Abstract:"AIM: To observe fixation behaviors in amblyopes by optical coherence tomography（OCT）and to explore the possible mechanism of eccentric fixation so as to guide amblyopia treatment. METHODS: OCT was performed on a group of 31 cases (40 eyes) aged 3 to 12 with severe amblyopia of hyperopia refractive error respectively before and after treatment. The results were recorded and compared to detect the change and mode of their visual fixation. RESULTS: Among the 31 cases (40 eyes), 63% was foveal fixation, and 38% was eccentric fixation. For uniocular patients, eccentric and foveal fixation shared the same percentage of 50%. For binocular patients, eccentric fixation was present in 22% of the total cases; the remaining 78% was foveal fixation. After treatment, all of the 15 eyes with eccentric fixation visual acuity between 0.2-0.5 were successfully converted to foveal fixation. The time of treatment varied from one month to two years. Combined exotropia and accommodation esotropia did not affect the conversion. Moreover, regardless of the mode of fixation, there was no significant difference in the final visual acuity achieved after treatment. CONCLUSION: OCT examination is an objective and easy-to-operate means to assess of fixation behaviors in amblyopes. With the improvement of visual acuity during treatment, the patient-s eccentric fixation converted to foveal fixation. "

Abstract:It-s right ten years since Vision 2020 was first initiated. Although it was suggested that China ranked the fifth in the top 20 countries sorted by articles in all fields from Essential Science Indicators, the research status in ophthalmology from Chinese authors in various parts were unknown. We aimed to compare the outputs of ophthalmology articles published in international journals from the three major regions of China - Mainland (ML), Hong Kong (HK) and Taiwan (TW) during the past ten years. Articles published in ophthalmology journals originating from the ML, TW and HK from 2000 to 2009 were retrieved from the PubMed database. The number of articles, impact factors (IF) and articles published in top ophthalmology journals were conducted for quantity and quality comparison. There were 2493 articles from ML (1076), TW (784) and HK (633). The total number of articles from the three regions increased significantly from 2000 to 2009 (from 99 to 491). The number of articles published per year from the ML has exceeded those from TW and HK in 2006. The accumulated IF of the articles from ML (2565.108) was higher than TW (1794.049) and HK (1544.021). HK had the highest average IF of ophthalmology articles among the three regions. The ML had great progress in quantity of ophthalmology articles published in international journals and was narrowing the article quality gap with the other two regions during the past ten years. "

Abstract:The elaborate and complex anatomy of eye, characterized by strong professional, the eye examination must be of special equipment, coupled with limited hours of theoretical curriculum, all have made it difficult to ophthalmology education. Based on the actual situation of our college, the clinical probation teaching procedure of ophthalmology in eight-year clinical medicine students has been improved, focusing on intergration theory and practice teaching, and achieved some successful teaching experiences.

Abstract:An otherwise healthy man, 37-year-old, presented to eye clinic with 5 months history of a painless but rapidly enlarging lesion in his right eye. Ocular examination showed a whitish pedunculated mass located at the temporal limbus in the interpalpebral region of his right eye. The mass was excised surgically and the histopathological examination revealed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. This case showed an unusual occurrence of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in a young healthy Asian patient residing in tropical climate. Chronic sunlight exposure is a major risk factor. Any ocular surface lesion must be carefully evaluated for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between corneal neovascularization(CNV) and the expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cornea of rats after alkaline burn. METHODS: CNV model was established by alkaline cauterization of the central cornea of Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. At the different time points, morphologic changes in CNV were observed with slit-lamp microscope, and the expression of ILK and VEGF in cornea was detected by immunohistochemical method and computer image analysis. RESULTS: ILK and VEGF were lowly expressed in epithelium of cornea in the control group, and strongly expressed in epithelium, endothelium and the endothelium cells of CNV in the experiment group (P<0.01). The expression of ILK and VEGF in cornea after alkaline burn, increased within the 3^rdth day, reached the peak within the 7^th-10th day, and decreased after the 14^th day. The CNV in cornea after alkaline burn was found on the 3^rd day, increased on the 5^th day, reached the peak of area within the 7^th-10^th day, and decreased after the ^14th day. The expression of ILK and VEGF showed positive correlation at different time points (r=0.926，P<0.01). And they were positively related to CNV (ILK and area of CNV, r=0.900, P<0.01; VEGF and area of CNV, r=0.878, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: ILK and VEGF were expressed significantly in cornea of rats after alkaline burn. And they involved in the regulation of CNV.

Abstract:AIM: To experiment the toxicity of protoplast induced enzyme on human corneal stromal cells in vitro. METHODS: Protoplast induced enzyme included 1g/dL snailase, 1g/dL cellulase and 0.1g/dL lysing enzyme. The enzyme and human corneal stromal cells were cultured for 15 minutes, 4 hours, 8 hours. The effect of enzyme on the human corneal stromal cells was experimented with MTT assay and trypan blue staining. RESULTS:The cell morphology did not change after 15 minutes and 4 hours. The intercellular space of cultured cells was a little smaller after 8 hours, and only to see a few dead cells. MTT value was not noticeable decline after 8 hours. Trypan blue staining showed less impact on cell survival by the enzyme within 8 hours. CONCLUSION: Protoplast induced enzyme showed scarce toxicity on cultured human corneal stromal cell within a short time. The concentration of the enzyme used in future experimental animal models and human cytology experiment is safe.

Abstract:AIM:To observe tea polyphenols (TP) on the changes of the lens morphological and antioxidative system in rat of oxidative damage, and to research the protection of TP on oxidative damage to the lens. METHODS: In vitro oxidative damage model was established, the untreated group, oxidative damage group（H₂O₂） and experimental groups(（H₂O₂+TP）were set respectively.After 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, the cloudy conditions of lens were observed in every group, and the superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity and malondaldehyde(MDA) content were detected of each lens. RESULTS: Untreated group-s lens all maintained transparent. Along with the extension of action time, cloudy degree of the lens gradually increased obviously in oxidative damage group.The lens cloudness in tea polyphenols group was less than that in oxidative damage groups. The differences among groups in lens opacity relative grey value were statistically significant （P<0.05）. MDA content of lens tissue in oxidative damage group was significantly higher than that in control group （P<0.05）,while GSH- Px and SOD decreased significantly （P<0.05）.TP group being compared with oxidative damage group, its MDA in lens reduced （P<0.05）, but still higher than that in control group, and GSH-Px, ATP levels increased obviously(P<0.05),all the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: TP can improve the lens oxidation resistance to oxidative damage, reduce lipid peroxide level, thus delay the origin and development of cataract, and provide new theory basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cataracts.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the leukostasis and expression of ICAM-1 in 10 weeks diabetic mice retina. METHODS:Forty-five C57 mice (20-25g) were randomly divided into two groups. There were twenty-two mice in diabetic group and twenty-three mice in normal group. The leukostasis in diabetic retinopathy was counted and the expression of VEGF and ICAM-1 was studied by Western Blot. RESULTS: Ten weeks postoperatively, the number of leukocyte was significantly high in diabetic retinopathy （P<0.01）.The expression of VEGF and ICAM-1 was significantly increased in diabetic group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The no perfusion of retinal blood capillary is related to leukostasis in early diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To create an effective operation model in glaucoma filtering operation in rabbit. METHODS:Trabeculectomy were performed on 36 eyes of 18 rabbits. The 18 eyes were treated with the amniotic transplantation under sclerotic flap, the other eyes were treated with the double amniotic transplantation between sclerotic and conjunctional flap. The postoperative examinations including the intraocular pressure (IOP), filtering bleb and complications were performed. RESULTS:Filtering bleb was scarcely enough to keep effective and permanent. In double amniotic membrane transplantation group, the filtering bleb was kept over 14 and 30 days partly, showing a longer period in comparison with amniotic membrane groups. The IOP remained steady at a level of less than baseline. CONCLUSION:The double amniotic membrane transplantation can improve success rate of model.

