Abstract:AIM:To determine a species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) assay to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa( PA) ,a secondary DNA target for PA that may provide a universal target for other bacterial pathogens,and validate both assays for diagnostic testing. METHODS:PCR detection was established against the ecfX PA gene and the 16S rRNA gene using known PA keratitis isolates. The outcome parameters for both assays were " limit of detection" ( LOD) ,amplification efficiency ( AE) ,and PAGE amplified product analysis. Both assays were validated against 20 true-positive clinical samples positive for PA DNA and 20 true-negative samples containing no PA DNA. Descriptive statistics and PAGE analysis were used as outcome parameters. RESULTS:AE of the ecfX assay was 96.6%,and LOD was 33. 6 copies of target DNA per microliter. AE of the 16S rRNA assay was 103.4%,and LOD was 8.12 copies per microliter. The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and efficiency for the ecfX and 16S rRNA assays were ( 75%,95%,94%,79%,and 85%) ,and ( 70%,100%,100%,77%,and 85%) ,respectively. Both PCR assays were validated,followed by confirmation of DNA patterns from PAGE analysis. CONCLUSION:The PCR methodology described here may be a useful adjunct to standard methods in the diagnosis of PA keratitis.

Abstract:AIM:To document the prognosis of laser treatment in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration ( AMD) . METHODS:Efficacy of the intervention was evaluated using a before-after method. RESULTS:A total of 392 eyes of 341 patients with exudative AMD were examined. 77. 6% had choroideal neovascularisation ( CNV) . Before the use of indocyanine green ( ICG) angiography,occult CNV was detected in only 1.8% of the eyes,but after the use of ICG angiography,this increased to 19. 5% ( P < 0. 001) . Of the 349 eyes which were followed up,visual acuity had remained stable in 68.2% of the eyes. There was a statistically significant relationship between localization of lesion and visual acuity changes on pre-and post-laser treatment ( P < 0. 001) . Also there was a statistically significant relationship between localization of lesion and recurrence ( P <0.05) . The recurrence was less in subfoveal lesions than that in juxtafoveal and extrafoveal lesions. CONCLUSION:ICG angiography is highly important in the treatment of occult CNV.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the contribution of fluorescein angiographic leaking microaneurysms ( leak-MA) versus non- leaking microaneurysms ( non-leak-MA) to retinal thickening in diabetic retinopathy. METHODS:A consecutive series of 38 eyes from 24 patients with diabetic retinopathy was included. Leak-MA and non-leak-MA in each eye were selected in pairs at corresponding topographic location. Leaking was defined by late phase fluorescein angiograms compared to early phase. Retinal thickness was measured with Heidelberg Spectralis OCT topographically aligned on early phase angiograms at the MA site and within a 1 mm circle. RESULTS:In all eyes,significant retinal thickening at the site of leaking compared to non-leaking microaneurysms was observed ( 356 ±69μm vs 318 ±56μm,P <0.001) ,showing a mean increase in thickness in the areas of leak-MA vs non- leak-MA of 38 ± 39μm ( 95% confidence interval 25-51μm,P < 0. 001 ) . All 1mm area measurements also showed significant ( P <0.001) thickening of the leak-MA with average thickness of leak-MA vs non-leak-MA as 351 ± 67μm vs 319 ± 59μm; minimum thickness 311 ±62μm vs 284 ±60μm; maximum thickness 389 ±78μm vs 352 ±66μm; and retina volume 26.4 ±6. 0mm3 vs 23.6 ±3.7mm3,respectively. CONCLUSION:Leaking of microaneurysms on fluorescein angiography appears to cause focal thickening of retina,which can be measured with high-resolution OCT. Therefore, targeting leaking microaneursyms in diabetic retinopathy has the potential to reduce retinal thickening.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the frequency of eye disorders in heavy vehicle drivers. METHODS:A cross-sectional type study was conducted between November 2004 and September 2006 in 200 drivers and 200 non-driver persons. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed,including visual acuity and dilated examination of the posterior segment. We used the auto refractometer for determining refractive errors. RESULTS:According to eye examination results, the prevalence of the refractive errors was 21. 5% and 31. 3% in study and control groups respectively ( P < 0. 05) . The most common type of refraction errors in the study group was myopic astigmatism ( 8. 3%) while in the control group simple myopia( 12. 8%) . Prevalence of dyschromatopsia in the drivers, control group and total group was 2. 2%,2. 8% and 2. 6% respectively. CONCLUSION:A considerably high number of drivers are in lack of optimal visual acuity. Refraction errors in drivers may impair the traffic security.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the inhibition of LMWH (low-molecule-weight heparin) added in irrigating solution to fibrin exudation in anterior chamber after the surgery of ECCE (extra-capsular cataract extraction) for infant New Zealand rabbits, and the influence on the blood-aqueous barrier. METHODS:Twenty infant rabbits were randomly divided into trial group and control group. ECCE was performed on the right eyes of all rabbits in the two groups, and Linger solution was used as irrigating solution during the surgery. Differently, LMWH——Clexane was added into the irrigating solution in trial group, and the concentration was 6IU/mL, while in control group, only Linger solution was used. Fibrin exudation in anterior chamber, corneal edema and hemorrhage in anterior chamber were observed at the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th day after surgery, and the fluorescence concentration in aqueous humor at above time spots was tested. RESULTS:At the 1stand 3rd day after surgery, fibrin exudation in trial group was obviously weaker than in control group, and the difference was significant (P=0.001, 0.010). At the 7th day after surgery, there was no significant difference between the two groups, and no fibrin exudation was observed at the 14th day after surgery in both groups. Corneal edema was observed in both groups at the 1st and 3rd day, and the difference was not significant (P=0.702 and 0.362). Corneal edema disappeared on the 7th day in both groups. No hemorrhage was found in two groups at any time. The fluorescence concentration in aqueous humor at any time spot in both trial and control groups was not significantly different (P=0.569, 0.152, 0.696 and 0.703). CONCLUSION:Six IU/mL LMWH added into the intraocular irrigating solution can safely and effectively inhibit intraocular fibrin exudation and inflammation, and no side-effect was found. But it hasn’t direct protection to blood-aqueous barrier of infant rabbit.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the mechanism of α-lipoic acid(α-LA)on the protection of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS:The streptozotocin(45mg/kg)was intrape-ritoneally injected to establish the diabetic model in 16 male SD rats as experimental group,model rats were divided into diabetes group and α-lipoic acid(α-LA) group,control group also was established. α-lipoic acid was given to treatment group at dose of 100mg/(kg·d) by gavage. At 12 weeks, the blood glucose, content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione hormone (GSH), the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were assayed. Retinal capillary trypsin digestion were prepared to observe the changes of capillary vessel. The immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of NF-κB protein in retina. RESULTS:Compared with control group, the content of MDA, SOD and activity of GSH in diabetes group were significantly lower(P<0.05) . The number of pericytes and epithlium cells decreased obviously and cell-free capillary increased(P<0.05).The expression of NF-κB enhanced. Compared with diabetes group, the content of MDA decreased obviously while the content of SOD and activity of GSH increased significantly(P<0.05) in α-lipoic acid group. The number of pericytes and epithlium cells increased and cell-free capillary decreased obviously(P<0.05). The expression of NF-κB attenuated(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The α-lipoic acid could inhibit the oxidative damage and activation of NF-κB and protect against diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate and assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland) for treatment of corneal neovascularization (CoNV) in rabbit eye model. METHODS:New Zealand rabbits were randomly devided into 2 groups. Corneal neovascularization was induced in rabbits by placing an intrastromal silk suture near the limbus in 2 groups. Group Ⅰreceived PDT in which verteporfin was administered by intravenous injection at a dose of 1.5mg/kg. Group Ⅱ was a positive control group. The change of CoNV was observed with slit lamp microscope and areas of CoNV were then recorded after PDT. Corneal and iris/ciliary body were evaluated with histopathology examination and immumohistochemitry (SABC) method which was used to measure the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). RESULTS:On 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks after PDT, the mean percentages of CoNV areas of group Ⅰ were smaller than group Ⅱ(P<0.01). Histopathology disclosed that vessel walls of CoNV were destroyed and thrombus formed. The expression of VEGF in group Ⅰ obviously decreased compared to group Ⅱ(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Vertporfin-PDT has obvious inhibition on CoNV of rabbit model with no damage of normal and tissue around.