Abstract:AIM: To find a simple mathematical correlation between the lens base curve (BC) and keratometry findings (Krf). METHODS: This retrospective study included 350 patients(400 keratoconic eyes) previously fit with rigid contact lenses at an academic eye center over a five years period. The patients were classified into five groups based on the keratometry findings [Krf <7; Krf:7-8; Krf >8; Krf-Krs (difference between two keratometry; flat and steep) =0.3- 0.6; Krf-Krs >0.6mm] as groups 1 to 5, respectively. Multivariate linear regression and Munro’s correlation coefficient were employed to defer the formulas. RESULTS: A linear correlation could be found in all groups except for patients in group 3. For group 1, BC=0.211×Krf+5.904. For group 2, BC=0.456×Krf+4.160. For group 4, BC=0.321×Krf+5.219. For group 5, BC=0.337×Krf+ 5.090. CONCLUSION: The development of new formulas for RGP fitting enables ophthalmologists to work with confidence and prevents unnecessary and frequent lens trials. The customary lens fitting methods are needed to be replaced by new formulas, which help to save time and costs.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of ofloxacin eye drop on bacterial culture of the conjunctival sac in senile cataract patients. METHODS: Thirty cases (60 eyes) with senile cataract were randomized into two groups: the control group (15 cases, 30 eyes) and the ofloxacin group (15 cases, 30 eyes). The ofloxacin group received 3g/L ofloxacin eye drop five times per day and one drop per time. Bacterial culture was done before treatment and at day 1, 2 and 3 of treatment. RESULTS: The cumulative score of bacterial colonies in the conjunctival sac for the control group was 51, 51, 33, and 42 respectively, and for the ofloxacin group, 51, 30, 9 and 0 respectively. Paired t-test showed a P value of 0.043 at day 3 of treatment. The positive rate of bacteria in the conjunctival sac for the control group was 60%, 60%, 40%, and 50% respectively, and for the ofloxacin group, 60%, 30%, 10%, and 0% respectively. The Chi-squared test showed P<0.01 at day 3 of treatment. CONCLUSION: Using ofloxacin eye drop for 3 days before surgery can eliminate the bacterial flora of the conjunctival sac in senile cataract patients.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of traditional Chinese medicine combined with Western medicine for acute retinal artery occlusion(RAO) after a long time onset and to evaluate the treatment time window. METHODS: This retrospective study included 14 cases (15 eyes) with acute RAO, who received a combined modality therapy for 30 days, including conventional treatment, integrating traditional Chinese medicine and nerve cells restoration. The clinical data of visual acuity after treating 7 days, 14 days, 30 days and visual field pre-therapy and post-treatment were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS: Thirteen cases(14 eyes)completed 14 days treatment, 11 cases(12 eyes)completed 30 days treatment. 11 eyes of 15 eyes(73.33%)at 7 days, 11 eyes of 14 eyes(78.57%)at 14 days, 11 eyes of 12 eyes(91.67%)at 30 days respectively gained significant vision improvement after treatment. Vision increased significantly after 7 days’ treatment compared with pre-therapy(P<0.01). The vision also increased significantly after 14 days’ treatment compared with 7 days’ and after 30 days’ treatment compared with 14 days’ respectively(P<0.05). 12 of 14 cases completed visual field(VF) examination, VF mean sensitivity after treatment had significant improvement than before treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Synthetic therapies,including conventional treatment,integrating traditional Chinese medicine and nerve cells restoration are effective and available in RAO, especially when the retinal edema is exisent. So treatment opportunity should not be limited within 3 days of symptom onset instead of a longer time, even 60 days.

Abstract:AIM:To adapt the low vision-related quality of life(LVQOL) instrument into Turkish language and to assess its validity and reliability.METHODS:The study was conducted in 387 patients attending the Centre of Low Vision Rehabilitation,Faculty of Medicine,Ankara University.For statistical analysis,the Spearman’s correlation coefficient,Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) were used.RESULTS:According to results of CFA,the item in the "Adjustment" subscale because of having the factor loading below 0.40,was excluded from the questionnaire.The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed according to Cronbach’s alpha coefficients.The reliability of the "Distance Vision,Mobility,and Lighting" subscale was α=0.863;of the "Adjustment" subscale was α=0.694;"Reading and Fine Work" was α=0.791,and "Activities of Daily Living" was α=0.770.So these results indicate that the questionnaire is reliable to measure the vision related quality of life of low-vision patients.The correlations between the subscales were also analyzed,and the correlation between "Adjustment" and "Reading and Fine Work" was found to be the lowest(rs=0.336,P<0.001),whereas the strongest correlation was found between the "Reading and Fine Work",and "Activities of Daily Living".Additionally,the "Adjustment" dimension showed the strongest correlation with only "Distance Vision,Mobility,and Lighting" dimension.CONCLUSION:After removing the last item in the second dimension,the Turkish adaptation of all dimensions of the LVQOL has been shown to be reliable,valid and suitable for use in patients with low vision in Turkey.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the influence of tea polyphenols(TP)on the Caveolin-1(CAV-1) expression in ultraviolet(UV)-induced lens epithelial cells of rats.METHODS:The experimental cataract model was established,and the untreated group,ultraviolet radiation group and experimental group(ultraviolet radiation + TP group) were set.The experimental group by tea polyphenols concentration was divided into four subgroups,namely 0.02,0.2,2 and 20mg/L group respectively,with sampling 6,12,24,48 hours after culture respectively.The expressions of CAV-1 were detected by the S-P immunohistochemical method and Western blot method in lens epithelial cells.RESULTS:The differences of Caveolin-1 expression for the experimental group and control group compared to the UV group were statistically significant(P<0.05).At different times,the lens epithelial cells positive expression for the experimental group was significantly higher than the UV group,the degree of lens opacity for the experimental group was significantly lower than the UV group.When TP was 0.02mg/L,the difference of Caveolin-1 expression between the experimental group and the control group was not statistically significant(P>0.05);the difference between the rest of the experimental group and the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Tea polyphenols can inhibit the expression of Caveolin-1 decreased in UV-induced lens epithelial cells.When tea polyphenols concentration is 0.02mg/L,the effect is the best.

