Abstract:AIM:To report the results of phacotrabeculectomy with 2.8mm scleral tunnel incision.METHODS:Phacotrabeculectomy was performed through an identical 2.8mm scleral tunnel incision in 52 eyes of 49 patients with cataract and glaucoma.The incision was closed with out suture.Foldable intraocular lens was implanted in all eyes.RESULTS:The control of intraocular pressure on 36 eyes was desirable.The average postoperative intraocular pressure was(8.24±3.61)mmHg,(13.22±4.12) mmHg,(12.11±4.23)mmHg and(12.59±4.26)mmHg at one week,one month,three months and six months.As compared with 56 eyes in which phacotrabeculectomy was performed with 5.5mm scleral tunnel sutureless incision,there was no statistical difference,between the two,regarding the mean postoperative intraocular pressure at six months(t=1.7536,P=0.08239).The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was not statistically different between the preoperative and postoperative times in one year in 26 eyes.The uncorrected postoperative visual activity was 0.8 or better in 62% of 52 eyes.CONCLUSION:The advantages of this operative method are minimal size scleral flap,smaller and sutureless incision,immediate chamber restoration,decrease in postoperative astigmatism,enhanced postoperative visual activity,reduced postoperative inflammatory response and complications.

Abstract:Glaucoma is a kind of progressive disease characterized by distinctive defects of optic disc cupping and visual field loss associated with or without intraocular pressure elevated.The cup/disc ratio is the standard way to describe the optic disc in the past 40 years.But the fact is that there were cases in which glaucomatous visual field loss was associated with a small cup,and cases in which visual field loss was not present even though the cup was large.The cup/disc ratio is less valid and reproducible than new methods.The Disc Damage Likelihood Scale(DDLS),which is based on the appearance of the neuroretinal rim of the optic disc,corrected for the disc diameter,may be a better system to evaluate the optic disc.

Abstract:AIM:To report a case of entry of antibiotic ointment into the anterior chamber following sutureless clear corneal incisions phacoemulsification.·METHODS:A 62-year-old man had uneventful phaco-emulsification with clear corneal incisions with intraocular lens(IOL) implantation.Postoperative medication included antibiotic/steroid ointment;the eye was firmly patched at the end of the procedure.On the first postoperative day,the patient was seen an oily droplet floating in the anterior chamber.Immediate surgical removal of the ointment without IOL exchange was performed.RESULTS:During follow-up for six months after irrigation/aspiration of the anterior chamber and removal of the oily droplet,visual acuity and intraocular pressure(IOP) were unchanged and anterior segment was formed and quiet.CONCLUSION:Ophthalmic ointment may ingress into the anterior chamber through unstable clear corneal incisions.The case highlights the importance of appropriate wound construction and integrity,as well as the risk of tight eye patching following placement of ointment.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty(DLEK) for corneal endothelial wound in a rabbit model.METHODS:Totally 48 eyes(24 cases) with corneal endothelial wound model were studied,which were divided into 2 groups in postoperative 2nd day:the DLEK surgery was performed on experimental group(n=12) and the other cases(n=12) were as the control group.The postoperative examinations including the intraocular pressure(IOP),reaction of the anterior chamber and complications were performed on 1,2,3,7,14days;1 month after surgery respectively.A rabbit selected randomly in the two groups(n=6,respectively) was killed in 1 month after operation and extirpated the eyeball to observe the condition of myofibroblast and inflammatory cells and compare their difference.RESULTS:There were no significant difference of lOP and reaction of the anterior chamber among the two groups at 3d after operations(P>0.05);Comparing with control group,the complications didn’t increased.There was significant difference on myofibroblast(t=5.716,P<0.05)and inflammatory cells(t=6.991,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:DLEK have less complications,inflammatory reaction and reaction of the anterior chamber,also can maintain IOP and cornea transparence for corneal decompensation rabbit model.

Abstract:AIM:To determine whether hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) inhibits high glucose-induced cell proliferation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) mRNA in retinal capillary endothelial cells(Macaca rhesus monkey vascular endothelial cells,RF/6A cells).METHODS:RF/6A cells cultured in vitro were divided into NG+H0 group in which contained with normal glucose of 5.5mol/L,and was added with HSYA of 0mg/L,and were divided into HG+H0,HG+H18,HG+H37,HG+H73 group,in which contained with high glucose of 22mmol/L and were added with HSYA of 0,18,37 and 73mg/L,respectively.At 24,48,72 hours cultured,the cells were observed by inverted microscope.The effects of HSYA on cell proliferation and expression of VEGF mRNA were tested by MTT assay and RT-PCR(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction),respectively.RESULTS:The results of MTT assay for the effects of HSYA on the proliferation of RF/6A cells were showed as follows:at 48hours of cells cultivation,compared with HG+H0,the effects in HG+H37 and HG+H73 group were statistically significant(P<0.01).With the concentration of HSYA increased in high glucose groups,the absorbance values of RF/6A cells showed a descending trend.At 72hours of cells cultivation,there were statistically significant effects in groups of HG+H18,HG+H37 and HG+H73 when compared with HG+H0 group(P<0.01).With the concentration of HSYA increased in high glucose groups,the absorbance values of RF/6A cells showed a descending trend,and there was a marked reduction in HG+H73 group compared with the HG+H18 and HG+H37 group(P<0.01,P<0.05,respectively).The RT-PCR results for the effects of HSYA on VEGF mRNA expression were showed as follows:at 48hours of cells cultivation,the expression of VEGF mRNA in HG+H37,HG+H73 group was statistically significant lower than that in HG+H0 group(P<0.01) and with the same results showed in HG+H18,HG+H37,HG+H73 group at 72hours of cells cultivation(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:These results suggested that HSYA can inhibit the expression of VEGF and the high glucose-induced proliferation of RF/6A cells.The inhibitory effect of cell proliferation was increased in both time-dependent and dose-dependent manner.These effects may be associated with down-regulating the expression of VEGF mRNA by HSYA.