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate neuroprotective effects of Erigeron brevicapas hand mass(EBHM) on the optic nerve of chronic glaucoma model in rats. METHODS:Ninety adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The trabecular meshwork of both eyes of the 1st and 2nd group rats were performed photocoagulation with 532nm Krypton laser to establish chronic glaucoma model. Intraocular pressure(IOP) was measured by Tono-pen before and after surgery every week. After one week, EBHM was injected by 15mg/100g once a day in the 2nd group. The 3rd group acted as a control. All rats were killed at the 9th week. Retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) were counted based on the the wholemounted retinas stained with 1% toluidine blue. RESULTS:IOP of all the experimental eyes was increased. IOP was 14.70±3.2mmHg before operation. IOP of the experimented eyes was 27.25±4.75mmHg, 28.75±6.24mmHg, 25.47±5.60mmHg at the 3rd, 6th and 9th week respectively, there was a significant difference compared with preoperation. The value of the density of the RGCs was 1654±136 (per square millimeter )in the 1st group rat eyes and was 2135±125 in the 2nd group rats, was 2516±196 in the 3rd group basing on the wholemounted retinas stained with 1% toluidine blue.There was a significant difference between eyes treated with EBHM and the eyes in other 2 groups in the value of the density of the RGCs. CONCLUSION:The IOP of the experimental rat eyes was chronically and moderiately increased by a laser injury to the trabecular meshwork,the value of the density of the RGCs was declining.EBHM can partly afford neuroprotection on the optic damage induced by pressure.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the long-term effect of laser peripheral iridoplasty (LPIP) on primary acute angle-closure glaucoma(PAACG) with extensive goniosynechia. METHODS:Retrospective case series.33 PAACG patients who had extensive goniosynechia were given LPIP treatment.The clinical responses of each patient,especially in their lOP reduction and goniosynechia changes,were tracked closely,and any complication from the laser treatment was recorded and studied.An lOP lower than 21mmHg with or without 3 kinds of topical medication was defined as a successful outcome. RESULTS:ln 21-37 months follow-up, lOP were successfully controlled in 24 eyes,15 of which were given 1 or 2 topical medication. 9 eyes finally failed to respond to LPIP therapy and were given trabeculectomy,6 of which received trabeculectomy 3 days after LPIP and 3 of which received the same treatment 18 days,42 days and 9 months after LPIP,respectively. After LPIP, iridocomeal angles of 27 eyes were observed to be widened by certain degrees in a short period of time,6 eyes suffered goniosynechia development during 6-12 months follow-up.3 eyes developed nuclear cataract during the follow-up,1 of which was performed phacoemulsification 3 years after LPIP. CONCLUSION:LPIP appeared to be an effective treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma with extensive goniosynechia.Certain eyes may suffer increase in IOP and development of iris peripheral anterior synechiae,therefore inspection should be applied carefully to these patients.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate retinal edema at posterior pole after scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment (RD). METHODS:Retinal thickness analyzer(RTA) was used to measure the retinal thickness at the posterior pole in 38 eyes of 38 patients after scleral buckling surgery for RD. RESULTS:Average follow-up time was 72.61±57.27 days after scleral buckling surgery.The foveal average thickness of RD subjects was 168.03±38.27μm with no significant difference compared with the fellow eyes (P>0.05).The posteriorpole average thickness of RD subjects was 175.50±33.85μm with no significant difference compared with the fellow eyes (P>0.05).The posteriorpole maximum thickness of RD subjects was 310.18±158.40μm with significant difference compared with the fellow eyes (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Through the RTA the occurrence of retinal edema of the posterior pole can be accurately measured and observed, posterior pole retinal localized edema persists 2 months after scleral buckling for retinal detachment. The metamorphopsia of patients are related with it during this period of time after surgery. It still needs a very long-term follow-up to observe withdrawal time of retinal edema. Moreover, in this period of time, it is considered for the appropriate intervention to improve visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of autologous heparinized whole blood in assisting internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling by coating the ILM for idiopathic macular hole (IMH) repair. METHODS:Six patients (7 eyes) with IMH were enrolled in this study. After standard vitrectomy, autologous heparinized whole blood was applied to cover the macula and to coat the surface of the macular area in the fluid-filled vitreous cavity. The redundant blood was removed and only a very thin film of blood was left on the macular area. The blood-coated ILM was removed by forceps. RESULTS:All 7 eyes in 6 patients completed at least 3 months of follow-up. The ILM were coated by autologous heparinized whole blood, removed without difficulty. The whole blood highlighted the contrast of the coated and non-coated areas during the ILM peeling procedure. The IMH were closed in all surgical eyes with a single surgery. No toxic fundus changes were observed during follow-up. CONCLUSION:Autologous heparinized whole blood coat the ILM and facilitate visibility during ILM peeling. Autologous heparinized whole blood is a cost-effective and useful tool for assisting IMH surgery.

Abstract:The posterior capsule opacification(PCO)is one of the most mainly common complications after modern cataract surgery. Smad proteins family are important factors of intracellular TGF (transforming growth factor)-β signaling transduction. TGF-β/Smads signalling pathway is very important for PCO, especially all kinds of Smads are being close relationship with PCO in induction of TGF-β2.This article reviewed the relationship between TGF-β/Smads and PCO.

Abstract:Cataract is one of the main causes of blindness in the current world, pathological basis of cataract is abnormal metabolism of lens as well as lenticular opacification. So far,it has been found that changes of osmotic pressure play an important role in the phase of lens’ metabolism, which influence polyol pathway, aquaporin, and gap junction proteins in the lens epithelial cell. Eventually these changes can affect lens’ metabolism and lead to the formation of cataract. This study makes statesment in the mechanism of function and effectiveness of osmotic pressure on lens’ metabolism.

Abstract:Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) is a ambi-eyes disease of abnormal retina blood capillary growth that happens at premature and especially at low weight premature infants. It manifests as retinal ischemia, retinal neovascularization and proliferative retinopathy, seriously it can cause retinal detachment and lead to permanent blindness. In recent years, with the perinatology level improving, the livability of premature is also increasing,while the rate of ROP is also increasing. Because its consequence is serious and it causes tremendous harm to sick children and families, people pay attention to ROP increasingly. At present, true pathogenesis of ROP is still not distinct and genuine pathogenesis of ROP is not clear and it is short of efficient preventive measurement. This article makes a review in etiological factor, pathogenesis, intervention as well as recent studies for ROP.

Abstract:Currently, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has become a worldwide important cause of blindness in children, accounting for 6% to 18% of causes of blindness in children. It has become a global concern to improve the quality of life in preterm infants by controlling ROP. Therefore, the establishment of an appropriate animal model of retinal neovascularization has become an important means of discussing the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization and assessing the effect of drug treatment. In this paper, a variety of models to simulate the process of ROP were reviewed.

Abstract:Vitreous liquefaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many eye diseases, but its exact mechanism is unclear. To recognize the relationship of age-related changes in vitreous ultrastructure may be useful in understanding the disease pathogenesis, and subsequently provide some clues for finding a better treatment. This review will discuss the normal vitreous ultrastructure and how it is altered with age.

