sphere in myopia(P<0.01).Reading additional lens were more effective in controlling the increase of degree of sphere and cylinder than MC(P<0.01).The degree of cylinder could increase and the best-corrected visual acuity could decrease because of long-time wearing of MC,while wearing reading additional lens could improve the best-corrected visual acuity.CONCLUSION:Myopia progression is faster in patients wearing ordinary glasses than reading glasses(reducing-1.50D)and MC.Myopia progression will slow down wearing reading additional lens.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of horizontal strabismus surgery on the intraocular pressure(IOP)so as to offer evidence for further exploring the correlation between the change of anterior segment blood flow and IOP.METHODS:Forty-six cases 70 eyes received horizontal strabismus surgery,and were divided into two groups.55 eyes underwent one horizontal rectus muscle surgery,15 eyes underwent two horizontal rectus muscle surgery.All surgical eyes were measured by NCT Canon TX-F at five time stages:preoperative 1-2 day;1 day,1 week,1 month,3 months after operation.Then two groups samples data were analyzed with ANOVA.RESULTS:In the group of one horizontal rectus muscle surgery there were no significant differences between the IOP of preoperation and 1 day postoperatively;preoperation and 1 week postoperatively;while there was significant difference between the IOP of preoperation and 1 month postoperatively(P=0.016);there was significant difference between the IOP of preoperation and 3 months postoperatively(P=0.006).In the group of two horizontal retus muscle surgery the IOP of preoperation had no significant differences with that of 1 day postoperatively,1 week postoperatively,1 month postoperatively and 3 months postoperatively.CONCLUSION:The IOP of eyes undergone horizontal rectus strabismus surgery has a slight rise in both groups,then it gradually decreases.Those of 3 months postoperation are lowest in five time stages.In the group of one horizontal rectus strabismus surgery,there are significant differences between the IOP of preoperation and 1 month postoperatively;preoperation and 3 months postoperatively.

Abstract:Toric intraocular lens(IOL),known as intraocular lens with composite surface,is a new refractive IOL to correct astigmatism by cylindrical lens combined with spherical IOL.This paper reviews the development of Toric IOL,discusses its materials,principles,shapes and clinical applications,analyzes existing problems and the development prospects,assesses the efficacy and safety of Toric IOL for preoperative astigmatism of cataract patients.

Abstract:The traditional appraisal method of visual function cannot fully reflect the glaucoma’s impact on the patients,quality of life(QOL)as a wider view of the new mode of health and medical model appraisal method has already been used to evaluate glaucoma.This article reviews the basic concepts and ophthalmological application of QOL,especially in the research advancement and perspective of the operation for glaucoma.

Abstract:Refractory glaucoma has complicated causes and lower successful rate in routine filter rating surgery.The major cause of failure is occlusion in filter rating canal by fibroblast proliferation and scar.This review summarizes the method,effect and complications of improved surgical treatments reported both at home and abroad.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly,with the advent of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(avastin),the prognosis of choroidal neovascularization(CNV)has changed dramatically.Visual acuity can actually be improved.This article summarizes the applied development of avastin for AMD.

Abstract:With the increment of diabetic patients,diabetic eye disease and its complications,especially diabetic retinopathy(DR),are the major causes of blindness.Besides the initiative of hyperglycemia,the complex network system composed of multiple cytokines causes the breakdown of blood-retinal barrier(BRB)and neovascularization,which is the pathologic basis of the development of DR.This thesis is mainly about the progress of research on the relations between chemokines and DR.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus(DM)and an important cause of vision loss in DM patients,macular edema and neovascularization are the two main reasons for it.Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor is one of most popular treatment methods for this disease,intravitreous injection of avastin for DR has received more and more attention in recent years,and it provides another treatment method to ensure visual acuity for DM patients.

Abstract:A growing body of evidence shows infectious factors are related to the occurance and development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma in ocular adnexa.But there is controversy on its pathogenesis.Now the research concentrates upon helicobacter pylori,chlamydia,HCV and so on,of which we will give a review.

