Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the protective effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)against retinal neurons damage in a rat model of diabetes mellitus(DM).

METHODS: Forty Sprague Dawley rats(weighing 250g-280g)received an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg). The rats were then randomly divided into two groups: the treatment(DM+CNTF)or control(DM+BSS)group. The CNTF(0.5μg/μL)or balanced salt solution(2μL)was injected into the vitreus of the rats. Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)was measured and retinal ultrastructure was assessed 4 and 12 weeks after establishing the model and performing the injections.

RESULTS: No difference in blood glucose or body weight was noted between the two groups. There were significantly fewer apoptotic RGCs in DM+CNTF group(8.56±1.22, P<0.05). From week 4, the neurons in the two groups of rats had degenerative changes(i.e., shrunken membrane disk spaces, swollen photoreceptor nuclei, and chromatin condensation)were noted on transmission electron microscopy. In DM+CNTF group, these abnormalities were improved by week 12.

CONCLUSION: CNTF has no significant effects on blood glucose levels or body weight in either group. CNTF shows protective effects on RGCs and photoreceptors based on apoptosis and transmission electron microscopy. Additional studies to establish the optimal time of administration and dosage of neurotrophic factors to achieve the greatest protective effects on retinal nerve tissue are warranted.

Abstract:Intraocular lens(IOL)power calculation is problematic in eyes that had refractive surgery. Role of change in axial length after keratorefractive surgery on biometric measurements is thought to be negligable. Biometric errors in eyes with previous keratorefractive surgery is mainly the result of mismeasurement of keratometric values. A biometric error leads to unplanned and unexpected refractive error after cataract surgery which is a serious problem for both patient and surgeon. In this case report we presented a patient with previous keratorefractive surgery and discussed some IOL power calculation methods.

Abstract:AIM:To study the influence of holotrichia extractive to angiogenin1(Ang1)and pigment epithelium derivation factor(PEDF)expression and probe its inhibiting effect to the choroidal neovascularization(CNV)though establishing CNV model of experimental colored rabbits.

METHODS: Forty colored rabbits were selected and divided into 5 groups randomly, including blank group, model group, vitamin E group, zhujingwanjiajianfang group and the holotrichia extractive group. There were 8 rabbits in each group(16 eyes). CNV model was established through the method of argon laser photo-coagulation. Then optic fundus colored pictures were taken after 24 hours, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, fluorescence fundus angiography(FFA)was performed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and optical coherence tomography(OCT)was performed after 14 and 28 days. Then the rabbits were divided into 2 parts each group randomly, and executed by aeroembolism after 14 and 28 days. Their eyes' posterior segment tissues were selected to carry on organized microtome section, hematoxylin and eosin staining and Ang1, PEDF immunohistochemistry staining to analyze depressant effect of holotrichia extractive to CNV.

RESULTS: Determination of Ang1 content expression showed, blank group's content was the least in all groups(P<0.05), the content of holotrichia extractive group and zhujingwanjiajianfang group were less than others in experimental groups(P<0.05), holotrichia extractive group's content was less than zhujingwanjiajianfang group's content, but there was no significant difference, holotrichia extractive group's content between the 14 days and the 28 days has significant difference(P<0.05). Determination of PEDF content expression showed, blank group's content was the highest in all groups(P<0.05), the content of holotrichia extractive group and zhujingwanjiajianfang group were higher than others in experimental groups(P<0.05), holotrichia extractive group's content was higher than zhujingwanjiajianfang group's content, but there was no significant difference, holotrichia extractive group's content between the 14 days and the 28 days had significant difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The holotrichia extractive has active influence for the high experiment of Ang1 in CNV of the experimental colored rabbits, it can intervene reduction of PEDF and protects retinal tissue, and thus it has depressant effect to CNV.

Abstract:AIM: To establish a basis of in-depth study for herpes simplex keratitis through establishing different infection period herpes simplex keratitis mice model.

METHODS: Totally 125 Balb/c mice were scratched the word of "#" in cornea using the back of a razor blade cutting edge after anesthesia under the microscope. Among the total of 100 mice were inoculated with herpes simples virus type-Ⅰ. The rest of 25 mice were not inoculated with HSV-Ⅰas normal control group. Using 10g/L sodium fluorescein stained and slit lamp microscope observed the occurrence of corneal disease after operation everyday. Corneal surface tears were taken to carry on the detecting of human embryonic kidney epithelial cells(HEK293T)to define whether the viral replication. The latently infected mice model were exposed to ultraviolet-B light(UV -B)to induce the recurrence of HSK.

RESULTS: The eyes of 100 mice model which inoculated with HSV-Ⅰwere all appeared acute epithelial keratitis within 3 days after inoculation. The corneal inflammation disappeared after acyclovir eye drops treating for 1 week, but the virus detection of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in cornea and trigeminal ganglion remained positive. The latently infected mice model were exposed to UV-B to induce the recurrence of HSK within 1 week, recurrent HSK were in the form of stromal HSV keratitis principally.

CONCLUSION: Balb/c mice were inoculated with HSV-I virus by corneal scarification, through UV-B rays establishing infected, latent, recurrent herpes simplex keratitis mice model, and the operation is relatively simple, convenient and easy.

Abstract:AIM: To study the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1)after conjunctival flap covering in alkali-burned cornea.

METHODS: Rabbit cornea alkali-burns model was made, then 50 rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group(n=25)and control group(n= 25). At the same time the surgery of conjunctival flap covering was given to rabbits of the experimental group. The condition developing of alkali-burned cornea was observed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, photography in two groups, and the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was identified by immunohistochemisty in different period.

RESULTS: Expression of MMP-9 increased on the 3^rd day, shown a peak on the 14^th day, and then decreased gradually. TIMP-1 expressed in the early phrase, and later, the level decreased on 7^th day. TIMP-1 level reached the lowest level on 14^th day, then increased and shown a peak on the 21^st day. MMP-9 level of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group(the 3^rd, 14^th, 21^st, and 28^th day), while TIMP-1 level(the 3^rd, 14^th and 21^st day)was higher(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: During the wound healing process, alkali-burned cornea has close relation with the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. The treatment of conjunctival flap covering for the severe alkali-burned cornea was found to have good effect.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effects of estrogen on the expression of pigment epithelium derived factor(PEDF)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the cultured rat retinal Müller cells under hypoxia.

METHODS: Effects of estrogen on the expression of PEDF and VEGF in the cultured rat retinal Müller cells were investigated with the methods of RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis.

RESULTS: The levels of PEDF mRNA and protein decreased and VEGF mRNA and protein increased when the Müller cells were under hypoxic condition for 24 hours. Estrogen had protective effect on Müller cells.

CONCLUSION: Estrogen can regulate the expression of PEDF which may play an important role on retinal neovascularization.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the expressions and significance of apoptosis relevant factor caspase-3 in visual cortex area 17 of form deprivation amblyopia rats.

METHODS: Form deprivation amblyopia rats models were established, the morphological changes of visual cortex area 17 in 10 normal rats and 10 form deprivation amblyopia rats were stained with HE and observed HE staining, processed by immunohistochemical staining and image analysis system to demonstrate and analyze the localization of caspase-3 in area 17.

RESULTS: At various levels of the form deprivation amblyopia rats and normal rats, there were lots of caspase-3 immunoreactive neurons in visual cortex area 17, especially Ⅱ-Ⅳlayer. The number and grey level of caspase-3 immunopositivity increased greatly than normal rats(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Caspase-3 in visual cortex area 17 of form deprivation amblyopia rats has increased expression, which may be involved in the development of amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relative mechanisms of signal transduction of isopsoralen(ISR)and ecdysterone(ECR)on phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK)expression in human lens epithelial cells(HLEC), which will provide a view in better understanding the mechanisms of aged cataract, and provide the experiment bases for the prophylaxis and treatment of aged cataract.

