Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of EffecteneTM lipofectine mediated plasmids encoding human pcDNA4-vascular endothelia growth inhibitor(pcDNA4-VEGI) gene on corneal neovascularization(CNV).METHODS:Forty New Zealand albino rabbits were sutured by 5-0 silk on the superior cornea to induce CNV and divided into 4 random teams,ten per each team:team A:transfected by pcDNA4-VEGI gene mediated by EffecteneTM lipofectine transfection;team B:by plasmid pcDNA4;team C:by EffecteneTM,and team D:by normal saline.Length and area of CNV were observed under slit lamp every day after transfection.Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of VEGI protein in corneas at day 3,7,14 and 21.RESULTS:1) Average occurrence of CNV was 6.3 days in team A,3.1 days in team B,3.2 days in team C,and 3.2 days in team D.Difference was significant between A and other teams(P<0.01);2) Length and average area of CNV in each period in team A was significantly different from those in team B,C and D(P<0.01);3) VEGI expressions were observed in epithelium,stroma,endothelium and the cliff of CNV in team A at 3 days after transfection by immunohistochemical staining.None VEGI positive cells were found in the control teams(team B,C and D) all the time.CONCLUSION:EffecteneTM lipofectine transfection technique can effectively transfect pcDNA4-VEGI gene into rabbit cornea and the length and CNV areas can be inhibited by VEGI gene.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the frequency of HIV-related ocular involvement and to describe the characteristics of involvement in a special clinic in Tehran.METHODS:In this cross sectional study,141 patients(125 male and 16 female,282 eyes) of HIV-infected patients with various stages of HIV infection that were referred to Center of behavioral diseases were evaluated during a period of 7 months.Every patient had a complete profile including demographic data,method of HIV transmission,recent CD4 T cell lymphocyte count,serological studies for common sexual or blood-born viruses and toxoplasmosis,history of antiretroviral therapy,and associated systemic disease.RESULTS:A total of 141 patients were evaluated.HIV-related ocular involvement was detected in 15 patients(10.6%),including 3 mycobacterium tuberculosis-related choroiditis,2 cytomegalovirusretinitis,2 retinal toxoplasmosis,2 herpes simplex virus-related lesions,1 HIV-associated retinopathy,1 herpes zoster ophthalmicus,1 undetermined vitritis,and 3 cases of cranial nerve involvement including 2 cases of gaze palsy and 1 case of papilitis.In our study,mean CD4 T cell lymphocyte count was fewer in patients with ocular involvement than in patients without ocular involvement(204.7±123.8 vs 403.7±339.7,P=0.029),but there was no difference in other possible associated factors between two groups.CONCLUSION:Mycobacterium tuberculosis-related choroiditis and neurophthalmic lesions are the most common HIV-related ocular involvements in Tehran that is different from those of recent publications in developed countries.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the efficiency and safety of fibrin glue to suture technique in pterygium surgery performed with limbal autograft.METHODS:A prospective randomised clinical trial was carried out in 58 eyes of 58 patients operated for primary nasal pterygium.Autologous conjunctival graft taken from the superotemporal limbus was used to cover the sclera after pterygium excision.In 29 eyes,the transplant was attached to the sclera with a fibrin tissue adhesive(Beriplast P) and in 29 eyes with 8-0 Virgin silk sutures.The Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis.Postoperative patient discomfort(pain,stinging,watering) and biomicroscopic findings(hyperemia,edema) were graded.Patients were followed up at least for six months.RESULTS:Subconjunctival hemorrhage occured under the graft in one patient in group 1.In seven cases of group 2,sutures were removed at the 15th day because of granulomatous tissue reaction.Patient symptoms were significantly less and biomicroscopic findings were better in group 1.Pterygium recurrence was seen in one case of group 1,and 2 cases of group 2.Average surgery cost was higher(P<0.05) and surgery time was shorter(P<0.05) in fibrin group.CONCLUSION:Using fibrin glue for graft fixation in pterygium surgery causes significantly less postoperative pain and shortens surgery time significantly.

Abstract:AIM:To screen TIGR/myocilin gene(MYOC) mutation in high myopic Chinese children with family history.METHODS:Gene sequencing was performed in exon 3 of the TIGR gene in high myopic Chinese Children.The coding sequence of TIGR exon 3 was screened by capillary electrophoresis sequencing.The sequence alterations were analyzed by bioinformatics.RESULTS:TIGR gene mutation was not found in high myopic patients and normal controls group.CONCLUSION:No identified gene mutation is found in TIGR gene in high myopic Chinese children.

Abstract:We describe a 27-year-old gentleman who presented with sudden loss of left vision after a football match.As there was no improvement with previous treatment,he was referred to us for second opinion three weeks after initial presentation.Examination showed a quiet left eye with large whitish lesion with fluid level in the macula.It posed a dilemma in diagnosis as possibility of infectious cause could not be ruled out.Pars plana vitrectomy with vitreous biopsy was done and it showed old organised blood from premacular haemorrhage resulted from valsalva retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the influence of CTGF-ASON on expression of CTGF and α-SMA induced by transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in normal human lens epithelial cells(HLECs).METHODS:CTGF-ASON was transduced into normal HLECs by cotransfection with lipofectamine 2000 or direct ways.The transfection ratio of FITC-labeled ASON was measured by fluoroscope and the proliferation of HLECs was measured by CCK-8 assay.The expression of CTGF and α-SMA was detected by RT-PCR.RESULTS:Direct ASON transfection was slow,and no obvious cytotoxicity was observed within 72 hours.The proliferation of HLECs was not inhibited by direct ASON transfection until 72 hours.ASON treated for 48 hours,Culture in TGF-β1 caused profound increase of CTGF and α-SMA that can be inhibited by direct ASON transfection,but not missense oligonucleotides transfection.CONCLUSION:CTGF-ASON can abrogate the influence of TGF-β1 on increase of CTGF and α-SMA mRNA in HLECs.CTGF may be a potential therapeutic target to posterior capsular opacification.