Abstract:AIM:To research the factors that may influence retinal nerve fibre layer(RNFL) thickness of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy(LHON),such as time,visual acuity,age,etc. METHODS:This is a case control study, Zeiss Cirrus 3D optical coherence tomography(OCT, Optic Disc Cube 200×200 program) were used to detect RNFL thickness of peri-disc and each quadrant retina of 64 LHON patients and 88 normal people of same age, data were collected and assorted by patients’ age, gender, visual acuity, how long time after diseases onset, etc. the differences between each group of data were also compared and their clinical value discussed. RESULTS: RNFL thickness of normal people were differed by their age, of which the 18-29 age group was the thickest, younger or elder people both had a thicker RNFL thickness. RNFL thickness of patients with a disease time short of 3 months were thicker than normal people, but patients with a disease time about 3-6 months were almost the same（P=0.745） as normal people, while patients with a disease time longer than 6 months had a much thicker RNFL thickness than normal people. Further more, the change of RNFL thickness in each quadrant was not equal. It was also found that there was no evidence to connect patient’s visual acuity with RNFL thickness in our research（P=0.58）. CONCLUSION: RNFL thickness of LHON patients can be influenced by many factors, such as age and time, but itˊs still lack of evidence to uncover the relationship of RNFL thickness and visual acuity. We believe that OCT can be used to evaluate the progress of LHON and other clinical features.

Abstract:AIM:To apply clinical objective index, visual function and quality of life index to evaluate the clinical effects of phacoemulsification with implantation of AcrySof IQ intraocular lens. METHODS:Eighty-six subjects(89 eyes) were randomly divided into two groups:A(AcrySof IQ）group,B（KS-1）group. All cases underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of intraocular lens. Uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA）and best-corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA）were observedpreoperatively and one day,one week and one month postoperatively. Safety index and effective index were calculated. Visual function and quality of life questionnaire were processed one month postoperatively. RESULTS: No significant difference was found at safety index, effective index,operative and postoperative complications, preoperative or postoperative UCDVA and BCDVA between two groups（P>0.05）. Visual function was obviously better in A(AcrySof IQ）group than B（KS-1）group(P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Good effect,high safety index and effective index,low operative and postoperative complications are with the phacoemulsification with implantation of AcrySof IQ intraocular lens.AcrySof IQ aspheric intraocular lens can greatly improve patients visual function and quality of vision. AcrySof IQ should be popularized clinically. Visual function and quality of life questionnaire are one effective tool for evaluating the clinical effects of phacoemulsification combined with implantation of intraocular lens，which can reflect more information than clinical objective index.

Abstract:AIM:To contrastively analyse CT and Emery methods for senile cataract lens nuclear grading. METHODS: Totally 111 cases(132 eyes)with senile cataract were graded by CT value of lens nucleus and Emery methods,they were divided into CT group and Emery group, the uncorrected visual acuity of the first day after operation,the corrected visual acuity of the first week after operation,corneal edema of the first day after operation,the actual power(AP) and the effective phaco time(EPT) of corresponding grade in two groups were compared. RESULTS:At 1 day after surgery,the vision had statistically significant differences between the EmeryⅢ,Ⅳ group and CTⅢ,Ⅳ group.For AP and EPT, EmeryⅢ group was higher than CTⅢ group, Emery Ⅳ group was lower than CT Ⅳ group, differences were statistically significant. At 1 day after surgery,the corneal edema had statistically significant differences between the EmeryⅢ,Ⅳ group and CTⅢ,Ⅳ group. CONCLUSION: For Ⅲ,Ⅳgrade nucleus,CT nuclear grading method can be used as an effective quantitative indicator of Emery nuclear grading to grade nuclear hardness.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the change of retinal structure and function in macular area of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) before and after vitrectomy. METHODS: Thirty-three patients (44 eyes)of PDR with vitrectomy and 30 cases ( 44 eyes)of normal control group were inspected with optical coherence tomography(OCT) and multifocal electroretinogram(mf-ERG), the change of retinal thickness in macular area and amplitude densities and latencies of P1 wave and N1 wave （5 rings and 4 quadrants）were observed before and after vitrectomy and normal control group. RESULTS: Patients were followed up 2 months，normal control group and patients with PDR before and after vitrectomy pairwise comparison: normal control group and patients group before and after vitrectomy about amplitude densities of P1 wave（five rings and four quadrants） were pairwise compared， the differences were statistically significant（P＜0.05);for the latencies of P1 wave, the normal control group compared with the preoperative patients about the first ring, the normal control group compared with postoperative patients about the third,forth,fifth ring，the normal control group compared with postoperative patients about the second,third quadrant, the differences were not statistically significant （P＞0.05）, the rest were statistically significant (P＜0.05); the amplitude of N1 wave about the first ring in normal control group compared with postoperative patients, the differences were not statistically significant （P＞0.05），the rest were statistically significant （P＜0.05); the latencies of N1 wave about the third ring in preoperative patients compared with postoperative patients, the differences were not statistically significant （P＞0.05）, the rest were statistically significant （P＜0.05); normal control group and patients with PDR before and after vitrectomy were pairwise compared in central fovea of macula about retinal thickness , the differences were statistically significant（P＜0.05）. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy can improve photosensitive and conductive function of the retina effectively, thus becoming an effective way for the treatment of the disease and to improve part of the vision .

Abstract:AIM: To compare the differences between non-contact tonometer (NCT) and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) in the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) with different fixation to evaluate the accuracy of NCT on patients with eccentric fixation. METHODS: The IOP of 54 cases (108 eyes)with centric fixation and 49 cases (61 eyes) with eccentric fixation was measured with both NCT and GAT separately. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between IOP measured by NCT (21.21mmHg) and GAT (21.30mmHg) in the centric fixation group. In the eccentric fixation group, IOP measured by NCT (25.33mmHg) was higher than that measured by GAT (21.10mmHg), the difference between the two types of tonometer was positively related to the IOP measured by GAT, the correlated coefficient was 0.792 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The NCT overestimated the IOP of patients with eccentric fixation. Examining the fixation nature is helpful to appropriately evaluate IOP measured by NCT, GAT is applied to correct the IOP measured by NCT with eccentric fixation in the clinical work.