METHODS:Human lens epithelial cells(HLECs)were cultured and sub-cultured in vitro. The cultured HLECs were exposed to H₂O₂ at 300μmol/L over a time course of several hours, with and without pretreatment with β-Estradiol(E₂), ECR, ISR. The HLECs were used for following experiments. The changes of the expression levels of ERK phosphorylation in HLECs which exposed to H₂O₂, with pretreatment with certain concentration of ECR and ISR, were analyzed by flow cytometer(FCM), the signal transduction mechanism of ECR and ISR on antioxidative damage was studied.

RESULTS: The expression levels of ERK phospho- rylation were examined in normal HLECs by FCM,and peaked at 6 hour. The p-ERK levels of H₂O₂ group gradually decreased with a prolongation of treatment time. There were significant differences as compared with control group respectively(P<0.01). The p-ERK levels of E₂ group gradually increased with a prolongation of treatment time, showed significant increase from 6 hour when compared with H₂O₂ group respectively(P<0.01), and peaked at 6 hour. The p-ERK levels of ECR group showed significant increase from 3 hour when compared with H₂O₂ group respectively(P<0.01), and peaked at 12 hour. The p-ERK levels of ISR group showed significant increase from 1 hour when compared with H₂O₂ group respectively(P<0.01), and peaked at 1 hour.

CONCLUSION:The resistance against oxidant-induced injury by E₂, ECR and ISR in HLECs might relate to ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Abstract:AIM: To detect the visual electrophysiological function and observe the ultrastructure in the visual cortex of sensitive period monocular deprivation rats.

METHODS: Totally 20 SD rats of 14-day-old were randomly divided into two groups, ten for each group. Rats of experimental group were sutured unilateral eye as monocular deprivation animal models and reared in the same natural light environment with the control group for 45 days. Both two groups received electrophysiological testing, visual cortex ultrastructure was observed by the transmission electron microscope.

RESULTS: Electrophysiologic study on ocular deprived animal model, F-VEP showed typical NPN wave form in normal rats, P1 wave peak latency was short, wave crest was steep and straight. Detection in ocular deprived rats showed that P1 wave peak latency lengthened obviously, wave crest depressed significantly. Observation of ultrastructure of visual cortical neurons in monocular deprived animals by electron microscope showed that it was destroyed seriously.

CONCLUSION: Monocular deprivation can affect rats' visual electrophysiological function. It makes F-VEP P1 wave peak latency of model rats obviously lengthen, amplitude of vibration significantly degrades. Monocular deprivation can destroy rats' visual cortex neurons ultrastructure and this change is the morphological basis of monocular deprivation amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical effects of two operative methods on the Ⅳ grade hard nucleus cataract.

METHODS: Totally 150 eyes with cataract above the IV grade hard-core were divided into non-phacoemusification minimal-incision cataract surgery group(74 eyes)and phacoemulisification group(76 eyes). Nuclear processing time, operating complications and postoperative complications, visual acuity of the two graoups were compared.

RESULTS: There were significant difference between the non-phacoemusification minimal-incision cataract surgery group and the phacoemulsification group in nuclear processing time, operating complications(iris damage and posterior capsule rupture), postoperative complications(corneal and anterior chamber reaction),and early vision(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in late vision(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Non-phacoemusification minimal-incision cataract surgery is better than phacoemulsification and it is an ideal method for treating above IV grade hard nucleus cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To seek a better drug therapy to control the inflammation after glaucoma surgery through observing the efficacy of using the pranoprofen eye drops before and after the glaucoma surgery.

METHODS:Totally 50 hospitalized cases(52 eyes)with trabeculectomy were randomly divided into 4 groups: a separate use of tobradex eye drops postoperatively(group A), combined tobradex with pranoprofen treatment postoperatively(group B), preoperative 1 day began to use pranoprofen eye drops, combined treatment after the operation group(group C), preoperative 3 day began to use the pranoprofen eye drops and postoperative combination therapy group(group D). Compound trabeculectomy was used as the surgical method. Signs and symptoms of postoperative 1 day, 3, 7, 14, 30 days were observed and scored. SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used for data processing. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:Totally 50 cases 52 eyes completed the study. Postoperative 1^st and 3^rd day, comprehensive score of group D was significantly lower than other groups(P<0.05). Comprehensive score of group A at postoperative 3 and 7 days was higher than any other group(P<0.05). Comprehensive score of 4 groups at postoperative 15 or 30 days had no statistical difference(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: It is a better treatment option that inflammation after trabeculectomy treated by preoperative application of pranoprofen eye drops as pretreatment, postoperative combination of pranoprofen eye drops and glucocorticoid hormones.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy of compound and simple trabeculectomy for glaucoma.

METHODS: Totally 73 cases(82 eyes)glaucoma patients were randomly divided into group A 37 cases(42 eyes)and group B 36 cases(40 eyes)which received compound and simple trabeculectomy respectively, all patients were followed up for 3 months and the incidence of shallow anterior chamber, bleb formation and control of intraocular pressure of both groups were observed and compared.

RESULTS: The incidence of shallow anterior chamber of group A and group B were 4.8%(Ⅰ degree)and 35.0%(Ⅰdegree+Ⅱdegree)respectively, the difference between groups was statistically significant(P<0.05); to the end of follow-up, 38 eyes(90.5%)got functional bleb in group A and 28 eyes(70.0%)got functional bleb in group B, the functional bleb formation rate had statistical difference between groups(P<0.05); in 3 months post-operation, a total of 37 eyes(88.1%)got complete control of intraocular pressure in group A which was significantly higher than group B(52.5%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(P<0.05); the mean intraocular pressure of group A in 3 months post-operation was 15.2±2.3mmHg which was significantly lower than group B(18.5±2.5mmHg), the difference between groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Compound trabeculectomy can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative shallow anterior chamber; its efficacy is also obvious in functional filtering bleb formation and intraocular pressure control which is significantly better than that of simple trabeculectomy.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the change of retinal structure and function in macular for patients of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)before and after vitrectomy.

METHODS:Totally 33 patients 44 eyes of PDR with vitrectomy and 30 cases(44 eyes)of normal control group were inspected with optical coherence tomography(OCT)and multifocal electroretinogram(mf-ERG), the change of retinal thickness in macular and amplitude densities and latencies of P1 wave and N1 wave(5 rings and 4 quadrants)for patients before and after vitrectomy and normal control group were observed.

RESULTS:Patients were followed up for 2 months, normal control group and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after vitrectomy pairwise comparison: normal control group and patients group before and after vitrectomy about amplitude densities of P1 wave(5 rings and 4 quadrants)were pairwise compared, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05); for the latencies of P1 wave, the normal control group compared with the preoperative patients about the 1^st ring, the normal control group compared with postoperative patients about the 3^rd, the 4^th, the 5^th ring and the 2^nd, the 3^rd quadrant, the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05), the rest were statistically significant(P<0.05); the amplitude of N1 wave about the 1^st ring in normal control group compared with postoperative patients, the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05), the rest were statistically significant(P<0.05); the latencies of N1 wave about the 3^rd ring in preoperative patients compared with postoperative patients, the normal control group compared with the preoperative patients about the 1^st, the 2^nd ring and the 4^th quadrant, the normal control group compared with postoperative patients about the 5^th ring and the 2^nd, 3^rd quadrant, the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05), the rest were statistically significant(P<0.05); normal control group and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after vitrectomy were pairwise compared in macular about retinal thickness, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The correlation analysis of retinal thickness in macular fovea and the amplitude densities and latencies of P1 wave and N1 wave showed that the rest had no correlation(P > 0.05)except the latencies of N1 wave in the 3^rd quadrant.

CONCLUSION:Measured retinal thickness in macular for the patients with PDR before and after vitrectomy using OCT and mf-ERG, which found that the postoperative retinal thickness was obviously lower than preoperative retinal thickness, showed that vitrectomy reduced macular edema and improve photo sensitive and conductive function of the retina effectively.

Abstract:AIM:To compare frequency domain optical coherence tomography(OCT)images of idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane(ERM)with those of secondary ERM and analyze the influence on visual acuity

METHODS:Clinical data of 92 idiopathic ERM patients(112 eyes)and 78 secondary ERM patients(96 eyes)diagnosed with slit lamp microscope, fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and OCT. The morphological changes of ERM, central foveal thickness in all cases were recorded and analyzed by OCT.