Abstract:AIM:To establish the dry eye apoptosis model caused by the reduction of androgen levels,to explore the effect of Buddleja officinalis total flavonoids drug-containing plasma for activating the expression of AR mRNA;detect the expression of AR mRNA with the same method after using androgen receptor blockers,to determine relationship of the expression of AR mRNA with the binding effect of AR receptor in the Buddleja officinalis total flavonoids drug-containing plasma.METHODS:In vitro lacrimal gland epithelial cells were isolated and cultivated.The apoptosis of epithelial cells of rat lacrimal gland were inducted by H2O2,the dry eye apoptosis state caused by the reduction of androgen levels were established.There were the blank plasma group,Buddleia officinalis plasma total flavonoids interfere with drug-containing group,the intervention group of testosterone propionate,the expression of AR mRNA in each group was observed and androgen receptor blocker flutamide was used to explore the intended androgen effect of Buddleja officinalis total flavonoids.RESULTS:The results of Western blot showed that after the intervention of drug-containing plasma,the expression of AR mRNA in Buddleja officinalis drug-containing plasma total flavonoids intervention group and testosterone propionate intervention group were enhanced and the differences between the two groups were significant(P<0.01).After using the androgen receptor blocker in all groups,the expression of AR mRNA in each group had no difference(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Buddleja officinalis total flavonoids drug-containing plasma can promote the expression of AR mRNA which is associated with the combination of Buddleja officinalis total flavonoids drug-containing plasma and the AR receptor,creating the same androgen effect with testosterone propionate.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the mechanism of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI)-benazepril(BZ) on the protection of diabetic retinopathy.METHODS:Streptozotocin(60mg/kg)was intraperitoneally injected to establish the diabetic model in 24 male SD rats as experimental group,model rats were divided into diabetes mellitus(DM) group and benazepril(BZ) group,control group was also established.BZ was given to treatment group at dose of 10mg/kg per day by gavage.24 weeks later,plasma angiotensin Ⅱ was detected and immunohistochemistry,Western blot were used to assess the expression of VEGF protein in retina.The changes of basement membrane thickness(BMT) of retinal vessels were observed by transmission electron microscopeRESULTS:The level of plasma angiotesin Ⅱ and retinal VEGF protein expression were significantly higher in DM rats than in control groups and showed a significant reduction in BZ treated diabetic rats(P<0.01).BMT of retinal vessels increased in DM rats and extenuated in BZ treated diabetic rats.CONCLUSION:BZ can reduce retinal VEGF protein expression by inhibiting the level of plasma angiotensin Ⅱand ameliorate BMT of retinal vessels in DM rats.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect and mechanism of candesartan(Can) for diabetic retinopathy(DR) in rats.METHODS:Of 45 male SD rats,8 rats were obtained at random as normal control group.The diabetic rat model was built by tail vein injection of streptozotocin(STZ).Except for 5 died or not successful model rats,successful model rats were randomly divided into diabetes group,Can treatment group,insulin treatment group,Can and insulin treatment group.Per group had 8 rats.The plasma AngⅡ was determined by radioimmunoassay,and retinal AT1R,NF-κB protein expressions were measured by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:The plasma AngⅡ increased in all groups.Compared with diabetes group,insulin treatment group decreased significantly,and Can treatment group increased significantly.Normal control group had little AT1R,NF-κB protein expression.The expression of AT1R,NF-κB protein levels increased significantly in diabetes group.It all decreased in these treatment groups,and it decreased significantly in Can and insulin treatment groups.CONCLUSION:Can can inhibit the combination of Ang Ⅱ and AT1R,and it decreases the expression of AT1R,NF-κB protein levels.Therefore,candesartan has protective effect on DR.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of oligofectamine mediated platelet-derived growth factor-α(PDGF-α) receptor antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide(ASODN) transfection on retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) proliferation and apoptosis in vitro.METHODS:After PDGF-α receptor ASODN was transfected into RPE with lipofectamineTM2000 at different concentrations,the proliferation of RPE was detected by MTT.Hoechst staining was used to display the apoptosis form of RPE.Flow cytometry method was applied to detect the change of cell cycle and apoptosis index.RESULTS:Compared with control group,PDGF-α receptor ASODN group could effectively inhibit the proliferation of RPE;the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells was enhanced and there was significance in increasing apoptosis cells(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:PDGF-α receptor ASODN could induce G0/G1arrest,inhibit cell proliferation,accelerate apoptosis in RPE cells.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of ciliochoroidal detachment combined with implantation of silica gel buckling band on aqueous outflow in rabbit eyes.METHODS:Two groups were set up from 12 rabbits,experimental ciliochoroidal detachment combined with implantation of silica gel buckling band was performed on 6 rabbits’ right eyes,each eye of the other 6 rabbits received trabeculectomy as control.At 10,21,42 days postoperatively,the intraocular pressure,coefficient of aqueous outflow facility(C-value) were observed.RESULTS:Ten days postoperatively,IOP decrease percentage was consistent between experimental ciliochoroidal detachment combined with implantation of silica gel buckling band group(33.7±3.7)% and trabeculectomy group(32.2%±3.8%,P=0.501).At postoperative day 21,in experimental group,IOP decrease percentage was(14.7±1.6)%,which was larger than that in trabeculectomy group(2.3%±9.1%,P=0.013),IOP returned to normal at 6th week postoperatively in experimental group,while at 21st day postoperatively in trabeculectomy group.At 10th day postoperatively,C-value was 0.38±0.03 in experimental group and 0.35±0.03 in trabeculectomy group(P=0.16),at 21st day postoperatively,it was 0.26±0.03 and 0.21±0.02(P=0.006),and at 6th week postoperatively,it was 0.18±0.02 and 0.19±0.03 respectively(P=0.765).CONCLUSION:Ciliochoroidal detachment combined with implantation of silica gel buckling band could effectively reduce IOP of rabbits,increase the C-value,and enhance the uveoscleral outflow.

Abstract:AIM:To quantify the changes in the anterior chamber volume(ACV),anterior chamber depth(ACD) and anterior chamber angle(ACA) measurements obtained by the Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera following phacoemulsification surgery in age-related cataract eyes.METHODS:Totally 220 eyes of 200 age-related cataract patients who underwent cataract extraction between October 2007 and May 2009 were selected.Patients with a history of angle-closure glaucoma or any other ocular diseases were excluded.Intraocular pressure(IOP) measurement was performed using Goldmann applanation tonometer(GAT).The parameters including ACV,ACD and inferior,superior,temporal and nasal ACA measurements were obtained using the Pentacam system before and 1 month and 6 months after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation.Data were compared using paired t-test and one-way ANOVA.The relationships between IOP and ACV,ACD or ACA were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS:Mean preoperative ACV,ACD,ACA and IOP measurements were 152.25±39.87mm3,2.86±0.55mm,28.56°±4.87°,15.54±2.23mmHg respectively.One month postoperatively,mean ACV,ACD,ACA and IOP measurements were 189.65±36.73mm3,4.02±0.53mm,39.72°±5.02°,13.02±1.97mmHg,respectively.Six months postoperatively,mean ACV,ACD,ACA and IOP measurements were 191.47±33.79 mm3,4.01±0.38mm,42.02°±5.98°,12.76±1.52mmHg,respectively.Postoperative mean ACV,ACD and ACA value in all four quadrants were significantly increased both at 1month and 6 months postoperatively(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01),and IOP was significantly reduced(P<0.01).There was no significant difference between 1 month and 6 months postoperatively.CONCLUSION:The Pentacam system is automatic,easy,fast,and non-contact when used for the anterior chamber parameters pre-and postoperatively in all patients’ eyes.Measurements obtained confirm that in age-related cataract eyes,the ACV and ACD increase and the ACA widens in all four quadrants 1 month and 6 months after phacoemulsification and foldable IOL implantation.These changes accompany with a significant fall in IOP.There are no significant changes between 6 months and 1 month postoperatively.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the effects of Acrysof Natural intraocular lens(IOL)implantation and silicone IOL implantation,for cataract with exfoliation syndrome(EFS).METHODS:Totally 65 EFS cataract patients(70 eyes) who had no glaucoma history were selected,and phacoemulsification was performed in the patients.60 cases 63 eyes had no complications during operation.30 cases 33 eyes were implanted Acrysof Natural IOL,the another,30 cases 30 eyes,were implanted silicone IOL with implantation apparatus.The complications,visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP),anterior chamber,the stability of IOL were statistically analyzed at 1 day,1 week,3 months,1 year after operation.RESULTS:Acrysof Natural with slow progresion in implantation and good controllablility could still be properly implanted even if the EFS patients’ pupils were not easily dilated,and without any other complication.In contrast,silicone spread quickly rotated during operation in 7 eyes,Posterior capsule rupture happened in 5 eyes(16.6%) during implantation because the observation and control became more difficult due to pupil dwindled in some defected zonule cases(7 eyes).One silicone IOL sprung into vitreous body.The implantion through ciliary sulcus after taking it out from vitreous body was chose.The postoperative visual acuity of posterior capsule rupture was not calculated in the statistics.CONCLUSION:IOL implantation surgery for cataract patients with EFS has high risks because it is not so easy to dilate their pupils and their ciliary zonule is brittle.Some complications occur in surgery,such as posterior capsule rupture,ciliary zonule break,vitreous body prolapsus and IOL dislocation.The softer Acrysof Natural IOL with slow progression,good controll ability in operation and few complication is applied widely.It also has some other advantages,such as relatively thin optical parts,better stability,relatively deeper anterior chamber,more compatible with organisms,slighter postoperative reaction.