Abstract:AIM:To construct specific siRNA expression vector targeting human TGF-β2.METHODS:The mRNA sequences of human TGF-β2 in NCBI were analysed in silico.The best sequence of siRNA were designed according to the siRNA designing principle.The double-stranded DNA was inserted into the GPU6/GFP/Neo vector by the BamH Ⅰ and Bbs Ⅰ.The recombinant plasmid was identified by the BamH Ⅰ and PstⅠ single enzyme digestion and verified by DNA sequencing further.RESULTS:The positions of 1016-1034 in TGF-β2 mRNA were chosen as the RNAi target.The result of the enzyme digestion to the recombinant plasmid showed that the double-stranded DNA was successfully inserted into the GPU6/GFP/Neo vector.The inserted sequence was the same as the designed sequences and was proved by the DNA sequencing.CONCLUSION:The human TGF-β2 specified siRNA interference plasmid was successfully constructed,and this plasmid can be used for the study of the function of TGF-β2 gene and improve the success rate of glaucoma filtration surgery by gene therapy.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the expressions and clinical significance of survivin and cyclinB1 in basal cell carcinoma(BCC).METHODS:Twenty surgical excision and biopsy of eyelid BCC samples were collected from the department of pathology of Wuhan Central Hospital and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University in 2002-2009,and also 5 normal tissues around the cancer were acted as controls.All samples were fixed in 40g/L formaldehyde,with routine HE staining,observed under light microscope,and were finally diagnosed by pathological examination.Immunohistochemistry method and image analysis technique were used to detect the expression of survivin and cyclinB1 in the eyelid BCC and cancer adjacent tissues,and the expression of survivin and cyclinB1 in cytoplasm and karyon of each group were quantitatively analyzed by HPIAS-2000 High Definition Colour Pathology Image and Character Report Management System.RESULTS:Survivin and cyclinB1 were highly expressed in eyelid BCC tissues,while lowly expressed in cancer adjacent tissues.The average optical density and positive area rate of survivin and cyclinB1 between eyelid BCC and cancer adjacent tissues showed significant difference by one-way ANOVA.CONCLUSION:The abnormal expression of survivin and cyclinB1 in eyelid BCC might play an important role during the genesis and development of eyelid BCC.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the gene expression changes in the visual cortex of form-deprivation myopic monkeys using gene expression chip microarray techniques.METHODS:Eight healthy infant rhesus monkeys,between 20 and 40 days of age,were divided into form-deprivaton group(n=4) and control group(n=4).Monkeys from form-deprivation group wore diffuser spectacle lens over their right eyes,and 0D lens over their left eyes.Monkeys from control group wore 0D lens over both of their eyes.After 12 weeks,gene expression changes in the visual cortex of form-deprivation and control monkeys were analyzed using gene expression chip microarray techniques.RESULTS:In comparison with control group,genes that were down-regulated were significantly more than those that were up-regulated in form-deprivation group,including Egr-1,NMDA and GABA genes which had been proved to be myopia related genes.CONCLUSION:Gene expression is significantly inhibited in the visual cortex of form-deprivation myopic monkeys.And gene expression chip microarray technique is a useful tool to screen the possible myopia-related candidate genes.

Abstract:AIM:To study the distribution of Urotensin-Ⅱ(U-Ⅱ),a new biological activity substance in tissues of human eye.METHODS:The different tissues of normal fresh human eye were separated and homogenized,then the distributions of U-Ⅱ were measured by radio-immuno-assay.RESULTS:There were distributions of U-Ⅱ in any tissues of human eye,ranging 0.807-32.958ng/g.The U-Ⅱ content in optic nerve was the highest(32.958±1.741ng/g),then sclera,iris,cornea,ciliary body,choroid,retina and lens in turn.The U-Ⅱ content in vitreous body and aqueous humor were the lowest.The U-Ⅱ content in optic nerve was 40.4 times of that in aqueous humor.CONCLUSION:U-Ⅱ is distributed in tissues of human eye widely.Its effects of physiology and pathophysiology need to further study.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the relationships between height,weight and refraction and ocular biometries in children by cross-sectional study.METHODS:Study participants were recruited from the Guangzhou Twin Registry.The examination included visual acuity measurements,ocular motility evaluation,autorefraction under cycloplegia,and examination of the anterior segment,media,fundus.Axial length,anterior chamber depth,cornea curve radius was measured using partial coherence laser interferometry.Height and weight were measured with the participants standing without shoes.A multivariate linear regression model was used.RESULTS:Both axial length and anterior chamber depth grew with height and weight increase,but cornea curve radius kept steady.Adjusted by age and gender,spherical equivalent decreased-0.03D,axial length increased 0.03mm,anterior chamber depth deepened 0.002mm with 1cm height increase.But there was no association between weight and ocular biometries.CONCLUSION:There are associations between height and spherical equivalent,axial length,anterior chamber depth,and no association between weight and spherical equivalent,axid lenqth as well as anterior chamber depth.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the preventive effect of lens on corneal endothelium during vitreoretinal surgeries.METHODS:Totally 32 patients(32 eyes)underwent vitrectomy,part of the lens(18 cases)were retained,part of the lens were not retained(14 cases).Pictures of corneal endothelium were taken with specular microscopy before operation and within two weeks after operation.Morphological changes of the cells were observed directly,and the cells’ four parameters were analyzed by statistics.RESULTS:The changes of abnormal morphology of cells were more obvious in the postoperative aphakia.Comparing the cells’ four parameters with preoperation,there were no statistically significant differences in the postoperative phakia(P>0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the postoperative aphakia(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:In vitrectomy,the barrier function of lens can reduce the damage of various factors on corneal endothelial cells,retained lens play a protective effect on the corneal endothelial cells.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the visual function(VF) index in patients with cataract in early stage after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.METHODS:A total of one hundred and twenty patients were surveyed by VF-14 index and all the patients were divided into 3 groups according to the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) before the surgery(Group A:BCVA<4.0;Group B:BCVA between 4.0-4.5;Group C:BCVA ≥4.5).The BCVA and VF-14 score were recorded just before and one month after cataract surgery.RESULTS:The BCVA before and after the surgery and VF-14 score showed significant difference among the three groups(P<0.01).There was significant difference in VF-14 score between Group A and Group B(P<0.01).The significant difference was also found between Group A and Group C(P<0.01).However,there was no significant difference between Group B and Group C.A positive correlation was found between the BCVA and VF-14 score before surgery in three groups(rs=0.703,P<0.01).After surgery,a positive correlation was found between the BCVA and VF-14 score in three groups(rs=0.878,P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation for patients with cataract in early stage can improve the visual function quality of the patients,and thus improve their life quality.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the operative ways and efficacy by comparing the safety and effectiveness of two kinds of surgery and postoperative visual acuity,postoperative complications in hard nucleus cataract.METHODS:Selected 79 cases 84 eyes of hard nucleus cataract grade Ⅳ-Ⅴ from the patients of 2009 to 2010,aged 60 to 80,who fell ill for 8 to 15 years,were randomly divided into phacoemulsification group for 42 eyes,small incision with non-phacoemulsification group for 42 eyes,visual acuity was compared the first day,the third day,1 week,1 month after the surgery respectively,corneal astigmatism and the density of corneal endothelial cells were observed 1 week,1 month after the surgery respectively,and postoperative complications during and after the surgery respectively.RESULTS:All the 84 eyes were followed-up for 0.5 to 24 months,an average of 15 months.Small incision phacoemulsification group recovered better in visual acuity than phacoemulsification group after the first day and the third day,there was significant difference(P<0.05).There was no significant difference after 1 week and 1 month;corneal astigmatism was smaller in phacoemulsification group than that in small incision phacoemulsification during 1 week after the operation,there was significant difference(P<0.01),and there was no significant difference during 1 month.The density of corneal endothelial cells was less in phacoemulsification group than that in non-phacoemulsification group during 1 week and 1 month after the operation,there was significance difference(P<0.05).It was severer in the postoperative complications such as corneal edema,aqueous flare of phacoemulsification group than that of small incision non-phacoemulsification group,there was significant difference(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The small incision non-phacoemulsification is safer and more practical for treating hard nuclear cataract,and recovers better in visual acuity with minimal invasion.It is user-friendly and low cost.And the complications of small incision are less.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate and compare the effects of Travatan and Betagan in the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma.METHODS:Forty-six patients with primary open angle glaucoma were enrolled in this study from December 2008 to December 2010.The patients were divided into two groups.Patients in proup A were prescribed with Travatan one drop every night and group B with Betagan one drop everynight.All the patients were treated for 12 weeks and were followed up every month.Intraocular pressure was measured at five time points before and every follow up day after treatment,and side effects of the two drugs,if any,were recorded.Data were analyzed by using the SPSS 16.0 software.RESULTS:The average intraocular pressure was significantly reduced 12 weeks after treatment in both groups.The average intraocular pressure in group A decreased from 24.3±2.02mmHg to 16.1±1.34mmHg,while that in group B decreased from 24.99±1.38mmHg to 15.56±0.68mmHg.The decreasing rate of two groups was 36.7% and 35.8%,respectively.The intraocular pressure changes at mid-night(12:00pm) were bigger in group A than in group B(F=4.25,P=0.045),but there was no significant difference in other time points between the two groups.No obvious side effect was observed.CONCLUSION:Both Travatan and Betagan could lower the IOP effectively and stably in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma,and could be tolerated well without obvious side effects.Travatan could reduce intraocular pressure more than Betagan at mid-night.