RESULTS: ERM was visible on OCT as high reflective tissue which was focal points of attachment or globally adherent to the underlying retina. In part of fovea, the depth decreased, the thickness increased and macular became edema. The mean retina thickness in patients with idiopathic ERM was 398.32±112.07μm and the mean thickness of ERM was 52.28±9.65μm vs 416.87±104.17μm and 57.05±10.33μm in patients with secondary ERM respectively, there was no statistical difference between them(P>0.05). In the same range of visual acuity, there was no statistical difference(P>0.05)between idiopathic ERM group and secondary ERM group,but between the different range of visual acuity, the thickness of central fovea of macula was significantly different(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: OCT can display the ERM and the pathological changes of macular tissues,frequency domain OCT was a particularly useful in the diagnosis of ERM.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the incidence, characteristic and risk factors of high intraocular pressure(IOP)after 23- gauge pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)to provide a basis for treatment and prevention.

METHODS: We retrospectively studied 135 cases(146 eyes)who underwent 23-gauge PPV in our department and analyzed the factors that might be related to the state of high IOP. The ocular hypertension was defined as IOP ≥ 25mmHg at any time within 2 weeks after surgery. The statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square test. Single or combined pressure-lowering drugs were used according to the degree of IOP.

RESULTS: The high IOP occurred in 42 eyes(28.8%), and the average time was at 3.38 days after operation. The rate of IOP elevation in pure liquid exchange group, C₃F₈ tamponade group and silicone oil tamponade group were 14.5%, 33.3%, 39.3% respectively. There was statistical difference between C₃F₈ group, silicone oil tamponade group and pure liquid exchange group. The incidence rate of high IOP in non-cryotherapy group, partial retinal photocoagulation group, panretinal photocoagulation group or cryotherapy group were 13.6%, 27.4%, 34.5%, 35.7% respectively. There was no difference between the non-cryotherapy group and the partial retinal photocoagulation group, while the differences between the non-cryotherapy group and the other two groups were significant. High IOP would occur after any primary disease surgery, but the incidence was unbalanced. All elevated IOP were satisfactorily controlled.

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of high IOP after 23-gauge PPV are various,mainly related to intraocular tamponade and the treatment during the surgery. Influence of the primary disease on the high IOP mostly lies in the treatment. The high IOP after 23-gauge PPV mostly is transient which can be controlled by rational using of drugs.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the association between hyperlipidemia and diabetes with the risk of age-related cataract(ARC)in middle-aged and elderly men.

METHODS: A hospital-based case control study was conducted. Cases(n=360)were patients with cataract 45-85 years old. Controls(n=360)were patients with diseases that not related with cataract and were admitted to the same hospital. Cases and controls were matched with 1:1. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire. Questionnaire was designed to cover demographic data, lifestyle, previous diseases history, also collected the clinical biochemical examination data, including fasting blood glucose,high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG). The odds ratios(OR)and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI)of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.

RESULTS: After adjusted for age and gender, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia duration, TC, and TG had no relation with the risk of ARC(P>0.05), though only declining levels of the HDL-C were associated with higher risk of ARC(OR =1.519, 95% CI:1.093-2.110, P=0.013). After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, fasting glucose impaired subjects was positively related with ARC(OR=1.734, 95% CI:1.102-2.725, P<0.001), however, those cases with diabetes had a larger risk than controls(OR=1.938, 95% CI:1.293-2.906, P<0.001)in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Diabetes duration was also positively related with ARC. The risk of ARC less than 10 years and 10 to 19 years in duration significantly increased(OR=2.374; 95%CI: 1.502-3.752, P<0.001 and OR=2.683; 95% CI:1.267-5.683, P=0.010 respectively).

CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the HDL-C, diabetes are associated with an increased risk for ARC in middle-aged and elderly men.

Abstract:Glaucoma is one of the three major causes of human blindness. The treatment of glaucoma focuses on the intraocular pressure(IOP)reduction. As for glaucoma patients with IOP uncontrolled on medications, surgery is the main treatment. Glaucoma operation has various ways, and the filtration surgery occupies an important position in clinic, while after a number of improvements, the simple surgery failure rate is still very high. This article focused on how to improve the anti-glaucoma filtration surgery success rate, reviewed the literature in the past decade, summed up the Chinese and Western medicine for the understanding of the causes of failed surgery, introduced that glaucoma filtration surgery can be combined with the use of Chinese and Western medicine. We concluded that Chinese and Western medicine joint use can improve the success rate of surgery.

Abstract:Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is applied progressively in evaluating the anatomic structure and function of visual system, such as conventional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging(DTI), functional MRI(fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS), manganese-enhanced MRI(MEMRI), and so on. Conventional MRI detects morphological changes of visual system; DTI and MEMRI are mainly applied to observe the microscopic structure changes of visual system; fMRI can examine the changes of functional response at visual cortex resulting from visual system diseases; MRS is significantly important in investigating intracerebral metabolism changes related with visual system diseases. Separate or combined application of these imaging technologies is of great value in the diagnosis, follow-up monitoring and curative effect assessment of visual system diseases, the clinical applying of these technologies will be widely spread in the future.

Abstract:As a powerful molecular biological tool,polymerase chain reaction(PCR)can detect pathogens in intraocular fluids at the early stage of infectious uveitis cases. It takes tiny amount of samples, short examination duration with high detective sensitivity and specificity. PCR detection of pathogens is superior to routine diagnostic approaches such as serological antibody detection and pathogen culture. It provides a potential method in early diagnosis of infectious uveitis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.

Abstract:Pterygium is a common ophthalmic disease. Its clinical manifestations include growth of conjunctiva organizations invading into central corneal. Dysplasia of the bulbar conjunctiva obscured pupil would severely affect visual acuity, visual impairment and cause cosmetic defects to the patient. Surgery is the primary treatment but its recurrence rate is high. In recently years, many scholars made a lot of research and obtained newer research progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of pterygium.

Abstract:Excimer laser corneal refractive surgery was the major surgical approach for treating refractive errors. The eyesight was improved. At the same time, we are more concerned about the relationship between intraocular pressure(IOP)and excimer laser corneal refractive surgery. A review was summarized as follows: excimer laser corneal refractive surgery classification, 24-hour IOP fluctuation, relationship between preoperative and postoperative corneal thickness or curvature and IOP, high myopia and glaucoma diagnosis, refractive regression or the developing of myopia and IOP, relationship between glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension or glaucoma. It was important for the diagnosis and treatment in clinical ophthalmology.

Abstract:There are many new instruments used to measure biometric measurements in recent years, such as intraocular len-master(IOL Master), ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM), Pentacam, optical coherence tomography(OCT), Orbscan, Lenstar LS900, Galilei, specular microscope, confocal microscope, and so on. Among these instruments mentioned above, the principle and clinical application are different. This article will review the principle, usage, clinical application of the Lenstar which is a new optical low coherence reflectometry device.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the clinical application value of the optical coherence tomography(OCT)in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD)by iodized lecithin tablets.

METHODS: Totally 53 cases 60 eyes diagnosed with exudative AMD were divided into two groups: the treatment group(26 cases, 30 eyes)treated with iodized lecithin tablets and the control group(27 cases, 30 eyes)treated with vitamin E and vitamin C. OCT was used to check all the cases after 67 days. The curative effect was evaluated based on OCT outcome.

RESULTS: In treatment group, 16 eyes were cured, 9 eyes improved and 5 eyes had no effect after the treatment of iodized lecithin tablets, and the total effective rate was 83.3%. In control group,2 eyes were cured, 8 eyes improved and 20 eyes had no effect without the treatment of iodized lecithin tablets, and the total effective rate was 33.3%. The visual acuity of treatment group improved obviously, and the macular retina thickness decreased obviously. The curative effect of two groups had significant difference. The treatment group was superior to the control group.

CONCLUSION: Iodized lecithin tablets have significant curative effect in treating exudative AMD.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the difference of ocular higher order aberrations between curvature myopia and axial myopia in moderate myopic eyes, according to the analysis of higher order aberrations in different types of moderate myopia.