Abstract:Myopia is the most common disorder of eyes,but its pathogenesis remains unclear.Recently,some researches have indicated that several growth factors play an important role in the remodeling of eyes and have significant correlation with myopia.This review summarizes the relationship between growth factors and myopia,which will provide the theoretical basis for the further experimental research of myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in treatment of diabetic retinopathy.METHODS:The clinical effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment of diabetic retinopathy was analyzed retrospectively during the whole range and made statistical analysis.RESULTS:Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment could effectively delay and reversal the happening and development of diabetic retinopathy at the beginning,ease retinopathy damage caused by laser,encourage macular edema recovery in the metaphase and retinopathy function recovery around the final stage.CONCLUSION:Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment may delay the happening and development of diabetic retinopathy during the whole range,improve patient’s visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the risk factors of career-related corneal foreign body in Huangpu town of Zhongshan city.METHODS:A total of 123 cases of corneal foreign body were picked out from 446 cases of eye injury during 11 months and 246 subjects of non injury of eye as control were selected from the outpatient,and matched to patients on gender,age and work surrounding with case-control study.Questions were completed face to face by doctors.RESULTS:Temporary employment(OR 9.60,95%CI 5.82-15.90),non-native worker(OR 4.73,95%CI 2.91-7.67),metal-related work(OR 10.50,95%CI 5.79-19.10),below high-school education(OR 4.60,95%CI 2.90-7.29)and not wearing eye protection(OR 7.30,95%CI 4.47-11.90)were risk factors of corneal foreign body.CONCLUSION:In multiple regression model,the risk factors of career-related corneal foreign body include short-term workers,non-native workers,metal-related work and not wearing eye protection.

Abstract:AIM:To understand university students’ myopia origin of Yongzhou area,provide a feasible thread for the university students’ eye health care.METHODS:Group sampling method was adopted,the combined method of questionnaire and objective inspection was applied to carry on the epidemiology investigation in the school university students most common ametropia(myopia)in the partial representative universities of Yongzhou area,and statistical analysis was carried on to process the survey results.RESULTS:Totally 17384 samples were involved,17030 responded,response rate was 97.96%,which met the sampling requirements,the disease incidence of myopia was 63.08%,the disease incidences of students’ myopia in different departments were significantly different(P<0.01),Students’ myopic refractive status were significantly different(P<0.01)from their parents.Students’ study environment,personal habits were affecting the development and progression of myopia.CONCLUSION:The myopic prevalence rate of university students of Yongzhou area is high,the consciousness of health care on eyes is light,we hope that social and the relevant government departments take this seriously and should improve the university students’ study environment,raises the consciousness for the eye health care of the university student,thus decrease the myopic disease incidence of university students in Yongzhou area.This will also play a positive role on eye blindness and preventing blindness.

Abstract:For the problems in the postgraduate culture of Ophthalmology,with my own experience in the postgraduate education,we summarize the in culture points of postgraduate various stages,analyze the problems and countermeasures of the postgraduates in professional skills,clinical and research capabilities,hoping to enhance the comprehensive ability of Ophthalmology postgraduates.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the corneal surgical indications and histopathological classification of corneal specimens in West China Hospital.METHODS:Retrospective analysis was performed on 1082 eyes suffering from corneal disease diagnosed from January 1990 to December 2009 at pathological department in West China Hospital.RESULTS:A total of 1082 corneal specimens were identified,the constituent ratio of which was as follows:corneal scar 31.42%(340/1082),keratitis 14.51%(157/1082),keratoconus 12.38%(134/1082),choristoma 12.29%(133/1082),bullous keratopathy 5.64%(61/1082),corneal scar associated with keratitis 5.45%(59/1082),epicorneal fibrotic proliferation and neovascularization with or without inflammatory cells infiltration 3.97%(43/1082),corneal degeneration 2.59%(28/1082),squamous cell carcinoma 2.13%(23/1082),corneal dystrophy 1.94%(21/1082),atypical