Abstract:AIM:To identify the mutations of cone-rod homeobox gene(CRX) in the patients with retinitis pigmentosa(RP) in Ningxia and to evaluate their potential interaction in the pathogenesis of RP.METHODS:One hundred individuals with RP were recruited for this study from October 2009 to November 2010.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and direct DNA sequencing were used to screen in the entire coding region and splice sites of CRX gene.Multiple analysis was used to examine the role of CRX gene mutation on RP.RESULTS:In total 5 sequence variants gene were identified,2 synonymous variants(p.Leu78Leu and p.Ala92Ala),3 missense variants(p.Ala112Val,p.Gly122Asp and p.Thr187Ile).p.Ala112Val,p.Gly122Asp were reported as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNP) and showed no positive correlation with the RP confirmed by the multivariate logistic regression.The p.Thr187Ile variant was found in two ARRP(autosomal recessive RP) patients and was absent in normal control individuals.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of CRX mutation in Ningxia population(<1%) is lower than other populations.p.Thr187Ile was not a disease-causing mutation,but further study should be conducted to determine whether the p.Thr187Ile variant can effect the express of other gene and increase the risk of developing ARRP.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the possible correlation of the clinical parameters including two surgical techniques(combined phacoemusification and IOL implantation and noncombined surgery),different kinds of tamponade(infusion fluid,gas,silicone oil) and different follow-up time with the intraocular pressure(IOP) and visval acuity(VA),and provide a reference for clinical selection of surgical approach and evaluation of efficacy.METHODS:The prospective consecutive non-comparative interventional case series study included 56 patients(57 eyes) who accepted 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy(TSV23G) combined with cataract surgery or not.Clinical evaluations were performed preoperatively,postoperatively at 1 day,1 month and 3 months.Multiple linear regression were used to analysis VA and IOP.RESULTS:VA was negatively correlated with gas and silicon oil tamponaded,but positively correlated with postoperative 1 month and 3 months(P=0.0005,0.0006,0.0461,0.0210).IOP was positively assoicated with combined surgery and gas tamponade,while negatively with postoperative 3 months(P=0.0038,0.0023,<0.01).CONCLUSION:Although combined surgery may elevate IOP,VA outcome is an inspiration to both doctor and patient.VA of gas or silicon oil tamponaded eyes are usually not good,IOP of the gas tamponaded eyes tend to elevate at early stage postoperatively.Considering to recovering time,VA elevate by time and IOP elevate at early stage postoperatively and decline since the postoperative 3 months.3 months after surgery is the appropriate time to evaluate postoperative efficacy.

Abstract:AIM:To examine relation between dietary carbohydrate and fat intake and the risk of age-related cataract(ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men.METHODS:A hospital-based case control study was conducted.Cases(n=360) were patients with cataract 45-85 years old,and controls(n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract.Cases and controls were matched with 1:1.All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics,lifestyle habits and detailed medical history,simultaneously,the dietary intakes of nutrients were collected via a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire(FFQ).The odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.RESULTS:After adjusting for multiple potential confounders,higher dietary intake of carbohydrate was associated with an increased risk of ARC.Compared to controls in the lowest quartile,the OR for cases in the highest quartile of intake was 2.161(95% CI:1.107-5.016,P<0.001).Similarly,there was a positive association between intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ARC.Participants in the highest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids intake had approximately three times the risk of ARC as did those in the lowest quartile(OR=2.989,95% CI:1.764-5.062,P <0.001).Dietary total fat intake was not associated with ARC(P=0.778).CONCLUSION:High carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake may increase the odds of ARC,and a healthy well-balanced diet can be used to protect ARC.

Abstract:Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases causing blind,glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) are typical multifunctional enzyme,which can catalyze the combination of various chemical agents and glutathione.Recent studies have shown that GSTs have effect on anti-oxidant which can lead to the cataract.The expression of GSTs plays an important role in the process of cataract formation.This article reviewed the recent advances in the researches on GSTs system and age-related cataract.

Abstract:Recently,it becomes a hot study focused on transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),as a kind of cytokine,whose biological effect and mechanism of action play an important role in corneal fibrosis and healing after surgery especially in excimer laser refractive surgery.Through some signal transduction passageway such Smad,TGF-β plays positive effect on accelerating cell proliferation,promoting extracellular matrix formation and inducing cell migration.Now we review TGF-β about its structure,receptor,signal transmission,distribution in eye,biological action and its relationship with corneal wound healing for excimer laser refractive surgery.

Abstract:Müller cells are the specialized glial cell of the retina.They span the entire thickness of the retina,have a close contact with retinal neurons,other glial cells and retinal blood vessels.Müller cells play a decisive role in the normal development of the retina,and can support neuronal activity,regulate neurotransmitter cycle,maintain homeostasis of the extracellular environment,regulate retinal vascular permeability.Dysmetabolism in retinal Müller cells will result in loss of visual function,neuronal cell death,retinal edema,et al.Therefore,Müller cells play an important role in retinal physiology.This paper reviewed recent Müller cells research.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes,and the main reason for adult blindness in developed countries.Along with social progress and people’s living standards improving,the incidence of diabetes is increasing.And it has become a hazard to human health,a serious violation of multiple body systems and metabolic diseases.The ocular complications caused by it has become one of the world’s major blinding eye diseases.Therefore,the study of DR in the pathogenesis and its therapeutic approach is currently an important issue in the field of ophthalmology research.The latest research shows that eye tissues are with independent synthetic renin-angiotensin system(RAS) capabilities,but also RAS participates in the occurrence and development of DR,so preventing and blocking the RAS may have important therapeutic value of DR.

Abstract:Infectious endophthalmitis may occur after ocular trauma.When endophthalmitis occurs,massive inflammatory cells infiltration in vitreous cavity,loss of sight,pain of eye and hypopyon were major pathologic characteristics.It may further develop to panophthalmitis or orbital ethmyphitis,proceed to the next step,trauma eye would be atrophic.The occurrence of the potential risk factors,clinical manifestations and management describe as follows.