Abstract:AIM:To preliminarily evaluate the safety, effectiveness, predictability and stability of LASIK performed on myopia with corneal refractive power more than 47D. METHODS: Thirty cases (50 eyes) of LASIK surgery with corneal anterior surface refractive power more than 47D by Pentacam topography were selected as study group(corneal anterior surface of 12 eyes corresponded partly with the condition of sub-clinical phase of keratoconus,but the height of their posterior surface was normal); Another 30 cases(50 eyes) of LASIK surgery with corneal anterior surface refractive power less than 47D who had no significant difference with study group in preoperative diopter and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as control group. Paired observation was conducted on uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), BCVA, postoperative diopter and corneal topography 1 month, 3, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after surgery; the comparative contents of corneal topography included: mean of maximum refractive power within 2mm of central radius of the anterior surface, mean corneal refractive power, central island effect; changes of refractive power of posterior surface, loss of postoperative best-spectacle corrected visual acuity(BSCVA).The postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: There were no obvious differences in UCVA, BCVA or postoperative diopter between study group and control group 1 month, 3, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years after surgery; corneal topography compared with the preoperative: mean of maximum refractive power within 2mm of central radius and mean corneal refractive power were improved significantly, which was consistent with myopic reduction degree;the number of eyes with postoperative central island effect in two groups was the same; compared with preoperative, refractive power of corneal posterior surface in two groups had no apparent change, and no keratoconus occurred. CONCLUSION: LASIK for myopia only with corneal refractive power more than 47D or corneal anterior surface corresponds partly with the condition of sub-clinical phase of keratoconus, but the height of posterior surface is normal, of better security, effectiveness, predictability and stability within 2 years after surgery. Long-term influence remains to be observed.

Abstract:Diabetic cataract is a kind of important metabolic cataract. There is a variety of theories presented after long-term clinical trials and laboratory studies on the pathogenesis, different periods for different doctrine. Systematic understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract and the research progress is beneficial to drug discovery, prevention and treatment of this disease targeted and timely to reduce patient psychological and economic burden.

Abstract:Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mainly caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), can lead to serious central vision effect, even blindness. At present, the photosensitizer Verteporfin mediated photodynamic therapy(PDT) on CNV achieved remarkable results.Because of the price, the clinical treatment is limited. So the scholars of many countries devoted to the research and development of new photosensitizer to obtain replacement for the utility of Verteporfin, this paper applied to the advanced study on the photosensitizer of PDT on CNV.

Abstract:Congenital cataract is a common eye disease which leads to children blind. Surgery is the main treatment. Because of its preoperative evaluation, surgery operation, postoperative management is more difficult and surgery is more ineffective than senile cataract. Therefore, increasing attention of cataract specialist and pediatric doctor is paid on it. We have to do a review of congenital cataract surgery relevant research in recent years to explore the problems and further developments in this area.

Abstract:The cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation is the most effective approach to treat the cataract at present. With the arrival of the era of refractive intraocular lens surgery, cataract surgery has been changed from the traditional visional rehabilitation surgery to the modern refractive surgery. It has become the target that surgical incision should be minimized as small as possible so to obtain the best postoperative visual function. Because microincision cataract phacoemulsification is well known as an important method for realizing that target, it is getting more and more concern. In this paper, with review of relative literatures, the development history of microincision cataract phacoemulsification is briefly discussed and the influences of microincision cataract phacoemulsification on corneal astigmatism, corneal endothelial cells counting and postoperative vision are emphatically described. It is forecasted that under the assistant of femtosecond laser, the microincision cataract phacoemulsification will be more widely applied in clinic.

Abstract:There are much effective medicine currently available for treating glaucoma. However, their clinical efficacy is limited by traditional delivery systems, resulting in poor bioavailability, poor patient adherence, and increased side effects. By topical eye drops, intraocular injection or subconjunctival injection, and surgical implants, drug delivery systems can realize the purpose of sustained-release in target tissue. Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide), liposome, chitosan and other sustained-release materials with biodegradation and biocompatibility are becoming research focus gradually. Drug delivery systems have the possibility to become irreplaceable carriers for glaucoma therapy medicine.

Abstract:Sodium hyaluronate has been extensively used in medical fields, its new uses have been found and play an important role in glaucoma treatment process. We summarize its usage, results, complications in trabeculectomy, non-penetrating trabeculectomy, shallow anterior chamber plasty and antiglaucoma drugs.

Abstract:Compared with gonioscope and slit-lamp microscope，ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM) is high-resolving power and can be used to observe chamber angle, ciliary body and anti-glaucoma postoperative blebs clearly, without the effect of diopter and turbid refractive material. Through observine the UBM image of glaucoma chamber angle and anti-glaucoma postoperative chamber angle and follicular, this article reviews UBM in diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma as well as its clinical significance and value.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. Although effective treatment modalities such as anti-VEGF, laser therapy, and photodynamic therapy have been developed for neovascular AMD, there is still no effective treatment for geographical atrophy, and therefore the most cost-effective management of AMD is to start with prevention. This review looks at current evidence on preventive measures targeted at AMD. Modalities reviewed include (1) nutritional supplements such as the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) formula, lutein and zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acid, and berry extracts; (2) lifestyle modifications, including smoking and body-mass-index; (3) filtering sunlight, i.e. sunglasses and blue-blocking intraocular lenses, and (4) screening test.

Abstract:The occurrence and development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) are related to various growth factors. Recently, insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) which plays an important role in embryonic development, repair in trauma and tumor growth is reported to be an angiogenesis factor in ocular and takes part in the formation of CNV. Current study on effects of IGF-1 in CNV is analyzed in this paper.

Abstract:To amblyopia prognosis in children, not only amblyopia will reocurr, but also accommodative myopia and true myopia may occur. It should arouse the attention of pediatric ophthalmology sector, the review also raises the prevention and treatment strategies. Amblyopia recurrence after healing should be divided into: basically cured amblyopia recurrence, amblyopia recurrence after recovery, off-glasses amblyopia recurrence. "The former rebounds before recovery" is not a recurrence of amblyopia. This classification is of practical value to prevention and treatment of amblyopia in children. In the treatment and monitoring of childrenˊs amblyopia, combined with childrenˊs vision, refractive and axial growth characteristics, indicators for children to take off glasses after recovery are: (1) binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity ≥1.0 for more than six months; (2) normal eye position amblyopia or strabismus amblyopia with residual strabismus degree ＜5°after cure; (3) hyperopic refractive error ≤+1.00 DS; (4) hyperopic astigmatism ≤+0.50 DC. Cured children with amblyopia must achieve the above four indicators to take off glasses.

Abstract:AIM:To determine the agreement among Sirius pachymetric readings and the measurements made with Pentacam and ultrasonic pachymetry. METHODS:In this prospective study, 51 patients（102 eyes）with refractive surgery were enrolled and performed Pentacam and Sirius acquisitions followed by ultrasonic pachymetry. Pachymetric readings on central corneal thickness were recorded with Sirius, Pentacam and the ultrasonic system. Data were compared using t-tests, and the Pearson correlations and Bland-Altman analysis of all pairs were determined. RESULTS:Overall, ultrasonic measurements were significantly lower than all readings from the Sirius and the Pentacam，the Sirius was closest to the ultrasonic measurements values.In those Bland-Altman plots,3.92% of Sirius-Pentacam differences falled outside the 95% confidence limits for the mean difference.Within the limits of agreement,the maximum Sirius-Pentacam absolute difference was 19.5μm. 2.94% of Sirius-ultrasonic pachymetry differences falled outside the 95% confidence limits for the mean difference.Within the limits of agreement, the maximum Sirius-ultrasonic pachymetry absolute difference was 18.667μm. 5.82% of Pentacam-ultrasonic pachymetry differences falled outside the 95% confidence limits for the mean difference.Within the limits of agreement, the maximum Pentacam-ultrasonic pachymetry absolute difference was 25.33μm. CONCLUSION:Sirius system and Pentacam system have a good agreement , and the Sirius system is closer to ultrasound readings than Pentacam system over the results of corneal thickness.