hyperplasia 1.66%(18/1082),corneal perforation 1.39%(15/1082),papilloma 1.02%(11/1082),nevus 0.92%(10/1082),pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia 0.65%(7/1082),ICE syndrome 0.46%(5/1082),intraepithelial epithelioma 0.46%(5/1082),malignant melanoma 0.46%(5/1082),keratinization or dyskeratosis 0.46%(5/1082),calcifying epithelioma 0.09%(1/1082),amyloid degeneration 0.09%(1/1082).There was an obvious increase in the number of operation from 2000 to 2009 compared with that from 1990 to 1999(912/170).211 eyes was from childen,in which congenital choristoma and corneal scar accounted for 44.55% and 36.49% respectively.CONCLUSION:The leading reasons for keratoplasty in West China Hospital are corneal scar,keratitis,keratoconus and choristoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical significance of corneal thickness measurement difference between optical coherence tomography(OCT)and corneal pachymeter.METHODS:The clinical data of corneal thickness in 102 cases 199 eyes measured by ultrasonic corneal hymeter and OCT were analyzed by statistical test.RESULTS:The thicknesses were 532.478±29.49μm and 541.47±29.00μm from OCT and ultrasonic corneal pachymeter respectively,there was statistical significance by paired t-test.It was divided into 4 groups by corneal thickness standardized on ultrasonic thickness measuring,paired t-test showed that when the corneal thickness≤500μm,500μm <corneal thickness≤550μm,550μm<corneal thickness≤600μm,there were all statistical significances between ultrasonic corneal pachymeter and OCT,when the corneal thickness>600μm,no comparison was done for little cases.CONCLUSION:Traditional ultrasonic corneal pachymeter and OCT showe some differences and better clinical conformance on measuring corneal thickness and can be used as reference before excimer laser surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the clinical effect of ciliary groove suture of posterior chamber intraocular lens(IOL).METHODS:From November 2003 to August 2008,52 cases 53 eyes underwent ciliary groove suture with posterior chamber IOL all acquired satisfying result.We sutured one edge of the lens to the ciliary groove in 7 cases,which was called "single-haptic fixation".The other 45 cases 46 eyes were sutured the lens to ciliary groove in two sites,which was called "double-haptic fixation".RESULTS:Followed up for 3-48(average 18)months,the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was from 0.2 to 1.2 and 28 eyes(53%)were more than 0.6.The corneal scar and fundus oculi diseases resulted in poor vision.The intraocular pressure(IOP)in all eyes was normal.CONCLUSION:IOL suturing to the ciliary groove is an effective and safe method for correction of aphakia in eyes with inadequate posterior capsular support.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation in patients with axial high myopia and cataract.METHODS:Thirty cases 41 eyes received phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation.Preoperative axial length,postoperative visual acuity and the fundus examination were recorded.Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.The follow-up time was 6 months.RESULTS:The mean preoperative axial length was 32.11mm.Postoperative visual acuity achieved 0.1 or better in 38 eyes,and 0.5 or better in 12 eyes.Only 2 eyes had posterior lens capsule rupture,and 1 eye had corneal edema.No retinal detachment was observed during the follow-up time.24 eyes had obvious high myopia retinopathy.CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation is safe and effective for axial high myopic eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical value of optical coherence tomography(OCT)in age-related cataract before phacoemulsification.METHODS:Four hundred cases 400 eyes of age-related cataract with normal fundus or only loss of foveal reflex under direct and indirect funduscopes were selected for study,including 100 cases with diabetic history,60 cases with high myopia.Besides traditional detailed ophthalmology examinations,all the subjects underwent macular exam with OCT before surgery.The omission diagnose rate of funduscopes and the risk ratio of general risk factors were calculated.RESULTS:Twenty-eight cases of maculopathy were found by OCT before cataract surgery,including 12 cases of macular edema,10 cases of age-related macular degeneration,2 cases of vitreomacular traction,1 case of macular hemorrhage,2 cases of macular hole and one case of macular atrophy.Diabetic history,high myopia and age above 60 years old were risk factors,and risk ratio with 95% confidence interval were 4(1.837,8.087),2.27(1.050,4.9),2.5(1.14,5.53)respectively.CONCLUSION:OCT is highly sensible in suspection of maculopathy before cataract surgery,especially for patients with diabetes,high myopia and old age,it can be recommended as preoperational routine examination.