Abstract:AIM:To study the expression of vessel endothelial transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) in choroidal neovascularization(CNV) induced by argon laser in RWH rats.METHODS:Three groups of 21 RWH rats were photocoagulated by argon laser in single eye.1 week,2 weeks,3 weeks after photocoagulation,the expression of TGF-β,and factorⅧ related antigen(FⅧR:Ag) was observed by immunohistochemical method.RESULTS:The result of FⅧR:Ag immunohistochemistry showed that CNV initially formed 1 week after photocoagulation and reached the peak till 3rd week.TGF-β expression was observed in the ganglion cells,inner nuclear layer,retinal pigment epithelial cells,the vascular endothelial cells of retina and choroid in normal rats.Besides the above part,TGF-β expressed positively in the outer nuclear layer and choroid after retinal photocoagulation.1 week to 3 weeks after photocoagulation,the positive stained density of FⅧR:Ag and TGF-β in faculous region gradually increased(P<0.05).The expression of FⅧR:Ag was positively correlated with that of TGF-β(r=0.83,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:CNV is positive correlated with the expression of TGF-β.The increased expression TGF-β may contribute to the main reason for the formation and development of CNV.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the SD rats which were used to establish hyperoxia-induced retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) model,providing experimental basis to study the pathogenesis and treatment of disease.METHODS:Twenty-four newborn SD rats were divided into two groups,one group were placed in IPR-2 mice separate package where given hyperoxia [(75±2)% O2] from postnatal day 1 to 7(P1-7) and after then,exposed to room air(P8-14),the other group placed in room air(P1-14).At P7,P14,retinal flatmounts were obtained to study the retinal vascular pattern;at P14,the eye-tissue-sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin to analyze the extraretinal neovascularization;stained immunohistochemically to evaluate the retinal expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),CD34 protein under light microscopy.RESULTS:Retinal flatmounts:A large number of the capillary-free area and neovascularization were observed in experimental group,which was more than that in control group.Tissue-sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin:The number of vascular cell nuclei in experimental group was obviously more than that in control group.Immunohistochemical study:CD34 and VEGF protein expressed positive in the extraretinal vascular cells anterior to the internal limiting membrane.VEGF semi-determination showed the mean gray scale values was lower in experimental group than that in control group,but the area density values in experimental group was higher than that in control group.The development condition of rats was normal.CONCLUSION:The SD rats with the hyperoxia-induced animal model of ROP can successfully produce retinal neovascularization,and the model can be a reliable animal model as exploring mechanisms and treatment of disease.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of Urotensin Ⅱ(U-Ⅱ) on intraocular pressure(IOP).METHODS:Different concentrations of U-Ⅱ(10pg/μL,100pg/μL,1ng/μL,10ng/μL) were injected into anterior vitreous body of eyes in New Zealand rabbits.Schiotz impression tonometer were used with double balances after 0,1 hour;2,4,6,8,10,12,24,36 hours;2,3,4,5,6 days.RESULTS:IOP decreased 17.5%,33.7%,54.7% and 56.4%(P<0.001) in groups of 0.1ng U-Ⅱ,1ng U-Ⅱ,10ng U-Ⅱ and 100ng U-Ⅱ after 10-12 hours,8 hours,6 hours and 6 hours respectively;The effects of IOP decreases continued until 24 hours;2,3,4 days respectively.CONCLUSION:U-Ⅱ can decrease intraocular pressure(IOP) rapidly,intensively and continuously.U-Ⅱ,the new biological activity substance may become an effective medicine to prevent and treat glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effects of minocycline on optic nerve axons and Caspase-3 expression of experimental optic neuritis in Wistar rats.METHODS:Twenty-two female experimental Wistar rats were assigned to four groups randomly:normal group and experimental autoimmue encephalomyelitis group(EAE group),minocycline group,methlprednisolone group(MP group).The pathological changes of optic nerve were observed and the expression of Caspase-3 in retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) was detected by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:In EAE group,the optic nerve fibers showed bulb-like degeneration,the axis irregular swelling,a quantity of inflammatory cell infiltrating under light microscope.The axons showed bulb-like degeneration,myelin sheaths were loose,microtubule and microfilament disappeared under electron microscopy.The area percentage of axons:there was very significant difference(P<0.01),when EAE group,minocycline group and MP group compared with normal group.There was significant difference(P<0.05),when minocycline group and MP group compared with EAE group.In normal rats,there was little expression of Caspase-3 in retina.There was significant difference(P<0.05),when EAE group and MP group compared with minocycline group.There was significant difference(P<0.05),when MP group compared with EAE group CONCLUSION:Methlprednisolone can reduce demyelinating optic nerve axons injury,but can not reduce the expression of Caspase-3 in RGCs.Minocycline can down-regulate the expression of Caspase-3 in retina,which show that minocycline has a marked protection of RGCs in demyelinating optic neuritis by inhibiting the expression of Caspase-3.

Abstract:AIM:To observe contrast sensitivity(CS)function recovery in postoperative senile cataract patients and to discuss the influencing factors of recovering visual quality.METHODS:Controlling investigative method was applied.Experimental group:54 cases(55 eyes) were operated with Phaco+Sensar AR40e(17 eyes),Phaco + Bausch& Lomb LI61SE(18 eyes)or Phaco+Array SA40N(20 eyes) lens implantation.The optical materials of Sensar AR40e intraocular lens was hydrophobic acrylate,those of the other 2 types of intraocular lens were intraocular silicone.Controlling group:12 cases(24 eyes) were aged matching volunteers,eliminating ophthalmology and other body diseases.The patients and the volunteer were examined their contrast sensitivity under the best-corrected visual acuity in dark and bright conditions.RESULTS:The CS of Array SA40N group was lower than the normal control group in any other spatial frequencies excluding 0.8cpd in bright conditions.The CS of Bausch& Lomb LI61SE group was lower than the normal control group in any other spatial frequency excluding 0.8cpd.The CS of Sensar AR40e group was lower than the normal control group in any other spatial frequencies excluding 0.8cpd and 1.5cpd.The CS of Array SA40N group was lower than the other two intraocular lens groups excluding 12cpd and 20cpd.There were no significant differences in all spatial frequencies between the CS of Sensar AR40e group and Bausch& Lomb LI61SE group.CONCLUSION:The CS of intraocular lens was significantly lower than that of the aged matching normal control group;the CS of the multifocal intraocular lens was significantly lower than that of the monofocal intraocular lens in the high frequency area;there were no significant differences between the CS of hydrophobic acrylic lens and silicone intraocular lens.

Abstract:AIM:To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic effects of "C" and ring grid photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic macular edema(DME).METHODS:A total of 97 eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema were involved in the present study.All eyes were treated with grid photocoagulation:60 eyes received "C" grid photocoagulation and 37 eyes received ring grid photocoagulation.The visual acuity and the macular edema were followed up for 6 months.RESULTS:After treatment with "C" grid photocoagulation,diabetic macular edema completely disappeared in 14 eyes(23%),partly disappeared in 38 eyes(63%),and remained unchanged in 8 eyes(13%).After treatment with ring grid photocoagulation,diabetic macular edema completely disappeared in 7 eyes(19%),partly disappeared in 26 eyes(70%),and remained unchanged in 4 eyes(11%),which was not significantly different from "C" grid photocoagulation(P=0.852).After treatment with "C" grid photocoagulation,visual acuity(VA) was improved in 13 eyes(22%),maintained unchanged in 41 eyes(68%),and decreased in 6 eyes(10%).After treatment with ring grid photocoagulation,VA was improved in 6 eyes(16%),maintained unchanged in 27 eyes(73%),and decreased in 4 eyes(11%),which was not significantly different from "C" grid photocoagulation(P=0.570).CONCLUSION:There is not significant difference between "C" and ring grid photocoagulation in the treatment of DME."C" grid photocoagulation is appropriate for most DME.But ring grid photocoagulation is necessary if there is edema in macular-disc fiber.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the characteristics of the images of global electroretinogram(ERG),multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG) and optical coherence tomonraphy(OCT) performed on the patients with retinitis pigmentosa(RP) and its clinical significance.METHODS:Fifteen RP patients(30 eyes) and fifteen normal control subjects(30 eyes) were tested with global ERG,mfERG and OCT.The data were processed with software SPSS.RESULTS:Global ERG showed the latency of b wave was significantly prolonged and its amplitude was significantly reduced in the RP group compared with normal control group.The response densities of five ring areas in RP were decreased while the latencies of ring 3,ring 4 and ring 5 were significantly prolonged compared with normal control group by mfERG.The retinal thickness of the macula was decreased compared with normal control group.Normal refractive image of thickness disappeared at fovea among the patients,but the difference was not significant.CONCLUSION:ERG can provide more information to evaluate the macular and periphery retina function effectively.OCT images in RP patients establish a correlation between known pathologic retina with RP and features evident on OCT.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the related risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:DR patients who were hospitalized in our hospital from September 2009 to February 2011 were selected.The retrospective study included 83 cases of clinical data about DR patients.A number of disease-related risk factors of DR were detected through comparison between the two groups,univariate analysis and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:Difference of the related factors such as duration of diabetes mellitus(DM),glycated hemoglobin(HbAlc),IOP,and central retinal artery-resistance index(CRA-RI) between the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy group(NPDR group) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy group(PDR groups) had statistical significance.Univariate analysis of the risk factors of DR showed:the risk factors such as CRA-RI,IOP,duration of DM,HbAlc and systolic blood pressure(SBP) correlated with the occurrence and development of DR.Logistic regression analysis of the risk factors of DR showed:CRA-RI,HbA1c and SBP finally had statistical significance and correlated with the occurrence and development of DR.CONCLUSION:With the prolonged course and severity of the disease in PDR group,the higher the HbAlc was,the higher CRA-RI became,and the lower IOP was when compared with the control group(NPDR group).According to the factors in this study,the main correlation risk factors of DR were CRA-RI,HbAlc and SBP,duration of DM also influenced the occurrence and development of DR in a certain extent.