Abstract:AIM:To compare clinical effects of cataract with high myopia patients implanted three different kinds of intraocular lens(IOL).METHODS:Sixty-eight cataract with high myopia eyes undertook phacoemulsification and IOL implantation,including three different kinds of IOL.1-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOL(Bigbag,Zeiss);1-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOL(620H,Rayner);and 1-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOL(HQ201-hep).Anterior chamber depth after mydriasis,tilt and deviation of IOL were measured using Scheimpflug system(Pentacam,Oculus) and analyzed with Image-pro plus 6.0 software.RESULTS:Comparison of the anterior chamber deepth among the three groups was statistically significant(F=50.74,P<0.05).Difference between postoperative actual refraction and target refraction was not statistically significant(F=1.391,P>0.05).Deviation and tilt of IOL among the three groups showed no statistical significance(P>0.05).No eyes were detected posterior capsule opacification,macula edema and retinal detachment.CONCLUSION:Three different kinds of IOL can be implanted for cataract patients with high myopia,but each has its advantages and limitations.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of sodium hyaluronate(SH)combined with mitomycin C(MMC) in trabeculectomy for congenital glaucoma.METHODS:Forty patients 69 eye were divided into experimental group(33 eyes) and control group(36 eyes) randomly.Trabeculectomy and MMC treatment were performed in all cases,After intermittent suture scleral flap,SH was injected into the anterior chamber and under the sutured scleral flaps in experimental group,however the control group was injected with balanced salt solution(BSS).Visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP),the depth of anterior chamber,the filter bleb and complications in the two groups were recorded and analyzed.All patients were followed up for 6 months.RESULTS:Postoperatively,there was no statistically significant difference in visual acuity between two groups(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences in the mean IOP between two groups were found before the operation or 1month,3 and 6 months after the operation(P>0.05).However,a statistically significant difference in the IOP of the two groups was found in the postoperative first week(P<0.05).The incidence of complications in experimental group regarding Flat anterior chamber,hyphema,choroid detachment and hypotension-induced maculopathy were significantly lower than that in control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:A small amount of SH injected into anterior chamber and scleral flap can reduce the postoperative complications caused by excessive percolation significantly in trabeculectomy combined with MMC for congenital glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of krypton laser peripheral iridoplasty(LPI) for acute attack of primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG).METHODS:Eighty-five patients 85 eyes diagnosed with the acute attack of PACG were prescribed the base treatment.One hour later,they were randomized into two groups:the LPI group 45 eyes with IOP still above or equal 40 mmHg and the medical treatment group 40 eyes with IOP below 40mmHg.Symptoms,visual acuity,corneal clarity,the depth and flare of the anterior chamber,IOP were observed before treatment and 30,60,120 minutes,24 hours after treatment.And the time used to lower IOP to 21 mmHg and the opening of anterior chamber were observed.RESULTS:After one hour,compared with the medical treatment group,the LPl group:symptoms and the corneal edema dissolved faster;the visual acuity rose more and fasten,the differences were statistically significant in IOP at 60,120 minutes after treatment in the two groups,however,no statistical difference at 30 minutes and 24 hours.Compared with IOL before treatment,there was no statistical difference at 30 minutes after treatment,but at 1,2,24 hours after treatment there was statistical difference in LPI group,so was the medical treatment group.The time used to lower IOP to 21mmHg and the opening of anterior chamber were statistically different in two groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:With an effective method,LPI can rapidly reduce the IOP of the acute attack of the PACG,especially better than medical treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical results of transpupillary thermotherapy(TTT) for patients with retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) lesion in central macular region.METHODS:Thirty-eight cases 39 eyes diagnosed with RPE lesion in central macular region by FFA were treated with a diode laser at 810nm.The treatment range was decided by the range of the RPE leakage,RPE detachment or RPE decompensation.Laser parameters were as follows:the diameters of beam spot varied from 800μm to 3000μm,the power from 100mW to 460mW,the duration 60 seconds,beam spots from 1 to 3.The visual acuity,fundus,central visual field and FFA were followed up.RESULTS:The visual acuity and central visual field were improved after laser treatment.The average visual acuity of 39 eyes was 0.5 and 1 month after treatment were 0.67±0.26 and 0.90±0.31 respectively.The difference was significant(t=5.22,8.41,P<0.01) compared with that before the treatment.2 months after treatment the visual acuities increased in 36 eyes(92%).The average visual acuity and mean sensitivity of the 39 eyes were 0.95±0.34 and 25.46±1.74dB respectively.The difference was significant(t=8.67,8.84,P<0.01) compared with the average visual acuity and mean sensitivity before the treatment.FFA showed that fluorescein leakage stopped in 37 eyes.But 1 case recurred during the follow-up time.CONCLUSION:TTT is effective and safe for RPE lesion in the central macular region.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the medium and long-term performance of the Verisyse iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens implantation for patients with high myopia.METHODS:Fifty-six eyes of 37 patients with high myopia who underwent the Verisyse iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens implantation from 2003 to 2006 were analyzed.The mean spherical equivalent was preoperatively(-16.62±3.70) DS,ranged from-10 to-28.5DS.Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),manifest refraction,corneal endothelial cell counting,intraocular pressure and complications were evaluated.RESULTS:The implantation was successful in all of 56 eyes.Compared with preoperative clinical data,UCVA,BCVA and spherical equivalent were improved significantly after surgery.The results remained stable with in 4-7 years follow-up.The changes of corneal endothelial cell counting was not significant at each time point.All corneas remained clear throughout the study.No serious complications such as progressive endothelial cell loss,persistent uveitis,glaucoma,cataract or retinal detachment were observed.CONCLUSION:Medium and long-term results demonstrate that the implantation of the Verisyse iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens for the high myopia is a stable,effective,predictable and safe method with few complications.The method is an alternative to corneal surgery for the correction of refractive errors,especially in patients with severe ametropia unsuitable for excimer laser refractive surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the clinical application value of photopic negative response(PhNR)in amblyopia by comparing the normal adult and amblyopia adult of PhNR.METHODS:PhNR was recorded and analyzed from 30 normal adult eyes and 30 amblyopia adult eyes,using red flashes on a blue background and white flashes on a white background respectively.RESULTS:Amplitudes of PhNR in amblyopia were lower than those of the normal group by red flashes on a blue background and white flashes on a white background,there were statistically significant differences between them.Latencies of PhNR in amblyopia were similar to normal group,there were no statistically significant differences between them.Amplitudes of PhNR by using white flashes on a white background were lower than those by using red flashes on a blue background with statistically significant differences,latencies of PhNR by white flashes on a white background were similar to those by red flashes on a blue background,there were no statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION:The function of retinal ganglion cells of amblyopia is damaged.PhNR by red flashes on a blue background is more sensitive than PhNR by white flashes on a white background.