METHODS: It was a prospective study. Totally 39 moderate myopic subjects(56 eyes, myopia with no astigmatism)participated in this study and were divided into two groups: group A was moderate curvature myopia group(11 patients,16 eyes),with average age 22±2 years, mean axial length of 23.89±0.13mm, mean corneal curvature 45.56±0.95D and mean diopter -4.58±0.82D. Group B was moderate axial myopia group(53 patients, 79 eyes), with average age 22±3 years, mean axial length of 25.82±0.44mm, mean corneal curvature 41.93±0.85D and mean diopter -4.50±0.78D. The values of higher order aberrations were analyzed at different pupil diameters between the two groups.

RESULTS: The comparison on mean age between the two groups had nosignificant difference as well as that on mean diopter(P>0.05). The comparisons on both average curvature of cornea and mean axial length showed significant differences(P<0.05), respectively. The values of RMS3, RMS4, RMS6, RMSh and C12 of the two groups(Group A/Group B)were 0.165±0.064/0.098±0.045, 0.127±0.034/0.059±0.025, 0.040±0.014/0.028±0.010, 0.218±0.059/0.129±0.040 and 0.137±0.057/0.048±0.037, respectively, when pupil diameter was 6mm and the comparison of the two groups had significant differences(P<0.05). Meanwhile the comparisons of ocular higher order aberrations on group A and group B also presented significant differences(P<0.05), with the former higher than the latter.

CONCLUSION: Curvature myopia had more coma, spherical aberration, secondary spherical aberration and total higher order aberrations than axial myopia in moderate myopic eyes in normal and moderately dilated pupils.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the causes and treatment of descemet membrane detachment due to penetrating trabeculectomy.

METHODS: Totally 805 cases 956 eyes with glaucoma underwent compound trabeculectomy was observed clinically. Five cases 5 eyes with descemet membrane detachment were symptomatically treated.

RESULTS: Descemet membrane detachment occurred in 5 cases 5 eyes who were treated by injecting aseptic air or viscoelastic agent into the anterior chamber, all incisions were closed by suturing with satisfied effects.

CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and treatment of descemet membrane detachment is important for postoperative visual acuity recovery.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the difference of actual corneal ablation depth during individual and conventional laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).

METHODS: Prospective comparative study. 161 eyes of 87 low and moderate myopia patients accepted refractive surgery with the Technolas 217z100 excimer laser system. Two groups were divided according to the type of operation: conventional LASIK and individual LASIK. The corneal thickness was continuously assessed intraoperatively with online optical coherence pachymetry(OCP). The residual stromal thickness before and after laser ablation were recorded, and then the actual corneal ablation depth was calculated. The values of actual and theoretical ablation depth, and the difference in the two groups were compared.

RESULTS: In conventional-LASIK group, the actual corneal ablation depth and theoretical ablation depth were 94.37±22.76μm and 85.69±21.19μm respectively(P<0.05); In individual-LASIK group, the actual corneal ablation depth and theoretical ablation depth were 90.08±15.98μm and 76.30±13.65μm respectively,(P<0.05). In conventional-LASIK group, the actual corneal ablation depth was increased in 8.68±6.30μm than the theoretical ablation depth. In individual-LASIK group, the actual corneal ablation depth was increased in 13.78±7.63μm than the theoretical ablation depth(P<0.05). The difference in individual-LASIK group was about 5.10±1.10μm thicker than that in conventional-LASIK group.

CONCLUSION: Actual ablation depth was thicker than theoretical ablation depth in both conventional LASIK and individual LASIK. The difference of actual corneal ablation depth and theoretical ablated depth in individual LASIK is more than that in conventional LASIK.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the mechanism of intraocular pressure(IOP)elevation after scleral buckling surgery with ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM).

METHODS: A totally of 156 patients 161 eyes who underwent scleral buckling surgery operated by professor An-Huai Yang during July, 2011 and February, 2012 were selected in this retrospective study. All the patients were grouped by high IOP and normal IOP(not suffering from glaucoma and without glaucoma family history). The structure ofocular anterior segment was observed with UBM in all patients following scleral buckling surgery. We analyzed the relationship between IOP and the structure parameter of ocular anterior segment to investigate the mechanism of high IOP after scleral buckling surgery.

RESULTS: By UBM, the main causes of high IOP after scleral buckling surgery wereadhesion of iris to trabecular meshwork and closure of anterior chamber angle. The high IOP group and normal IOP group had statistical differences in anterior chamber depth(ACD)(t=2.003, P=0.048), angle opening distance₅₀₀(AOD₅₀₀),(t=2.071, P=0.049)and ciliary body thickness(CBT)(t=1.932, P=0.038).

CONCLUSION: UBM is effective in observation of the structure of ocular anterior segment after scleral buckling surgery and intraocular hypertension is a common complication. ACD, AOD₅₀₀ and CBT changes are related to IOP changes soon after operation(in 2 weeks). The edema and forward rotation of ciliary body, the narrow of anterior chamber angle are the mainly factors resulting in high IOP after scleral buckling surgery. The high IOP group has a tendency to appear to be a shallow anterior chamber and narrow anterior chamber angle.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the clinical effect on improvement of posterior chamber intraocular lens(IOL)implantation with transscleral suture fixation.

METHODS: Totally 82 cases were divided into two groups, one group with non-sclera flap and the pars plana location for IOL transscleral fixation of suture ends were buried into the sclera, the other group with sclera flap and the ciliary sulcus location for IOL transscleral fixation. The operation time, visual acuity and postoperative complications were compared.

RESULTS: There was significant difference in operation time between two groups. There was no significant difference in visual acuity. No cases of suture erosion, postoperative endophthalmitis, retinal detachment. Pupillary capture of the IOL optic occurred more frequently in the ciliary sulcus group with sclera flap.

CONCLUSION: Improvement of posterior chamber IOL implantation with transscleral suture fixation is a safe and effective and simple method for correction of eyes in the absence of adequate posterior capsular support.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of Nd:YAG laser in primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)by domestic ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM).

METHODS: PACG(including acute, chronic)patients, a total of 31 cases 43 eyes were included in this study. UBM measurement of intraoperative central anterior chamber distance(ACD), and the angle opening distance(AOD)in 12:00, 3:00, 6:00, and 9:00 four directions, angle opening in degrees(AA), and intraocular pressure(IOP)was performed before and after surgery, respectively.

RESULTS: The postoperative IOP and central ACD had no significant difference compared with that of preoperative. AOD and AA increased significantly preoperatively and postoperatively in four directions.

CONCLUSION: Angle changes and laser patency can be observed in vivo before and after surgery by UBM, which is a more effective method for diagnosis and treatment of PACG.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of cyclocryotherapy and trabeculectomy for the treatment of late neovascular glaucoma.

METHODS:Cyclocryotherapy and trabeculectomy were performed on 37 cases(37 eyes)with late neovascular glaucoma. All patients were followed up for 12 months. The intraocular pressure(IOP), anterior chamber reaction, pain intensity, and complications were observed.

RESULTS: Compared with preoperation, the mean IOP was significantly decreased at 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 and 12 months postoperation(P<0.05). The postoperative anterior chamber reaction was mild, pain was relieved, and no serious complications.

CONCLUSION:Cyclocryotherapy and trabeculectomy can effectively manage late neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the changes of anterior segment configuration after laser peripheral iridotomy(LPI)in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)by using anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT).

METHODS: This retrospective self control study consisted of forty-two eyes of 30 patients with PACG whose open angles were more than 180 degree. Central anterior chamber depth(ACD), opening distance(AOD), trabecular iris area(TISA)were measured using AS-OCT before and four weeks after LPI.

RESULTS: The parameters of AS-OCT on baseline were AOD 0.172±0.078μm, TISA 0.066±0.025mm² at 500μm anterior to sclera spur, and AOD 0.268±0.133μm, TISA 0.122±0.045mm² at 750μm. After LPI, the parameters were AOD 0.277±0.105μm, TISA 0.113±0.041mm² at 500μm, and AOD 0.388±0.154μm, TISA 0.194±0.063mm² at 750μm, which were significantly increased compared with the baseline(P<0.05). There was no significant difference on ACD before and after LPI(P=0.108).