Abstract:AIM:To study the basic characteristics of hospitalized neurological patients in the aspects of neuro-ophthalmology,for the further development of neuro-ophthalmology and better clinical treatment.METHODS:Clinical data of patients who had neuro-ophthalmology symptoms or signs in neurology department of our hospital from June 1,2009 to June 1,2010 were collected,retrospective method was used to study the disease constitution and the main clinical manifestations,then statistical analysis was used to get the conclusion.RESULTS:Totally 160 patients who had neuro-ophthalmology disorders were selected from 651 patients,accounting for 24.6% of the total number of neurology hospitalizations in the same period.The age range of patients was 13-86 years old,with a median of 54 years old,and was abnormal distribution.The main clinical manifestations:44 patients with diplopia,43 patients with movement disorders,42 patients with sustained vision loss and 38 patients with nystagmus.Constitution of the main diseases:cerebral infarction in 49,neuromyelitis optica(NMO) in 17,myasthenia gravis(MG) in 15,cerebral hemorrhage in 14,vertebrobasilar insufficiency in 12,cranial venous sinus thrombosis(CVST) in 5,multiple sclerosis(MS) in 5,inflammatory demyelinating disease in 5 and malignant brain tumor in 8,which accounted for 81.3%.Pathological nature:92 patients were cerebral circulation disorders,48 patients were non-infectious inflammation,8 patients were malignant tumor,4 patients were intracranial infection inflammation,3 patients were trauma,2 patients were poisoning,and 3 patients were unknown reasons.CONCLUSION:Of the total neurology inpatients,24.6% had neuro-ophthalmogy manifestations.The most common clinical manifestations are diplopia,eye movement disorder,sustained vision loss and nystagmus.Neuro-ophthalmogy disease spectrum of neurology includes cerebral infarction,NMO,MG,cerebral hemorrhage,vertebrobasilar insufficiency,CVST,MS,inflammatory demyelinating disease and malignant brain tumor.The main pathological disorders are cerebral circulation and non-infectious inflammation.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of oculyzer-guided laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) and conventional LASIK on the correction of hyperopia and hypermetropic astigmatism.METHODS:Totally 55 patients(110 eyes) were randomly divided into two groups.One group of 25 patients(50 eyes) were performed with oculyzer-guided customized LASIK,the other group of 30 patients(60 eyes) with conventional LASIK.Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),refraction and decentered ablation complication were observed.RESULTS:The postoperative visual acuity of the two groups both improved significantly and the postoperative refraction regressed in varying degrees.In oculyzer-guided customized LASIK group,the postoperative UCVA was better and the refraction at 6 months after operation was more reliable.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.05).The incidence rate of postoperative decentered ablation in oculyzer-guided customized LASIK group was obviously less than that in conventional LASIK group and presented significantly statistical difference(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Oculyzer-guided customized LASIK for hyperopia showed better visual acuity,less postoperative complication and was predictable.

Abstract:AIM:This prospective study was performed to measure the macular thickness and volume in patients with different kinds of monocular anisometropic amblyopia using optical coherence tomography.METHODS:A total of 52 pediatric cases with monocular anisometropic amblyopia were registered in our hospital from July 2009 to June 2010.Amblyopic group included hyperopic amblyopia eyes(41 cases) and myopic amblyopia eyes(11 cases).The control group was the non-amblyopic eyes in patients with monocular anisometropic amblyopia.After 104 eyes of 52 cases were scaned,the thickness and volume of macular retina were measured with OCT-3,including foveola and nine areas of macula.RESULTS:The difference of thickness of macular foveola F and fovea(<1mm)A1 areas showed statistical significance between amblyopic group and control group.The macular retinal(F and A1) thickness of amblyopic group were thicker than that of control group(P<0.05).The difference of volume of macular fovea(<1mm) A1 areas showed statistical significance between amblyopic group and control group.The macular retinal(A1)volume of amblyopic group was greater than that of control group(P<0.05).In amblyopic group,the difference of thickness of macular foveola fovea(<1mm) A1 and A2～A5 areas showed no statistical significance,while the difference of thickness of macular A6～A9 areas showed statistical significance between hyperopic amblyopia eyes and myopic amblyopia eyes.The macular retinal(A6～A9) thickness of hyperopic amblyopia eyes were thicker than that of myopic amblyopia eyes(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Thickness and volume of the macular retina may be affected by amblyopia,including macular fovea and foveola,which induced the decrease of central vision.There was no significant difference of thickness of macular fovea(<3mm) area.which was affected by amblyopia,between hyperopic amblyopia eyes and myopic amblyopia eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration(AMD) in elderly population in urban area of Beijing.METHODS:Epidemiology survey.Citizens of more than 50 years old in the community of Xi Chang’an street of Beijing were recruited.The targeted subjects were picked up by door-to-door and a questionnaire about healthy state,medicine,life habits et al was answered.The comprehensive ophthalmic examinations,including visual acuity,pinhole visual acuity,non-contact intraocular pressure test,slit-lamp,ophthalmoscopy and non-mydriatic fundus photography were performed.Colorful fundus photography was taken by a trained ophthalmologist.AMD was graded on fundus photography following Clinic Age-Related Maculopathy System.RESULTS:A total of 2833 citizens of more than 50 years old had dwelled in the community and 2410 participated in the investigation,meaning a response rate of 85.07%.Early AMD was present in 70(2.98%) of 2348 subjects,late AMD in 7(0.30%) of 2348 subjects,and exudative AMD in 4(0.17%) of 2348 subjects.Monocular blindness caused by late AMD accounted for 6.49%(5/77 subjects) and binocular blindness 2.60%(2/77 subjects) of the study population.The prevalence of AMD increased with age.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of AMD in the community of Beijing is similar to reports of most studies both international and domestic,early AMD is majority of pathology,which is one of major tasks of blindness prevention in the community.

Abstract:AIM:To understand the refractive status of teenagers and children with abnormal visual acuity aged 3-15 in Beihai.METHODS:The 3-15 years old teenagers and children generally surveyed amounted to 19032 ones,including 10503 boys,accounting for 55.2% of the total number,8529 girls,accounting for 44.8% of the total number.RESULTS:Students whose naked vision was over 1.0,contained 6650 boys,63.3% of the total number of boys,and 4575 girls,53.6% of the total number of girls.Those who had poor eyesight included 3,853 boys,36.7% of the total number of boys,and 3,954 girls,46.4% of the total number of girls.The incidence of abnormal visual acuity:young children group<primary school group<junior middle school group.The incidence of abnormal visual acuity between groups:generally girls>boys,and the incidence of abnormal visual acuity often revealed an increasing tendency with age.There was a significant growth from primary school to junior middle school.The refractive status of abnormal visual acuity:hypermetropia was seen more often among 3-6 years old children,then myopia became major from the age of 7.The incidence of mild myopia reduced year by year from the age of 10,but that of middle and severe myopia increased year by year.Abnormal visual acuity of kid-group was mainly resulted by hyperopia,which of primary and junior middle school group were mainly resulted by myopia,and the incidence of myopia in the group of junior middle school was higher than primary school.Refractive type of amblyopia was primarily hyperopia astigmatism.CONCLUSION:General survey of visual acuity to the children in the period of growth was an important way to find out and prevent ametropia.Screening the refractive status,remedying ametropia,the early proper treatment and correct scientific guidance were all effective methods to prevent and delay the disease development.They were also ways of preventing and curing amblyopia.We ought to adopt positive and effective comprehensive measures of prevention and treatment to the 3-15 years old students with abnormal visual acuity.