Abstract:AIM:To demonstrate the accuratissime of a devised software in the strabismometry of comitant strabismus.METHODS:One hundred and seventy-two comitant strabismus patients,including 41 intermittent exotropia,were consecutively included in the study.The new software was used to test the squint angle.The traditional way to test the squint angle including Hirschberg test,prism-cover tests,perimeter test and measurement with major amblyoscope,etc.were compared as controls.The tropia was mainly consulted the perimeter test results.RESULTS:The squint angle tested with software had significant difference with that of the traditional way(P<0.05) in 131 patients of comitant strabismus,excluding the intermittent exotropia.But the comparison had no clinical speciality significance.Difference mean modulus was below 5.However,the difference mean modulus exceeded 5 between the two ways in testing the squint angle in the 41 patients of intermittent exotropia.CONCLUSION:Using the software to test the squint angle in commitant strabismus is a precise way.However it is not suitable for the patients of intermittent exotropia.

Abstract:Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) are well-known for their multipotent and widely used in researches such as tissue repair and cell replacement therapy.The use of MSCs to differentiate into retinal cells could be a promising way for the treatment of some irreversible retinal diseases.Moreover,the recent advances in MSCs research have shown that MSCs could enhance the viability of neurons under a pathological circumstance by secreting some neurotropins.There are also researches on the neuroprotection of MSCs in retinal diseases.Therefore,this could be an alternative for the use of MSCs in retinal diseases.Here we make a brief review on the characteristics of MSCs and the utility of it in retinal disease.

Abstract:Keratoconus is a common non-inflammatory,chronic,progressive,corneal local expansionary disease,with features as follows:the central or beside central corneal stroma thinning,conical prominent deformation in central vertex,corneal loses its normal arc,produces irregular astigmatism and scar,thus leading to the cornea optical performance severely reduction,.The etiology of conical cornea is not yet clear,with certain genetic predisposition,also relevant with collagen developmental disorders,endocrine and metabolic disorder,immune cell defects and so on,also may be multifactor pathogenesis.With generalization of corneal refractive surgical treatment,early diagnosis of keratoconus is of far-reaching significance.Mastering clinical characteristics and common diagnostic criteria,especially early diagnosis,accurate preoperative screening of keratoconus,are very important for implementing corneal refractive surgery,effective prevention and cure of surgical complications.In this paper,clinical features of keratoconus and current treatment methods are briefly discussed.

Abstract:Juvenile glaucoma,one of the common hereditary blindness-causing diseases,has the character of hidden incidence,which causes great danger to the patient.In recent years,this type of glaucoma most commonly occurs in myopia patients with a rising trend.Of the patients,90% do not have the typical glaucoma symptoms,but with "myopia,visual fatigue,headaches,insomnia",and even unconsciously blindness,for which they had the treatment,which turned out to be glaucoma with detailed examination.Therefore,we must be vigilant about the disease for early detection.The clinical manifestations,development process,principles of treatment and prognosis are similar to those of primary open angle glaucoma.This paper reviews the domestic and abroad research advances in drug,laser as well as surgical treatment of juvenile glaucoma.It is hoped that these data can provide some guidance for the treatment of juvenile glaucoma.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) is the chief cause of severe and irreversible loss of vision and blindness for elderly people,and it severely affects the elderly and their family members’ physical and mental health.Based on the analysis of clinical features and pathogenesis of AMD,the latest clinical applications of AMD treatments are reviewed,and the adaptability of various treatments and their limitations are elaborated and explained.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD),known as senile macular degeneration,which is often accompanied by progressive visual impairment,has serious impact on quality of life of the older,and is the world’s third irreversible blinding eye disease.Although AMD has not yet become the leading cause of blindness in Chinese,with the aging of society,incidence of AMD in China has gradually increased.In recent years,domestic and foreign scholars have done a lot of AMD-depth research on this disease and have a further understanding about it,so we summarize the treatment of AMD at present.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most frequent and the most severe micrangium complications of diabetes mellitus,the fundamental pathology characteristic of DR is breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and neovascularization.In the later stage of DR,the formation of the epiretinal membrane,which may tractates the retina and produce detachment of the retina,results in progressive deterioration of vision.The pathogenesis is very complex and has not been elucidated completely.Retinal neovascularization results from both increasing of vascular stimulating factor and reducing of vascular inhibiting factor.VEGF,as an important factor promoting angiogenesis,was widely concerned on the pathogenesis of research and treatment of DR recent years.This article aims to explain the effect of VEGF in the pathogenesis of DR.

Abstract:Infant dacryocystitis which affects appearance and induces conjunctivitis,keratitis,blepharitis lacrimal fistula is a common disease.Patients and their parents suffer from it.So far,there are no unified standard for the time and therapeutic method.The review summarizes the therapy of infant dacryocystitis.

Abstract:Dry eye is a disorder of the tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation which causes damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface(i.e.exposed eye surface) and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort.Dry eye is more common in those elder than 40 because of decreasing tear production with aging.Dry eye in young population has been over-looked.In fact,children with dry eye are increasing and usually don’t respond well to conventional antibiotics therapies.Vitamin A deficiency related keratoconjunctival sicca is used to be the leading cause of blindness in children,but it becomes rare nowadays.However,sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency,video display terminal syndrome,abnormal blinking,contact with pets and toys,systemic inmmune diseases and allergies are also common causes of dry eye in children.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the visual acuity situation of preschool children in Miyun county,and to provide information for the prevention and treatment of vision of preschool children.METHODS:Aged 4-6 years old preschool children in three areas of Miyun county attended the vision acuity examination.The result of visual acuity was analyzed.RESULTS:The subnormal rate of visual acuity in 4,5 and 6 years old was 36.29%,24.43% and 20.86% respectively;in urban was 36.76%,and 24.35% for urban-rural fringe,and 17.08% for rural;Mild occupied 84.38% of the total subnormal in visual acuity subjects,and 8.99% for moderate,and 6.63% for serious.CONCLUSION:The age of 4 years old is the highest among vision subnormal for preschool children.The rate of vision subnormal in urban is highest and the mild is the most.Preschool children’s eye care is an important part of children’s health care,the result from the correct analysis is necessary.