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the results of phacoemulsification combined with soft intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of cataract after trabeculectomy.METHODS:In total of 132 patients 148 eyes with cataract after trabeculectomy were treated by phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in nasal or superior temporal quadrant incisions.Visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP)and complications were assessed in the postoperation.The follow-up time was from 3 to 39 months.RESULTS:All 148 eyes of 132 patients acquired satisfied visual acuity.One week postoperatively,the corrected visual acuity(CVA)showed that 8 eyes(5.4%)were<0.05,26 eyes(17.6%)were≥0.05-0.3,72 eyes(48.6%)were>0.3-0.6,40 eyes(27.0%)were>0.6-1.0,2 eyes(1.4%)were>1.0.The intraocular pressure(IOP)was all stable after the operation(15.23±3.42mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa).The main complications were early postoperative corneal edema and iris reaction which were mild and faded away in 2-5 days.CONCLUSION:The small incision phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation is convenient and effective for the treatment of cataract after trabeculectomy.It has achieved rapid postoperative recovery,less complication,lower astigmatism and stable IOP.The operation is better than extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)method in the treatment of cataract after trabeculectomy.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG)by anterior retina condensation in combination with pars plana vitrectomy.METHODS:Tirty-one cases 31 eyes with diagnosed NVG were treated by anterior retina condensation in combination with pars plana vitrectomy,and whole-retina photocoagulation was applied as well.RESULTS:Preoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)was 41.1±6.2mmHg,after 3-25 months’ follow-up(average 9.8 months),the average of IOP was 22.6±6.9mmHg.There was statistical difference between IOP before and after operation.25 eyes IOP was controlled to be normal(19.8±2.4mmHg);3 eyes needed topical anti-glaucoma drops,and 2 eyes were carried out glaucoma valve implantation.1 eye was applied evisceration because of no light perception and eye-pain after operation.20 cases got a better visual acuity,5 cases remained the same level,5 cases decreased,and 1 case became no light perception.Neovascular on the surface of iris almost or completely disappeared in 30 cases,maintaining corneal transparency and non hematocele anterior chamber.Most follow-up cases eye-pain disappeared or obviously reliever.CONCLUSION:Treatment of anterior retina condensation in combination with pars plana virrectomy is effective in neovascular glaucoma.It can lead to better visual acuity,disappearance of iris neovessels,and decrease of IOP.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of Ahmed glaucoma valve(AGV)implantation for neovascular glaucoma and prevention of its complications.METHODS:Eighteen patients underwent AGV implantation were summarized retrospectively.The visual acuity,intraocular pressure,postoperative complications and the effective rate were observed,the mean period of follow-up was 6-18 months.RESULTS:The postoperative best corrected visual acuities were stable in 11 eyes,improved in 5 eyes and dropped in 2 eyes.The success rate for intraocular pressure was 89% after the operation.The common postoperative complications included transient flat anterior chamber,high intraocular pressure and hyphema in early stage,fibrination in late stage.CONCLUSION:AGV implantation is one of the effective methods for neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the the long-term efficacy of combination of sodium hyaluronate and Ahmed glaucoma valve for refractory glaucoma and the prevention and treatment for surgical complications.METHODS:Twenty-seven patients 27 eyes with refractory glaucoma were treated with sodium hyaluronate and Ahmed glaucoma valve and followed up from 6 to 22 months.RESULTS:Postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)declined from 46.70±9.31mmHg preoperatively to 18.7±6.85mmHg.Visual acuity was improved to some extent.Displacement of glaucoma valve was found in 1 case and improved with adjustment.Hyphema was found in 2 cases and absorbed with medication.CONCLUSION:Sodium hyaluronate combined with Ahmed glaucoma valve can effectively reduce the IOP in patients with refractory glaucoma and decrease the postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation with mitomycin C combined with retinal photocoagulation in treatment of neovascular glaucoma.METHODS:Twenty-six eyes with neovascular glaucoma were underwent the implantation of glaucoma valve combined with panretinal photocoagulation.RESULTS:Follow-up 12 months,the success rate was 61.54%.the average intraocular pressure decreased from 49.78±14.17mmHg