Abstract:Matrix metalloproteinses(MMPs)are a pivotal family of metal enzymes responsible for degradation of the extracellular matrix(ECM)components during celI migration,tissue remodeling and repairing processes,et al.The potent proteolytic activities of MMPs are mainly regulated by the balance with specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs(TIMPs).MMPs and TIMPs keep on relative balance and mutual influence in tissue,which decides whether the extracellular matrix(ECM) is degradation or aggregation.ECM not only supports the growth and proliferation of lens epithelial cells(LECs),but also promotes LECs proliferation,migration and adhesion and finally leads to posterior capsule opacification and fibrosis.

Abstract:Corneal thickness was more and more valued by ophthalmologists in the preoperative examination of corneal refractive surgery.Currently,there are many instruments used to measure corneal thickness,and most of them can be roughly divided into two categories.One is based on the principle of ultrasound,including the traditional ultrasonic corneal pachymetry and ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM),and the other is based on the optical principle,such as Orbscan,Pentacam,Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT,including time domain-OCT and fourier domain-OCT),corneal endothelium microscope,Lenstar and so on.Among these instruments above,each has its advantages and its disadvantages.However,the measurement of corneal thickness trends is in the development of noncontact,high repeatability and good accuracy.This paper describes the clinical significance of corneal thickness and the progress of the measurements,and all the measurement methods mentioned are analyzed and summarized for ophthalmologists in the clinical reference.

Abstract:Corneal interlayer reaction is lighter after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).It does not form scar tissue between corneal flap and posterior stromal bed.Corneal healing may keep clear visual area,but corneal structure has changed which is the main reason for the cornea intensity change.Forward shift of the posterior corneal surface curvature after LASIK is common.It correlates with the central corneal thickness,the residual corneal bed thickness,the corrective dioptre,preoperative IOP,corneal flap thickness,the ablation ratio per total corneal thickness,the ablation diameter,age and so on.Our study is to evaluate the forward shift of the posterior corneal surface curvature after LASIK and the correlative factors.

Abstract:Retinal vein occlusion(RVO) is caused by the combined action of a series of multi-reasons and factors involved,and its pathogenic mechanisms are not yet clearly understood.We summarized research on the pathogenesis of RVO home and abroad in recent years as below.

Abstract:Functional vision examination comprises of continuous functional visual acuity,intraocular straylight,wavefront aberration,point spread function,modulation transfer function,contrast sensitivity,glare sensitivity,binocular visual function,etc.Functional vision examination is a comprehensive and useful tool,which is widely used in evaluating cataract patients whose visual acuity is good at early stage but objective quality of vision is bad,also in evaluating whether the patients could not only see but also see clearly and comfortably after refractive and presbyopia-correcting cataract surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the growth rule and trendency of the glaucoma literature by bibliometric analysis.METHODS:Logging in www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed,"glaucoma" was used to retrieve from 1858-01-01 to 2010-12-31 literature volume,meanwhile,literature volume(amount of every five years for a time period),Chinese collected,language distribution,document type distribution,journal distribution,and related research content in a database were retrieved,according to the theory of increasing law of the literature,the data retrieved were analysed.RESULTS:From 1858 to 2010,PubMed database included 45514 articles of glaucoma literature,all the cumulative literature volume was increasing year by year,the equation was approximate line(Y =579.34X-568.38,R2=0.882).1858-2010 glaucoma literature was dominated in English(71.50%),literature volume published in Chinese was ranked in the twelveth(0.31%),PubMed began to include Chinese glaucoma literature in 2006,which increased dramatically after 2009 years.According to the PubMed database literature types,it included Clinical Trial(2947 articles),Editorial(648 articles),Letter(1727 articles),Meta-Analysis(81 articles),Practice Guideline(15 articles),Randomized Controlled Trial(1787),Review(3633 articles),Others(34678 articles);glaucoma literature included according to Journal Groups were divided into Core Clinical Journals(625 articles),Dental Journals(5 articles),Nursing Journals(42 articles),Others(44844 articles);37194 articles were related with Humans,Animals related literatures were 4223 articles,Others 4099.Nineteen kinds of glaucoma core journal in PubMed included 20526 articles(45.10% collected literature).CONCLUSION:The amount of research articles about glaucoma shows ascendant trend,indicating that glaucoma is still a hot tissue,the main factors of the influence on glaucoma literature growth is the environmental conditions of subject development.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is the most common diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness in adults.It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.In some people with DR,blood vessels may swell and leak fluid.In other people,abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina.The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.A healthy retina is necessary for good vision.The following are very important for preventing DR and several procedures or laser eye surgery or vitrectomy are the main treatments.To truly recognize and understand the DR classification and international clinical DR severity scale helps to treat,and can catch problems early.There are many ways to make DR classification and severity scale.This paper is summarized and compared with some famous international institutions for DR clinical research content and conclusion.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effection of EDTA on lens epithelial cells removal.METHODS:Thirty-two anterior lens capsules were collected in phacoemulsification,then randomly divided into 4 groups.Anterior lens capsules were digested with 5mmol/L,10mmol/L,20mmol/L EDTA and saline.Clearance situation of lens epithelial cells were observed.RESULTS:Epithelial cells could be completely detached from the anterior lens capsule by 20mmol/L EDTA solution treatment,some epithelial cells shed by the 5mmol/L and 10mmol/L EDTA solution treatment.In the control group only a small amount of epithelial cells shed.CONCLUSION:EDTA can remove the epithelial cells of anterior lens capsule.It can afford experimental and theoretical basis for clinical application of EDTA to remove the lens epithelial cells and prevent posterior capsular opacification(PCO).