Abstract:AIM:To improve the usage of digital-modified fundus angiography with traditional film for fast focusing and clear pictures with normal light.METHODS:The modified fundus angiography with traditional film was widely used in clinical application,but it had the following defects:it’s difficult to focus on CCD and result in poor clarity;imaging is focused by measured point;a photograph is needed for calculation because of no zero point;time of camera shutter is a little long,and etc.We modified the usage of this kind of imaging machine including:camera’s position is determined according to the reflection of illuminate light on cornea;the image position is based on eye position and refer to the instantaneous image on CCD;the fine-tuning knob is equipped with scale;photos are taken as soon as injection started,and shutter is pressed 3 seconds ahead for reducing waiting time.RESULTS:FFA can be finished under normal light,and the imaging process does not require further adjustment after regulation of fine-adjustment knob.The quality of photos is quite good as well as patient compliance.CONCLUSION:It is effective to do FFA by corneal reflex focusing and scales on fine-tuning knob.Doctors in primary hospital should learn to take full use of the current conditions during daily work.

Abstract:It is essential to train the students evidence-based medicine thinking and method in ophthalmologic clinical probation,and guide students’ initiative to find and deal with eye care practice of various problems.Taking these problems as the center,teachers and students explore the ways of solving problems,look for scientific evidence and benefit from teaching and learning at the same time,in order to improve the students’ quality and ability.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the distribution characteristics of pterygium in the urban and rural areas of Wuhan.METHODS:Using cluster random sampling method,a total number of 16818 people of the urban and rural areas of Wuhan were selected and the incidence of prevalence was statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The total prevalence of pterygium was 3.853% in the urban and rural areas of Wuhan,the prevalence in male population was 2.965% and the female was 4.555%.In the urban region,the prevalence of pterygium was 2.951%,the prevalence of the male was 2.212% and that of female was 3.532%.In the rural areas of Wuhan,the prevalence was found to be 5.534%,and in the male and female population,the incidence was 3.792% and 6.931% respectively.The prevalence of pterygium among female population was higher than that of the male population,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The prevalence of pterygium in Wuhan is 3.853%,in the urban region it is 2.951% and the rural region is 5.534%.And the prevalence of the female population is higher than the male.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the prevalence and development of astigmatism in 30-39 years old people in Hubei and find out the relationship between astigmatism and different myopic degree.METHODS:The diopters and axes of astigmatism in 948 randomly selected 30-39 years people in Hubei were determined.RESULTS:In Hubei area 30-39 years old dwellers,in each myopic degree section,astigmatism accounted for the largest percentage in 25-150 degrees range,the number of high myopia section in male group was about 76.4%,moderate myopia section about 71.0%,low-degree myopia section about 70.0%.High myopia section in female group was about 75.6%,moderate myopia section about 70.0%,low-degree myopia section approximately 66.0%.30-39 years old men in low-degree myopia group with the rule astigmatism number lower than other two groups.Women in low-degree myopia group with the rule astigmatism number lower than the high myopia group.CONCLUSION:In Hubei area 30-39 years old dwellers,in each myopic degree section,astigmatism in 25-150 degrees range accounts for the largest percentage,30-39 year-old men in low-degree myopia group with the rule astigmatism number lower than other two groups.Women in low-degree myopia group with the rule astigmatism number lower than the high myopia group.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the juvenile ocular hygiene in order to provide a scientific basis for preventive measures of myopia.METHODS:Totally 2568 questionnaires were distributed in a secondary school,2023 valid questionnaires including 1130 male and 893 female were recollected,with an average age of 13.15±0.83 years.Each questionnaire was quantified according to the standard score.Data were analyzed with SPSS 11.5.RESULTS:The average score was 21.16±4.42,score of grade one(21.83±4.31) was higher than that of grade two(20.62±4.44) and the difference was significant.Boy’s(21.27±4.46) slightly higher than girl’s(21.01±4.38),but there was no significant difference.The total qualified was 359 persons,qualified rate was 17.75%.The qualified rate was 22.22% in grade one and 14.09% in grade two,and 17.88% of male and 17.58% of male.CONCLUSION:Irrational diet structure,irregular visual inspection,lack of sleeping time,eyes too close to book when learning,continuous close-learning,improper lighting are main factors of teenagers’ sanitation.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the clinical effect of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel and ganciclovir eye drops in the treatment of herpes zoster keratitis.METHODS:A total of 68 patients 68 eyes of herpes zoster keratitis were selected and divided into two groups randomly,there were 36 patients 36 eyes in ganciclovir ophthalmic gel group(observation group),32 patients 32 eyes in ganciclovir eye drops group(control group).All patients were used ganciclovir ophthalmic gel or ganciclovir eye drops six times per day,and they underwent systemic anti-viral treatment.RESULTS:The therapeutic efficiency between the observation group and the control group had no statistical difference(P>0.05).But the time of recovery in the observation group was less than that in the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The application of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel and ganciclovir dye drops in the treatment of herpes zoster keratitis has the same efficiency,but ganciclovir ophthalmic gel can shorten the time of recovery.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the application of confocal microscopy in fungal keratitis.METHODS:A total of 42 patients 42 eyes diagnosed with suspected fungal keratitis were performed the confocal microscopy and corneal lesions stained tissue smear examination simultaneously and the results were analysed retrospectively.RESULTS:In 42 patients 42 eyes with fungal keratitis,fungal hyphae was observed in 39 eyes(93%) by the confocal microscopy,however in 30 eyes(71%) by corneal lesions stained tissue smear examination.Statistical analysis showed that the difference was statistically significant(χ 2=6.574,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Confocal microscopy is a noninvasive,efficient,intuitive inspection equipment,which has important clinical value in the initial diagnosis of fungal keratitis.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the comfortable degree between wearing glasses and no wearing glasses after phacoe-mlsification combined with intraocular lens(IOL) implantation.METHODS:Sixty-two patients who were treated with phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation were randomly divided into two groups.Group 1:34 patients 68 eyes weared glasses,group 2:28 patients 56 eyes did not wear glasses.RESULTS:Group 1 was more comfortable than the group 2,the difference was significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Wearing suiltable glasses can reduce the uncomfortable symptom after phacoemlsification combined with IOL implantation.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of small incision cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in 287 black cataract patients during the China-aided project in Africa.METHODS:Totally 287 eyes of 287 cases with senile cataract were treated with scleral tunnel incision extracapsular cataract extraction,and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.Postoperative visual acuity and complications were observed.RESULTS:Intraocular lens was implanted in 275 eyes under quite limited medical facilities in Africa.Postoperative vision increased significantly after a week.The postoperative vision was ≥0.3 in 240 eyes(83.6%),≥0.5 in 166 eyes(57.8%),corneal edema was in 53 eyes(18.5%);posterior capsule rupture was in 5 eyes(1.7%);anterior chamber inflammation was in 38 eyes(13.2%).CONCLUSION:Small incision cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens plantation has significant effect in a large scale of black cataract patients in Africa.