Abstract:AIM:To study the causes and management of posterior capsule rupture(PCR) in manual small incision cataract surgery(MSICS). METHODS:The clinical datas of 360 eyes undergoing MSICS in our hospital from 2008 to 2010 year was reviewed,and the causes and management of PCR in 26 eyes were analysed. RESULTS:These 26 eyes all got intraocular lens implantation, and the number of eyes which achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 0.3 or more was 22(84.6%).No serious complications occurred. CONCLUSION:Posterior capsule rupture which occurrs in diferent stages of the operation was the commonest intraoperative complication in MSICS. The incidence of PCR can be decreased by careful operation,and suitable management leads to satisfactory outcome.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate safety and reliability of cataract surgery on the patients with cardiovascular disease in the peri-operation period METHODS:A retrospective study was performed in 74 senile cataract patients with cardiovascular disease which were treated by cataract surgery in the past 2 years. RESULTS:Four cases(4 eyes) did not have cataract surgery due to surgical contraindication;70 cases(70 eyes) with cardiovascular disease were treated with cataract surgery monitored by electrocardiography (ECG) and supplied by constant inhalation of low dose oxygen to minimize the surgical risk.5 cases(5 eyes) were treated by extracapsular cataract extraltion (ECCE)+intraocular lens(IOL) implantation and 65 cases(65 eyes) were treated by phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. 3 patients were installed temporary pacemakers before cataract surgery. After follow up for 1 month,65 cases (65 eyes ) had a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) equal to or more than 0.3 (92.9% ); 4 cases (4 eyes ) had BCVA of 0.05 or less than 0.3 (5.7%); and 1 cases (1 eye) had BCVA less than 0.05 (1.4%). There were no severe complications during the operation. CONCLUSION:Senile cataract patients with cardiovascular disease must be evaluated before surgery. Surgical indications and contraindication must be controlled strictly.The electrocardiographic monitor is a necessary method to the senile cataract patients with cardiovascular disease in the operation.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the changes of the intraocular pressure (IOP) and the central anterior chamber depth (ACD) after phacoemulsification in eyes with primary angle-closure glucoma, and to analyze the therapeutic efficacy. METHODS:In this prospective clinical self control study, 37 cases (49 eyes) of primary angle-closure glucoma were performed phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, of which 23 eyes underwent combined trabeculectomy. All eyes with an attack history of glaucoma underwent combined goniosychialysis.The visual acuity,IOP,ACD and anterior chamber angle were observed postoperatively. All cases were followed up for 3 months to 2 years. RESULTS: Their visual acuity improved in 47 eyes postoperatively, the best-corrected visual acuity was 0.5 or better in 35 eyes (71%).The mean IOP was significantly decreased (P＜0.01), the mean ACD was significantly increased (P＜0.01), and the anterior chamber angles were wider postoperatively. In 47 eyes the long-term IOP were controlled.The IOP increased again in 2 eyes postoperative 1 month, They were patients with chronic angle-closure glucome at the late stage who accepted surgory under high IOP. CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and folding IOL implantation is effective and safe in patients with primary angle-closure glucoma.It could decrease the IOP, increase ACD and widen anterior chamber angles significantly. However, patients with angle closure and synechia range ≥ 180° should also undergo trabeculectomy.