preoperatively to 18.45±8.91mmHg postoperatively.In the postoperative ultimate check-up,visual acuity of 14 cases were improved(53.85%),12 cases had no change,No case was decreased and impairmented.The new vessels of the iris disappeared in 21 eyes.The important complications such as shallow anterior chamber was 6 in eyes(23.08%),hyphema 3 eyes(11.54%),tube occlusion 2 eyes(7.69%),fibrosis around Ahmed valve 1 eye(3.85%).CONCLUSION:Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation combined with panretinal photocoagulation in treatment of neovascular glaucoma can not only decreased intraocular pressure timely but also increased visual acuity.It is a safe and effective approach to those patients with neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of hexuemingmu tablet combined with krypton laser on the retinal vein occlusion(RVO).METHODS:Fifty-seven patients with 60 eyes diagnosed as RVO with FFA and OCT were divided into two groups randomly.One group including 29 patients 30 eyes were treated by hexuemingmu tablet combined with krypton laser,the other group includ 28 patients 30 eyes were treated by krypton laser.The visual acuity,fundus and FFA were evaluated before and after treatment in the 6 months follow-up.RESULTS:The vision acuity was improved significantly in the group treated by hexuemingmu tablet combined with krypton laser,and the hemorrhage in this group was absorbed much more quickly(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Hexuemingmu tablet combined with krypton laser can accelerate hemorrhage absorbing and improve visual acuity in the RVO treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the therapeutic effect,surgical indication of scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD).METHODS:The major surgeries were as follows:retinal breaks locating,cryotherapy,scleral buckling or encircling scleral buckling.192 cases 195 eyes with RRD accepted surgery,including 131 eyes in segmental scleral buckling and 64 eyes in encircling scleral buckling.Among these cases 145 eyes underwent subretinal fluid drainage and 16 eyes with gas filing into vitreous space.RESULTS:The rate of retinal reattachment after one surgical procedure was 94.9%.The postoperative visual acuity increased significantly,which had statistical difference compared with that of the preoperative(P<0.05)And there were no serious complications in operation and postoperation.CONCLUSION:Scleral buckling appears to be safe and effective in patients with RRD.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical curative effect of vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage in branch retinal vein occlusion.METHODS:Twenty-eight cases 28 eyes of vitreous hemorrhage caused by branch retinal vein occlusion were taken into investigation.All the patients accepted routine three-way joint vitrectomy combined with membrane peeling,diathermy,retinal photocoagulation and silicon or gas or fluid tamponade.RESULTS:The branch retinal vein occlusion seemed to be vascular sheathing in 28 eyes.The occlusion areas were supertemporal quadrant in 20 eyes,infratemporal quadrant in 8 eyes.2 eyes had disc neovascularization,18 eyes had retinal neovascularization in the areas of retinal vein occlusion.Retinal detachment was found in 7 eyes.The postoperative visual acuity was better than that of preoperative.CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy is an effective way for branch retinal vein occlusion with vitreous hemorrhage.The proliferation should be carefully removed.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of YAG laser for diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:A total of 142 cases 247 eyes with DR were treated with photocoagulation by YAG 532nm laser.RESULTS:Visual acuity was improved in 198 eyes after the treatment of panretinal photocoagulation,and neovascularization disappeared completely or partially,favorable response rate was 80.2%.The effective rate of preproliferative diabetic retinopathy(PPDR)and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)was totally 92.0%,showing significantly higher favorable response rate than that of the eyes with high-risk PDR(41.7%).CONCLUSION:YAG 532nm laser is effective for DR,and better clinical outcome can be expected from early intervention.