Abstract:Dry eye is multifactorial disease of tear film and ocular surface. It is accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface. Anti-inflammatory therapy has been one of the key components in the treatment of dry eye. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being introduced into the treatment of dry eye, with evident anti-inflammatory action and less side-effect. In this review, we summarize recent data regarding the application of NSAIDs in the treatment of dry eye.

Abstract:Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), which play the most important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix(ECM), belong to the family of Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependent endoproteinases. MMPs participate in the pathological processes of various eye diseases. It’s a new way for us to prevent and control the generating and development of kinds of eye diseases from the research of MMPs. If we know more about the MMPs’ activation and inhibition, as well as how to express highly, we’ll know better about eye diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent research of MMPs.

Abstract:AIM:To estimate the prevalence of pterygium in Gongshan County of Yunnan Province and to estimate the distribution characteristic and explore risk factors of pterygium by collecting related information. METHODS:Cluster sampling was used in randomly selected individuals at 26 villages in Gongshan County,individuals on roster were 3070.The available data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression model. RESULTS:There were 108 cases with pterygium and the prevalence was 4.4%.There were 40 male cases and 68 female cases and the difference between male and female was insignificant. The prevalence of pterygium was increasing with aging. CONCLUSION:Pterygium is a kind of common ocular surface diseases in Gongshan County of Yunnan Province.Age, occupation and ultraviolet rays exposure time are main risk factors for Pterygium.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the methods of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) screening training using binocular indirect ophthalmoscope-linked(BIO-linked) image system. METHODS:By the use of BIO-linked image system, 481 students attended national continuing education courses of our hospital . The associated knowledge of ROP and the basic operation of BIO-linked image system were taught and the effects of training were analyzed. RESULTS:After training, 84.8% students could master the characteristics of prematurity normal fundus and classical ROP, differences of various common pathological changes of fundus, the methods of laser photocoagulation in a week. These students also mastered the image principles of BIO and the basic screening steps of ROP. And 90.0% students mastered the use of BIO, proceeded screening and sent the patients to the treatment center in three months. There was statistically significant difference between using BIO-linked image system and using routine method for training. CONCLUSION:BIO-linked image system is directly perceived, easily mastered and feasible, which is worth promoting for ROP screening training.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical curative effect of irrigating the anterior chamber with solution of amphotericin B to treat the fungal keratitis. METHODS:Forty-two patients(42 eyes) were included in this study.The patients were randomly divided into two groups. One was experimental group:the treatment included local and systemic application of fluconazole and combination of irrigating the anterior chamber with solution of amphotericin B.The other was control group:local and systemic fluconazole was used,irrigating the anterior chamber with 9g/L sodium chloride injection. Ulcer healing,hypopyon absorption, vision and other complications were observed. RESULTS:The data of ulcer healing of experimental group and control group were compared, the result was P=0.001. The data of hypopyon absorption of experimental group and control group were compared, the result was P=0.003. They had statistical significance.The data of vision of the patients before and after the treatment were compared, the result was P=0.300, the difference had no statistical significance. CONCLUSION:Irrigating the anterior chamber with solution of amphotericin B to treat the fungal keratitis reduces fungal keratitis ulcer healing and hypopyon absorption time and the complications.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the result of the blue light-filtering photochromics IOL Matrix Aurium and compare patient-reported vision-related function between the blue light-filtering photochromic intraocular lens and a similar clear one that does not filter blue light. METHODS:Consecutively 57 eyes selected from 49 senile cataract patients who came from Beijing Prison Administration Bureau Central Hospital in 2007- 09/2010-10 were divided into two groups by their type of IOL according to their ideal:blue light-filtering photochromics IOL Matrix Aurium groups (Matrix 400) and a clear ultraviolet-filtering IOL (Matrix 401). The patients lived in Beijing or vicinity, which can be followed up in time. All patients performed phacoemulsification and IOL implantation,complications in operation or after operation were observed, and 3 months after operation several tests were done by the same technicians.The parameters included best corrective visual acuity (BCVA) under photopic(1000lux)and mesopic(40lux) and of the same time in sunlight outdoors, subjective visual quality was assessed with the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25). Patients were investigated whether they had to wear sunglasses in sunlight outdoors. RESULTS:There were no other complications in or after operation except several mild corneal edema. We could observe that the blue light-filtering photochromics IOL Matrix Aurium could turn yellow in sunlight outdoors, about 6.5% patients needed a sunglass in Matrix 400 group, which was significantly lower than 30.8% in Matrix 401 group(P=0.032).There were no significant difference in BCVA under photopic(1000lux) or mesopic(40lux) or outdoors between two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant difference in mean NEI VFQ-25 scores. CONCLUSION:Blue light-filtering photochromics IOL Matrix Aurium has fuction of turning yellow in human’s eyes,povides good vision, and reduce the rate wearing sunglass in sunlight outdoors.Its retinal protective effects are needed for further study.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the difficulty of nucleus delivery about "straight line shape" and "anti-eyebrow shape" scleral tunnel incisions and analyse the correlated complications. And to observe clinical curative effects of endothelial repair time and the refractive state. METHODS:A total of 82 cases (82 eyes) cataract patients were accepted small-incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and posterior chamber type intraocular lens implantation surgery. All patients were divided into two groups,one group was accepted 6mm "straight line shape" scleral incision in 2mm after corneoscleral limbus, the other group was accepted 7mm arc length of "anti-eyebrow shape"incision.Lens nucleus were pulled out through a 4mm×5mm pear-shaped lens loop after the hydrodissection,during the time,aspiring the small part of cortex,using Healon twice in front of and behind the lens nucleus and infusing sodium hyaluronate up and down the lens nucleus according to the 12 o’clock nuclear equator whice was upturned direction and the elasticity of incision. RESULTS:The "straight line shape" groups were superior to the "anti-eyebrow shape" groups, lens loop was easier to extend to the behind of lens nucleus and the time of pulling nucleus was shorter, pressure of lens capsule was lower, the risk of posterior capsule damage was decreased, corneal endothelial edema lessened.For anti-eyebrow incision group, the resistance increased when dragging lens nucleus, corneal edema was more serious than the straight line shape incision. Because the friction was increased and nucleus drag time was relatively longer when the top of the nucleus contacted with the corneal endothelium,therefore, probability of the posterior capsule and corneal endothelial damage was also relatively higher,endothelial repair time prolonged. CONCLUSION:The "straight line shape" scleral incision groups were easier to drag out lens nucleus, the time was shorter, capsule pressure and resistance were lower, which could effectively reduce the risk of posterior capsule damage and corneal endothelial edema.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy after the implantation of SN6AD1 multifocal intraocular lens(MIOL). METHODS:After the phacoemulsification, SN6AD1 MIOL was inserted into 65 eyes of 44 patients. The mean follow-up duration was 3 to 6 months. The visual acuity, corneal astigmatism, defocus testing, rate of off-glasses and patient satisfaction were observed. RESULTS:At 3 months after the implantation, the average distant, intermedia and near visual acuity were satisfying. There was no statistically significant difference between the preoperative corneal astigmatism and corneal astigmatism at 3 months after the operation(P>0.05). The defocus curve showed double-peak shape,of which one peak was at the point of 0D and the other peak was on the plateau of -2.00--2.50D. Thirty-nine (89%) patients took off their glasses, who could engage in various distance work. CONCLUSION:SN6AD1 MIOL can offer a better whole range of vision and increase the rate of off-glasses.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of one incision phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation combined with trabeculectomy (triple surgery) in the treatment of glaucoma combined with cataract. METHODS:A total of 30 cases (34 eyes ) with coexisting glaucoma and cataract, who were performed triple surgery from January 2008 to February 2009 in our hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity intraocular pressure (IOP) and complications were observed, and all cases were followed up for 24 to 36 months. RESULTS:Preoperative mean visual acuity was 4.21±0.42. Postoperative mean visual acuity was 4.67±0.22. There was significant difference between before and after operation (t=-5.794,P<0.01).The postoperative IOP of 34 eyes were normal without any other treatments, the mean IOP decreased from preoperative 23.67±9.12mmHg to postoperative 15.90±2.74mmHg .There was significant difference between before and after operation (t=5.162, P<0.01). 