Abstract:AIM:To explore the surgical techniques and the clinical effects of continuous pupillary collar cutting of phacoemulsification in microcoria cataract.METHODS:Twenty-three cases(34 eyes) of microcoria cataract were operated using manual pupilloplasty first,then were performed by continuous pupillary collar cutting,phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation.RESULTS:During the follow-up of 6 months,all the cases got better visual acuity,the corrected visual acuity was less than 0.1 in 3 eyes,being 0.1-0.3 in 3 eyes,0.3-0.6 in 12 eyes and above 0.6 in 16 eyes.CONCLUSION:By using continuous pupillary collar cutting of phacoemulsification in microcoria cataract,this technique ensures the safety during surgery as well as improves the visual acuity with few complications.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the operation methods and therapeutic effects of phacoemulsification and manual sutureless small-incision extracapsular cataract surgery.METHODS:One hundred and twenty-five cases(158 eyes) of cataract patients between 2009-01/2009-12 were divided into two groups,A group(80 eyes) performed phacoemulsification and B group(78 eyes) performed manual sutureless small-incision extracapsular cataract surgery,the two operations were compared in the postoperative visual acuity,astigmatism,operative and postoperative complications at 1 day,7 days,1 month and 3 months.RESULTS:There was no significant difference between two groups in postoperative visual acuity,astigmatism,operative and postoperative complications at each time points.CONCLUSION:The therapeutic effects of two kinds of operation are similar,and suitable operation should be choosed with clinical condition.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of phacoemulsification and lens implantation in treating lens protein glaucoma.METHODS:Thirty-two cases(32 eyes) with lens protein glaucoma were selected and performed phacoemulsifiction and intraocular lens implantation.RESULTS:After a week of operation,the intraocular pressure of most of the cases were controlled within normal level,the same as 6 months after operation,the visual acuity of patients had the improvement at different degrce in 6 months after operation.CONCLUSION:The lens protein glaucoma can be cured through the phacoemulsification and IOL implantation,with no need to combine with trabeculectomy.It is proved to be effective and safe.The patients with lens protein glaucoma could rehabilitate quickly after surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate clinical effect of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens on uveitis complicated cataract.METHODS:Nineteen cases(21 eyes) with uveitis complicated cataract were treated by phacoemulsification with implantation of intraocular lens.According to level and scope of synechia of iris in operation,different ways were used to treat synechia of iris and microcoria.RESULTS:Nineteen eyes(90%) visual acuity were improved.The postoperative visual acuity was ≥0.1 in 17 eyes(81%),≥0.3 in 15 eyes(71%).There were no serious complications and no aggravation of old uveitis.CONCLUSION:The method of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation is obviously effective in the treatment of uveitis complicated cataract.Preoperative control of uveitis for 3 months and dealing with synechia of iris and microcoria during operation can help reduce complications and improve visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of combined trabeculectomy for the patients with glaucoma and its complications.METHODS:From January 2008 to December 2008,122 patients(132 eyes) were performed combined trabeculectomy in our hospital.The postoperative intraocular pressure,filtration follicles,vision and complications of the patients were reviewed and they were followed up for one year.RESULTS:Postoperative shallow anterior chamber took place in 7 eyes,the incidence rate of shallow anterior chamber was 5.3% after combined trabeculectomy in early period,the average intraocular pressure were 16.7mmHg after one year,the success rate of operation was 98.5%,and 118 eyes(89.4%)had formed the functional filtration follicles.CONCLUSION:Combined trabeculectomy has less complications,high success rate and safety.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the effectiveness and techniques of vitrectomy using binocular indirect ophthalmomicroscope(BIOM3).METHODS:A retrospective study was carried on 126 patients(126 eyes) which were performed vitrectomy under BIOM3.The operation time,techniques of equipment using,intraoperative complication,postoperative visual acuity(VA) and complication were observed.RESULTS:Operation time was 44-92(mean 55) minutes.The postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 10(mean 4.5) months.The postoperative visual acuity improved in varying degrees:VA≥0.3 in 12 eyes,0.3>VA≥0.1 in 36 eyes,0.1>VA≥0.01 in 45 eyes,VA<0.01 in 33 eyes.There was no severe complication during operation.5 retinal re-detachment cases,7 anterior chamber haemorrhage cases,5 secondary glaucoma cases and 2 proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR) cases were observed in follow-up after operation.BIOM3 application skills were introduced.CONCLUSION:We can get a good visualization and a wide field of retina in aphakia,gas-filled or silicone-filled eyes,small pupil and corneal diseases under BIOM3.BIOM3 is an excellent vitreoretinal surgical equipment with wild-angle viewing field and assistant-friendly advantages.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the correlated risk factors of diabetic retinopathy(DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS:Three hundred cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups:nondiabetic retinopathy group(NDR group),nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy group(NPDR group)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy group(PDR group)to analyze its correlated risk factors.RESULTS:Compared with NDR group,course of disease,systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2h plasma glucose(2h PG),HbA1c and 24 hour urinary protein excretion in NPDR group and PDR group were significantly higher(P<0.05);the result of logistic regression showed that diabetic duration and SBP were independent risk factors of DR.CONCLUSION:Diabetic duration and SBP are independent risk factors of DR.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the experience on Laser treatment of central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO).METHODS:Forty-two 42 cases(42 eyes) of CRVO Laser treatment adopted different methods of photocoagulation treatment to explore its effects,according to the fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) results.RESULTS:Visual acuity of 5 eyes(12%) of the 42 eyes improved 2 lines or more;28 eyes(67%) had no significant changes in vision;visual acuity of 9 eyes(21%) decreased by 2 lines or more;FFA examination showed tortuosity and expansion of retinal vein,retinal hemorrhage,edema and exudate subsided,treatment was effective in 37 eyes(88%).CONCLUSION:Laser treatment is effective for CRVO and is an important means to control the progression of the disease.

Abstract:AIM:To study the optic disc parameters of normal people in Han nationality in Guangxi.METHODS:One hundred and twenty blood-unrelated nomoral volunteers living in Lonlin region of Guangxi were involved in the study and divided into 4 groups according to their ages.Heidelberg retina tomograph-Ⅱ(HRT-Ⅱ)was used to obtain the optic disc parameters.The parameters included optic disc area(DA),cup area(CA),cup volume(CV),rim area(RA),rim volume(RV),height variation contour(HVC),cup shape measure(CSM),mean cup depth(MCD),maximum cup depth(MxCD),cup/disc area ratio(C/DAR),rim/disc area tatio(R/DAR),mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(mRNFLT) and cross-section area(RNFLA).RESULTS:The parameters of optic nerve head(ONH) in normal eyes were as follows:DA(2.2165±0.4266)mm2,CA(0.4816±0.2979)mm2,RA(1.7311±0.3217)mm2,C/DAR(0.2074±0.1092),R/DAR(0.7923±0.1091),CV(0.1076)mm3,RV(0.5196±0.1519)mm3,MCD(0.2055±0.0798)mm,MxCD(0.6039±0.1949)mm,HVC(0.4513±0.1639)mm,CSM(-0.2155±0.0617)mm,mRNFLT(0.3059±0.0845)mm,RNFLA(1.5785±0.3830)mm2.The normal volunteers were divided into 4 groups according to their age and a negative correlation was found between mRNFLT,RNFLA and age.CONCLUSION:HRT-Ⅱ can be used to measure optic disc parameters of normal people in Han nationality.The age influence should be paid attention to in measuring.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the change of intraocular pressure(IOP) for long stage after excimer laser in situ keratomo-leusis(LASIK) of myopia.METHODS:Thirty eyes of 15 patients(16 eyes of 8 patients in 6 months) who underwent myopia LASIK 5 years ago were selected randomly.IOP was measured preoperatively,2 weeks,1 month,6 months and 5 years after LASIK,respectively.RESULTS:The preoperative IOP was(17.48±3.06)m mHg,and the IOP of 2 weeks,1 month,6 months and 5 years after LASIK were(12.27±2.55)mmHg,(11.80±2.55)mmHg,(12.00±2.06)mmHg and(12.07±2.07)mmHg,respectively.There was no significant difference between IOP of 5 years after LASIK and IOP of 2 weeks,1 month and 6 months after LASIK(Z=-0.386,P>0.05;Z=-0.830,P>0.05;Z=-1.184,P>0.05).There was no significant difference among IOP of 2 weeks,1 month and 6 months after LASIK(H=1.444,P>0.05).The IOP of 2 weeks,1 month,6 months and 5 years after LASIK was lower than IOP before LASIK and there was significant difference among them(Z=-4.617,P<0.05;Z=-4.591,P<0.05;Z=-3.526,P<0.05;Z=-4.638,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:There is no significant difference between the IOP of long stage and short stage after LASIK.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical application of complex anisodine Ⅱ combined with ixeris sonchifolia in treating anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(AION)(non-temporal arteritis type).METHODS:Thirty-eight patients(38 eyes) who were clinically diagnosed as AION(non-temporal arteritis type) were randomized into two groups.Group A used routine treatment,including hyperbaric oxygen;orally taken acetazolamide,vitamin B1,vitamin B12,compound salvia miltiorrhiza tablet;intravenous taken salvia miltiorrhiza injection 20mL.Group B used the routine treatment plus complex anisodine II subcutaneous injection beside the affected side arteriae temporalis superficialis combined with intravenous ixeris sonchifoila 20mL.The period of treatment was 10 days for the both groups.Visual acuity and fundus oculi were examined every day.Preoperative and postoperative visual field and FFA were compared.RESULTS:Compared with group A,group B had quick and better improvement of visual acuity(P<0.05).And the group B had better results of visual field and FFA test,when compared with group A(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The use of complex anisodine II combined with ixeris sonchifolia in treating AION(non-temporal arteritis type) is safe and efficient.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the cause of image-drifting and to resolve it during image-guidance endoscopic nasocular operation.METHODS:The pre-operative plan and intra-operative navigation were rigorously processed according to the criteria of endoscopic nasocular operation.The occurrence of image-drifting was recorded,analyzed and resolved.RESULTS:The image-guidance system in endoscopic nasocular operation was used in 13 cases from August 2008 to December 2010,and image-drifting happened in 4 cases(31%).Among them,2 cases were systemic image-drifting,2 cases were structural image-drifting.Systemic image-drifting were resolved,while structural image-drifting were not resolved.But the operation was completed smoothly.CONCLUSION:The systemic image-drifting can be prevented through rigorous neuronavigative procedure,and it could be resolved by selecting a better landmark and adding more landmarks.The best way to prevent structural image-drifting is careful operation.