CONCLUSION: PACG can be controlled by LPI resulting in an increase of AOD, TISA but not ACD.

Abstract:AIM: To observe and compare the effect of intravitreous injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)and laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO), and to investigate the necessity and time point for combination of two therapies.

METHODS: The patients with macular edema of non-ischemia BRVO were divided randomly into TA group(46 eyes)and laser group(44 eyes), and were treated with double blind method. TA group underwent intravitreous injection TA(IVTA)4mg, laser group was with grid photocoagulation within blood vessels arch and spot photocoagulation in nonperfusion area. The patients' best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and central retinal thickness(CRT)by optic coherence tomography(OCT)in different time of pre-and post-therapy were examined and the data were analyzed by independent sample t test.

RESULTS: One week to one month after treatment, the improvement of BCVA and CRT in TA group were significant better than those in laser group in patients whose initial CRT were 300-500μm. One to three months after treatment, the improvement in TA group dropped down slowly, while the improvement in laser group increased gradually. Six months after treatment, there was no significant difference between TA group and laser group. A few patients in TA group needed re-injection due to recurred macular edema.

CONCLUSION: Both IVTA and laser photocoagulation could be used in BRVO whose CRT ranged 300 -500μm; The patients with CRT larger than 500μm could be treated by combined therapy of IVTA followed by laser grid photocoagulation 1 week-1 month later. Recurrence of macular edema after IVTA could be injected TA again six months after first injection.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the early postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)of transplantation of autologous retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)-Bruch membrane complex after the removal of corneal neovascularization(CNV).

METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 24 patients 25 eyes with age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)who underwent vitreoretinal surgery and related literatures were reviewed. The 24 patients 25 eyes were divided to group A(the macular subretinal hemorrhage and CNV removal surgery group, n=14)and group B(transplantation of autologous RPE-Bruch membrane complex after the removal of the CNV group, n=11). IOP was measured before surgery and then on day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 after surgery with Goldmann applanation tonometer. Two sets of IOP were counted and possible factors were analyzed for association with ocular hypertension.

RESULTS: The IOP was elevated on day 1 after surgery in 78.1% of all cases, and also elevated significantly on day 2 in 56.4% of group B, respectively. Besides, the mean postoperative IOP, the peak postoperative IOP and incidence of high IOP at week 1 was elevated significantly in group B, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Early postoperative IOP and incidence of high IOP in patients with hemorrhagic ARMD undergoing transplantation of autologous RPE-Bruch membrane complex after the removal of the CNV have significant elevation, and need for perioperative prevention of high IOP should be noted.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effects of honghua injection iontophoresis combined with acupoint stimulation in the treatment of traumatic vitreous hemorrhage.

METHODS: There were 100 cases 113 eyes with traumatic vitreous hemorrhage in our study. Sixty cases 71 eyes were treated with p-aminomethyl benzoic acid(PAMBA)0.2g+9g/L sodium chloride injection 10mL, after diluted it was used in muscle injection combined with oral taking Chinese medicine, at the same time honghua iontophoresis was performed through Jingming, Chengqi, Cuanzhu, Laogong acupoints in observed group. Forty cases 42 eyes were treated only with PAMBA 0.2g + 9g/L sodium chloride injection 10mL, after diluted it was used for muscle injection combined with oral taking Chinese medicine in control group. The changes of visual acuity and fundus were investigated before and after treatment.

RESULTS: Effective rate was 87.32% in the observed group, 59.52% in control group. The result showed a higher effective ratio in observed group than in control group. There was significant difference between two groups(P <0.01).

CONCLUSION: Chinese medicine honghua injection iontophoresis combined with acupoint stimulation is an effective and simple therapy for traumatic vitreous hemorrhage.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of vitrectomy combined with other surgical treatment of severe ocular trauma.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 30 cases 31 eyes with severe ocular trauma treated with vitrectomy from January 2011 was performed.

RESULTS: Of the 31 eyes, postoperative visual acuity improved in 24 eyes, and of the 12 eyes with preoperative visual acuity of no light perception(NLP), 10 eyes had improved visual acuity after surgery, included 2 eyes with light perception, 3 eyes with hand movement, 4 eyes with finger counting, and one had best-corrected visual acuity recovered at 0.1; intraocular foreign bodies in 6 eyes were successfully extracted, the extraction rate was 100%, endophthalmitis were well controlled; 18 eyes with complicated retinal detachment, 15 eyes obtained successfully reset, the retinal reattachment rate was 83%; 14 eyes with traumatic cataract or lens dislocation, after vitrectomy, 12 eyes underwent intraocular lens(IOL)implantation, and the IOL implantation rate was 86%.

CONCLUSION: Severe ocular trauma included preoperative eyes with NLP, appropriate vitrectomy combined with corresponding treatment measures can maximize the retention in patients with eye and save the patient's visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of central aponeurosis disinsertion of the levator in correcting upper eyelid retraction in patients with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy.

METHODS: Thirty-five patients 52 eyelids with inactive thyroid associated ophthalmopathy were recruited. All patients had a typical manifestation of upper eyelid retraction.

RESULTS: All patients had subjective improvement in appearance and symptom. All patients' upper eyelid retraction was obviously corrected.

CONCLUSION: Central aponeurosis disinsertion of the levator is effective in correcting upper eyelid retraction.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the prevalence factors of dry eye syndrome in youth video terminals workers, and to explore the efficacy of artificial tear for the treatment of dry eye syndrome.

METHODS: Totally 136 cases with dry eye syndrome due to long-term video terminal contacts were clinically investigated, including common symptoms(dry eye, visual fatigue, foreign body sensation etc.), breaking-up time(BUT), Schirmer test. Then 130 cases were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Treatment group 65 cases were treated by artificial tears, 3 times a day, one drop each time. Control group 65 cases were treated with oral tetracycline 250mg, twice a day, continuous for 3 months.

RESULTS: Common symptoms: dry eye and foreign body sensation(89.2% in the treatment group, control group 80.0%), burning sensation(33.9% in the treatment group, control group 30.8%), asthenopia(treatment group 72.3%, control group 67.7%), blurred vision(30.8% in the treatment group, control group 35.4%), eye pain(therapy group, 24.6% control group 21.5%); the two groups had no significant difference. Before and after the treatment, the two experiments of BUT and Schirmer had significantly statistical difference.

CONCLUSION: Video display terminals(VDT)is the main reason for youth dry eye syndrome. Local artificial tears using is significantly better than oral tetracycline.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Toric implantable collamer lens(TICL)for high myopia with astigmatism.

METHODS: This retrospective case series included 40 eyes of 22 patients from February 2010 to June 2011. A TICL was intraocularly implanted via a 3mm clear corneal incision after local anesthesia.Patients were examined preoperatively and followed-up 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3, 12 months postoperatively for uncorrected visual acuity. The examinations also included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)preoperatively, slit-lamp examination, refraction, intraocular pressure, endothelial cell morphometry, cylinder axis of the TICL, etc.

RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity in 40 eyes was equal or improved after 3 months of the operation in comparison with BCVA of preoperation. The spherical refraction after operation was within(-0.5- +0.5)D. The cylinder refraction was within(-0.75-0)D. The axial deviation of TICL after 1 month postoperatively within 10° was 95.0%(38/40). The axial deviation of TICL between 10 ° and 15° was 2.5%(1/40). The axial deviation of TICL above 30° was 2.5%(1/40)whose astigmatic axial rotation was changed after surgical intervention. As a result, the axial deviation of TICL was within 10 degrees. 7 eyes had increased intraocular pressure shortly after surgery and after treatment the intraocular pressure became normal in 1 week. No severe complications including secondary glaucoma and cataract and etc occurred.