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of panretinal mirror-assisted vitrectomy for removing foreign body from posterior segment.METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 28 patients 30 eyes with posterior segment foreign bodies from January 2008 to January 2010,performed vitrectomy,removed foreign body under direct vision with panretinal mirror assisted,retinal detachments or breaks were treated with heavy water replacement,intraocular photocoagulation,scleral condensation,silicone oil or C3F8 filling,vancomycin injection for endophthalmitis postoperatively.RESULTS:All of 30 eyes,the foreign body of each eye was extracted for one time;the success rate was 100%(not including intraorbital foreign body).Best-corrected visual acuity increased in 22 eyes(73%);unchanged in 5 eyes(17%);decreased in 3 eyes(10%).Visual acuity >0.02 or finger count/1 meter in 18 eyes(literacy rate of 60%).During the operation,we found 11 eyes with retinal detachment,9 eyes were restorated one time(restoration rate 82%).CONCLUSION:With the assistance of panretinal mirror,vitrectomy for removing foreign body from posterior segment is an effective method,which can provide a wider and clearer vision to increase the improvement rate of visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the accuracy of Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging system in the measurement of central corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth in myopia.METHODS:Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging system and A-scan ultrasonic pachymetry were used to measure the central corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth in 82 patients 164 eyes with myopia.The results of two methods were compared.The results were analyzed with SPSS 16.0.Correlation analysis was performed in intraocular pressure and axial length.RESULTS:The value of central corneal thickness measured by the Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging system was 524±0.037μm,and by A-scan ultrasonic pachymetry was 521±0.036μm.There was significant difference between the results of these two methods(P<0.01).The value of anterior chamber depth measured by the Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging system was 3.26±0.25mm,and by A-scan ultrasonic pachymetry was 3.36±0.53mm.There was significant difference(P<0.05),and significant linear correlation between the two methods(P<0.01).The average central corneal thickness was 3μm by optics;average anterior chamber depth was 0.1mm by ultrasound.The two methods for measuring the central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure and the anterior chamber depth and axial length were positively related(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:There exists certain difference in the central corneal thickness and the anterior chamber depth for ametropia measured by Pentacam,a three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer and A-scan ultrasonic pachymetry.

Abstract:AIM:To identify the reasons for myopia patients not suitable for laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)after preoperative assessment.METHODS:Two thousand eight hundred ninety-one myopia patients were examined.824 cases of them did not undergo LASIK,the reasons were analyzedRESULTS:A total of 297 patients(36.0%)were insufficient of the corneal thickness ;194 patients(23.5%)had some apprehension about the surgery ;96 patients(11.6%)had a larger pupil ;50 patients(6.1%)had a larger height of the corneal anterior and posterior surface;the corneal curvature of 46 patients(5.6%)was higher;43 patients(5.2%)had no ideal best-corrected visual acuity;31 patients(3.8%)had the fundus disease,31 patients(3.8%)had dry eye and 36 patients(4.4%)had the other reasons.CONCLUSION:LASIK is an alternative surgery.We must perform preoperative assessment carefully,evaluate the test results comprehensively and scientifically,enhance communication between doctors and patients and strictly master surgical indications and contraindications.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of total and corneal of astigmatism on laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)correction of myopic astigmatism.METHODS:Totally 162 eyes of 84 patients who underwent primary LASIK for myopic astigmatism were reviewed retrospectively.Based on the differences between total and corneal axis of astigmatism and degrees,the patients were divided into two groups:A group(112 eyes)with difference of astigmatism<15° or degrees of total astigmatism<twice the corneal astigmatism,B group(50 eyes)with difference of astigmatism≥15° or degrees of total astigmatism≥twice the corneal astigmatism.The corrective effects and visual between total and corneal astigmatism were analyzed.RESULTS:Total astigmatism of eye was 69% determined by astigmatism of cornea.The difference in the total and corneal axis of astigmatism was<15°.After LASIK,the degree of astigmatism measured in A group was(-0.39±0.43)D,B group(-0.73±0.21)D.There was difference of astigmatism measurement between two groups(P<0.05).There were 4 patients who complainted spin in night of assort near vision and tiredness.CONCLUSION:Positive correlation was found between total and corneal astigmatism.Before LASIK correction of myopic astigmatism,we should choose reasonable cutting output and axis of astigmatism by optometry and corneal topography and make individual treatment.