Abstract:AIM:To study the curative effect of basal anesthesia in infant chalazion surgery,providing the clinical treatment of infant chalazion with a reference.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 56 cases’ data in our hospital afflicted with infant chalazion,surgery was conducted under basal anesthesia,and made postoperative follow-up.RESULTS:All cases of infants chalazion patients were cured,no anesthetic accident.All were cured in one-stage operation,local induration disappeared.All patients were followed up for more than six months,no recurrences.CONCLUSION:Basal anesthesia is a safe and effective method in infant chalazion surgery,it’s worthy of spreading.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the asthenopia patients’ discrepancy of distance phoria,near phoria and accommodation convergence/accommodation(AC/A) caused by different factors.METHODS:Eighty-four asthenopia patients from outpatient department of Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM were selected consecutively.The sample was divided into two groups:A group(wrong corrected) and B group(corrected well).Standard 6m,40cm,40cm+1D phoria examinations were operated,and AC/A was calculated,gradient AC/A were computed.All results were compared with Morgan value,and results of group A were also compared with those of group B.RESULTS:The 6m phoria of both group A and B were higher than the Morgan value(P<0.05).Likely,the 40cm phoria of both group A and B were also higher than the Morgan value(P<0.05).However,the results of gradient AC/A of both group A and B were lower than 4/1(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between group A and B in all parameters above(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The asthenopia patients have higher exophoria in both distance and near phoria than normal,while they have lower gradient AC/A.Stimulated AC/A can not be regarded as a factor to classify different asthenopia types.

Abstract:AIM:To compare safety,effectiveness and superiority for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism between epipolis laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(Epi-LASIK)and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis(Epi-LASEK) with an epikeratome.METHODS:A prospective study was performed on 21 myopia patients(42 eyes) to compare Epi-LASIK with Epi-LASIK plus alcohol(which we call Epi-LASEK).Alcohol(200mL/L) was used for 20 seconds before making the flap in the Epi-LASEK treatment group.In each patient,right eye was operated on with Epi-LASEK and the left with Epi-LASIK.Mean spheroequivalent was-5.60±2.90D,mean astigmatism was 1.40±1.20D before the operation.This study focused on flap quality and pain with and without alcohol.Refraction,haze and UCVA were checked preoperatively,and on the 2 weeks,1 month,3 months postoperatively.The result were statistically compared and analyzed.RESULTS:The Epi-LASEK treatment group had less postoperative astigmatism and haze than the Epi-LASIK group.Alcohol addition in the Epi-LASEK treatment group contributed to better flap.Pain did not increase in the Epi-LASEK treatment group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Epi-LASEK is a safe and effective treatment for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM:To observe treatment efficacy of wearing orthokeratology lens for juvenile myopia.METHODS:Seventy-six cases(152 eyes) of myopia,with age of 8-15 years old and the average spherical equivalent degree-3.92±1.13D,wore orthokeratology lens,according to the fitting program of orthokeratology,at night for 8-10 hours.They were followed up at 1 week,1 month,3,6 months,1 year,2 years after wearing glasses and observed with uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),refraction,corneal curvature,axial length,slit-lamp examination with or without complications.RESULTS:One week,1 month,3,6 months,1 year,2 years after wearing glasses,UCVA increased from 0.15±0.12 before wearing glasses to 0.60±0.12,0.80±0.10,0.90±0.18,0.88±0.16,0.90±0.15,0.89±0.18,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01);Corneal curvature flattened and decreased by 2.31±0.82,2.41±0.91,2.12±0.75,2.21±1.01,2.51±1.12,2.46±0.98D,differences were statistically significant(all P<0.001);1 year after wearing glasses,axial length increased by 0.13±0.11mm than that before wearing glasses,2 years after wearing glasses,the axial length increased by 0.25±0.17mm than that before wearing glasses,and there was no statistically significant difference;Compared myopia degree after full 2 years of wearing glasses and 1 week of stopped wearing with that before wearing glasses,myopia degree increased less with average annual 0.25±0.11D.After wearing glasses,a small number of patients with punctate corneal epithelial exfoliation,ghosting,conjunctivitis,etc.,could be restored after treatment.CONCLUSION:Orthokeratology treatment of juvenile myopia is effective and safe,which can control the development of myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of combined therapy for amblyopia in children by making use of pattern visual evoked potential(P-VEP) respective spatial frequency stimulating therapy that can exercise hands,eyes and brain,together with after-image test,red-light flicker pleoptics and so on.METHODS:These children were divided into two groups:control group and experimental group.The control group:occlusive therapy with precision work,red flare.The experimental group:conventional methods mentioned above with DV-100 PVEP analysis system to do respective spatial frequency stimulating therapy.RESULTS:The total effective rate and cure rate of respective spatial frequency stimulating therapy in 24 months were higher than those of occlusive therapy with precision work.There was a statistically significant difference between them(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Respective spatial frequency stimulating therapy can make a high level of compliance and curative effects for amblyopia.It is individualized,recreational and good for mental attitudes,and it is also a new way for amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical practicality and efficacy of small incision non-ultrasonic therapy under topical anesthesia associated with peribulbar anesthesia in the operation of preventing blinding.METHODS:Totally 180 cases 180 eyes were selected.They underwent small incision non-ultrasonic therapy under topical anesthesia associated with peribulbar anesthesia.RESULTS:The rate of anesthesia satisfaction was 97.2%.123 eyes(68.3%) got a visual acuity of 0.5 or more one day after operation,and the rate increased to 86.7% one week after operation.No serious complications occurred and the effects were satisfactory.CONCLUSION:It is safe and practical of using topical anesthesia associated with peribulbar anesthesia in the small incision non-ultrasonic therapy of preventing blinding.It also improves the quantity of the operation of blindness prevention.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the factors of low vision after blindness prevention of poor cataract patients in Zhangjiajie.METHODS:The clinical data of poor cataract patients having surgery of prevention of blindness from January 2009 to December 2010 in our hospital were collected statistically.There were 650 cases.Eight clinical observation factors:gender,age,educational level,smoking and alcohol consumption,associated diseases,nuclear hardness,intraoperative complications and postoperative complications as independent variables(X),and low vision as the dependent variable were analysed with non-conditional Logistic regression analysis to study the factors of low vision after blindness prevention in 3 days and 3 months.RESULTS:The variables were analysed by the the non-conditional Logistic regression.The age(P=0.028),injury-related diseases(P=0.002),intraoperative complications(P=0.015),postoperative complications(P=0.008) were the risk factors of low vision in 3 days’ statistics.And the age(P=0.016),injury-related diseases(P=0.001),were the risk factors of low vision in 3 months’ statistics.CONCLUSION:The age,related diseases,intraoperative complications,postoperative complications are the risk factors of low vision in the surgery of blindness prevention in early postoperative stage,and it is related to the original ocular diseases and advanced age in the long-term.