Abstract:The incidence of myopia is increasing continuously.More and more people’s life and work have been influenced,and the correction of myopia is a hot research topic all the time.Wearing glasses is the most safe and common treatment of myopia.The purpose of the paper is to summarize the method and development of wearing glasses in treatment of myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the disease proportion,gender,age distribution and nationality(Uygur) and their changes in the hospitalized patients with glaucoma.METHODS:Totally 2953 cases in our hospital from January 2005 to January 2010 were classified by their diagnosis,including acute primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG) and chornic PACG,primary open angle glaucoma(POAG),congenital glaucoma(CG) and secondary glaucoma(SG).Age,gender and nationality distribution were calculated and their proportion and feature of changes were analyzed.RESULTS:Of all the cases 54.6% were PACG,while 15.2%,2.3% and 27.9% of them were POAG,CG and SG respectively.The proportion of PACG trended to decrease(63.1%-54.1%)while that of POAG reached peak time in 2007-01/2008-01(21.0%).The proportion of SG trended to increase(23.9%-33.5%) while that of CG trended to be stable.The proportion of Uygur patients trended to increase(23.0%-35.3%) in PACG,it trended to increase(7.8%-26.7%) in POAG as well.The proportion fluctuated in CG and it was stable in SG.Among the patients less than 40 years old,the proportion of Uygur male patients trended to increase in PACG and POAG,the proportion of the Uygur female patients trended to increase in POAG,but trended to decrease in PACG.While among the patients over 40 years old,the proportion of the Uygur female patients trended to increase in PACG year by year.CONCLUSION:PACG is still the main part of hospitalized patients with glaucoma in our country.However,the prevention and treatment of SG are also important.In Xinjiang,glaucoma proportion of Uighur hospitalized patients gradually increases.For Uygur female over 40 years,PACG must be screened,while POAG can not be ignored,Uygur male,female groups under the age of 40 are prevention focus of PACG.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the type of glaucoma,age and gender distribution and compare them with previous data for the prevention and treatment of the disease.METHODS:Totally 577 hospitalized glaucoma patients in West China Hospital from January 2009 to December 2009 were classified by their diagnosis,gender and age to analyze the changing feature of proportion,and compared with the 971 cases from January 1978 to December 1981 and January 2001 to December 2001.RESULTS:During 1978-1981 and 2001-2002,primary glaucoma constituted 81.3% and 81.4% of all kinds of glaucoma,while it changed to 60.2% during 2009.During 1978-1981 and 2001-2002,primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG) constituted 11.3% and 23.9% of primary glaucoma,and the rate increased to 27.4% in 2009.The median age of primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG) was 62.8,which was increased,and the median age of POAG was 48,without obvious changes.Proportion of women increased in POAG patients.During 1978-1981 and 2001-2002,secondary glaucoma constituted 12.7% and 14.1% of all kinds of glaucoma,while it increased to 33.4% during 2009.CONCLUSION:Proportion of POAG in primary glaucoma seems to have risen.Secondary glaucoma increases significantly.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the cognitive attitudes of evidence-based medicine(EBM) in medical graduates(major in Eye & ENT and optometry) and to learn barriers to applying EBM in clinical practice in medical graduates.METHODS:Totally 273 medical graduates selecting the EBM courses were surveyed by questionnaires.Statistical analysis was conducted on the items of purpose,interest,knowledge obtaining and application practice of EBM courses.RESULTS:From Grade 2005 to Grade 2007,more and more medical graduates thought that EBM could guide research and improve clinical level.More and more students were willing to continue to participate in EBM programs or courses and focus on EBM information.More and more medical graduates acquired the knowledge of EBM through classroom and seminar.The differrence was statistically significant(P<0.05).The barriers to using EBM in clinical practice included the lack of awareness and effective cases.CONCLUSION:EBM education in our university has begun to popularize in the ophthalmic teaching and been firmly established,but there are still many obstacles.We should strengthen the training of EBM and transform it to the application phase.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze corneal flap thickness of laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) by Hansatome microkeratome and Amadeus II microkeratome.METHODS:Totally 50 patients(100 eyes) were divided into two groups randomly.The LASIK procedures were performed with Hansatome microkeratome using a 160μm head in group 1 and Amadeus II microkeratome using a 140μm head in group 2.The preoperative central corneal thickness and the stromal bed thickness after the flap was lifted were measured by ultrasound pachymetry.All patients were performed LASIK on right eye firstly and then left eye.The actual corneal flap thickness created by two different microkeratomes and the difference between the left and right eye of patients by the same microderatome were compared.RESULTS:The mean actual corneal flap thickness created by Hansatome and Amadeus II were 98.70±18.04μm(range from 67 to 158μm) and 110.60±16.47μm(range from 69 to 171μm),respectively.The difference between these two kinds of microkeratomes was statistically significant(P= 0.001).In the Hansatome group,the flap thickness in the right eye and left eye were 104.40±18.78μm and 93.00±15.61μm(P=0.01),while in the Amadeus II group,the flap thickness in the right eye and left eye were 115.12±18.74μm and 105.20±12.29μm(P=0.024).The corneal flap thickness of left eye was thinner than the right eye in each groups and the difference between two groups was statistically significant.CONCLUSION:The corneal flap thickness created by microkeratome was different from the expected value.Intraoperative measurement of corneal flap thickness was important for LASIK surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the difference in central corneal thickness(CCT) measurements after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) using Pentacam system and A-scan ultrasound pachymetry.METHODS:Pentacam system and A-scan ultrasonic pachymeter were used to measure the corneal thickness on 267 myopic cases(267 eyes)undergoing LASIK 1 month,3 months and 6 months after the operation.Then the results were compared.RESULTS:The differences between the instruments were evaluated with paired t-test.The correlation between the measurements was evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients.Of the 267 eyes,the CCT values of the two methods were positively related by linear correlation analysis(r=0.985,P<0.01),and the CCT of the two methods 1 month,3 months and 6 months after LASIK had no statistically significant difference(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Pentacam system can measure the CCT easily,accurately and without any invasion.It is more fit for people after LASIK to monitor the corneal changes with time and for people to do more deep research.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the visual function and complications of iris-clip intraocular lens(verisyse) implanting to cure aphakic eye after trauma operation,to offer some clinical basis for the selection of surgical procedure and the ways of operation for aphakic eye after trauma operation.METHODS:A retrospective review was conducted for consecutive patients that received suture iris-clip intraocular lens(experimental group)and intraocular lens suspension(control group)for aphakic eye after trauma operation in our hospital from Aug.2006 to July.2008,and to compare the visual acuity,corneal endothelium and complications after operation.RESULTS:All cases in experimental group were fixed successfully one time,postoperative uncorrected visual acuity improved compared with before operation,the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) came at or near the preoperative BCVA.No complications such as vitreous hemorrhage or choroidal detachment occurred.There was no significant statistical difference between two groups in visual acuity,corneal endothelium and complications after operation.CONCLUSION:The advantage of iris-clip intraocular lens(verisyse) implanting is simple to manipulate and safe and suitable for cases of lack of posterior capsule,normal depth of anterior chamber and normal corneal endothelium cells.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of topical anesthesia,topical combined with subconjunctival anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia in phacoemulsifi-cation and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy.METHODS:Ninety patients(120 eyes) according to admission time were divided into three groups,and underwent the combined surgery of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy by using topical anesthesia,topical combined with subconjunctival anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia respectively.The anesthetic effect and complications intaroperation and postoperation were observed.RESULTS:In topical anesthesia group,3 eyes were given additional subconjuncival anesthesia due to lack of intraoperative anesthesia and 11 cases were not successfully completed due to unsuccessfully satisfactory analgesic effect.All the 30 eyes were successfully completed with satisfactory analgesic effect and without any intraoperative and postoperative potential risk in topical combined with subconjunctival anesthesia group.And in retrobulbar anesthesia group,one eye had transient amaurosis,3 eyes were retrobulbar hemorrhage after operation and one eye’s eyelid was bruising after surgery,with the affective methods of intaroperation and postoperation,these operations all successfully completed.CONCLUSION:Topical combined with subconjunctival anesthesia is the most safe and effective way in these three anesthesia methods,which has an advantage over topical or retrobulbar anesthesia.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with IOL implantation and trabeculectomy in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.METHODS:Small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with IOL implantation and trabeculectomy was performed on 20 cases(20 eyes) of angle-closureglaucoma with cataract,The follow-up was 3 months.RESULTS:Vision of most patients were improved after operation,the occurrence rate was 90%.All intraocular pressure were normal after 1 week.No serious complications were found.CONCLUSION:Small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with IOL implantation and trabeculectomy can be a good alternatives in treatment of angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the efficacy and safety of domestic latanoprost in treating with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.METHODS:By using randomized,single blind control trial,90 patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were divided into 3 groups randomly,30 patients in each group.They were treated by 0.05g/L domestic latanoprost,0.05g/L imported latanoprost and 0.04g/L travoprost respectively for 4 weeks,one drop,once daily evening.RESULTS:After two weeks,there was no statistical significance in terms of post-treatment intraocular pressure(IOP) difference among three group(P=0.673).After four weeks,there was no statistical significance in terms of IOP reduction difference among three groups at each time point.Four patients(13%)with conjunctival hyperemia were in experiment group,three(10%)in control group 1 and eight(27%)in control group 2.CONCLUSION:Domestic latanoprost is safe and can effectively lower IOP of patients with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension,which may provide new choice for treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of phacoemulsifi-cation and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy for glaucoma and coexisting cataract under topical anesthesia.METHODS:Under topical anaesthesia,phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy were done in 45 cases 45 eyes of glaucoma and coexisting cataract,and the clinical effect was observed.RESULTS:Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.1-0.3 in 12 eyes(27%),0.4-0.6 in 23 eyes(51%),0.7-1.0 in 10 eyes(22%).The postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP) was normal in 43 cases,only IOP of two cases were higher than normal recovered to normal after local dropping of drug.The main postoperative complications included corneal edema,shallow anterior chamber and iritis.The follow-up after surgery was from 6 to 18 months,all the complications were normal after drug treatment.CONCLUSION:Under topical anesthesia,phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy is an effective method to restore vision and control IOP in treating glaucoma and coexisting cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the efficacy of Q-switching Nd:YAG laser and operation peripheral iridotomy.METHODS:The retrospective analysis involved 108 eyes of laser group and 78 eyes of surgery group,the intraocular pressure,vision,anterior chamber depth,operative complications were observed after operation.RESULTS:Six months after operation,the intraocular pressure control rate of two groups had no difference.The improvement of visual acuity of two groups had significant difference.The laser group are superior to surgery group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Q-switching Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy can be handled easily,which is a safe and effective method for treatment of glaucoma,but cannot completely substitute the surgery of peripheral iridotomy.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinic characters of early stage of the Posner-Schlossman syndrome to aid the diagnosis.METHODS:Select 31 patients 31 eyes from 2004-06 to 2011-02 with Posner-Schlossman syndrome whose signs and symptoms can be observed in early stage in our hospital.Having got records within the first 24 hours and succedent two days,which include vision,hyperemia of the eyeball,corneal edema,keratic precipitates(KP),Dyndall’s sign,pupillary light reflex,intraocular pressure.Main symptoms and diagnosis of the day were recorded as well.RESULTS:Although all 31 patients could be diagnosed as Posne-Schlossman syndrome eventually,in the first 24 hours only 15 patients’(48%)diagnosis were Posner-Schlossman syndrome,in the succedent two days 23(74%) and 29 patients’(93%) diagnosis were Posner-Schlossman syndrome in sequence.CONCLUSION:Posner-Schlossman syndrome can be divided into three types clinically:typical Posner-Schlossman syndrome,KP type and high-intraocular-pressure type.The last two types are more difficult to diagnose in early stage.KP and distending feeling of the eyeball are important signs and symptoms.