CONCLUSION: TICL implantation appears to be an effective, safe method for high myopia with astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate efficacy and safety of laryngeal mask anesthesia(LMA)and endotracheal intubation anesthesia and effect on intraocular lens(IOP)for paediatric ophthalmic surgery.

METHODS: Totally 90 patients under general anesthesia in paediatric ophthalmic surgery were equally randomly divided into LMA group(group L)and endotracheal intubation group(group T). Before induction of anesthesia(T₀), immediately after insert LMA / endotracheal tube(T₁), 3 minutes after insert LMA / endotracheal tube(T₂), immediately after extubation(T₃), 3 minutes after extubation(T₄), the systemic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), heart rate(HR)and IOP were recorded. The time of extubation, and the incidence of anesthetic complication were recorded.

RESULTS: SBP, HR, IOP during T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ were significantly higher in group T than T₀, and those in group L(P<0.05). SBP, HR, IOP were not significantly changed in group L during each time.

CONCLUSION: Compared with endotracheal intubation, LMA is an effective, safety anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery in children, with the advantages of hemodynamic stability, mild airway trauma, maintain IOP stability, fewer perioperative complications and anesthesia revive fast.

Abstract:AIM:To study the application of computed tomographic dacryocystography and three-dimensional reconstruction in endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy.

METHODS: Forty-six cases 65 eyes were performed computed tomographic dacryocystography and three-dimensional reconstruction before the endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy in order to locate the opening of lacrimal sac accurately and guide the operation. The curative effect was observed.

RESULTS: All operations were successfully performed with the accurate location of lacrimal sac before the operation and the operation efficiency was 100%.

CONCLUSION: Computed tomographic dacryocysto-graphy and three-dimensional reconstruction should be a routine examination before endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy.

Abstract:AIM: To find out the rate of the case and the related factors of dry eyes on the in-school adolescent.

METHODS: Totally 2 358 in-school adolescents,(1 768 high school students and 590 junior students)were questionnaired, of whom 856 complained that symptoms existed with their eyes, then a series of examinations and tests such as Slit-lamp examination, tear film break-up time(BUT)measurement, and Schimier test of tear secretion conjunctival fluorescein examination were performed on the patient involved in the survey, the rate of suffering dry eyes and the factors that cause the disease were analyzed and found.

RESULTS: Of the 2 358 adolescents involved in the questionnaire, 157 suffered dry eye syndrome, which covered 6.66% of the total, female(8.08%)and male 5.33%(65), χ²=6.762, P<0.05. There were statistical differences between female and male. Study showed that females were more likely to suffer the disease than males, especially the junior girl students, accounted for 7.64%(64)while junior boy students only 5.48%(51), χ²=3.016, P > 0.05. As for the high school students, statistical differences between high school girls and boys also existed. The rate for girls was 8.08%(28)while boys is 4.82%(14). The total was 7.12%, χ ² = 3.872, P<0.05. However, the comparison between junior boy students and high boy students is the same, χ ² = 0.081, P>0.05. Neither was the comparison between junior girl students and high girl students. Statistics showed long contact with screens, wearing contact lenses too long were the main factors that lead to the dry eyes of the in-school adolescents. Apart from these, there were some other factors, such as long closely reading, using eye drops frequently and systemic diseases related to history etc.

CONCLUSION: The rate of the in-school adolescents suffering dry-eye syndrome is 6.66%.The main factors that cause the in-school adolescents suffer dry-eye syndrome are long contact with screens, wearing contact lenses too long, long closely reading, using eye drops frequently and systemic diseases related to history etc.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the reasons for myopic patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery and for who giving up finally.

METHODS: A questionnaire on reasons for choosing laser corneal refractive surgery was completed by 3 000 myopic patients. Then all these patients underwent a routine preoperative examination. The reasons for these myopic patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery and for who giving up finally were analyzed.

RESULTS: The reasons for the 3 000 myopic patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery were as follows: in order to pass the entrance examination of enrollment or employment, accounted for 47.60%; for sports, appearance and comfort, accounted for 46.80%; inconvenient to wear glasses due to excessively high myopia or anisometropia, accounted for 4.40%. In the 3 000 patients, 349 patients gave up operation finally, accounted for 11.63%, due to psychological or social factors in 116 patients(33.24%)and all kinds of contraindication for laser corneal refractive surgery in 233 cases(66.76%).

CONCLUSION: Doctor can strengthen the doctor-patient communication according to the reasons for patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery. Preoperative examination should be detailed and strict for indications and contraindications to ensure the operation safety. Doctors are responsible for publicizing knowledge of myopic prevention and treatment, so that patients can choose treatment method correctly.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze and reveal international researching hot topics in macular edema field.

METHODS:Macular edema related articles during 1946-2011 from PubMed database were retrieved for quantitative analysis by software of BICOMS. PASW 18.0 statistical software was used to cluster high frequency hot topics of published articles, and clustering relationship picture of high frequency hot topics were drawn.

RESULTS: Totally 5 871 macular edema related articles were retrieved, it's increasing year by year. 83.87% of the total volume of documentation of the published literature was in English. American published 2 921 macular edema related articles, which accounted for 49.75% of worldwide totally published articles. 51 high frequency hot topics were gained. High frequency hot topics were clustered into 7 categories by clustering analysis, which ranked as the adverse effects of glucocorticoid treatment of macular edema, the diagnosis of macular edema, macular edema pathology/physiology, surgical treatment of macular edema, the drug treatment of macular edema, after treatment adverse reactions, macular edema after cataract extraction and phacoemulsification.

CONCLUSION: Recently international countries pay more attention to macular edema related study, and the published macular edema related articles rapidly increased, American and European countries occupy the dominant position for the number of published macular edema related articles. The international main research focus included basic research to macular edema, the diagnosis of macular edema, surgery and drugs and treatment of macular edema.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the middle and long-term visual function in patients after free recommended cataract surgery by the CDPF organization.

METHODS:Totally 2000 cases 2 278 eyes from August 2005 to June 2011 in our hospital after cataract surgery were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were followed up for 3 months to 3 years. The vision, after-cataract and the fundus condition were recorded.

RESULTS: The last postoperative follow-up: the best-corrected visual acuity was≥0.05 in 2 257 eyes(visual recovery rate 99.08%); ≥0.3 in 2 098 eyes(the demaimed rate 92.10%). During follow-up visual acuity decreased in 392 eyes, of which after-cataract was in 278 eyes, fundus disease in 107 eyes, postoperative delayed uveitis in 5 eyes, ocular trauma in 2 eyes.

CONCLUSION: Corneal astigmatism after cataract surgery, after-cataract and fundus disease are main reasons of visual function damage. Postoperative delayed uveitis is worth paying more attention. In poor and backward area, the ophthalmologists should also publicize the related prevention and control knowledge to patients with diabetes and hypertension.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of anterior vitrectomy for traumatic cataract in children.

METHODS:Twenty-one cases 21 eyes with traumatic cataract underwent cataract extraction and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation, and intraoperatively, anterior vitrectomy was performed for the children.

RESULTS: Following up for 6-24 months postoperatively,the visual acuity was <0.12 in 4 cases(19.0%), 0.15-0.3 in 9 cases(42.9%), ≥0.5 in 6 cases(28.6%), eyes without cooperation in 2 cases(9.5%).

CONCLUSION: Anterior vitrectomy in the children with traumatic cataract can make a significant reduction of complications and improve visual function.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the operation time, surgical methods and effects in treatment of traumatic cataracts with lens subluxation.

METHODS: The retrospective studies on postoperative effects were conducted in 52 cases 52 eyes of lens subluxation using appropriate surgical method according to the disease.

RESULTS: With 6 months' follow-up, visual acuity improved and no complication was found in all cases.

CONCLUSION: Although the eye conditions are poor in patients of traumatic cataracts with lens subluxation, satisfactory therapeutic effects can be achieved if appropriate combined operations are adopted according to the comprehensive analysis of the conditions.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate how to deal with the intraocular lens(IOL)with broken loop during surgery.