Abstract:AIM:To explore and understand prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision of population in Kongtong district of Pingliang city,Gansu Province.METHODS:With application of cross-sectional study of the epidemiological investigation methods,and taking the village(community)as basis,six townships and two subdistrict offices were taken as the survey locations based on the principle of random cluster sampling.Useing the blind and low vision standards by World Health Organization,the region was sampled by 0.719 percent sample proportion for the epidemiology survey of blindness and low vision.RESULTS:A total of 3235 people enrolled in,2801 people received checkup,accounting for 86.58%.21 people were bilateral blindness,with blind rate of 0.75%(male 0.59%,female 0.91%).125 people were low vision,with prevalence of 4.46%(male 3.73%,female 5.16%).Patients of age≥ 60 years had significantly higher prevalence of blindness and low vision.The top three causes of blindness were cataract(47.62%),corneal diseases(14.29%),and glaucoma(14.29%).CONCLUSION:Cataract is in the first place of blindness and low vision eye disease in the population of Kongtong district,so the surgical treatment of cataract remains the primary task of the prevention of blindness in the future.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension combined with deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel in treating various kinds of ocular inflammation and corneal nebula caused by trauma.METHODS:A self-control study was performed at our hospital.Patients with corneal nebula caused by various kinds of corneal diseases from February 2009 to October 2010 were selected.The effect of loteprednol etabonate opthalmic suspension combined with deproeinized calf blood extract eye gel during different periods was analyzed.RESULTS:According to the development of the corneal nebula,the patients were divided into four different groups:no more than 1 month group(24 patients,30 eyes),1-2 months group(23 patients,30 eyes),2-3 months group(25 patients,30 eyes) and more than 3 months group(25 patients,30 eyes).The cure rate of the 24 patients(30 eyes) in the no more than 1 month group was 80% and the symptom relief rate was 20%.The rate of symptom relief and the inefficiency of the 1-2 months group were 53.3% and 46.7% separately.And the 2-3 months group were 13.3%(the rate of symptom relief) and 86.7%(the rat of inefficiency).The inefficiency in more than 3 months group was 100%.CONCLUSION:The combination of loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension and deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel is effective in treating various kinds of corneal nebula at the early stage and can enhance the vision as well as improve the progress of the corneal clearing restoration significantly.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the surgery and its clinical efficacy of non-scleral flap suture fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens(PC-IOL) through ciliary sulcus.METHODS:A Total of 15 eyes without the support of lens capsule underwent non-scleral flap suture fixation of PC-IOL implantation through ciliary sulcus,using scleral interlayer "W"-shaped walking through and the fixed method of end burning for external scleral suture.It was primary surgery in 5 eyes,secondary surgery in 10 eyes.Patients were followed up for 0.5 to 3 years,an average of 1.8 years,to observe the visual acuity,suture location and complications.RESULTS:Vision ≥0.5 was in 10 eyes(67%),little intraoperative bleeding in 4 eyes(27%),oblique intraocular lens in 3 eyes(20%),cystoid macular edema in 2 eyes(13%);there was no 1 case of suture exposure or slippage.CONCLUSION:In the absence of lens capsule support,non-scleral flap suture fixation of PC-IOL through ciliary sulcus is a safe and effective surgical method.

Abstract:AIM:To report the experience of torsional phacoemul-sification for hard nuclear cataract.METHODS:Totally 82 eyes diagnosed with hard nuclear cataract were randomly assigned to phacoemulsification using torsional mode or conventional ultrasound mode.Group l(torsional mode)included 42 eyes.Group 2(conventional ultrasound mode) included 40 eyes.Central endothelial cell count(CECC) and ultrasound time(UST) were compared before and after operation.The percentage of endothelial cell loss was compared in two groups 1 week and 1 month after operation.RESULTS:In the torsional group,UST was 125±34 seconds,that of conventional ultrasound group was 173±41 seconds.The UST of torsional group was significantly shorter than that of the conventional ultrasound(P<0.05).In torsional group,CECC of 1 week and 1 month after operation were 1828±327 cells/mm2,1809±453 cells/mm2,it’s statistically significant compared to traditional mode(P<0.05).The torsional group’s loss rate of CECC was 17.47%,significantly less than ultrasound group(21.62%) as well(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The torsional mode is a safe and effective phacoemulsification mode for hard nuclear cataract extraction.It can reduce UST and the trauma of endothelial cells.