Abstract:AIM:To observe and evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation for diabetics with cataract.METHODS:One hundred and forty-eight diabetics 164 eyes were treated with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation to observe postoperative complications.RESULTS:Postoperative complications in diabetics with cataract underwent cataract surgery were more than those in non-diabetics.CONCLUSION:There are many postoperative complications in diabetics with cataract.Careful preoperative preparation and postoperative treatment are necessary.Stable blood sugar before and after operation is important.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate cataract surgery tendency in Shenzhen during last three years.METHODS:The cataract categories and surgery types were retrospectively analyzed for the inpatients with cataract.RESULTS:Cataract surgery was performed in 10058 cases,4284 cases were male(42.59%)and 5774 cases(57.41%)were female,the average age was 67.03±15.37 years old,the youngest was 3 months old and the eldest was 99 years old.Cataract categories:senile cataract 9000 cases(89.48%),complicated cataract 565 cases(5.62%),traumatic cataract 265 cases(2.63%),congenital cataract 178 cases(1.77%),metabolic cataract 14 cases(0.14%),aphakia 36 cases(0.36%).Surgery types:phacoemulsification with posterior intraocular lens 9499 cases(94.44%),extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior intraocular lens 220 cases(2.19%),extracapsular cataract extraction 100 cases(1.00%),second stage intraocular lens 228 cases(2.27%),patients without surgery for other reasons 11 cases(0.1%).CONCLUSION:Cataract inpatient cases increase during the last 3 years,senile cataract is the main cataract category,phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL is the predisposing cataract surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate clinical outcomes of the deep sclerectomy(DS) and human umbilical vein(HUV) transplantation for primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS:Thirty-nine patients 39 eyes with POAG were involved in this prospective and random trial.DS with HUV transplantation group was performed in 19 patients and DS with reticulated hyaluronic acid implant(SKGEL) transplantation group in 20 patients.The postoperative indexes included postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP),the number of antiglaucoma medications,and postoperative complications.All patients were followed up for 12 months.RESULTS:The postoperative complete success rate was 79% in HUV group and 80% in SKGEL group at 12 months.IOP decreased from 39.9±9.3mmHg and 38.4±7.7mmHg preoperatively in HUV and SKGEL groups to 17.5±0.4mmHg and 17.7±0.6mmHg at 12 months respectively(P=0.55).Early postoperative hypotony occurred in 3 HUV and 3 SKGEL patients.Encapsulated bleb was observed 2 in HUV group and 3 in SKGEL group.CONCLUSION:DS with HUV transplantation and DS with SKGEL transplantation are similarly effective in lowering IOP and reducing the need for antiglaucoma medications over a 12-month follow-up period.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy for glaucoma combined with cataract.METHODS:The postoperative vision,intraocular pressure(IOP) and anterior chamber were retrospectively summarized in 36 cases with glaucoma combined with cataract after the phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy.RESULTS:The visual acuity postoperatively was improved in 26 cases(72.2%),the IOP postoperatively was under 21mmHg in 31 cases(86.1%),the rate of functional filtering blebs was 91.7%(33/36),there was few complication after phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy for glaucoma combined with cataract.CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy with better visual recovery and fewer complications is an effective method of surgical treatment for glaucoma combined with cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical results of phacoem-ulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation combined with goniosychialysis for acute angle-closure glaucoma.METHODS:Phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with goniosychialysis was performed in 80 cases 80 eyes diagnosed with acute angle-closure glaucoma and cataract under high intraocular pressure(IOP).Followed-up for 6 months to 2 years postoperatively,the vision and complications were observed.RESULTS:The visual acuity of all cases was improved.The IOP remained normal in all eyes in 1 week postoperatively.CONCLUSION:The phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with goniosychialysis in the management of acute angle-closure glaucoma is safe and efficient.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the characteristic of retinoschisis in patients with myopia and the significance of preventive photocoagulation before laser surgery for myopia.METHODS:A total of 22 eyes in 12 patients suffering from myopia combined with retinoschisis were included.The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.82±0.13 and the mean preoperative spherical equivalent of the subjective refraction was 6.50±3.98D.The patients underwent preventive photocoagulation 1 month before the laser surgery for myopia.RESULTS:All the eyes that received preventive photocoagulation for retinoschisis had no retinal detachment after laser surgery for myopia.CONCLUSION:A thorough fundus examination is necessary before the surgery for myopia.The retinoschisis should be recognized and treated with preventive photocoagulation.The laser surgery for myopia is safe after preventive photocoagulation for these indicated patients.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate curative effect of laser combined with compound anisodine for central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).METHODS:All of 156 cases 158 eyes diagnosed with CSC were divided into two groups.Laser combined with compound anisodine was performed in 86 cases 86 eyes as treatment group;the control group,70 cases 72 eyes,were treated by krypton laser combined with danshen and inosine.The curative effect and recurrent rate were compared in two groups.RESULTS:The cure rate was 94.2% in treatment group,75.0% in control group;in treatment group the average cure time was 34.8±8.6 days,5 cases 5 eyes recurred,however in control group the average cure time was 68.4±16.8 days,18 cases 18 eyes recurred.There was statistically significant difference in the average cure time(P<0.01) and recurrent rate(P<0.05) between two groups.There was significant difference in cure rate in two groups(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Krypton laser combined with compound anisodine for CSC is effective and safe.The effect which can shorten the course of disease,prevent the progress of photic injure in the macular area and repair the retinal non-treament area,improve the function of retina and reduce the recurrent rate is obvious.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy(PDT) on macular choroidal neovascularization(CNV) of pathologic myopia(PM).METHODS:Twenty patients 21 eyes who were diagnosed with PM were analyzed retrospectively.The changes in the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),fixation nature,fundus examination,FFA/ICGA and OCT were analyzed before and after PDT treatment.RESULTS:During 6 months follow-up,only 1 case was performed vitrectomy because of vitreous hemorrhage 3 months after PDT.Compared with pre-treatment of PDT,the BCVA of other patients was improved(P<0.05).Before PDT treatment,3 eyes were central fixation and 18 eyes were paracentral fixation.The fixation characteristic was not changed after PDT.3 months after PDT,FFA/ICGA showed no leakage or reduced leakage in 18 eyes(86%).In 2 eyes,the fundus remained leaky,1 eye was not followed because of vitreous hemorrhage and performing vitrectomy.In the six-month follow-up,FFA/ICGA showed no leakage or slight leakage in 19 eyes(90%) and continous leakage in 1 eye(5%).CONCLUSION:PDT can block CNV of PM completely or partly,and reduce the danger of vision loss.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the curative effect of corneal limbal stem cell transplantation and amniotic membrane transpl-antation under the microscope for recurrent pterygium.METHODS:Ninety patients 96 eyes with recurrent pterygium were randomly divided into A,B groups.A group 40 patients 42 eyes underwent pterygium excision combined with autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation.B group,50 patients 54 eyes,underwent pterygium excision with amniotic membrane transplantation.Postoperative symptoms,corneal healing,conjunctival tissue healing,neovascularization and pterygial proliferation in 2 years were observed.RESULTS:In A group 39 eyes(93%) were cured,3 eyes(7%) recurred;of B group 48 eyes(89%) cured,6 eyes(11%) recurred in 96 eyes,the difference was not significant(χ 2=0.0456,P>0.05).The average time of corneal healing was that A group was(4.12±1.08) days,B group(7.38±1.12) days respectively.There were significant differences in two groups(t=4.307,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:There are good curative effect and low recurrence rate in both groups,but A group is worthy of clinical generalization with faster corneal epithelial healing and discomfortableness disappearance.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the therapeutic effect of modern vitrectomy combined with heavy silicone oil tamponade on severe ocular injury.METHODS:The clinical data of 21 patients suffering from severe ocular injury admitted to our hospital from 2009 to 2010 were performed the modern vitrectomy combined with heavy silicone oil tamponade.Of 21 cases,7 cases were sutured combined with vitrectomy in the first stage.14 cases were sutured in the first stage and performed by vitrectomy in the second stage.All the 21 patients were followed up for a mean of 7.5(3-12)months and the therapeutic effect was observed.RESULTS:The eyeballs of 17 patients were reserved after operation.The eyeballs of 4 patients were atrophic.The visual acuity of 10 patients was improved in different degree compared with that before operation.CONCLUSION:Application of the modern vitrectomy combined with heavy silicone oil tamponade in treatment of the severe ocular injury can not only reserve the intact eyeball but also partially improve the visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the superiority and disadvantage of three operations for severe congenital blepharoptosis.METHODS:Forty-two severe congenital ptosis cases 47 eyes undergoing therapy were divided into three groups.25 cases 28 eyes were treated by shortening levator muscle of upper eyelid,10 cases 12 eyes by frontalis muscle flap suspension operation,and 7 cases 7 eyes by frontal muscle suspension using fascia lata.The clinical data were recorded and analyzed,and the effect was evaluated.RESULTS:The cases which were conducted shortening levator muscle of upper eyelid had natural appearance and satisfactory results.And the others had obvious dermatolysis of upper eyelid,blepharal dysraphism and insufficient correction.CONCLUSION:Shortening levator muscle of upper eyelid is more suitable for physiology status and has the best effects and fewer complications.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of iris location combined with wavefront aberrations guided Epi-LASIK surgery for low to moderate myopia.METHODS:All of 100 patients 179 eyes with low to moderate myopia were randomly divided into two groups,one group of 50 patients 90 eyes received wavefront-guided joint iris location of Epi-LASIK(wavefront group) surgery;the other group of 50 patients 89 eyes received routine Epi-LASIK(control group);postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),refraction,aberration,higher order aberrations and the satisfaction of visual quality were analyzed and correlation analysis was carried out during follow-up period.RESULTS:After 6 months,there were statistical differences(P<0.05)between wavefront group and control group patients with UCVA after surgery,preoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) and postoperative UCVA in wavefront group,preoperative BCVA and postoperative UCVA in control group;postoperative aberrations increased compared with the preoperative aberrations.Postoperative wavefront aberrations and high level aberration of wavefront group were smaller than the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);the overall satisfaction of visual quality in wavefront group was better than control group,there were significant differences(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The iris location combined with wavefront guided Epi-LASIK is better than the conventional Epi-LASIK in some aspects of correction of high myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the changes of anterior segment after implantation of the implantable collamer lens(ICL)for high myopia by Pentacam anterior segment system.METHODS:Eight patients 12 eyes with myopia were implanted ICL in our hospital from October 2009 to February 2010.The mean follow-up was 3.8 months.UCVA,BCVA,intraocular pressure,spherical equivalent(SE) were measured.ICL position was observed by Pentacam.Anterior chamber depth was observed.RESULTS:The postoperative UCVA was better than the BCVA of preoperative(t=2.237,P=0.047).Following up 3 months,the vault was 0.34-0.74mm(average 0.52±0.11mm),the average depth of anterior chamber was 2.39±0.18(2.01-2.67)mm was less than that of preoperative which was 3.24±0.11(3.01-3.46) mm.There were no serious complications.CONCLUSION:ICL implantation is a safe,efficacy,predictable and stable method in correcting high myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical efficacy of laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)for myopia combined with medium and high astigmatism.METHODS:Sixty-two myopia patients 83 eyes combined with medium and high astigmatism(≥-2.00D) were treated with LASIK by the excimer laser treatment system of Wavelight company of Germany.Preoperative and postoperative tests included vision,dioptre,astigmatism and the axis of astigmatism.RESULTS:After 6 months’ follow-up,the results showed that vision was over 0.8 in 78% and 1.0 in 47% respectively.The postoperative uncorrected visual acuity better than preoperative best-corrected visual acurity was in 57 eyes(69%).64 eyes(77%) were within ±1.00D of astigmatism.The average residual astigmatism was-0.80D,and 37eyes(45%) residual astigmatism were within ±0.50D.CONCLUSION:The LASIK is an effective treatment for myopia combined with medium and high astigmatism,patients have a high level of satisfaction.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the situation of prevention and treatment for blindness,analyze the data and find a suitable way for prevention and treatment for blindness in rural area.METHODS:We used the random sampling method,sent the medical team to establish the long-lasting patients sifting mechanism,the medical team could organize the regular visit to the rural area,the same version checking flow sheet,standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and stenopaic spectacles were used to check the visual acuity,the imported portable slit-lamp and handheld ophthalmoscope were used to check the bottom of the eyes.In order to ensure the high quality of vision rehabilitation surgery,those who needed the operation had to accept the small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation.The patients’ ages,gender were analyzed with statistically and samples were taken for epidemic analysis.RESULTS:We had visited the rural area for 201 times,it covered more than 200 towns,totally 23020 people had the examination,the major facts affecting the older people’s vision quality were cataract,pterygium,ametropia,and others,such as thygeson,retinopathy,glaucoma,strabismus,amblyopia,uveitis,eye tumor and orbital disease.The cataract prevalence rate was growing with age,the female had higher rate than male,it was statistically significant(P=0.005).There were 6869 people that could be applied the cataract extraction surgery,of which 5011 people had already done it.The sampling survey showed the visual rehabilitation rate was 99.2% and the disability recovery rate ws 95.0%,most patients could recover soon.CONCLUSION:The investigation of the epidemiology of rural area in Wenzhou provides us the reasons and distribution of blindness and shows us the direction of blindness prevention and treatment.Regular sifting mechanism in rural area of selecting and sending patients to have the small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction is an acceptable mode in those undeveloped areas.