Abstract:AIM:To look for the minimum effective dosage of intravitreal injection with triamcinolone acetonide(TA) for diabetic macular edema(DME).METHODS:A total of 45 eyes in 38 DME patients who were diagnosed by FFA were collected.They were divided into two groups:22 eyes in group A and the other 23 eyes in group B.Different dosage of 40g/L TA(2mg or 4mg) were respectively used for intravitreal injection for the two groups.Before the treatment,the average best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) was 0.06±0.06 and 0.06±0.05 in the two groups respectively(t=0.076,P=0.94),and all the intraocular pressure(IOP) was below 21mmHg.The average follow-up duration was 6 months after treatment.The BCVA,IOP,changes of lens and ocular fundus and FFA before and after treatment were observed.RESULTS:The average BCVA after treatment was 0.13±0.05 and 0.12±0.04 in the two groups respectively.The differences caused by treatment for each group were statistically significant(t=-4.39,P=0.00;t=-5.75,P=0.00).The hypertension rate was 9%(2 eyes) in group A and 39%(9 eyes) in group B(χ2=3.99,P=0.04).For 19 eyes in group A and 22 eyes in group B,the treatment showed effective by FFA(χ2=0.32,P=0.56).The recurrence rate was 23% and 13% respectively,the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=0.21,P=0.64).No refractory glaucoma and cataract development eye occurred.Intravitreous injection with TA again was effective if macular edema recurred.CONCLUSION:No matter the dosage is 2mg or 4mg,intravitreous injection with TA is a promising therapeutic method for DME,its short-term recurrence rate is not obviously different.But 2mg TA injection may cause less increased IOP than 4mg TA injection.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the outcome of the anteroposterior surgery combined with silicone oil implantation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).METHODS:Totally 51 eyes of 43 PDR patients underwent anteroposterior surgery combined with silicone oil implantation from March 2008 to June 2011,whose postoperative best-corrected visual activity,reattachment of retina and complications were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS:Totally 39 eyes(76%) showed improved visual acuity postoperatively.9 eyes(18%) showed unimproved.3 eyes(6%) showed vision impaired.All eyes(100%) showed anatomic repair of retinal detachment after the surgery.4 eyes occurred retinal detachment after silicon oil dislodgment,anatomically repaired after second surgery.CONCLUSION:Anteroposterior surgery combined with silicone oil implantation,which can improve visual acuity postoperatively,to avoid the complications of cataract surgery and decrease the incidence rate of rehaemorrhagia and retinal detachment after vitrectomy,is safe and effective in treating patients with PDR.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage.METHODS:Seventy-five eyes of seventy-two patients with vitreous hemorrhage due to varied etiology underwent pars plana vitrectomy combined with cataract removal and/or IOL implantation,extraction of intraocular foreign bodies,membrane peeling,endodiathermy,endophotocoagulation,transscleral cryotherapy and long-acting tamponades according to particular situation respectively.RESULTS:Diagnosis included:traumatic vitreous hemorrhage(27 eyes),retinal branch/central vein obstruction(15 eyes),proliferative diabetic retinopathy(12 eyes),Eales’ disease(9 eyes),rhegmatogenous vitreous hemorrhage(9 eyes),age-related macular degeneration(3 eyes).Postoperative follow-up ranged from 6 to 48 months(mean,18.6 months).The final visual acuity improved in 72 eyes(96%).Of the 75 eyes,65 eyes(87%) had a best postoperative visual acuity of 0.05 or better,54 eyes(72%) had visual acuity of 0.2 or better,23 eyes(30.66%) had visual acuity of 0.5 or better,only 3 eyes visual acuity didn’t improved(4%).There was significant difference between preoperative and postoperative vision(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Vitreous hemorrhage with serious ocular trauma,massive and unresolved vitreous hemorrhage,repeat vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment found with B-ultrasonic examination should timely undergo vitrectomy to improve and protect their visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effects of methylprednisolone systemic and local application for uveitis.METHODS:Eighty-six 86 cases(157 eyes) of uveitis patients were analysed retrospectively and treated at the Ophthalmology Department of the First Hospital of China Medical University.Methylprednisolone 500-1 000 mg was transfused per day for stoss during the first 3-5 days,and then changed to prednisone 1mg/kg·d orally,and decrement gradually.Methylprednisolone 40mg was locally applicated by injection behind the eyeball during the first 3-5 days,and then decrement gradually,adjusting the medication according to patient’s condition.The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),the recovery of uveitis and exudative detachment of retina by ophthalmoscope,the fluorescence leakage of FFA and macular retinal thickness by OCT were observed before and after the treatment.RESULTS:At the end of the follow-up period,the BCVA improved in 128 eyes(81.5%),remained unchanged in 16 eyes(10.2%),and degraded in 13 eyes(8.3%);the uveitis and retina detachment were recovery in 149 eyes(94.9%);the leakage of FFA were no or little in 131 eyes(83.4%);the macular retinal thickness by OCT examination were lower in 134 eyes(85.4%),14 eyes(8.9%) were unchanged and 9 eyes(5.7%) were aggravated.CONCLUSION:The systemic and local application of methylprednisolone for uveitis is effective,which can effectively control the uveitis and improve visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clininal effect of limbal stem cell autograft transplantation with bulbar conjunctival flap in the pterygium.METHODS:Totally 96 patients 112 eyes with pterygium were treated by limbal stem cell autograft transplantation with bulbar conjunctival flap.Postoperative reaction,graft vitality and recurrence of pterygium were observed.RESULTS:All cases were found with transient reaction,the grafts grew well without serious complication and no recurrence was found during the follow-up of 6-12 months.CONCLUSION:Limbal stem cell autograft transplantion with bulbar conjunctival flap is effective and safe for treatment of pterygium.It is good-looking on the ocular surface and recurence rate is lower,which is a method worth popularizing.