Abstract:AIM:To report the surgical results of modified viscocanalostomy for patients with primary juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG). METHODS:The medical records of 27 patients (totally 43 eyes) with JOAG were reviewed to learn the results of modified viscocanalostomy for their glaucoma. Gender, age at initial modified viscocanalostomy, family history, corrected visual acuity, glaucoma medication used, surgical outcome duration of postoperative observation, preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressures (IOP) were reviewed. Complete success was defined as an IOP≤21mmHg, qualified success as IOP≤21mmHg with use of glaucoma medications, and failure as IOP >21mmHg despite medical therapy. The surgical technique used to perform the modified viscocanalostomy procedures was reviewed and the absence of significant complications noted. RESULTS:Complete success was achieved in 74% of the eyes over the two years follow-up period .Mean initial measures of IOP were 35.38±7.15mmHg. On the 24 months follow-up visit, the IOP was 16.50±2.52mmHg.The reduction of IOP was 18.88mmHg (P<0.01). No significant surgical complications occurred intraoperatively and posteperatively. CONCLUSION:Modified viscocanalostomy is a potentially effective initial surgical treatment of JOAG with a higher long-term success rate and fewer risks of postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the characteristic of the images of fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) in patients with traumatic macular hole (TMH ) and to detect the clinical significance of FD-OCT. METHODS:Consecutive 29 patients (29 eyes) diagnosed with TMH by examinations of visual acuity, slit-lamp and direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy underwent FD-OCT. The characteristic of the images of FD-OCT in patients with TMH were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS:Of the 29 patients (29 eyes) with TMH, lamellar macular hole was in 3 cases of 3 eyes(10%), OCT showed macular neurosensory partial deletion; full-thickness macular hole was in 26 cases of 26 eyes(90%), OCT images were seen macular neurosensory full-thickness loss. In the 26 patients with full-thickness macular hole, macular hole with full-thickness defect of neurosensory retina without edema or detachment at the margin was in 3 cases 3 eyes; full-thickness macular hole with edema of neurosensory retina at the margin in 6 cases 6 eyes; macular hole with localized detachment of the neurosensory retina at the margin in 5 cases 5 eyes; macular hole with choroidal rupture at the margin in 7 cases 7 eyes; macular hole with thinning neurosensory retina at the margin in 3 cases 3 eyes and macular hole with epiretinal membrane in 2 cases 2 eyes. CONCLUSION:FD-OCT can clearly observe the form of traumatic macular hole and display the surrounding tissue damage.FD-OCT is useful for disease evaluation and clinical diagnosis of TMH.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Quanzhou region. METHODS:The fundus of 383 premature infants were reviewed,who were examined in Ophthalmology clinic and NICU from October 2010 to September 2011, and a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS:In all the 383 premature infant cases, ROP was found in 53 cases, accounted for 13.8%, all binocular. Pre-threshold typeⅠROP in 22 cases, accounted for 5.7%, which were treated with photocoagulation therapy. The 5 period ROP was in 1 case, accounted for 0.3%. Aggressive posterior ROP was in 2 cases, accounted for 0.5%. Data also showed that the incidence and severity of ROP had a negative corrlation with birth weight and gestational age, especially birth weight. CONCLUSION:Low birth weight and gestational age are the fundamental risk factors of ROP. We should develop standard ROP screening for those high risk premature infants.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the characteristics of the images of multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG)performed on the patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy（PDR)and its clinical significance. METHODS:Forty PDR patients(44 eyes) and forty normal control subjects (40 eyes) were tested with mf-ERG. The data were processed with software SPSS 13.0. RESULTS:mf-ERG showed the response densities of ring 1-ring 5 areas in PDR were significantly decreased while the latencies of ring 4 of N1 wave and the latencies of ring 2,ring 3,ring 4 and ring 5 of P1 wave were significantly prolonged with normal control group. CONCLUSION:mf-ERG can provide more information to evaluate the retina function effectively in PDR.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the application of compound anisodine injection,hormone impact and supplemental energy comprehensive treatment of adolescents with acute optic neuritis. METHODS:Sixty-five cases (82 eyes) adolescent patients with acute optic neuritis were randomly divided into 2 groups:a treatment group of 33 cases (41 eyes) and a control group of 32 cases (41 eyes). At the same time, as the treatment group and control group were treated with the same systemic medication, the affected eyes in the treatment group were injected with compound anisodine around superficial temporal artery, 1 time a day, 2mL each time, In 14, 30, 60 days,the changes in course time, visual acuity, visual evoked potentials and fundus fluorescein angiography were observed before and after treatment in 2 groups. RESULTS: In 14, 30, 60 days, the efficacy observed in treatment group was higher than that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Combination with compound anisodine injection beside the superficial temporal artery for adolescents with acute optic neuritis can shorten the disease course, reduce the amount of hormone, and increase the patient’s visual acuity more than traditional hormone impact and supplemental energy comprehensive treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of methylprednisolone pulse therapy and extraocular muscle surgery on intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) . METHODS:Twenty-six patients（42 eyes） with TAO who visited our department were given methylprednisolone pulse therapy or extraocular muscle surgery between Jan.2008 and Dec.2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Pre-operative and post-operative IOP in both primary gaze and up gaze were all studied. RESULTS:In the 16 patients treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the mean pre-treatment IOP was 21.13±4.10mmHg in primary gaze and 23.75±5.67mmHg in upgaze. After treatment the mean IOP was 16.81±3.69mmHg（P＜0.05）and 18.5±4.03mmHg（P＜0.05）respectively. The mean pre-operative IOP in the 10 eyes who had extraocular muscle recession was 18.4±2.49 mmHg in primary gaze and 24.7±3.63mmHg in upgaze. The post-operative IOP was 17.3±1.55mmHg（P＞0.05）and 18.6±2.2mmHg（P＜0.01）respectively. In patients with a pre-operative IOP≥21mmHg were observed a greater reduction in IOP (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We observed a significant reduction in IOP in the two groups of patients after treatment for TAO, however no significant difference was found in IOP in primary gaze after extraocular muscle surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To study the treatment and efficacy of comprehensive therapy for blepharospasm. METHODS:Several methods were as follows: therapy for primary external ophthalmopathies, psychological therapy, acupuncture therapy, systemic and local drug therapy.The above comprehensive therapies were used to treat blepharospasm. RESULTS:About 77.4 percent of the patients with blepharospasm symptoms disappeared after 6 times acupuncture therapy. 96.8 percent of the patients symptoms disappeared after 12 times acupuncture therapy.3.2 percent of the patients symptom did not disappear after acupuncture therapy. CONCLUSION:It is an effective and safe treatment of blepharospasm with comprehensive therapy.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the methods and treatments of the exposure of hydroxyapatite implantation in orbit. METHODS:Thirteen cases of hydroxyapatite exposure were included in this study. They were treated with amniotic membrane and fascia lata transplantation. Artificial eyes were implanted in 5 to 8 weeks. The patients were followed 6 to 18 months. RESULTS: No exposure appeared and the cosmetic effect was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Amniotic membrane and fascia lata transplantation is an effective method to repair hydroxyapatite exposure.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the changes of central corneal thickness (CCT) and refractive error in post thin-flap laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) eyes. METHODS:Totally 158 myopic patients (302 eyes) having thin-flap LASIK were prospectively evaluated. CCT and refractive error were measured before and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3, 6 months after surgery. Age, predicted photoablation depth, optic zone ,postoperative predicted diopter and actual diopter changes were also recorded. RESULTS:Preoperatively, the mean CCT was 531.6±24.3μm. On the first day postoperatively, CCT rapidly decreased. At 1 month, it was 427.2±38.0μm. At 3 months, it was 434.4±38.2μm, and at 6 months, it was 435.6±38.0μm. The CCT difference before and 1 day after LASIK was highly correlated with predicted photoablation depth（r=0.916, P<0.01）. The increase of corneal thickness in post LASIK eyes in 6 months was negatively correlated with age, preoperative refractive error, and optical zone, respectively (r=-0.180, P=0.026; r=-0.187, P<0.01; r= -0.171, P=0.137, respectively). The spherical equivalent refraction at 6 months was close to the preoperative predicted values. All patients were followed up for six months, no case of refractive regression occurred.At 6 months, all the uncorrected visual acuity was≥0.8, the average visual acuity was 1.3±0.2. CONCLUSION:At 6 months after surgery, CCT and spherical equivalent refraction were relatively stable. The increase of CCT in post thin-flap LASIK eyes in 6 months was negatively correlated with age, preoperative refractive error, and optical zone, respectively. The spherical equivalent refraction at 6 months was close to the preoperational predicted values. The treatment of myopia in thin-flap LASIK has a good accuracy, and a long-term prediction.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the clinical outcomes of implantation of a lens consisting of a biocompatible collagen copolymer (Visian implantable Collamer lens \[ICL\]; STAAR Surgical, Nidau, Switzerland) for moderate to high myopia. METHODS:Totally 24 eyes of 15 patients with myopic refractive errors of -3.50 to -15.50 diopters (D) who underwent ICL implantation and routine postoperative examinations were evaluated. Before and 1day,1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery, the safety, efficacy, predictability, stability, and adverse events of the surgery were assessed. RESULTS:The uncorrected visual acuity was 0.90±0.29(0.5-1.5) after surgery, higher than the mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity 0.84±0.24(0.4-1.2) with non-significance (P>0.05). The average values for spherical refractions were -0.20±0.68（1.00- -1.25）DS after surgery, lower than that of preoperative -10.19±3.37(-3.50--15.50)DS with remarkable significance (P<0.05). The average values for cylindrical refractions were -0.41±0.58DC after surgery, lower than that of preoperative -1.98±1.62DC with remarkable significance (P<0.05). The average anterior chamber depth were 225±0.32mm after surgery, lower than that of preoperative 3.08±0.21mm with remarkable significance (P<0.05).There was not significant difference between preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure. The surgery was without serious complications. CONCLUSION: Implantation of ICL is safe and effective and provides predictable and stable refractive results in the treatment of moderate to high myopia during one-year observation, suggesting its viability as a surgical option for the treatment of such eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the differences between rigid gas permeable contact lens(RGPCL) and frame glasses in juvenile myopia accommodative lag. METHODS: Fifty-seven newly diagnosed,10 to 15 years old, moderate to low myopia patients(114 eyes)were examined with medical optometry, corneal curvature and corneal topography.According to the wishes of parents, 27 patients chose RGPCL, 30 patients chose frame glasses. Based on best-corrected visual acuity, accommodative lag was determined by low diopter neutralization dynamic retinoscopy method in two groups. The patients were reexamined one time every 3 months, accommodative lag was measured again using the same method for comparative analysis after 1 year. RESULTS:Eye accommodative lag had no significant difference between the two groups (F=1.961, P=0.121). After 1 year , 25 patients(50 eyes) adhered to wearing glasses in RGPCL group, the amount of accommodative lag was no significant difference (P>0.05); 27 patients(54 eyes) adhered to wearing glaeees in frame glasses group, the amount of accommodative lag was significantly different (F=4.658, P<0.05); comparing the two groups (F=6.134, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Accommodative lag in RGPCL-wearing eye was significantly less than that in frame glasses-wearing eye, which may have a role in slowing progress of juvenile myopia and should be vigorously promoted.