34 eyes didn’t occur serious complications. CONCLUSION:One incision triple surgery could control IOP effectively and improve visual acuity quickly and remarkably.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical curative effect of modified trabeculectomy combined with interscleral drainage pond forming for the treatment of over 60 years old patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma(AACG). METHODS:A total of 73 patients 73 eyes aged over 60 of AACG underwent modified trabeculectomy combined with interscleral drainage pond forming. Anterior chamber depth, intraocular pressure, bleb shape and so on were observed after operation. RESULTS:About 3 to 36 months after surgery mean IOP was 12.5±4.8mmHg, significantly lower than that before surgery. Postoperative 75% (55/73) affected eyes had visual acuity improved. 96% (70/73)blebs were type Ⅰ, Ⅱ functional filtering bleb. Main complications were early shallow anterior chamber and hypotony in(18%, 13/73) affected eyes. CONCLUSION:Modified trabeculectomy combined with interscleral drainage pond forming is an effective way for the treatment of over 60 years old patients with AACG.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness changes after primary acute angle-closure glaucoma (PAACG). METHODS:Totally 36 patients were recruited, 26 Female (72.2%) and 10 male (27.8%). All the PAACG attacks were resolved after treatment by anti-glaucoma drug followed by laser peripheral iridotomy or surgery. Patients completed RNFL thickness measurement including mean,superior, temporal,inferior and nasal RNFL thickness at 2,4,8,12weeks after resolved using FD-OCT. Analysis of repeated measures and independent-sample t test analysis was carried out to analyze the difference of RNFL thickness (SPSS 15.0). RESULTS:There was no significant difference in RNFL thickness between the attacked eyes and the controled eyes at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. RNFL thickness of all quandrants in the attacked eyes thinned gradually with follow-up, among which there was significant difference between 2 weeks and 4,8,12weeks and there was no significant differences between other weeks. CONCLUSION:After an episode of PAACG, the RNFL thickness is thinning continually mainly in inferior quadrant during the first 8 weeks after primary acute angle-closure glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the change of the function of macular area after intravitreal injection of triamicinolone acetonide for treatment of trauma induced persistent macular edema. METHODS:Twenty eyes with persistent macular edema induced by trauma were injected 0.1 milliliter triamicinolone acetonide into vitreous.Their visual acuity, thickness of nerve fibers layer of macular,incubation period and response densities of N1,P1 waves of the multifocal electroretinography were studied. RESULTS:After 3months’ treatment , their average visual acuity and thickness of nerve fibers layer of macular were 0.78±0.11 and 158.00±13.73μm;before treatment they were 0.21±0.09 and 321.67±42.24μm, incubation period and response densities of the N1,P1 waves of multifocal electroretinography’ s 1 and 2 rings decreased. Compared with those before treatment, there were significant statistical difference(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide is a safe and effective way to treat the persistent macular edema induced by trauma, the function of macular area improve after edema dismissing of macular area.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical value and law of electrocardiogram(ECG) changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR). METHODS:The study was based on 113 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the ophthalmology department of our hospital between June 2009 and March 2011, who were diagnosed with DR. A retrospective analysis were made on the clinical data of ECG, triglyceride, cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS:ST segment and T-wave abnormalities in ECGs were the major abnormalities. 25 cases (61.0%) in non-proliferative DR and 59 cases (81.9%) in proliferative DR had ECG abnormality. The difference was significant. Cases percentage in proliferation stage of DR patients with abnormal ECG was significantly higher than those of normal ECG group. Compared with normal ECG group, abnormal ECG group is also associated with higher average glycosylated hemoglobin. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The difference of triglyceride and cholesterol levels between abnormal and normal ECG groups was not significant. CONCLUSION:As a severe complication in eyes, DR is associated with cardiovascular system diseases and the poor glycemia control.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal Bevacizumab(Avastin)in patients with idiopathic choroidal neovascularization (ICNV). METHODS:The records of patients treated with intravitreal injection of 2.5mg Bevacizumab for ICNV were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were evaluated by complete ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein and/or indocyanine green angiography. Repeated treatment with intravitreous bevacizumab occurred if there were signs of persistent or recurrent exudation. Changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT) over at least 6 months were the main outcome measures. RESULTS:Forty eyes of 40 patients (19 males and 21 females) with the average age of 33.0±6.8 were included. The mean baseline of BCVA and CFT were 0.66±0.35(logMAR) and 275.39±107.59μm, respectively. One month after injection, the mean BCVA (logMAR 0.30±0.29,P=0.000) and CFT (185.39±45.77μm, P=0.000) were significantly improved. At the last visit of 9.2 months follow up, both BCVA (logMAR 0.31±0.38,P=0.000) and CFT (192.38±55.52μm,P=0.000) showed significant improvements over baseline values. BCVA was improved by at least two lines in 27 eyes (67.5%), remained stable in 8 eyes(20.0%)at the last visit. A total of 52 injections were performed and the average number of injections was 1.30/eye in the group. About 63.6% of re-injections gained at least two lines of vision improvement one month following the re-treatment. No serious ocular or systemic adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for ICNV was well tolerated with an improvement in BCVA, CFT over the mean 9.2 months follow-up period. Re-injection of intravitreal bevacizumab should be administered when needed.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect and safety of morning vs evening once daily of fixed combinations latanoprost/timolol maleate therapy in primary open angle glaucoma or in ocular hypertensive patients. METHODS:This study was prospective, observational clinial research. All ophthalmology examinations and 24 hours IOP testing were performed at the beginning of the study of latanoprost /timolol maleate.At 1 month follow-up, 24 hours IOP was tested and recorded the results and side effects. One week after stopping treatment, this was then changed to evening dosing once daily with fixed combinations of latanoprost/timolol maleate. After 1 month follow-up, 24 hours IOP was tested, the results and side effects were recorded. The IOP and side effects in two groups were then compared. RESULTS:Thirty-two patients completed this study. There was a significant reduction at each time point in the 24-hour diurnal curve of both morning (17.3±3.1mmHg) and evening (17.1±2.7mmHg) dosed patients, compared to the baseline IOP (21.1±3.3mmHg) (P<0.01). When the morning and evening dosing groups were compared directly, the 6∶00 time point was statistically lower with evening dosing (16.4±2.3mmHg) vs morning dosing (17.9±2.8mmHg) (P<0.05). A trend was observed, which indicated greater daytime reduction with night-time dosing, whereas morning dosing tended to give lower night-time pressure. There was a significantly lower mean range of diurnal pressure with evening (3.6±1.6mmHg) vs morning (4.4±1.6mmHg) dosing (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups of side effects (P>0.05). CONCLUSION:This study suggests that fixed combinations latanoprost/timolol maleate both given once daily in the morning and evening can effectively reduce the IOP for the 24-hour diurnal curve and are well tolerated with few side effects. There is a significantly stable 24 hour IOP lowering in evening dosed fixed combinations of latanoprost /timolol maleate..

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical complications of Densiron68 as an intraocular tamponade in the vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS:Nineteen eyes of 18 patients aged 19 years to 78 years with complex retinal detachment were included.Initial evaluation included present ophthalmologic and general medical history, determination of the best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measureed by non-contact tonometer, detailed slit lamp and fundus examination. Surgery was performed as a standard three-port, pars plana vitrectomy. At removal surgery,15 eyes of the posterior peplos discission was performed. Mean duration of the Densiron68 endotamponade was 76.00±23.84 days,mean follow-up time after removal was 95.74±44.58 days. RESULTS:After Densiron68 removal, 16 eyes (84.21%) showed a stable reattached retinal without further interventions , while, in 1 eye (5.26%), recurrent retinal redetachment appeared during endotamponade. Two eyes (10.53%) developed redetachment after Densiron68 removal. Visual acuity was improved in 14 eyes (73.68%).Side effects included temporary inflammatory reaction, silicon oil emulsification, posterior capsular opacification, temporary high intraocular pressure and pupillary block glaucoma. CONCLUSION:The results showed that Densiron68 as an endotamponade was effective and security ,however, incidence of complications was higher shortly after tamponade.