Abstract:AIM:To summarize the causes and the affection to visual acuity of posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification for cataract in order to carry out prophylactic measure.METHODS:A total of 200 cases with age-related cataract(220 eyes) were selected and underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation routinely.RESULTS:Posterior capsule rupture was in 21 eyes(9.5%) during the operation.It occurred during water separating in 1 eye(0.5%);phacoemulsification in 15 eyes(6.8%);I/A cortex in 3 eyes(1.3%);IOL implantation in 2 eyes(0.9%).CONCLUSION:Posterior capsule rupture is closely related to the conditions of patients as well as the experience and skill of operators.Posterior capsule rupture directly affect the recovery of visual acuity after surgery.It is important for clinical prognosis to identify early and management.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation(DL Tscpc) for refractory glaucoma.METHODS:Retrospective analysis was made in 55 patients(56 eyes) with refractory glaucoma who treated by DL Tscpc.Intraocular pressure(IOP),visual acuity,ocular symptoms and complications were observed after DL Tscpc.Patients were followed up over 3 months.RESULTS:Mean preoperative IOP was 53.5±18.7mmHg which was significantly different from the final follow-up mean IOP 19.4±9.6mmHg(P<0.01).Postoperative visual acuity remained unchanged in 44 eyes;improved in 2 eyes and decreased in 10 eyes.The pain sense disappeared or remarkably relieved.The main complications included uveitis and hyphema,etc.CONCLUSION:DL Tscpc is a simple,safe and effective therapy for eyes with refractory glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the oculocardiac reflex during retinal detachment surgery with different anesthesia.METHODS:The retrobulbar block anesthesia and balanced anesthesia for scleral buckling of the retinal detachment were compared.109 eyes were randomly divided into two groups,control group and treatment group,to observe the effects of surgery.Blood pressure,heart rate,oculocardiac reflex and degree of blood oxygen saturation were compared.RESULTS:The balanced anesthesia was better than the retrobulbar block anesthesia in scleral buckling.The oculocardiac reflex incidence rate was lower.Changes of systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,mean degree of blood oxygen saturation were less.The effectiveness of anesthesia was good.Comparing the two methods,there was statistical significance(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:The balanced anesthesia for scleral buckling is more safe,with less complication,high patient satisfaction and cooperation.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical features of congenital optic disc pit.METHODS:The clinical data of 8 patients(9 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were examined by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA),optical coherence tomography(OCT) and visual field meanwhile.RESULTS:On FFA of all patients during the artery period,the optic disc pit presented dark area,which showed that the optic disc pit was hairless and capillary network unfilled.During the later period of FFA,fluorescein seeped from the optic disc pit to surroundings.On OCT the imperfection of sieve tissue on temporal side of optic disc presented dark area which had no reflection and optic disc macula place showed retinal edema.The visual field test showed physiological blind spot extension,bow form or fan-shaped visual field defection and damage connected with physiological blind spot.CONCLUSION:The application of FFA combined with OCT can make sure to see the sieve tissue imperfection on temporal side of optic disc and further confirm the communication of optic disc pit and macula,which can ensure the diagnosis of this disease.The combing of FFA and OCT can also make dynamic state observation of the development of optic disc pit,which can probably further explain the source of subretinal fluid and the occurrence mechanism of maculopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the association of abdominal obesity with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION).METHODS:The cohort study was consisted of 45 individuals of Han nationality in Shaanxi or northern areas that had been diagnosed with NAION and 45 healthy controls [matched for age,gender and body mass index(BMI)].None of the cases or controls had a history of diabetes,serious cardio-cerebral vascular diseases,liver and kidney dysfunction.The waist circumference(male’s≥85cm,female’s≥80cm)was defined as abdominal obesity.RESULTS:It was found that 31(69%) of 45 NAION patients had abdominal obesity,but only 21(47%) of 45 controls had it,there was no significant difference between NAION patients and controls(P<0.05).There were 26 smokers(58%),20 drinkers(44%) in NAION group,11 smokers(24%),16 drinkers(36%) in the control group,there was statistically significant difference between the two groups in smoking(P<0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in drinking(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Abdominal obesity may be associated with the susceptibility to NAION in the northern Chinese population of Han nationality.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the safety,feasibility of paracentesis with Healon agent in glaucoma with persistent high intraocular pressure(IOP).METHODS:A total of 32 cases(34 eyes) of IOP controlled bad of glaucoma underwent intraoperative and preoperative anterior chamber puncture combined with intraoperative application of Healon agent.Visual acuity,IOP,intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.RESULTS:The operation in all cases were successful and no case occurred with the fulminant hemorrhage in choroidal space.1 case occurred with anterior chamber bleeding,which was absorbed very quickly after therapy,1 case occurred with malignant glaucoma who turned to superior hospital treatment.The visual acuity in a month after operation improved obviously in 18 eyes(53%),remained unchanged in 10 eyes(29%)and decreased in 6 eyes(18%).In a month after operation,there were 30 eyes(88%)in which the IOP was controlled successfully.Three eyes had IOP over 21mmHg,of which 2 eyes were controlled in a month after operation by drugs and local massage.CONCLUSION:The paracentesis of anterior chamber with Healon agent in glaucoma with persistent high IOP can reduce the complications and improve the success rate.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse results of two different surgical treatment of pterygium.METHODS:The first group of 33 patients(35 eyes),including 2 patients(2 eyes) of recurrent pterygium,underwent pterygium excision combined with free conjunctival flap transplantation.The second group of 32 patients(35 eyes),including 2 patients(2 eyes) of recurrent pterygium,underwent pterygium excision combined with free conjunctival flap transplantation plus mitomycin cotton sheet.RESULTS:After 1a,in first group 1 case(1 eye) had recurrence,the relapse rate was 3.03% of total patients and 2.85% of total eyes.In second group 1 case(1 eye) had recurrence,the relapse rate was 3.12% of total patients and 2.85% of total eyes,1 case had bad conjunctival flap healing and conjunctival flap suture was removed 20 days after operation.No serious complications occurred,such as scleral dissolution.CONCLUSION:Both pterygium excision combined with free conjunctival flap transplantation and pterygium excision combined with free conjunctival flap transplantation plus mitomycin cotton sheet have a lower relapse rate,there is no difference between the two groups.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the pathogeny of asthenopia.METHODS:The medical history of the outpatients with subjective sensation of asthenopia were asked.They were given particular examination to exclude systemic diseases and other eye diseases.The symptoms of asthenopia were recorded and analysed.RESULTS:The asthenopia included 10 symptoms.The causes included eye factors,systemic factors,environmental factors and comprehensive factors.CONCLUSION:Asthenopia shows many symptoms.The causes include many factors,the treatment should follow analysis of cause,then symptomatic treatment is given.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze keratometric readings obtained from Orbscan topography system and IOLMaster in myopia patients.METHODS:The corneal curvature were measured with Orbscan topography system and IOLMaster respectively in 68 cases(135 eyes) subjects aged 18-41 years old.There were 46 male(91 eyes) and 22 female(44 eyes)subjects.The results were compared.RESULTS:The average corneal curvature measured by Orbscan topography system and IOLMaster were 43.4637±1.4188 and 43.6952±1.3676D.The measurement obtained from Orbscan topography system was lower than that from IOLMaster,There is no statistical difference between the two methods.CONCLUSION:Corneal curvature abtained from IOLMaster showed no significant difference than that from Orbscan system.It is a clinically useful tool in eveluating corneal surface curvature.

Abstract:AIM:To study visual electrophysiological examination,including flash visual evoked potentials(FVEP),flash electroretinogram(FERG),pattern electroretinogram(PERG),to predict the postoperative visual acuity of cataractous patients.METHODS:Visual electrophysiological examination was used to evaluate the visual function after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in 412 cases 412 eyes.Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) was analyzed the relationship according to FVEP,FERG(or PERG).RESULTS:More obvious linear relationship was shown between the BCVA and the combination of b wave’s amplitude of FERG with wave’s amplitude of FVEP(r=0.492,0.487;P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Visual electrophysiological detection can predict the postoperative visual acuity of cataractous patients.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of diclofenac sodium eye drops after YAG laser treatment.METHODS:A total of 63 cases(63 eyes) of after-cataract were randomly divided into experimental group(36 cases,36 eyes)and control group(27 cases,27 eyes),all the patients were excluded from the other eye diseases or diabetes.After YAG laser posterior capsulotomy,experimental group was treated with diclofenac sodium eye drops 3 to 4 times/day,control group without eye drops.7 days later changes of visual acuity and eye condition were observed.RESULTS:Visual acuity of experimental group improved in 28 cases,that of control group increased in 10 cases,accounting for 78% and 37%,there was a significant difference between the two groups(χ 2=10.38,P<0.01),1 month later visual acuity had no significant difference between the two groups.CONCLUSION:Application of diclofenac sodium eye drops after YAG laser posterior capsulotomy results in faster visual recovery,and fewer side effects in patients.

Abstract:AIM:To better match the examination of anterior segment with Pentacam.METHODS:A total of 280 clinical patients were checked antierior segment with Pentacam.Before examination,clearly understand the eye condition of patients,carefully guide the sitting position,safe mydriasis,make instruction of the fixation and wink of the eyes,care points and precautions of this check method were summarized in the practical work.RESULTS:Clearly understand the purpose of examination and the eye condition of patients,carefully guide the sitting position,safe mydriasis,give more attention to the fixation and wink of the eyes.All of above made it beneficial to nurse successfully complete the examination with a doctor.CONCLUSION:Precise guidance of nurses and good coorperation of patients were the important guarantee of the examination of Pentacam.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the security problems existing in the injection of eye to reduce operational risk of care.METHODS:Site of injection of the eye was exact.RESULTS:In the 569 eyes with eye injection,161 eyes had various conditions of adverse reactions.CONCLUSION:Improving nurses responsibility and safe operation of injection risk of the eye will ensure effective treatment for patients.