Abstract:This thesis presents the test of the stereopsis of 148 hearing impaired students and 309 normal hearing students at age of 7 to 18 with domestic developed Digital Stereoscopic Test Charts. The result shows that normal hearing students have their stereopsis matured at the age of 10 to 12, while those hearing impaired students at 13 to 15, in other words, matured stereopsis coming to hearing impaired students gets slower than to the normal hearing ones; the stereopsis development level of both hearing impaired students and normal hearing students has no sex difference and increases with age; as they grow older, the percentages of stereopsis maturity of hearing impaired students show an increasing tendency and the gap between them is narrowed, as 16-18 years old, the students of both types have normal stereopsis level of 100%; poor eyesight is also an important factor in the development of stereopsis.

Abstract:AIM:To identify mutations in the RDH5 gene in a family with a mother having fundus albipunctatus (FA) and 3 children with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS:Ophthalmological examinations were performed to diagnose FA and RP. Mutational analysis of RDH5 was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS:The proband’s mother was diagnosed with FA, and 3 children were diagnosed with RP. The mother, brother, and sister had a novel mutation c.689_690CT>GG in RDH5gene. The proband and mother had a previously reported mutation c.928delCinsGAAG. CONCLUSION:A novel disease-causing mutation in RDH5gene (Pro230Arg) was found in a family with a mother having FA and 3 children with RP.The mother’s FA was caused by compound heterozygous mutations. Further studies will be needed to determine the gene responsible for children’s RP.

Abstract:AIM:To conduct a screening of disease-causing genes mutations for a sick family of congenital nuclear cataract in order to explore its potential genetic defects. METHODS:After a detailed history taking and clinical examination, mutation detection of the candidate genes for nuclear cataract was conducted with the application of PCR-direct sequencing on the proband and the other 9 patients of his family,11 blood-related normal family members and 20 unrelated normal controls . RESULTS:c.139G> A heterozygous missense mutation was found in GJA8 gene of this family patients, leading to the change of No.47 highly conserved aspartic acid into asparagine (p.D47N), but the normal family members and normal controls were not found in the mutant. CONCLUSION: p.D47N mutations in Chinese families of congenital cataract is the first report. The prevalence of this mutation is a potential genetic causes of this sick family, GJA8 gene is one of the congenital cataract disease-causing genes. This study also confirms that congenital cataract is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease, such a heterogeneity is more apparent especially between different ethnic groups.

Abstract:AIM:To study the pathogenic factors of high intraocular pressure, evolution process and relation with open angle glaucoma, and drug therapy. METHODS:Totally 217 cases of patients with ocular hypertension had 10 years follow-up including intraocular pressure, optic disc, vision, RNFL and accompanied by systemic disease factors examined. RESULTS: In the follow-up intraocular pressure of 181 cases maintained the status or no significant change, intraocular pressure elevated in 27 cases, visual field defects occurred in 9 patients . CONCLUSION: High intraocular pressure,and open angle glaucoma are not the same disease, but high intraocular pressure with the adverse factors can make the transition to high intraocular pressure in primary open angle glaucoma. So it should be followed up and observed closely, when necessary, anti-glaucoma treatment should be actively carried out.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of extra-trabeculotomy in treatment of primary infantile glaucoma (PIG). METHODS:A total of 23 cases (42 eyes )who were diagnosed with PIG and underwent extra-trabeculotomy in our hospital from January 2009 January 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. The intraocular pressure, corneal diameter and cup-disk ratio were observed. The follow-up period was 10-34 months. RESULTS:At the postoperative 1 week, the successful rate of extra-trabeculotomy was 88%. For those eyes with the follow-up more than 10 months, the intraocular pressure was significantly decreased, the cup-disk ratio was reduced, the corneal diameter unchanged and the successful rate was 84%. CONCLUSION:The glaucoma surgery of extra-trabeculotomy is an effective and optimal method for PIG for its high successful rate.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the etiology,clinical characteristics,treatment of glucocorticoid induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma in children. METHODS:Retrospeclively 46 cases （84 eyes） of glucocorticoid induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma were analysed. RESULTS:Forty-six cases included 30 males and 16 females with the age range of 2-12 years old,binoculus(42),monocular(4), ocular hypertension(30), glaucoma (16);25 cases received glucocorticoid locally,21 cases systemically，the time of drug administration was 3 days-3 years.The treatment was by stopping the dosage of glucocorticoid,and using drug to lower the intraocular pressure systemcably or locally. CONCLUSION:Glucocorticoid induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma can occur in infants,the dosage,duration and types can influence it, and it is preventable.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the clinical features of capsular block syndrome after cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and Nd:YAG laser treatment options. METHODS:Retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical features of 7 cases of postoperative capsular block syndrome and Nd:YAG laser treatment.2 cases of early postoperative capsular block syndrome used Nd: YAG laser peripheral anterior capsulotomy; 4 cases of late postoperative capsular block syndrome with only posterior capsular opacification and thickening used Nd:YAG laser posterior capsular resection; 1 case of late capsular block syndrome associated with fibrous membrane proliferation on optic zone of anterior and posterior intraocular lenses surface used posterior capsular re-resection after Nd:YAG laser anterior and posterior capsular resection of intraocular lens. RESULTS:Seven cases after Nd: YAG laser treatment restored good vision, no serious complications occurred. CONCLUSION: To take a corresponding Nd: YAG laser treatment is safe and effective according to clinical features of postoperative capsular block syndrome.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of later laser photocoagulation for the treatment of the branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) at the early and late stage. METHODS:Totally 125 cases (125 eyes) with BRVO were divided into two groups:a early therapeutic group of 68 cases (68 eyes) and a later therapeutic group of 57 cases (57 eyes). Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recorded before therapy. The early therapeutic group was treated with krypton laser photocoagulation at baseline: krypton red laser was applied to obvious hemorrhage areas, krypton yellow laser was applied to obvious macular edema, krypton green laser was applied to the rest,retrobulbar TA at the dose of 40 mg was injected after laser photocoagulation. The later therapeutic group was treated with peroral drugs such as jolethin, vitaminC, calcium dobesilate in 1-3 months, retrobulbar TA at the dose of 40mg was injected in obvious macular edema. According to the capillary nonperfusion area showed by OCT and FFA at follow-up visits, the laser photocoagulation was applied.The follow-up was 1 year. RESULTS:In early therapeutic group of 68 eyes, visual acuity was improved in 49 eyes(72.1%), stable in 16 eyes(23.5%), and decreased in 3 eyes(4.4%). In later therapeutic group of 57 eyes, visual acuity was improved in 35 eyes(61.4%), stable in 8 eyes(14.0%), and decreased in 14 eyes(24.6%). The course of reduction or elimination of macular edema of early therapeutic group was significantly shorter than that of later therapeutic group, the rate of cystoid macular degeneration and macular hole were pretty reduced, the course of absorption of retinal hemorrhage of early therapeutic group was shorter than that of control group. No eye of cystoid macular degentation, macular hole or vitreal hemorrhage was noted in early therapeutic group,but 14 eyes occurred cystoid macular degeneration or macular hold, 9 eyes of vitreal hemorrhage caused decrease of visual acuity in later therapeutic group. CONCLUSION:The treating efficacy of early laser photocoagulation for the treatment of the BRVO was better than that of later laser photocoagulation,as it can maintain the visual functions uttermostly.Laser photocoagulation can promote the absorption of retinal hemorrhage, reduction or elimination of macular edema, prevention of cystoid macular degeneration, prevention of retinal neovascularization and vitreal hemorrhage. No adverse events following early laser photocoagulation treatment were observed.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the methods and efficacy of hormone therapy of acute anterior uveitis, to reduce the recurrence rate. METHODS:Totally 142 cases of acute anterior uveitis were given conventional topical subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone 2-3mg, 1 time/day,at the same time local allusions of TobraDex and 1g/L diclofenac sodium eye drops. Individual cases could not control the disease by topical steroid therapy, then resorted to high-dose oral prednisone 80-100mg, 10-20mg daily reduction, withdrawal afer 3-5 days, generally not more than 1 week, and continued topical steroid therapy. RESULTS: All patients healed within 30 days, without any systemic complications, without recurrence within six months, the relapse rate was 14.8% ( 21 cases) within a year. CONCLUSION:The majority of acute anterior uveitis need not systemic hormone therapy, at the same time prolonged courses of treatment may be effective to reduce the recurrence rate.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the curative effect of integration of Chinese and Western medicine on vitreous hemorrhage. METHODS:Zhixuehuoluo Mingmu Yin and Danhong SiwuTang, etc. were selected and combined with semi-retrobulbar injection of urokinase. 1 month after treatment, oral hexuemingmu tablet was administrated to consolidate the curative effect for 3 months. RESULTS:By combining Chinese and Western medicine treatment of vitreous hemorrhage in 26 patients (28 eyes), the total effective rate was 89%, of which 57% were excellent. CONCLUSION:The use of traditional Chinese medicine prescription, which can stop bleeding,promote blood circulation to remove bloodstasis and improve acuity of vision, and Chinese patent medicine of hexuemingmu tablet to treat vitreous hemorrhage has function of strengthening the body; semi-retrobulbar injection of urokinase to dissolve blood clot has effect of treating the symptoms; only by treating the primary and secondary aspects of the disease at the same time can the purpose of eliminating stasis and improving acuity of vision be achieved.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the causes and managements of exposure of glaucoma valve(GV) device implants. METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 8 cases with GV exposure was conducted. RESULTS:The GV exposure occurred from 6 to 31 months after implantation. Different methods may be applied to manage GV exposure according to the different causes. Follow-up was performed after operation and the effect was good. CONCLUSION:The causes of GV exposure are related to surgery methods, the version of GV, the category of disease and so on. During the course of surgery, we should eliminate the risk factors of GV exposure as soon as possible.