Abstract:AIM:To study the characteristic of vitreoretinal pathology and evaluate the effectiveness of vitrectomy for Terson syndrome. METHODS:Nine patients ( 12 eyes ) with Terson syndrome underwent vitrectomy. The clinical characteristic and the effectiveness of those cases after vitrectomy were analysed. RESULTS:Postoperatively,most vitreous cavities of 12 eyes were clear; the visual acuity of all patients increased more than two lines than before. All cases had no serious complication when followed up. CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy is a safe and effective method for treating Terson syndrome, which can rapidly improve vision of patients.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical and image feature of orbital hematoma, and provide evidence for diagnosis and treatment. METHODS :The patient who were treated in our department in last 4 years were collected, the etiology, clinical feature, image were analyzed. RESULTS:A total of 10 cases of hematoma, 1 case had a clear history of trauma, all patients showed exophthalmos, with different degrees of visual acuity decrease, eye movement disorders. Hematoma within the muscle cone in the cone CT showed high density, and the performance of the front showed quasi-circle. B-ultrasound within 4 days appeared as intense echoes of solid lesions, more than 4 days showed hypoechoic areas, individual had echoes interval inside, CDFI had no blood flow signals within the tumor, a routine MRI was consistent with subacute hemorrhage. Bleeding within 7 days of surgery were seen hematoma blood clot. CONCLUSION:Orbital hematoma took onset suddenly, most of which has no inducement, combined with clinical history, symptom, sign, CT, B ultrasound and MRI, we can obtain correct diagnosis. Operation is an efficient way to those who has no obvious improvement with conservative treatment , and obtains good prognosis.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze clinical characteristics of periorbital and orbital cellulitis in pediatrics. METHODS:Fifty-four medical records of pediatrics admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology with a diagnosis of periorbital and orbital cellulitis during the year 2010 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS:Thirty-four cases of periorbital cellulitis and 20 cases of orbital cellulitis were included, with no significant differences in gender, eye involvement and age between the two. Male∶female ratio was 2.6∶1, The highest incidence occurred in the 0-3 year old group(71%). Seasonal distribution appeared to peak in November and January, the predisposing factors were diverse. White blood cell count, neutrophil count and percentage of elevated C-reactive protein in periorbital cellulitic patients were lower than those in orbital cellulitic patients(P<0.01).57% periorbital and 88% orbital cellulitic children were found sinusitis by orbital and sinus CT scans. The isolated pathogens found in pediatric orbital abscess fluid included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans and Streptococcus pneumoniae.Periorbital cellulitic children were treated with single or two antibiotics, while orbital cellulitis usually required combined antibiotics, and surgical interventions when necessary. CONCLUSION:Children with periorbital or orbital cellulitis are commonly under three years old, seasonal incidence peaks in autumn and winter, upper respiratory infection and sinusitis are the most important predisposing factors. Orbital cellulitis has a more severe infection than periorbital cellulitis, CT scan is useful to differential diagnosis.Antibiotic therapy should have coverage against staphylococcal and streptococcal species, and adjust to different predisposing diseases and microbiology. A timely performed surgery can shorten the course of infection and decrease recurrence.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of suspension of frontal aponeurosis in patients with severe congenital blepharoptosis and surgical complication. METHODS:Eighteen patients (25 eyes)with severe congenital blepharoptosis were treated with suspension of frontal aponeurosis and the operative effect was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS:The follow-up periods of the patients ranged from 3 months to 12 months. The blepharoptosis was corrected in all cases .At 3 months postoperative, the satisfactory rate was 76%(19/25 eyes),the basically satisfactory rate was 24%(6/25 eyes),no inefficient case .The complications were various degrees of lagophthalmus and recovered in 6 months. There were no severe complication such as ectropion, entropion,malformed upper lid margins,or exposure keratitis and so on. CONCLUSION:Suspension of frontal aponeurosis is an ideal method to treat severe congenital blepharoptosis in patients .

Abstract:AIM:To explore the one-stage repair effect of congenital blepharophimosis syndrome by combining Y-V medial canthoplasty with the frontalis suspension using dacron mesh sling . METHODS:From 2004 to 2009, an one-stage procedure combining blepharoptosis correction with medial canthoplasty was adopted in 14 patients with congenital blepharophimosis syndrome (5 male, 9 female; aged from 4 to 14). Bilateral severe blepharoptosis and epicanthus inversus were found in all the patients, 12 (86%)patients had flat dorsum nasi. The vertical length of the palpebral fissure was 1 to 5mm, horizontal length 18 to 25mm, and the intercanthal distance was 38 to 43mm. RESULTS:In the follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 24 mo, in all 14 cases, the vertical length of the palpebral fissure was 5 to 9 mm, horizontal length was 25 to 30mm, and the intercanthal distance was 30 to 35mm. The appearance of their bilateral eyelids was satisfying. CONCLUSION:The modified one-stage procedure combining Y-V medial canthoplasty with the frontalis suspension using dacron mesh sling can achieve favorable outcomes for patients with congenital blepharophimosis syndrome.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the clinical manifestations, causes and treatment of scleral complications after different pterygium surgery. METHODS:By retrospective study, the 577 cases (857 eyes) with primary pterygium were divided into 4 groups according to different surgical procedures. The clinical manifestations, causes and treatment were observed. RESULTS:A total of 39 eyes appeared different degree scleral complications. There were more stimulating symptoms and scleral complications in the group Ⅱof pterygium resection combined with mitomycin than those in other groups (P<0.01), followed by group Ⅰof pterygium resection. 34 eyes were cured after eyedrops of hydroxymethyl propyl and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor(BFGF) in about 2 weeks. 5 eyes with scleral necrosis were gradually healing after the debridement and fresh amniotic membrane transplantation. CONCLUSION:Early detection and effective treatment, preoperative prevention are very important in the scleral complications,correct pterygium surgery and eyedrops can effectively reduce scleral complications.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the effect of weakening inferior oblique muscles on the status of ocular torsion by measuring disc-fovea angle (DFA). METHODS:A total of 30 eyes of 23 cases with inferior oblique muscle overaction underwent inferior oblique weakening procedures,images of fundus including fovea and disc were photoed by OCT before and one week after surgery. DFA was measured by using PhotoShop software, and statistical analysis was done with SPSS software. RESULTS:DFA was 17.200°±6.624°and 7.735°±6.545°respectively before and one week after surgery. There was significant difference for DFA before and one week after surgery (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:DFA can be changed significantly through inferior oblique weakening procedures. Measurement of DFA is useful in surgery design before surgery and surgical result evaluation after surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the feasibility,indications and efficacy of lacrimol point incision combined with lacrimal intubation in our clinic for the treatment of lacrmal point stenosis or occlusion. METHODS:A total of 37 patients (41 eyes) were with lacrmal point stenosis or occlusion.20 patients(22 eyes)underwent Nd:YAG laser combined with lacrimal intubation,17 patients(19 eyes) underwent lacrimol point incision combined with lacrimal intubation.All the cases had an extubation according to recovery.All patients then continued to be followed up for 3 months to 12 months.All patients’ situation of epiphora,the form and function recovery of lacrimal point, and surgical complications were observed and recorded. RESULTS:Until the last following up time,all cases had 100% effective rate.Nd:YAG laser combined with lacrimal intubation had a cure rate of 82% ,the other was 79%.There were no obvious difference between the two types.All the congenital atresia of lacrimal point cases had a 100% cure rate.After surgery,2 cases were with swelling tissue around lacrimal point and itching,1 case with split lacrimal point,1 case with lacrimal passages granulation. No other complications were found.No self-detachment of lacrimal drainage tube was found. CONCLUSION:Combination with lacrimal intubation to treat lacrmal point stenosis is unique and effective.Nd:YAG laser combined with lacrimal intubation is simple for lacrmal point stenosis or congenital atresia ,it deserved to be applied.Congenital closure of lacrimal point may be a surgical indications of lacrimal point incision combined with lacrimal intubation.