METHODS: The ways how to deal with the IOL with broken loop during the surgery of twenty-five patients twenty-five eyes from March 2006 to May 2011 were reviewed and summarized: one way was that IOL with broken loop were implanted into capsules(twenty-three eyes), another way was that IOL with broken loop were replaced in surgery or after operation(two eyes).

RESULTS: From the twenty-five eyes, one IOL with broken loop was replaced in surgery, one IOL with broken loop was replaced the third day after operation because of the serious dislocation downwards, the rest were on their locations; one month after operation eight eyes had best-corrected visual acuity with spectacles of 0.8-1.0, fourteen eyes were 0.5-0.8, only one eye was 0.2(combining with diabetic retinopathy), all were on their locations; six months after operation fifteen eyes were on their locations.

CONCLUSION: Most of IOLs with broken loop would neither dislocate nor affect the increase of visual acuity if they are implanted to suitable location in capsule, it is one of choice to deal with the emergency.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the short-term and long-term clinical effect of laser peripheral iridectomy(LPI)for the treatment of early angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS: The LPI was performed on 21 cases 21 eyes with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in preclinical stage and 15 cases 15 eyes with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma in early stage. The central anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle and intraocular pressure(IOP)were observed postoperatively. All cases were followed up for 1 year.

RESULTS: The central anterior chamber depth was significantly increased, the anterior chamber angles were wider, and the IOP was significantly decreased postoperatively in all cases. But 1 year after operation among patients with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma in early stage, the central anterior chamber depth became thinner and the IOP increased, 3 cases needed topical anti-glaucoma drops to control their IOP, 1 case was performed filterable operation after no use of drug therapy to control their IOP.

CONCLUSION:LPI is an effective method to treat acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in preclinical stage, but it is need to pay attention to choice of indications in chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma in early stage. In order to avoid further damage on visual function, all cases which were performed LPI need close follow-up.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the use of an Ahmed glaucoma valve(AGV)in treating glaucoma eyes.

METHODS: Totally 94 cases 102 glaucoma eyes underwent Ahmed valve implantation.Neovascular glaucoma eyes were treated with retinal photocoagulation 1-2 weeks after operation. Patients were followed up for over a six-month period.

RESULTS: The mean intraocular pressure(IOP)was lowered from 48.52±6.42mmHg preoperatively to 11.20±3.34mmHg postoperatively. Compared with preoperative IOP, the IOP at each period after surgery was significantly lower(P<0.01). Complete success was achieved in 96 eyes and there was qualified success in 2 eyes. The total success rate was 96.1%. Some of the complications were transient hyphema, early post-operative hypotony, and a transient shallow anterior chamber.

CONCLUSION: AGV implantation is a new and effective technique in glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the reasons and management of reoperation after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)which need more times surgery.

METHODS:The cases with PDR which need more times surgery after vitrectomy were retrospectively analyzed in 3 years.

RESULTS: Twenty-six eyes(13.8%)of 24 cases needed more times surgery in 189 eyes. Of those 26 eyes, 3 eyes had vitreous hemorrhage again, 1 eye had hyphema, 11 eyes(5.8%, 3 eyes accompanied by neovascular glaucoma)had retinal detachment which occupied 42.3% of reoperation eyes, 6 eyes(3.2%)had cataract extraction, 5 eyes had pure silicon oil removing. 6 eyes(3.2%)of 189 eyes happened neovascular glaucoma. Every glaucoma eye accompanied by cataract extraction. 19 eyes had two times surgery, 7 eyes had three or more operations(5 eyes combining with retinal detachment).

CONCLUSION:Retinal detachment is the main cause for the reoperation after vitrectomy for PDR. Three or more times surgery may be needed if retinal detachment occurred after vitrectomy. It is worth paying more attention to neovascular glaucoma. Appearing retinal detachment must be on the alert and cataract extraction must be careful.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the visual acuity after pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and panretinal photocoagulation in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS: Totally 93 cases with severe PDR were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were treated with PPV + membrane peeling +panretinal photocoagulation +focal or grid macular laser. Group 2 were treated with panretinal photocoagulation + focal or grid macular laser. Follow-up was at least 12 months.

RESULTS: At postoperative one year, visual acuity in group 1 improved in 12 eyes(27.9%), unchanged in 11 eyes(25.6%), decreased in 20 eyes(46.5%). In group 2, visual acuity improved in 14 eyes(28.0%), unchanged in 24 eyes(48.0%), decreased in 12 eyes(24.0%). The percentage of improvement in 2 groups has no statistical significant difference, whereas the stabilized and worsened eyes in group 1 and group 2 were significantly different.

CONCLUSION: PPV may worsen the visual acuity of the patients with severe PDR, compared with the panretinal photocoagulation.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the incidence and oxygen related factors of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)in Suzhou.

METHODS: In 234 cases of premature infants born from May 2011 to May 2012 in Suzhou and its surrounding areas, with birth weight from 650g to 2 550g and birth week from 27⁺⁴ weeks to 36 weeks. They were divided into oxygen group and non-oxygen group. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Effects of oxygen inhalation had no significant difference on the incidence of ROP.

CONCLUSION: Test results indicate that after the control of oxygen concentration, the effects of oxygen inhalation has no significant difference on the incidence of ROP which is not a direct cause of ROP. Limited oxygen use can not prevent the occurrence of ROP.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the results of the real-time localized suturing reattachment operation for traumatic ciliary body detachment.

METHODS: Preoperatively the eyes were examined by slit lamp three mirror contact lens examination and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM). During the operation, real-time localization was used to identify the scope and position of ablatio corporis ciliaris. All of the 11 cases underwent the improved saturation.

RESULTS: During the follow-up of 3-12 months, visual acuity was improved in all the other patinets except the one with preoperative visual acuity of no light perception, visual acuity>0.5 in 5 cases,0.3-0.5 in 4 cases and 0.1 in one case. Intraocular pressure(IOP)was 10-18mmHg. Shallow anterior chamber, deformed pupil and changes of the fundus were all recovered.

CONCLUSION: Real-time localization with the improved saturation is a useful, effective and safe method to treat traumatic ablatio corporis ciliaris.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of iris incaceration for traumatic irididialysis.

METHODS: Iris incaceration for traumatic iridodialysis was performed in 56 cases(56 eyes)and the clinical effects were analyzed.

RESULTS:Iridodialysis was recovered to normal in 56 eyes postoperatively. There was no recurred iridodialysis, anterior synechia and sympathetic ophthalmia postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: Iris incaceration is an effective technique for traumatic iridodialysis.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effect of vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade for the treatment of endophthalmitis.

METHODS: Pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)combined with silicone oil tamponade was applied for the treatment of 21 cases with suppurative endophthalmitis. Anti-infection anti-inflammatory therapy was given subconjunctivally by vein, and eye drops postoperatively.

RESULTS: Followed up for 3-12 months after PPV, 21 cases of bacterial infection was controlled, the postoperative visual acuity had significantly increased compared with preoperation.

CONCLUSION: PPV combined with silicone oil tamponade can control inflammation, stabilize retinal function. For the treatment of some suppurative endophthalmitis patient with retinal circumstance or inflammation, the curative effect is accurate and reliable, the method is worthy of promotion.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes of preoperative and postoperative tear film in the surgical treatment for pterygium by pterygium excision combined with autologous limbus epithelial transplantation, and analyse the influence of pterygium on the function of tear film.

METHODS: A total of 24 cases(24 eyes)of pterygium underwent pterygium excision combined with autologous limbus epithelial transplantation. All patients were measured by Schirmer test and tear film break-up test(BUT)on 1 day before operation, 1 month and 2 months after operation respectively.

RESULTS: The result of Schirmer test were 15.5±7.81mm, 15.76±7.39mm and 16.00±8.05mm, and BUT were 8.15±3.611, 10.05±3.03, and 10.50±4.26 seconds on 1 day before operation, 1 month and 2 months after operation respectively. The difference of BUT had statistical significance between preoperation and postoperation(P<0.05), but there was no significant change in Schirmer test in different time(P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: The form of the ocular surface and the stability of tear film were restored by pterygium excision combined with autologous limbus epithelial transplantation.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effects of vinpocetine on the treatment of ocular trauma underwent vitrectomy.