Abstract:The inborn aniridia,which is characterized by its hypoplasia of iris,is a rare and severe disease in ophthalmology.It usually accompanies other abnormalities,such as corneal opacity,cataract,glaucoma,anopsia and so on.And it is usually a hereditary disorder of chromosomal abnormality.In this article,we report two families with inborn aniridia,and review the etiological factor,clinical manifestation,therapy and prophylaxis of the aniridia.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the effectiveness of bulbar conjunctival flap covering in treating amoebic keratitis.METHODS:The clinical manifestations and treatment of 8 eyes with amoebic keratitis were studied retrospectively.RESULTS:Corneal ulcer excision combined with conjunctival flap covering was done on 8 eyes.Corneal infection was controlled in 7 eyes,and 1 case relapsed after operation.CONCLUSION:Partial resection of corneal ulcer combined with conjunctival flap covering can effectively control amoebic keratitis,and shorten the course,which can provide the conditions for optical keratoplasty.

Abstract:AIM:To probe into pathogenesis and factor,clinical symptom and physical sign,therapeutic method of the malignant glaucoma.METHODS:The clinical data of 20 cases of malignant glaucoma were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:Intraocular pressure recovered by drug control in 13 eyes,was effectively controlled by vitrectomy combined with intraoperative medication in 6 eyes,failed in 1 eye by drug treatment,which became blindness for refusing surgery.CONCLUSION:Fully understanding the pathogenesis and factor,clinical symptom and physical sign of the malignant glaucoma,making the rational healing solution,surgery combined with medication,can treat various malignant glaucoma effectively.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effective treatment methods of neovascular glaucoma.METHODS:Sixty-eight patients 78 eyes with neovascular glaucoma were randomly divided into two groups.Normal group was performed ciliary body cryotheraby,experimental control group were treated with ciliary body cryotheraby combined with trabeculectomy and 5-FU.Two groups of patients after operation both dropped eye drops and accepted preventive anti-infective therapy for one week.Postoperative follow-up time was from 1 month to 2 years.RESULTS:The success rate of the control group(42%).Experimental control group success rate(72%).There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Ciliary body cryotheraby combined with trabeculectomy and 5-FU are effective treatment of neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To clarify characteristic of clinic and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)in parafoveal telangiectasis.METHODS:The clinical data of 22 parafoveal telangiectasis patients 22 eyes diagnosed with FFA in our out-patient clinic from 2004 to 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:The mean age was 53.03±12.43 years old,10 patients were male,others were female.The mean vision was 0.32±0.28.Two patients were diabetic.The diseased region located in bitamporal parafovea.The fundus displayed retinal local edema in the diseased region,surrounding with yellow-white hard exudates,few bleeding,the extent of disease was from 1PD×0.5PD to 4PD×3PD.FFA showed nodule dilated capillary at parafovea in early stage,the macular circle was destroyed.The part displayed right angled venules.The late stage showed suffusion hyperfluorescence.CONCLUSION:The parafoveal telangiectasis often happens in fifty years old people,and no significant difference in gender,all cases are unilateral,the extent of disease is more than 1PD,the diseased region locates in bitamporal parafovea.Abnormal blood sugar maybe influence development of parafoveal telangiectasis.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of 532nm laser in treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).METHODS:Leakages of 23 cases 24 eyes with CSC were closed by 532nm laser.RESULTS:In 24 eyes,22 eyes lesions disappeared or were improved obviously,visual acuity was recovered or increased significantly within 1 month.CONCLUSION:532nm laser is safe and effective in treatment of CSC.