Abstract:AM:To discuss the correlation between symptom and sign of patients with dry eye. METHODS:The patients were analysed including ages, symptoms,tear break-up time(BUT)test, SchirmerⅠtest and the fluorescent stain test(FL).The clinical data was quantitated and analysed with correlation analysis. RESULTS:Age was negatively correlated with SchirmerⅠtest(r=- 0.219,P<0.05), dryness of eye was positively correlated with SchirmerⅠtest(r=0.156,P<0.05),dryness of eye was negatively correlated with BUT(r=- 0.254,P<0.01), eye dry was positively correlated with asthenopia(r=0.313,P<0.01),photophobia was negatively correlated with SchirmerⅠtest(r=- 0.231,P<0.01), photophobia was negatively correlated with the fluorescent stain test(FL)(r=- 0.165,P<0.05),the fluorescent stain test(FL) was negatively correlated with asthenopia(r=- 0.220,P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The incidence of dry eye was higher for the elderly.There are some correlation between subjective symptoms and objective signs of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate effect of ciliary body shape and position on spatial structure in anterior segment of normal eyes. METHODS:Totally 186 eyes of 186 normal subjects were examined by ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM), A scan and Pentacam scheimpflug system, including ciliary body thickness(CBT), ciliary process length(CPL) , scleral ciliary process angle(θ) ,anterior chamber volume(ACV), anterior chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LT) and relative lens position(RLP), angle opening distance 500μm from the scleral spur(AOD500). The correlations of CBT, CPL, θ and ACV, ACD, LT, RLP, AOD500 were analysed using linear correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS:Normal CBT, CPL, θ and ACV, ACD, LT, RLP, AOD500 were 0.740±0.099mm, 1.228±0.166mm, 45.81°± 5.11°, 171.15±44.23mm3, 2.822±0.314mm, 4.29±0.48mm, 0.231 ± 0.013,0.373±0.069mm, respectively.CBT was positive correlation with ACV, ACD and RLP, negative correlation with LT and no correlation with AOD500. CPL was negative correlation with ACV, ACD, RLP and AOD500, positive correlation with LT. θ was positive correlation with ACV, ACD,RLP and AOD500 and no correlation with LT. CONCLUSION:Ciliary body shape and position are influence factors of differences in spatial structure of ocular anterior segment.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the difference between conventional refractive procedure and medical refractive procedure in pseudophakic eye, exploring the scientific and standardized procedure of presbyopic refraction for pseudophakic eye. METHODS:Totally 30 age-related cataract patients(60 eyes) were with binocular phacoemulsification and monofocal intraocular lens inter-capsular implantation. All the patients were measured with conventional refractive procedure firstly and then medical refractive procedure after about a week. Presbyopic ADD, accommodative amplitude, negative relative accommodation(NRA) and positive relative accommodation(PRA) with best corrected near visual acuity(BCNVA) and length of comfortable reading time were measured 3 months after surgery. RESULTS:ADD acquired from two refractive procedure was significantly different(P<0.05), ADD acquired from conventional refractive procedure was 1.50±0.42D, which existed positive correlation with age(P<0.05);ADD acquired from medical refractive procedure was 1.28±0.19D, which had no correlation with age(P>0.05). Length of comfortable reading time acquired from medical refractive procedure were 30.13±5.10minutes, which was significantly longer than the length of comfortable reading time acquired from conventional refractive procedure (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The exact presbyopic refraction for pseudophakic eye should be based on the parameter acquired from medical refractive procedure, in order to achieve longer time and more comfort on reading.

Abstract:AIM:To study the characteristics of reading visual acuity in myopic anisometropes and myopes without anisometropia by E Standard Logarithm Near Visual Acuity Chart and Chinese Characters Near Visual Acuity Chart. METHODS:Eighteen myopic anisometropes(experimental group, EG)and seventeen myopes without anisometropia(control group, CG)were recruited for this study. All subjects were fully corrected based on subjective refraction using frame glasses and then were measured reading visual acuity by E Standard Logarithm Near Visual Acuity Chart and Chinese Characters Near Visual Acuity Chart. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in binocular reading visual acuity between EG and CG at contrast level 100% or 10%(P>0.05). The reading visual acuity measured at contrast level 100% was significant different from that measured under 10% in both EG and CG (P<0.01).The reading visual acuity measured by Chinese Characters Near Visual Acuity Chart was obviously worse than that measured by E Standard Logarithm Near Visual Acuity Chart at both two contrast levels (100%, 10%). There was no significant difference in reading visual acuity between medium myopia group and low myopia group(P>0.05). CONCLUSION:There was no significant difference in binocular reading visual acuity between myopic anisometropes and myopes without anisometropia. The contrast had great effect on reading visual acuity. When the contrast was lower, the reading visual acuity measured was worse. There was no significant correlation between reading visual acuity and myopic diopter. The reading visual acuity measured by Chinese Characters Near Visual Acuity Chart was obviously worse than that measured by E Standard Logarithm Near Visual Acuity Chart. The reason might be that Chinese Characters Near Visual Acuity Chart only took the visual angle as standard design parameter according to the character’s height, while ignored the complex configuration and stroke of characters. So the Chinese Characters Near Visual Acuity Chart used at present should perfect its design and conversion mechanism.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the reason for refractive regression after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS:There were 152 cases (287 eyes), men 62 cases, women 90 cases, aged 17 to 50 years old. Preoperative LASIK refraction with all patients was - 6.00 ~ -15.00 D.According to refraction ,they were divided into A group of 142 eyes (- 6.00 ~-9.00D), B group of 101 eyes (-9.25~-12.00D) and C group of 44 eyes (-12.25~-15.00D).They were recorded with different gender, age, refraction, corneal thickness, corneal refractive power and corneal laser ablation zone diameter, and analyzed statistically after LASIK. The mean follow-up time was 1 year. RESULTS:A group:refractive regression rate of surgery eye was 3.1%, the average number of refraction was -1.01±0.56D, 1 year after surgery the average corneal bed thickness of normal surgery eye was 457.1±30.1μm, regressive surgery eye was 396.2±32.0μm, the intraoperative mean diameter of ablation zone for the normal surgery eye was 6.22±0.37mm, regressive surgery eye was 5.73±0.38mm, all of the differences were significant (P<0.05). B group:refractive regression rate of surgery eye was 10.2%, the average refraction was -1.69±0.81D,1 year after surgery the average corneal thickness of normal surgery eye was 443.1±32.9μm, regressive surgery eye was 303.4±29.0μm,the intraoperative mean diameter of ablation zone for the normal surgery eye was 6.02±0.16mm, regressive surgery eye was 5.66±0.21mm, all of the differences were significant (P<0.05). C group:refractive regression rate of surgery eye was 11.3%, the average refraction was -1.96±1.76D, 1 year after surgery the average corneal thickness of normal surgery eye was 439.1±30.1μm, regressive surgery eye was 279.0±28.0μm,the intraoperative mean diameter of ablation zone for the normal surgery eye was 5.87±0.21mm, regressive surgery eye was 5.51±0.15mm, all of the differences were significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:LASIK can treat myopia of - 6.00~ -15.00D effectively. Patients of high myopia with preoperative thin corneal thickness and patients with a small intraoperative laser ablation zone diameter are prone to postoperative refractive regression.