Abstract:AIM:To observe clinical effect of Methycobal combined with Fufang Xueshuantong capsule and Vitaminum B1 in treatment on diabetic ophthalmoplegia.METHODS:In recent four years,64 cases were asked to take orally Methycobal combined with Fufang Xueshuantong capsule and VitaminumB1 in treatment of diabetic ophthalmoplegia on foundation of treatment on diabetes.Fufang Xueshuantong capsule and VitaminumB1 treatment were established as control group.RESULTS:After 2-16 weeks of treatment,symptoms of two groups disappeared or relieved inordinately.After 3 months of treatment,the efficacies of treatment with Methycobal combined with Fufang Xueshuantong capsule and VitaminumB1 were superior to the control group.CONCLUSION:Methycobal combined with Fufang Xueshuantong capsule and VitaminumB1 is effective and safe in the treatment for acute diabetic ophthalmoplegia.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the CT findings of orbital trauma and the application value of CT in orbital trauma.METHODS:The CT findings of 950 patients with orbital trauma from February 2008 to June 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS:Among them,846 patients were found with orbit fractures or periorbital fractures by CT scan,103 patients were detected with intra-orbital soft tissue injury.CONCLUSION:The CT scan can sensitively detect the sign of orbital injury,should be a valuable method in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To assess and compare the thicknesses of central fovea of macula and retinal nerve fiber layer in normal children and children with ametropic amblyopia.METHODS:Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT) was performed on 20 children(40 eyes) with ametropic amblyopia,the mean age was 6.15±1.64 years old,spherical equivalent was 1.50-7.00D,axis oculi was 22.07±0.97mm;OCT was also performed on 25 normal children(50 eyes),the mean age was 8.62±2.42 years old,spherical equivalent was 0.57±1.07D,axis oculi was 22.81±0.72mm.Thicknesses of central fovea of macula and retinal nerve fiber layer were measured.In this study,t-test and Pearson test with SPSS 13.0 software were used to assess and compare the thicknesses of central fovea of macula and retinal nerve fiber layer in normal children and children with ametropic amblyopia.RESULTS:The average thickness of the fovea was 136.60±13.82μm in normal eyes and 132.98±14.99μm in amblyopic eyes.The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The average thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber layer was 110.40±7.63μm in normal eyes and 116.95±9.59μm in amblyopic eyes.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.01).There was negative correlation between average thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber layer and axis in normal eyes(r=-0.31,P<0.05),but there was no significantly correlation in amblyopic eyes(r=0.12,P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness may be affected by ametropic amblyopia,but further histopathologic confirmation is needed.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the digital photorefraction device refitted from the pocket-sized digital camera in the vision screening of infants.METHODS:One hunderd infants aged from 6 months to 72 months were screened by the digital photorefraction device.The results were compared with clinical examination and retinoscopy.RESULTS:The specificities of the simple device in hyperopia,myopia,astigmatism,anisometropia,strabismus were:96.46%,95.29%,96.75%,98.97%,100%,and the sensitivities were:82.76%,93.33%,84.78%,75.00%,100%.CONCLUSION:The simple device is characterized by high sensitivity,good reliability,high specificity,simple operation,low price,easy popularization.It could be used for vision screeing of children.It is applicable to establish and popularize the family mode of vision screening.