METHODS: Ninety-two patients(92 eyes)with ocular blunt trauma underwent vitrectomy were randomly divided into two groups from January 2009 to December 2011. The treatment group 46 patients(46 eyes)accepted vinpocetine 20mg for intravenous infusion once daily lasting for 14 days. While the control group 46 patients(46 eyes)received no special interventions. The visual acuity changes were observed 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after treatment.

RESULTS: The visual acuity of the treatment group increased significantly than the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Vinpocetine plays an important role in the treatment of ocular trauma underwent vitrectomy to some extend.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinic effects of improved frontal muscle flap suspension in children with congenital ptosis.

METHODS: The clinical data of 36 children patients with congenital ptosis who underwent improved frontal muscle flap suspension at the Department of Ophthalmology of Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2010 to October 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS:After one-year follow-up, all patients with congenital ptosis were totally cured and they acquired satisfactory long-term effects, except one suffered trichiasis.

CONCLUSION: Improved frontal muscle flap suspension is an effective therapy to congenital ptosis, which can not only simplify the operation, but also prevent the complication of the surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the effect of differerent treatment method for dissociated vertical deviation(DVD).

METHODS: A randomly controlled study was performed on 54 patients: 12 patients in nonsurgical group; 42 patients in surgical group.

RESULTS: In the nonsurgical group, visual acuity of the original fixating eye had no significant decline, and that of the fellow eye improved and had cosmetic effect, the satisfaction rate was 75%. In surgical group, the recent treatment satisfaction rate was 81%.

CONCLUSION: The nonsurgical method converting fixating eye is an effective way to rectify the hypertropia symptom of DVD patients.

Abstract:AIM: To retrospectively study infants with congenital dacryocystocele, discuss the cause of such diseases and treatment.

METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting with dacryocystoceles to our hospital between the years of 2002 and 2011.

RESULTS: Nine patients 10 eyes were identified(4 male, 5 female), presenting at a median age of 7 days of life. All patients presented with cellulitis or dacryocystitis, and required systemic and local antibiotics. Bacteria were detected in 90% in the lacrimal sac. 3 cases of G^-bacteria, which sensitive to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and 6 cases of G ⁺ bacteria which sensitive to levofloxacin and tobramycin. Minimum sensitivity of bacteria to erythromycin. Two eyes required probing in the operating room.

CONCLUSION: Congenital dacryocystoceles with typical clinical manifestations can be early detected by neonatology and ophthalmologist, many with congenital lacrimal duct obstruction and become infected, which require systemic antibiotic treatment. Referral in the early neonatal period can aid intervention in time before complications such as infection occur.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effects of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with traditional dacryocystorhinostomy on chronic dacryocystitis in Xinjiang Uygurs.

METHODS: Twenty-eight Uygurs eyes of chronic dacryocystitis selected from the Ophthalmology Department of the Fifth Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between June 2010 and May 2012 were studied retrospectively, including 12 eyes underwent endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and 16 eyes underwent traditional dacryocystorhinostomy.

RESULTS:Nine eyes were cured(75.0%)on endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and 15 eyes were cured(93.8%)on traditional dacryocystorhinostomy. There was no statistical significance between two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The effect of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is similar with that of traditional dacryocystorhinostomy. It is an effective mini-invasive operation with no facial surgical scar.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the clinical efficacy of dacryocystorhinostomy(DCR)associated with lacrimal duct drainage tube placement for treatment of chronic dacryocystitis and lacrimal duct stenosis.

METHODS: For 41 patients with chronic dacryocystitis and lacrimal duct stenosis, DCR has been given. And during DCR operation, lacrimal duct was probed and a new type drainage tube was planted for 3 to 6 months. Three months later after removal of drainage tube, flow of tears, pus excretion and lacrimal duct clearance were observed.

RESULTS: Upon removal of drainage tube, clear lacrimal duct ratio was 100%. Three months after tube removal, rechecking reports 38 cases with clear lacrimal duct(93%, 38/41)and 3 cases with block duct(7%, 3/41). Except for 8 cases with minor lacerations, no other complications were observed.

CONCLUSION: DCR associated with lacrimal duct drainage tube placement is an effective treatment for chronic dacryocystitis and lacrimal duct stenosis. Surgical equipment required a simple, small difficulty operation, operation under direct vision, which makes it a very applicable good method at primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM: To observe effects of using protein-free calf blood extract eye gel on dry eye syndrome after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).

METHODS: Totally 136 patients 272 eyes treated with LASIK were divided into two groups according to using protein-free calf blood extract eye gel or not. Tear tests were performed before and after surgery and contrasted between two groups.

RESULTS: Tear tests of protein-free calf blood extract eye gel group were better than that of control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Protein-free calf blood extract eye gel can benefit the epithelium recovery from mechanical injury, and stabilize lacrimal film after LASIK.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of 1g/L pranoprofen eye drops in the treatment of dry eye.

METHODS: A total of 100 dry eyes patients, from the outpatient department in our hospital between January and December of 2011, were randomly divided into two groups: group A was treated by 1g/L pranoprofen drops combined with 1g/L sodium hyaluronate eye drops, 1 drop each time, 4 times/d for each eye; group B was treated by 1g/L sodium hyaluronate eye drops alone, 1 drop each time, 4 times/d, for each eye, All patients met the inclusion criteria before treatment and were observed before and after 14 days of treatment with questionnaire scores, Schirmer Ⅰ trial, corneal fluorescein staining scores. The results of the two groups were compared for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The effect of 1g/L pranoprofen eye drops combined 1g/L of sodium hyaluronate eye drops was significantly better than that of 1g/L of sodium hyaluronate eye drops in the treatment of dry eye patients. There was significant difference between two groups.

CONCLUSION: 1g/L pranoprofen is effective for dry eye to relieve symptoms and improve corneal situation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of different degree correction of refractive error and without glasses on the myopia progress in young myopia patients.

METHODS: Totally 90 young myopia patients 180 eyes were divided into 3 groups: group A without glasses(30 children); group B monocular correction <1.0(30 children); group C binoculus correction=1.0(30 children). All patients were subjected to cycloplegic refratometry by compound tropicamide and reinspected the next day. One year later, all patients were subjected to cycloplegic refratometry again to observe the change of myopia number. The diopter took monocular correction to 1.0 as standard.

RESULTS: All patients' myopia increased year by year, the increase of diopter in group C was significantly lower than that of group A and B, and group B was significantly lower than group A.

CONCLUSION: Different degrees correction and uncorrection of refractive error will affect the refraction evolution process, under-correction or uncorrection will increase the myopic development.

Abstract:AIM: To study the long-term effect of LASEK for myopia.

METHODS: Totally 552 eyes underwent standard and personalized LASEK surgery, used soft contact lens, and 1g/L fumilone eye-drops, levofloxacin eye-drops and bFGF eye-drops after surgery, and 5 to 7 days later, soft contact lens was removed and bFGF eye gel was added, the eyes were reviewed after 1 day, 7 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year.

RESULTS: Uncorrected vision ≥1.0 in 480 eyes(87.0%), <1.0-0.8 in 62 eyes(11.2%), <0.8-0.6 in 10 eyes(1.8%).

CONCLUSION: LASEK is an effective, safe, reliable treatment for myopia, especially for low-middle myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effects of rigid gas-permeable contact lenses(RGP)for adults with high ametropic amblyopia.

METHODS: Twenty-six adults 49 eyes with high ametropic amblyopia were selected to wear RGP. These adults were followed up for 6 months, and the curative effect was retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS: The corrected visual acuity of these eyes with RGP was 4.79±0.17, better than that with spectacles(4.64±0.16). The result was statistically significant(P<0.01, t-test). After 1, 3 and 6 months, there was no decrease in the corrected visual acuity with RGP. In general, the patients felt comfortable and no serious complications occurred within follow-up period.

CONCLUSION: RGP has good therapeutic effect and it is a safe and effective method for providing better optic corrections and better corrected visual acuity in treatment of high ametropic amblyopia in adults.