Abstract:AIM:To research the bulbar conjunctival microcirculation of patients with primary hypertension.METHODS:With slit-lamp digital camera,we observed vascular size and capillary hemangioma for normal blood pressure(88 cases 176 eyes)and primary hypertension(70 cases 140 eyes).RESULTS:The positive rate of primary hypertension group was 94.3%;in the normotensive control group,the positive rates of the elder and young adults respectively were 19.3%,15.5%.There was a significant difference between the primary hypertension group and normal blood pressure group,while the difference between the two normal blood pressure groups was not obvious.CONCLUSION:Taking capillary hemangioma and vascular size as indexes is easy to reflect the positive signs of bulbar conjunctival microcirculation.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the treatment method of ocular contusion induced hyphema.METHODS:The clinical data of 32 cases 32 eyes with traumatic hyphema from January 2009 to October 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS:After treatment,the time of hyphema absorption was 1 to 4 days in gradeⅠhyphema,3 to 10 days in grade Ⅱ hyphema and 7 to 14 days in grade Ⅲ hyphema.The visual acuities of 2 eyes were between 0.1 and 0.5,12 eyes were between 0.6 and 1.0,and 18 eyes were above 1.0.CONCLUSION:The rational and timely treatment to traumatic hyphema is quite important to improve the vision of patients and prevention of the occurrence of traumatic hyphema is necessary to ensure the combat power of Chinese PLA Forces.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the function of early time fresh amniotic membrane transplantation for severe ocular alkali burns.METHODS:The healthy fresh amnion was taken,1-2 days after injury necrosis of the conjunctiva of 20 cases with severe ocular alkali burns were cleared away,the amniotic epidermis face was put on the eyeball surface,interrupted suture,and eyedrops in eyes after bandaged for 2 days were performed.RESULTS:Except a case without timely treatment after burns,eyeball was removed because of corneal melting after operation,the rest eyeballs were successfully kept,no serious symblepharon,vision restored to 0.02 in three eyes,0.05 in two eyes,0.08 in six eyes,0.1 in five eyes,0.12 in two eyes,0.15 in two eyes and 0.3 in one eye.CONCLUSION:Early amniotic membrane transplantation for severe ocular alkali burns is a simple and feasible,practical and effective method.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss and analyse the clinical effects and treatment of traumatic endophthalmitis.METHODS:Nine patients with traumatic endophthalmitis received vitrectomy.One received ophthalmectomy,the left one child received non-surgical treatment.The data were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:Except the patient who received ophthalmectomy,the other ten patients’ visual acuities were better than that before treatment.CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy is an effective treatment for traumatic endophthalmitis.Children with mild traumatic endophthalmitis can be performed non-surgical treatment under strict observation.But after active drug treatment for 24 hours,patients whose vision is not improved and the diseases get worse,early vitrectomy should be performed.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the curative effect of augentropfen stulln mono on astigmatism in early childhood.METHODS:In a prospective,randomized and controlled method,by atropine eye ointment cycloplegic refraction,80 cases in 3-7 years old with more than 1D astigmatism were randomly divided into two groups.40 cases were applied augentropfen stulln mono 3-4 times per day for 3 months,and the other 40 cases were taken as control group.After 3 months,both groups were taken atropine mydriasis optometry again,the refractive status were compared before and after using the drops,and adverse drug reactions were observed,the number of times per minute blink were counted.RESULTS:After 3 months treatment,astigmatism was significantly reduced compared with before treatment(P<0.05).A decrease in the number of blinks per minute was also observed.Drug group did not have any adverse reactions.CONCLUSION:The treatment of astigmatism with augentropfen stulln mono in early childhood is safe,convenient and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of corneal refractive surgery for adults amblyopia using laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)or laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis(LASEK).METHODS:Totally 76 eyes in 53 adults with amblyopia who underwent refractive surgery were included.LASIK was performed for 38 eyes,LASEK for 6 eyes.Adults were followed up for 12 months,and the curative effect was retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS:The mean spherical equivalent refraction in the operated eye was reduced significantly from-7.33±3.36D preoperatively to-0.51±0.15D at 1 year postoperatively.The mean best-corrected visual acuity was significantly improved from 0.57±0.06 preoperatively to 0.72±0.20 1 year after surgery.CONCLUSION:LASIK is a safe and effective alternative method for correcting myopia in treatment of amblyopia in adult.

Abstract:AIM:To approach the effect of basic nursing combined with mental nursing in laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).METHODS:One thousand and fifty-six cases with LASIK were randomly divided into experiment group(n=528)and control group(n=528).The control group were treated with traditional basic nursing,and the experiment group by basic nursing combined with mental nursing.When two groups patient reviewed,their satisfaction with postoperation nursing were surveyed and the complications were observed.RESULTS:The self-protection knowledge among nursing,patient satisfaction in nursing and complication incidence were compared.There was statistical significance.(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The basic nursing combined with effective mental nursing is effective protection for operation safe and successful.