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effects of treating myopia by traditional Chinese medicine steaming combined with auricular point sticking in adolescents. METHODS:Totally 360 adolescents (656 eyes) were divided into two groups randomly. Both groups were given mydriatic refractometry. Patients in experimental group were treated by traditional Chinese medicine steaming combined with auricular point sticking for 4 weeks. The others were treated only by auricular point sticking for 4 weeks as control. Vision was checked by International Standard Logarithmic Visual Acuity Chart before and after treating. RESULTS:The efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine steaming combined with auricular point sticking was 53.9% and the efficiency of auricular point sticking was 33.3%(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The curative effect of the experimental group is significantly higher than the control group and the efficiency decreases with the deepening of myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the effects of different incision position in small incision cataract surgery (SICS) on corneal astigmatism. METHODS:A total of eighty cases (80 eyes) who underwent SICS and intraocular lens implantment were randomly diveded into two groups with 40 eyes of each,group A:incision location was chosen at the maximum curvature meridian,superior incision for with-the-rule astigmatism,temporal incision for against-the-rule astigmatism;group B:superior incision was chosen using 6.0mm scleral tunnel incision without suture.Corneal astigmatism and uncorrected visual acuity were detected preoperation and 3 months postoperation. RESULTS:Before operation and 3 months after operation,the average corneal astigmtism were 1.15±0.53D,0.89±0.50D in the group A and 1.13±0.57D,1.64±0.68D in the group B. Uncorrected visual acuity (≥0.5) was observed at 3 months after operation in two groups;group A:34 eyes (85%);group B:24 eyes(60%).Visual acuity of group A was better than that of the group B. CONCLUSION:The incision location for cataract surgery is better to choose at the maximum curvature meridian to correct preoperative astigmatism and obtain better postoperative vision.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the impact of different vitreous operations on the corneal endothelial cells counts and indicate the best time of silicon oil withdrawing. METHODS:Depending on different pathological changes, 37 patients 40 eyes with vitreoretinal disease were divided into three groups, respectively they underwent the pure vitrectomy, vitrectomy silicon oil retinal tamponade, and vitrectomy & lensectomy silicon oil tamponade. Corneal endothelium microscope was used to respectively measure the corneal endothelial cell counts of these three groups of cases according to the frequency of 1 day before operation, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after operation. The changes of corneal endothelial cell counts before and after the operation were compared. RESULTS:There were no statistical differences in the corneal endothelial cell counts among these three groups 1 week after operation and 1 month after operation, compared with the preoperative observation. For the group of pure vitrectomy, there were also no statistical differences in the corneal endothelial cell counts 3 months and 6 months after operation, if compared with the preoperative observation. For the group of vitrectomy silicon oil retinal tamponade, there were also no statistical differences in the corneal endothelial cell counts 3 months after operation, compared with the preoperative observation. However, there were significant decreases in the corneal endothelial cell counts 6 months after operation, and there were statistical differences. For the group of vitrectomy & lensectomy silicon oil tamponade, there were significant decreases in the corneal endothelial cell counts in the corneal endothelial cell counts 3 and 6 months after operation, compared with the preoperative observation, and there were statistical differences. CONCLUSION:For the vitrectomy with reteniton of crystalline lens silicon oil tamponade, there are significant decreases in the corneal endothelial cell counts 6 months after operation, under the premise that the intraocular prossure is under good control. However, for the aphakia vitrectomy silicon oil tamponade, there are significant decreases in the corneal endothelial cell counts at the time of 3 months after operation. This result indicates that the long-term silicon oil tamponade inside vitreous body can significantly reduce the corneal endothelial cells counts. However, there are significant decreases in the corneal endothelial cell counts only at the time of 6 months after the long-term silicon oil tamponade in vitreoretinal surgical operation and vitreous chamber, which shows that the retention of crystalline lens has positive significance in the protection of corneal endothelium.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate, evaluate and analyze the clinical efficacy of vitreoretinal surgery in the treatment of severe corneoscleral laceration. METHODS:From 2009- 03 to 2010- 03 in our hospital, 37 cases (37 eyes) of hospitalized patients with corneoscleral laceration underwent vitrectomy, according to intraoperative conditions combined with silicone oil filling and retinal laser photocoagulation. RESULTS:Post-operative follow-up was 3 to 6(average 5)months with visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and fundus examination, and eye B-ultrasound, OCT and fundus photographic examination for partial affected eyes. Clear vitreous cavity and good retinal reattachment were in 31 cases (31 eyes), among which the number of visual acuity ≥ 0.1 was increased from preoperative 2 eyes to postoperative 11 eyes, visual acuity was improved in 28 cases (28 eyes) at different dagrees, visual acuity remained unchanged in 3 cases (3 eyes) postoperation; 6 cases(6 eyes)without light perception before and after operation underwent eyeball enucleation joint orbital implantation due to postoperative eyeball atrophy. CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy is an effective way for severe corneoscleral laceration. Early surgical treatment may improve postoperative visual function of the affected eyes for most patients with fewer complications.The surgery is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens(IOL) implantation with topical anesthesia and transparent corneal incison. METHODS:Totally 475 eyes of 382 cases of cataract were performed phacoemulsification and foldable IOL implantation,the safety and postoperative visual acuity and complications were observed. RESULTS:Totally 475 eyes of 382 cases of cataract were safe with results. There were no serious system and ocular complications. CONCLUSION:Transparent corneal incision phacoe-mulsification and foldable IOL implantation in patients can shorten the period of visual rehabilitation.It is effective and safe.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate effects of trabeculectomy for primary angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS:The retrospective case summary of our hospital from 2000 to December 2010 included totally 312 patients undergoing routine trabeculectomy,they were treated with preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) reducing treatment and prevention of infection to get the effect of no local significant ciliary hyperemia and intraocular pressure below 30mmHg.They were operated on under surface anesthesia. RESULTS:Two hundred and eighty-seven cases were with IOP controled within the normal range postoperatively, accounting for 92.0%; IOP less than 10mmHg was in 3 cases, accounting for 1.0%; IOP higher than 21mmHg was in 22 cases, accounting for 7.0%:IOP was normal, but after 5 years follow-up there was progressive visual field damage in 16 cases, accounting for 5.1%. CONCLUSION:Trabeculectomy for patients responding poorly to drugs or laser treatment is effective. For glaucoma patients,it can effectively reduce IOP, protect visual function and improve quality of life and is a safe and feasible method for glaucoma surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the clinical curative effect of modified trabeculectomy for glaucoma. METHODS:A total of 40 cases with glaucoma were randomly divided into control group and treatment group, 20 cases in each group . Modified trabeculectomy was performed in treatment group , whereas the control group undertook trabeculectomy. Intraocular pressure(IOP), vision and the depth of anterior chamber were compared after operation. RESULTS:Postoperatively,IOP, vision and the depth of anterior chamber in treatment group were obviously better than the control group, with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Modified trabeculectomy for glaucoma can reduce complications,which is worth promoting.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the best suturing method of conjunctival graft under microscope. METHODS:Ninety-two eyes of pterygium or conjunctival bump patients of 2005-2010,who underwent operation in our hospital,were collected.All patients were excised under microscope with conjunctival autograft, continuous side whipstitch suture were performed in the operation with 10- 0 line. One week after the operation, sutures were removed under the slit lamp.Patients were followed up for two months, incision inflammation, healing, leakproofness, and other complications were observed. RESULTS:After continuous side whipstitch suture, conjunctiva was of good leakproofness, small reaction, fewer complications and no conjunctival cysts and granulation. CONCLUSION:Continuous side whipstitch suture is a good suturing method, and can improve the operation efficiency, reduce postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the failure reason of fresh amniotic membrane transplantation in treatment of pterygium. METHODS:The clinical efficacy of 194 eyes of newly developed pterygium (120 eyes) and recurrent pterygium(74 eyes), which were performed fresh amniotic membrane transplantation from September 2006 to December 2009, were retrospectively investigated.The failure reason was analysed. RESULTS:Amniotic membrane of 9 eyes (4.6%) melted and pterygium of 30 eyes recurred. The post-operative follow-up periods were 15 to 36 months. CONCLUSION:That transplantation bed surface is not smooth or clean, hemorrhage under the graft and that graft suture is not solid are the main factors of dissolved amnion graft. Amniotic membrane dissolution, inexhaustive excision, surgical trauma and postoperative inflammatory stimulation and important reasons in recurrent pterygium.