Abstract:AIM:To learn dry eye prevalence in ophthalmic clinic patients,analyze the influencing factors of dry eye and give the appropriate health guidance.METHODS:Totally 392 cases(180 male cases,212 female cases)in ophthalmic clinic over the age of 20 were given inquiry-style investigations,dry eye examination [including slit lamp examination,SchirmerⅠtest(SⅠt),break-up time(BUT)] to confirm the diagnosis and analyze the influencing factors of dry eye.RESULTS:The prevalence of dry eye was 13.27% with 4.3% of male,8.9% of female.The prevalence of 20 to 39 years old,40 to 59 years old,≥60 years old was 0.5%,6.9%,5.9%(respectively).Younger than 60 years old group had 29 patients(55.8%).There were 34 cases(65.4%) of environmental factors influence,18 cases(34.6%) of systemic diseases and medication,20 cases(38.5%) of eye diseases and medication and 6 cases(11.5%) of no obvious incentive.22 cases(42.3%)coexisted with two or more of these factors.CONCLUSION:Dry eye have downward trend in age of onset,risky factors are age,gender,systemic diseases and medication,eye diseases and medication,working and living environment and so on.We should base on different factors leading to dry eye to give the appropriate health guidance to reduce the occurrence of dry eye and control the symptoms of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze and discuss the reason of corneal foreign body,treatment and prognosis.METHODS:This retrospective study included 792 cases(803 eyes) with corneal foreign body hurt.The ages,sexes,foreign bodies,classification and prognosis were analyzed.RESULTS:In all cases,747 cases(94.3%) were male and most patients were 19-40 years old.The foreign body was metal in 736 cases(91.7%).And the foreign bodies of 184 eyes(22.9%) were at corneal zone C,335 eyes(41.7%) at cornea zone B,and 284 eyes(35.4%)at cornea zone A.In all cases,58 cases(7.2%) arrived found combined infection.There were no serious complications and vision loss probability of 12 eyes(1.5%).CONCLUSION:Corneal foreign body is a common ocular trauma.And the visions of serious patients may decline.With treatment,most of the patients could recover well.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical effect of penetrating keratoplasty.METHODS:A total of 43 cases(43 eyes) with penetrating keratoplasty were retrospectively studied.RESULTS:Due to immunologic rejection,secondary glaucoma and complicated cataract,corneal graft transparence could be seen in 34 cases(79%),the visual acuity(VA) that was equal or larger than 0.05 could be seen in 37 cases(86%),the VA that was equal or larger than 0.3 could be seen in 16 cases(37%).The main complication of penetrating keratoplasty was immunologic graft rejection that could be seen in 3 cases(7%),secondary glaucoma in 1 case(2%).CONCLUSION:Penetrating keratoplasty is a very effectual method in recovering the patient’s VA partially.And immunologic graft rejection is an important factor in affecting the prognosis of the surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To observe clinical effects of eyelid suture joint deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel for malnutrition corneal ulcer treatment.METHODS:Twenty-two cases(22 eyes) of corneal ulcer in our eye clinic were selected from 2008-12 to 2010-12 and treated with eyelid suture combined with deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel.Efficacy analysis was conducted on the healing of corneal ulcers and vision improvement.RESULTS:Corneal ulcer recovered in 18 eyes(81%),treatment was effective in 4 eyes 19%(P<0.05),preoperative and postoperative visual acuity changes were significantly correlated(r=0.883,P<0.05) CONCLUSION:Eyelid suture combined with deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel to treat malnutrition corneal ulcer has a high ulcer healing rate and can effectively improvevision.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the result of four-point transscleral suture fixation of intraocular lens.METHODS:Totally 20 eyes in 20 cases with ruptured posterior capsule or no posterior capsule or lens displacement were performed cataract surgery with four-point transscleral suture fixation of intraocular lens.15 eyes of them were primarily implanted,5 eyes of them were secondarily implanted.They were followed up for 2-6 months.RESULTS:Of the 20 eyes,7 eyes(35%) had a corrected visual acuity of 1.0 or better.10 eyes(50%) had a corrected visual acuity of 0.5-<0.9.2 eyes(10%) had a corrected visual acuity of 0.2-<0.5.1 eye(5%) had a corrected visual acuity of 0.12 or worse.No IOL were decentered.CONCLUSION:Four-point transscleral suture fixation of intraocular lens is effective on IOL implantation in eyes with ruptured posterior capsule or no posterior capsule or lens displacement.It is safe,has fewer complications,and can ensure the best corrected visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the timing,method and the clinical efficacy for traumatic cataract.METHODS:Fifty cases of traumatic cataract were reviewed to analyse the clinical values of different methods of surgery selected according to the situation of traumatic cataract.RESULTS:Six or 12 months after operation,postoperative vision was increased in all patients.The best corrected vision was 0.05-0.25 in 12 eyes(24%),0.3-0.5 in 22 eyes(44%),> 0.5 in 16 eyes(32%).CONCLUSION:If the operator chooses the appropriate timing and method according to the situation of the eyes,better curative effect can be obtained in surgical treatment of the traumatic cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To summarize the common causes and treatment methods of the corneal epithelial defect continuously after cataract surgery.METHODS:The processing methods and therapeutic effects of different cases were observed.RESULTS:Corneal epithelial in most of the cases recovered slowly after stopping the deactivated hormone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,but some severe cases recovered more slower and easily repeated,especially those with diabetes,the visual function was affected by the remnant corneal macula even after the condition was stable.CONCLUSION:In order to effectively prevent the occurring of the postoperative corneal epithelial defect,preoperative relevant examinations,postoperative timely and accurate treatments are necessary.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the related issues of tunnel incision production techniques in small incision non-phacoemulsification.METHODS:Complications and related issues impacting operation due to improper construction of incision in small incision cataract surgery of 368 eyes were analysed.The tunnel incision production related skills were summed up.RESULTS:Due to incision misoperation,complications of corneal edema,iris damage,hyphema,suspensory ligament rupture,posterior capsule rupture and vitreous prolapse and operational difficulties of incision leakage,iris prolapse,anterior chamber fluctuations,capsulorhexis,nuclear delivery and difficulty of intraocular lens implantation were in total 56 eyes intraoperatively and postoperatively,accounting for 15.2%.There fore,incision was irregular in 15 eyes,accounting for 26.8%;incision was too small in11eyes,accounting for 19.6%;tunnel was too shallow in 8 eyes,accounting for 14.3%;tunnel was too deep in 6 eyes,accounting for 10.7%;tunnel was too short in 11eys,accounting for 19.6%;tunnel was too long in 5 eyes,accounting for 8.9%.Correct tunnel incision was key to successful operation.CONCLUSION:Improper production of surgical incision in small incision non-phacoemulsification will affect operation and cause complications.Therefore,the tunnel incision should be constructed in strict accordance with the incision construction principle,and production skills should be mastered.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the value of puncture of anterior chamber(PAC) in the treatment of high intraocular pressure(HIP) persistent status.METHODS:Thirty-eight eyes in HIP status of 38 patients whose IOP could not be reduced effectively with conventional drug treatment received treatment of PAC.RESULTS:All patients treated by PAC got symptomatic relief,including low intraocular pressure,easement of ophthalmalgia and headache,improvement of eyesight in varying degrees and average IOP of 17mmHg.CONCLUSION:Puncture of anterior chamber is an effective and safe clinical treatment to high intraocular pressure persistent status.It can quickly reduce IOP and alleviate the suffering of patients,protect the function of vision caused by the high lOP and also cut down incidence of drug side effect.