Abstract:AIM:To explore a simple and effective surgical method for correction of congenital entropion in lower eyelid with epicanthus. METHODS:Fifty cases(29 eyes) underwent reconstruction of inner canthus and skin orbicularis muscle resection:patients with inverse epicanthus underwent L-type skin orbicularis muscle resection; patients with other types of epicanthus underwent y-v plasty combined with skin orbicularis muscle resection. RESULTS:The posoperative follow-up of 6 to 12 months showed that the correction of entropion in lower eyelid and epicanthus were satisfactory in all cases. Transverse diameter of palpebral fissure extended,inner canthus was natural.Parents and patients were satisfied with the good cosmetic results. CONCLUSION:This method of combined operation is simple and effective,and good for lower eyelid functional recovery.It has minimal posoperative scar and improves the therapeutic effect of congenital entropion in lower eyelid.In all the patients postoperative recurrence seemed unlikely.It can be used as a routine operation for congenital entropion.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect on high altitude Kazak patients with pterygium treated with different methods. METHODS:Sixty-six cases ( 69 eyes) were randomly divided into two groups, using microsurgical excision of pterygium with limbal stem cell transplantation combined with mitomycin C operation ( 33 cases, 34 eyes) and pterygium microscopic resection combined with mitomycin C operation ( 33 cases,35 eyes) respectively,postoperative follow-up lasted 1-2 years. RESULTS:The corneal epithelial healing time was 3-5(4.5±2.4)days in corneal limbal stem cells group, 5-8(6.5±2.6)days in pterygium excision group, there was significant difference between two groups(t=3.317,P<0.05).Corneal limbal stem cell group had 1 eye recurred, the relapse rate was 3%, 8 eyes recurred in pterygium excision group, the recurrence rate was 22%, there was significant difference between two groups (χ² = 4.389,P<0.05). CONCLUSION:At high altitude, due to low air pressure, large wind and sand, drying, and strong ultarvidet radiation,the prevalence rate of minority nationalities increases.Pterygium excision with autologous limbal stem cell transplantation combined with mitomycin C treatment in patients has fast corneal wound healing and low recurrence rate, which is a safe, effective method and worthy of promotion and application.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of conjunctival flap transplantation with autologous corneal limbal stem cells in affected eye plus conjunctival flap transplantation with autologous corneal limbal stem cells in healthy eye for monocular bilateral pterygium. METHODS:Twenty-four cases of 24 eyes with monocular bilateral pterygium underwent pterygium resection and autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation, nasal conjunctival flap was gotten from the affected eyes,temporal conjunctival flap from the healthy eye.The clinical effect was observed with follow-up of 7-16 months. RESULTS:All patients had good results in wound healing, 1 cases relapsed, recurrence rate was 4%. CONCLUSION：Conjunctival flap transplantation with autologous corneal limbal stem cells in affected eye plus conjunctival flap transplantation with autologous corneal limbal stem cells in healthy eye for monocular bilateral pterygium has good clinical effect and low recurrence rate, which provides a better way to solve high recurrence rate.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the results of different surgical removal of pterygium. METHODS:One hundred-seventeen 117 cases of pterygium(150 eyes )were divided into 3 groups for different surgical methods of simple pterygium excision, amniotic membrane transplantation and autologous limbal stem cell transplantation. RESULTS:The recurrence rate was with significant difference between the first group and the other two groups,and with no significant difference between the second group and the third group. CONCLUSION:Fresh amniotic membrane transplantation and autologous limbal stem cell transplantation can significantly reduce the recurrence rate，their treatment outcome was significantly better than simple pterygium excision, they should be widely used in clinical.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the treatment effect of two methods of hydroxyapatite(HA) implantation. METHODS: The clinical data of 26 patients with HA implantation were reviewed retrospectively from June 2007 to June 2011. HA were implanted into the muscle cone or into the muscle cone after the sclera. The mean follow-up time was 13 (ranged 3 to 24) months. RESULTS:Fifteen cases had good effect after operation, only 2 cases were exposure. The ocular movement and stability were satisfactory after operation. CONCLUSION:HA is the first choice for patients without eyeball, and HA implanted into the muscle cone after the sclera can obviously reduce the rate of exposure after operation.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the clinical effect of artificial tears combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops in treating dry eye in preschool children. METHODS: Thirty-two preschool children (64 eyes) diagnosed with dry eye were treated with artificial tears and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops, the clinical symptoms,the grade of tear film interferometry image, the height of tear meniscus were observed on the pre-treatment and 1 month after treatment.Statistical analysis was conducted. RESULTS:After treated for 1 month, the clinical symptoms were relieved obviously, the grade of tear film interferometry image and the height of tear meniscus were improved.The difference was statistically significant （P＜0.05). CONCLUSION: The subjective symptoms and results of laboratory examination in treating dry eye in preschool children were improved after treated with artificial tears and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops, this method has a significant curative effect, medication safety and no adverse reaction in children.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect and safe performance of Anetholtri Thione tablet in treatment of dry eye. METHODS:Adopting a randomized, parallel-control approach, 84 cases of dry eye patients were divided into treatment group and control group equally .The treatment group was applied Dextran and Hypromellose eye drops combined with oral Anetholtri Thione tablet, simply Dextran and Hypromellose eye drops for control group .The medicine’s curative effect and safety index were observed after a course of treatment for 60 days. RESULTS:The total clinical effect satisfaction rates were 95% for treatment group and 81% for control group, both with no serious adverse reactions. CONCLUSION: The combined Dextran and Hypromellose eye drops and Anethri Thione tablet perform better than Dextran and Hypromellose eye drops only in treatment of dry eye, and no serious adverse reactions.