Abstract:AIM:To study and assess the effects of cataract surgery in patients with cataract and age-related macular degeneration(AMD).METHODS:Thirty-seven eyes of 31 patients with cataract and AMD who received the phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation were followed up for 3-6 months.RESULTS:All patients had improvement in visual acuity:2 eyes(5%) got counting fingers,11 eyes(30%) got 0.01-0.08,12 eyes(32%) got 0.1-0.2,8 eyes(22%) got 0.3,4 eyes(11%) got 0.4-0.5.1 eye(3%) had wet AMD which macular degeneration got worse.CONCLUSION:In patients with cataract and AMD,cataract surgery is necessary for the improvement of life quality when the visual acuity is affected by cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To study the pathological changes and clinical significance of anterior chamber angle of chronic angle-closure glaucoma patients in Kazak.METHODS:Trabecular meshwork and iris were removed by trabeculectomy,then embedded in paraffin for serial sections,hematoxylin staining and light microscope examination.RESULTS:The narrowing of trabecular meshwork and decreased endothelial cells with pigment deposition were observed by microscope examination in the trabecular meshwork.Some part of the trabecular meshwork was completely covered with pigment patch and trabecular structure could not be seen,the others were observed as trabecular meshwork fibrosis with hyaline degeneration.There was proliferation of endothelial cells in trabecular meshwork which caused lumen stenosis or occlusion.Some part of the lumen had pigment deposition with iris thinning and thickening of the iris vessel wall with hyaline.Iris stromal angiogenesis was visible in some part.CONCLUSION:The pathological damage in the anterior chamber angle is a gradual process in chronic angle-closure glaucoma patients.Early diagnosis and treatment can not only effectively prevent the damage of visual function,but also effectively prevent anterior chamber damage caused by high intraocular pressure(IOP).