Abstract:AIM:To study the relation of oxygen therapy time and concentration and retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) stage.METHODS:The retina of premature infants with birth-weight ≤2500g and gestation-age ≤32 weeks are examined by indirect ophthalmoscope in 16 weeks.RESULTS:There are 43 cases(86 eyes) are diagnosed ROP.The pathological degree is more aggravated with the higher oxygen concentration and longer oxygen therapy time.When the oxygen concentration≥40%,retina pathological degree of 35.3% ROP infants are over III stage.When the time of oxygen therapy ≥7 days,retina pathological degree of 27.8% ROP infants are over III stage.CONCLUSION:The continuing low discharge oxygen therapy is criterion one.When the higher oxygen discharge is needed,the way to cut down oxygen discharge step by step can decrease the incidence of ROP.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the incidence of submacular fluid and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) after vitrectomy or buckle surgery for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.METHODS:Thirty-one patients(31 eyes) with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were devided into 2 groups,group A(15 patients,15 eyes) and group B(16 patients,16 eyes).Patients in group A were treated with scleral buckling.Patients in group B were treated with vitrectomy.Patients were examined BCVA as well as optical coherence tomography(OCT) at 1 month,3 and 6 months after surgery with indirect ophthalmoscopy.RESULTS:Indirect ophthalmoscopy indicated that all retinal detachments were reattached at 1 month postoperatively.The BCVA of group B was better than group A at 1 month after surgery,and there was no significant statistical difference between two groups at 3 and 6 months after sugery.Postoperative OCT examination at 1 month showed the incidence of submacular fluid was statistically different between two groups.The submacular fluid was gradually absorbed in group A during the follow-up.CONCLUSION:Submacular fluid often occurs after scleral buckling surgery,but the BCVA of two groups was not different during the long-term follow-up.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze principal causes of postoperative retinal re-detachment of simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD) scleral buckling microsurgery in order to take effective measures and improve the success of surgery.METHODS:Fifteen cases(15 eyes) of postoperative retinal re-detachment of simple RRD Scleral Buckling microsurgery were studied to search for principal cause of retinal re-detachment.Then a conclusion was drawn that PVR was under B[1]in all retinal re-detachment cases.RESULTS:In post operative follow-up of 1 year,new split pore took place in 7 eyes(46.7%).Original split pore was not closed in 4 eyes(26.7%).Missing hole was in 2 eyes(13.3%).Detachment of choroid was in 1 eye(6.7%) and PVR was in 1 eye(6.7%).CONCIUSION:Principal causes of retinal re-detachment under Scleral Buckling microsurgery of RRD include new split pore,unenclosed original split pore and missing hole.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effects on reducing the corneal ingury and recurrence of pterygium by combined using of preoperative Xiongfansan and intraoperative biological amniotic membrane transplantation.METHODS:Totally 43 patients(56 eyes) with pterygium,including primary 45 eyes and recurrent 11 eyes,were treated with preoperative Xiongfansan and intraoperative biological amniotic membrane transplantation,and followed up 12-18 months.RESULTS:Totally 52 eyes(93%) were cured,and recurrence was in 4 eyes(7%) with primary 2 eyes and recurrent 2 eyes of pterygium.Xiongfansan did not cause severe chemical damage on cornea,the complications including melting necrosis,ulceration and infection did not occur on corneosclera.CONCLUSION:The effects of combined using of Xiongfansan and biological amniotic membrane transplantation on pterygium is well,with quick repair,low recurrence rate and no rejection.It is an ideal method and should be widely used.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of the anterograde and retrograde resection for treatment of pterygium.METHODS:From January 2006 to June 2010,totally 320 patients of 320 eyes with pterygium were randomly divided into 2 groups and underwent different operations.Pterygium was treated with anterograde resection combined with mitomycin C(MMC) for 128 eyes,and pterygium was treated with retrograde resection combined with MMC for 192 eyes.RESULTS:One year after operation,effective rate of the anterograde resection group and retrograde resection group were 91.4%(117 cases) and 97.4%(187 cases)respectively,which had statistically significant difference(P=0.016).CONCLUSION:The retrograde resection combined with MMC is an effective approach for pterygium.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effects of emergent vitrectomy for posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies.METHODS:A retrospective study of 32 consecutive cases(32 eyes)of pars plana vitrectomy for the removal of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies in emergency treatment during January 2005 to June 2010 was conducted.The study group consisted of 32 eyes for 28 males and 4 females,aged from 18 to 50 years old.The site of wound entrance was in the cornea in 12 cases,in the sclera in 8 cases,and in the corneoscleral limbus in 12 cases.The intraocular foreign body was found to be in the vitreous in 22 cases and embedded in the retina in 10 cases.Associated lesions were traumatic cataract in 22 cases,vitreous hemorrhage in 29 cases,hyphema in 4 cases,retinal detachment in 5 cases.RESULTS:The foreign bodies were extracted successfully in 30 cases.Postoperative visual acuity improved in 12 cases,did not change in 10 cases,and decreased in 10 cases.During the postoperative period,secondary glaucoma were observed in 4 cases,retinal detachment in 3 cases,phthisis bulbi in 2 cases.Operation was canceled because of corneal opacity in 1 case and because of intraocular hemorrhage in the other case,whose foreign bodies were successfully removed in the elective surgery.CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy for emergency treatment of foreign bodies is found to be an effective therapeutic approach in removing posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies in time.

Abstract:AIM:To study the feasibility of application of lower eyelid constrictor resection in the treatment of mild to moderate lower eyelid retraction.METHODS:Sixteen cases(24 eyes) with mild to moderate lower eyelid retraction treated in plastic clinic of our hospital from 2007-2010 were chosen with 11 male cases(14 eyes),5 females cases(10 eyes) and age 19-56 years,mean age 32 years.Among them were 10 cases(18 eyes) of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy,3 cases(3 eyes) after cosmetic eye bags resection,2 cases(2 eyes) after orbital inferior wall fracture surgery,1 case(1 eye)after inferior rectus surgery,all of them underwent lower eyelid constrictor resection under local anesthesia.after 6-18 months,follow-up,average 8.9 months.RESULTS:All patients had their lower eyelid retraction corrected,the correction amount was 1.0-3.0 mm,mean 2.5 mm.CONCLUSION:Lower eyelid constrictor resection for the treatment of mild to moderate lower eyelid retraction is an ideal approach,worthy of clinical application.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the method and advantages of selfmade lacrimal probe in the treatment of infant dacryocystitis.METHODS:Totally 230 cases(245 eyes) with infant dacryocystitis who received three times unsuccessful lacrimal passage irrigation previously were performed probing of lacrimal passage with selfmade lacrimal probe.RESULTS:Probing of lacrimal passage with selfmade lacrimal probe was performed in 230 cases 1-5 times,and the cure rate was 99.2%.CONCLUSION:Selfmade lacrimal probe is an easy and effective method for the treatment of infant dacryocystitis.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the timing of operation and safety of probing of lacrimal passage in neonatal dacryocystitis.METHODS:A retrospective case series study.137 out-patients(165 eyes) with neonatal dacryocystitis were selected from January 2009 to June 2010 in our hospital,and treatment conditions were analyzed.RESULTS:In this study,of the 137 cases of 165 eyes,64 eyes were in children with age≤3 months,in which 16 eyes cured with pressure probing,48 eyes cured with probing one time ;68 eyes were in children with age 3-6 months,in which 4 eyes cured with pressure washing,62 eyes cured with once probing,1 eye cured with twice probing,1 case(1 eye) was not followed up;24 eyes was in children with age of 6-12 months,in which 12 eyes cured with once probing,8 eyes cured with twice probing,2 eyes cured with 3 times probing,2 cases(2 eyes) were not followed up;9 eyes was in children with age of 12-18 months,in which 6 eyes cured with once probing,3 eyes cured with twice probing.CONCLUSION:In neonatal dacryocystitis patients with normal physical development,aged above 2 months,probing of lacrimal passage should be performed as soon as possible which is also safe and feasible.

Abstract:AIM:To research into the etiology of dry eye to supply evidence,which the diagnosis is based on,to decrease the misdiagnosis.METHODS:The causes of 83 patients with dry eye were reviewed,of which 16 patients were misdiagnosed.According to the symptoms,less stability of tear film,decreased secretion of tear and damage on the surface of eyeball,diagnosis was made systematically.RESULTS:The most common causes were video display terminal syndrome(29%),followed by chronic blepharitis(14%),Sjogren’s syndrome(14%).10 patients were misdiagnosed for chronic conjunctivitis,2 patients were misdiagnosed for viral keratitis,and other 4 patients were misdiagnosed for etiology of dry eye.CONCLUSION:Although these causes do not induce dry eye essentially,understanding and searching for them constructively supplies evidence to diagnosis and reduces misdiagnosis.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate individualized rigid gas permeable contact lenses(RGP) in controlling juvenile’s myopia progress.METHODS:Niety patients(180 eyes) with-0.75DS--6.00 DS myopia were observed refraction,corneal curvature and ocular axis 1 month,3,6 months,1 year,2 years after the individualized wearing of RGP.RESULTS:RGP could effectively control the progress of juvenile’s myopia.CONCLUSION:Individualized RGP can control the progress of juvenile’s myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the cycloplegic effect of cyclopentolate hydrochloride and atropine in children with hyperopia.METHODS:Ninety-six children with hyperopia(192 eyes) were subjected to cycloplegic refractometry by cyclopentolate hydrochloride followed with atropine,to compare and analyze the refractive results and systemic side reactions.RESULTS:The effect on refractive results had no significant difference in two medicines(P>0.05).As for incidence rate of systemic side effects,cyclopentolate hydrochloride was lower than atropine(12.5%).CONCLUSION:The cyclopentolate hydrochloride is a powerful,quick and safe cycloplegia medicine,especially for children with hyperopia.