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the operation effect of retrograde intubation of lacrimal passage with silicone lacrimal drainage tube for treating lacrimal duct obstruction diseases. METHODS:Ball head silicone tube was selected to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction patients in 68 cases ( 83 eyes),and lead type silicone tube to treat lacrimal canaliculus or common canaliculus obstruction patients in 26 cases ( 37 eyes) by retrograde intubation of lacrimal duct operation. RESULTS:Patients were followed up for 6-12 months, the effective rate of treatment in the ball head silicone tube group reached 87%, and in the lead type silicone tube group reached 73%. CONCLUSION:Retrograde intubation of lacrimal passage with silicone lacrimal drainage tube for treating lacrimal duct obstruction diseases is a simple and effective method,and worthy of clinical application in basic level hospital.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the surgical skills of artificial nasolacrimal duct stent implantation, and to evaluate its effect. METHODS:From 2009 to 2011, 42 cases (42 eyes) with nasolacrimal duct obstruction were chosen to have the operation of permanent artificial nasolacrimal duct stent placement, which was through nasal cavity under local anesthesia. In the operation, original straight hole probe was replaced with side hole probe, to make the guide wire out automatically through adjusting the position of side hole. The clinical effect to each case was followed up for six months. RESULTS:The artificial nasolacrimal duct stent was successfully placed for 42 cases, the efficiency was one hundred percent based on six months follow-up after implanting surgery. CONCLUSION:The operation of artificial nasolacrimal duct stent implantation used for the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct obstruction is simple and safe, and its curative effect is sure, so this kind of operation is worth being popularized widely.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the effect of bone hole size in nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy on the operation results to find the most appropriate size of the bone hole. METHODS:A randomized, single-blind, parallel study. 200 cases of 200 eyes of chronic dacryocystitis for nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy treatment in Zhuzhou 331 Aier Eye Hospital from 2010-01 to 2010-10 were randomly divided into two groups: A group of 100 eyes: bone hole size was 6mm×6mm (±2mm), B group of 100 eyes: bone hole size was10mm×10mm(±2mm) or more. Surgery was done with corresponding size of the bone hole by grouping, various adverse effects and results of operations were observed postoperatively. RESULTS:In A group, 9 cases of bone thick-walled and 3 cases of bad bone hole location needed to expand the bone hole, 4 cases were lost, 84 cases finally entered the observed cases, including 2 ineffective cases and 82 effective cases. In B group, three cases were lost, and 97 cases finally entered the observed cases, including 3 ineffective cases and 94 effective cases.The two groups had no statistically significant difference in success rate, patients of A group had less postoperative reaction and responded better. CONCLUSION:The bone hole size of 6mm×6mm (±2mm) is appropriate for nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy to treat chronic dacryocystitis, featured by minimally invasive, less bleeding, less postoperative adverse reactions and no affecting results of operations.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the cause of abnormal blink in children, and to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of such diseases so as to prevent misdiagnosis. METHODS:A comparative analysis was conducted on clinical data of 345 cases of children with "abnormal blink" as the chief complaint treated in department of ophthalmology from January 2008 to August 2010 to draw conclusions. RESULTS:Most treated children with eye organic disease were also associated with tic disorders, and the majority of eye organic diseases was conjunctivitis.The number of cases in children with frequent blinking caused only by mental stress was the least. CONCLUSION: In order to avoid misdiagnosis and treatment confusion and serious physical and psychological harm to children, ophthalmologist should not ignore the tic disorder diagnosis when no eye organic diseases are checked out in children with abnormal blink.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the correlative factors of eyeball extraction . METHODS: The data of 107 cases with eyeball extraction were collected from July 2005 to July 2009,and analysed with classification by original pathogen and trauma history. RESULTS:The primary causation causing eyeball extraction was secondary absolute glaucoma. The primary causation causing eyeball extraction was complications from operation of cataract and glaucoma in 49 cases of trauma history. The absolute glaucoma was the primary causation in 58 cases without trauma history. CONCLUSION:It is very important to propagandize knowledge about glaucoma. The cases of ocular trauma should be treated timely and exactly, the oculist from primary hospital should be trained in clinical skill.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the old glaucoma,to explore the prevention and control measures. METHODS:Fifty-one cases (69 eyes) of confirmed glaucoma over age of 50 were given questionnaire investigation and analysis on the clinical characteristics and risk factors. RESULTS:Among 51 cases,acute angle-closure glaucoma had 21 cases (25 eyes, male 4 cases, 5 eyes, female 17 cases, 20 eyes),chronic angle-closure glaucoma had 17 cases (15 eyes, male 6 cases, 9 eyes, female 11 cases, 17 eyes),open angle glaucoma had 10 cases (15 eyes, male 6 cases, 9 eyes,female 4 cases, 6 eyes),secondary glaucoma had 3 cases(3eyes, male 2 cases, 2 eyes,female 1 case, 1 eye).21 cases (25 eyes) of acute angle-closure glaucoma had significantly incentives and symptoms.14 cases (22 eyes) of chronic angle-closure glaucoma and open angle glaucoma had mild symptoms, 1 case (2 eyes) of open angle glaucoma had night blindness and other symptoms,the others had no obvious symptoms.2 cases had obvious symptoms and 1 case had no obvious symptoms in secondary glaucoma.There were 11 cases with family history,39 cases with anatomical factors (shallow anterior chamber, narrow angle),21 cases with myopia and hyperopia,1 case of neovascular glaucoma caused by retinal vein occlusion,1 case of secondary glaucoma caused by intumescent stage cataract,1 case of corticosteroid-induced glaucoma caused by long-term using of dexamethasone eye drops. CONCLUSION:The old glaucoma have complicated causes and diverse clinical manifestations.Patients should be given appropriate health promotion to improve the congnitive ability of patients to disease,achieve early diagnosis,early treatment.