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical effect of limbal stem cell transplantation combined with amniotic membrane transplantation and mitomycin C for the treatment of recurrent pterygium. METHODS:Forty-seven patients (54 eyes) with recurrent pterygium were randomly divided into two groups:excision of pterygium and amniotic membrane transplantation being performed in group A(24 cases 28 eyes);excision of pterygium and limbal stem cell transplantation comined with amniotic membrane transplantation and mitomycin C being performed in group B (23 cases 26 eyes).All patients were performed the operation under microscope and had been followed up for two years. The recurrence rate was observed. RESULTS:Twenty-two eyes in group A were cured, 6 eyes recurred. Twenty-five eyes in group B were cured, 1 recurred. The recurrence rate was 21% in group A and 4% in group B. There was significant statistical difference between the two groups(χ2=11.6452,P=0.0006).The recurrence rate in group B was obviously lower than it in group A. CONCLUSION:Limbal stem cell transplantation combined with amniotic membrane transplantation and mitomycin C seems to be an effective treatment for recurrent pterygium, which has low recurrence rate.Futher research is necessary to observe the long term effect after surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical characteristics of dissociated vertical deviation with inferior oblique muscles hyperfunction,and analyze clinical effects on the surgical treatment with superior inferior oblique muscles anterior transposition. METHODS:Forty-eight patients of dissociated vertical deviation with inferior oblique hyperfunction were treated by superior inferior oblique muscles anterior transposition.Breaking and fixing inferior oblique muscles at the temporal rectus inferior 1mm and under rectus inferior 1mm. Following-up was from 2 weeks to 12 months. RESULTS:The correction in the vertical strabismus angle had no singnificant difference between small degree group with moderate degree group.However,the correction in the vertical strabismus angle had a singnificant difference between small and moderate degree group with large degree group. CONCLUSION:The surgical treatment with superior inferior oblique muscles anterior transposition is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the curative effect of by nasolacrimal stent for nasolacrimal duct obstruction. METHODS:Seventy-six cases(92 eyes) of nasolacrimal duct obstruction were treated by nasolacrimal stent, and observerd by following-up 1-21 months. RESULTS:Eighty-six eyes were successfully placed nasolacrimal stent in 76 cases(92 eyes), the successful rate was 93%; after operation, 74 eyes had significantly clinical effect, the rate was 86%,and 12 eyes had clinical effect, the rate was 14%. CONCLUSION:The nasolacrimal stent is a simple, safe and effective method for treating nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the treatment effectiveness of nasolacrimal duct obstruction by modified silicone tube retrograde intubation. METHODS:The outpatients diagnosed with nasolacrimal duct obstruction and chronic dacryocystitis were 68 cases (74 eyes).The procedure of retrograde intubation was performed in local anesthesia.The situation of lacrimal duct,epiphora, silicone tube location and cleanliness were observed after intubation. RESULTS:The lacrimal duct system was able to be irrigaetd one week after the operation. More than one year follow-up showed the cure rate was 94.6% after the removal of silicone tube. CONCLUSION:Modified silicone tube retrograde intubation for treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction is safe, minimally invasive, less time, less bleeding and good effect.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the curative effect of amniotic membrane transplantation for acute ocular burn patients. METHODS:Fresh amniotic membrane transplantation was for treatment of early ocular burns in 10 patients (12 eyes). RESULTS:Twelve eyes were of reepithelialization of ocular surface within 3 weeks after operation;cornea restored transparency in 3 eyes, left thin nebula in 5 eyes, left corneal macula in 2 eyes,leukoma in 2 eyes;corneal neovascularization was in 3 eyes, among which neovascularization was limited at peripheral cornea in 2 eyes and entered into pupil region of the cornea in 1 eye; mild symblepharon was in 2 eyes. CONCLUSION:Fresh amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of early ocular thermal burns can obtain a stable ocular surface. It is an effective way and creates the conditions for cornea transplantation for the future.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the methods and effects of Amniotic membrane transplantation for treatment of symblepharon by severe eye burns. METHODS:Chemical burns or thermal burns could lead to conjunctival sac stenosis and symblepharon,which caused pseudo-deformation of eye surface, tear dynamics change and eyeball movement disorders.This study uesd amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction the ocular surface shape and conjunctival sac. RESULTS:Twenty-three patients were followed up for 4 to 27 months,corneal pseudopterygium recurred for 2 patients, but the conjunctival sacs were improved, and conjunctival sac were reduced in 4 mild patients and 2 moderate; the other patients could better reconstruct ocular surface. CONCLUSION:Amniotic membrane transplantation has a better effect in the treatment for ocular surface shape of symblepharon because of severe eye burns.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relationship between high myopia incidence and ABO blood group by correlation analysis of myopia incidence of different blood groups, hoping to find a way to treat and prevent high myopia. METHODS:ABO blood group of 70 high myopia patients and 72 normal people (control group) were tested by tube agglutination, and the distributions were compared according to sex and ABO blood group. RESULTS:For high myopia , the distribution was O>B>A>AB, female group had higher incidence than male, and there was significant difference between A blood group and O blood group (χ2=5.9510,P<0.05). Comparing the other blood groups, there were no significant differences of each other. CONCLUSION:Women tended to have higher incidence than men in high myopia. The genetic factors of A blood group antigen had some relationship with prevention of high myopia. The fact also revealed that female of O blood group should pay more attention to prevention and treatment of high myopia at the same time, which had important meaning in high myopia prevention.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of orthokeratology on controlling or slowing the development of myopia in teenagers at different age group. METHODS:A total of 212 cases(315 eyes) aged from 7 to 18 years old with -1.00--5.00DS and astigmatism ≤-1.50DC were observed. Orthokeratology was used for teenager myopia patients after correction. All cases were averagely divided into four groups according to age. The patients with uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA) ≥1.0 and ≥0.8 were analyzed at 6, 12, 24 months. RESULTS:Patients after wearing orthokeratology for 6 months, UCVA was ≥1.0 in all cases. 12 months later, UCVA≥1.0 was 38.2%, ≥0.8 was 61.8% in Ⅰ group; Ⅱ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 54.0%, ≥0.8 in 46.0%; Ⅲ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 62.2%, ≥0.8 in 37.8%; Ⅳ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 100%. 24 months later, Ⅰ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 7.3%, ≥0.8 in 8.9%; Ⅱ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 21.6%, ≥0.8 in 15.8%; Ⅲ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 37.8%, ≥0.8 in 16.2%; Ⅳ group:UCVA≥1.0 in 62.5%, ≥0.8 in 37.5%. CONCLUSION:Orthokeratology have a good therapeutic effect with increasing age on controlling or slowing the development of myopia in teenagers at different age group. It is a selection method with rapid effect, noninvasive and reversible shaping.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the effect of the cataract peri-operative nursing care of government’s special care for poor patients. METHODS:Preoperative and postoperative nursing points of 138 cases poor patients cataract surgery were summarized. RESULTS:Strict preoperative and postoperative care and operating rules,close observation of the patient’s surgery eye and general condition, and good psychological care of patients were conducive to the prognosis of disease. CONCLUSION:Most poor cataract patients are older and associated with other systemic diseases,the improvement of their visual acuity are not entirely satisfing.They should be given intensive care.