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safty of latanoprost and timolol maleate eye drops reducing IOP.METHODS:Fifty-two eyes of 30 primary glaucoma patients were dosed with latanoprost and timolol maleate eye drops as a single therapy once daily.The observed signs included IOP,field of vision,mRNFL and complications.The follow-up duration was 16 weeks.RESULTS:Latanoprost and timolol maleate eye drops reduced IOP significantly(P=0.000),but didn’t have effects to field of vision and mRNFL.After 16 weeks,95% confidence interval of IOP reductions ranged from 10.31 to 13.92mmHg.The most complications was conjunctival congestion.CONCLUSION:Latanoprost and timolol maleate eye drops reduced IOP significantly in primary glaucoma patients and was safe and well tolerated.But the field of vision and mRNFL are not ameliorated within short-term follow-up.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of corneal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of pterygium,and discuss how to reduce the recurrence after operation.METHODS:Corneal stem cell transplantation was performed for 112 eyes of 112 cases.RESULTS:Patients were followed up for 6 months to 2 years,recurrence rate was 2.7%.CONCLUSION:Corneal stem cell transplantation,an ideal technique,can effectively reduce the recurrence rate of pterygium.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) on the treatment of early recurrent pterygium.METHODS:Forty-eight case with recurrent pterygium were treated with 5-FU by subconjunctival injection.The intraocular pressure and anterior chamber reaction were observed in the regular follow-up.RESULTS:The treated patients with early recurrent pterygium were followed up for 6-24 months.Patients that were cured or with evident effect was 30 cases,effect 12 cases,invalid 6 cases.2 cases were with constriction of conjunctival sac,6 cases were performed operation again because of the disease progress.The shedding of corneal epithelial was healing 48 hours after withdrawl of drug.CONCLUSION:The subconjunctival injection of 5-FU is a useful method for the treatment of early recurrent pterygium.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of levator shortening under microscope and micro-instrument.METHODS:Eighteen cases(20 eyes) with congenital ptosis were treated levator shortening under microscope.RESULTS:The follow-up of all cases ranged from 0.5 to 2 years postoperatively.18 eyes obtained fine results.2 eyes were effective.CONCLUSION:Levator shortening under microscope is an effective method.The anatomical structure is clear.Its hurt is slight,and it has accurate operation and less surgical time.

Abstract:AIM:To study the causes and clinical features of ophthalmoplegia.METHODS:The retrospective analysis of 60 cases with ophthalmoplegia had been done.RESULTS:Of the 60 cases,27 cases(45%) were vascular resistance,15 cases(25%) were traumatic,13 cases(22%) were other causes and the causes of the rest 5 cases(8%) were not known.CONCLUSION:The causes of opthtalmoplegia are complex.The diagnosis of most ophthalmoplegia is easy by the age and mode onset and associated symptoms,at the same time relevant checks.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the improvement outcomes of visual acuity of puerarin combined with mecobalamin and fuming tablet in pituitary adenoma after operation.METHODS:We divided 32 cases 48 eyes into two groups at random,chose surgery alone as control group and drug treatment of puerarin combined with mecobalamin and fuming tablet after operation as experimental group.RESULTS:The improvement of visual acuity after operation in the experimental group was better than that in the control group,there was statistically significant difference(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Applying puerarin combined with mec-obalamin and fuming tablet in pituitary adenoma after operation can acquire satisfactory effect in the improvement of visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the examination of visual electroph-ysiology for the prognosis of cataract before phacoemulsification.METHODS:All of 253 cataract patients whose fundus was unclear by direct ophthalmoscope or binocular indirective ophthalmoscope underwent phacoemulsification in our hospital from Jan.2009 to Oct.2010.Retina and optic nerve were preoperatively examined by visual electrophysiology to estimate the prognosis of cataract.RESULTS:The examination of visual electrophysiology showed the prognosis was poor in 47 cases.Phacoemulsification was performed in 37 cases,including 35 cases with poor prognosis(the increase of visual acuity postoperatively≤2),2 cases with well prognosis(the increase of visual acuity postoperatively>2),10 cases gave up the surgery.206 cases had well prognosis through examination and 201 cases underwent phacoemulsification.199 cases had well prognosis(the increase of visual acuity postoperatively>2),poor prognosis in 2 cases(the increase of visual acuity postoperatively≤2),5 cases couldn’t undergo surgery for systemic diseases.CONCLUSION:The examination of visual electrophysiology on retina and optic nerve before phacoemulsification have good predictability in the prognosis of cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of manifest hypertropia cured by reinforced anterior transposition of inferior oblique muscle combined with retreat of superior rectus muscle.METHODS:All of 24 inpatients whose hypertropia were above 25△ underwent reinforced anterior transposition of inferior oblique muscle combined with retreat of superior rectus muscle,the therapeutic effect after operation was observed.RESULTS:The 24 patients were followed up for 6 months to 1 year after operation,21 cases(87.5%) were cured,3 patients(12.5%) improved,the total effective rate was 100%.CONCLUSION:The reinforced anterior transposition of inferior oblique muscle combined with retreat of superior rectus muscle is a useful method for manifest hypertropia.