Abstract:AIM: To compare the effect of spherical and aspheric hydrophilic intraocular lenses (IOL) on postoperative higher order aberrations (HOA). METHODS: Uneventful phacoemulsification was performed in 78 eyes of 66 patients with implanting either spherical Softec or aspheric Ocuva lenses. Preoperative and postoperative 3rd month aberrometry was performed with Visx Wavescan aberrometer to be compared. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between two groups. Postoperative root-mean-square (RMS) value of HOA: 0.27±0.11 in Softec and 028±0.13 in Ocuva group, spherical aberration (SA): 011±0.07 in Softec and 0.11±0.08 in Ocuva group. CONCLUSION: Aspheric Ocuva IOL seems not to have an advantage of decreasing postoperative HOA compared to spherical Softec IOL.

Abstract:AIM: To compare multiple visual disc parameters and the retinal morphology of healthy Zhuang adults with healthy Han adults. METHODS: Two equal cohorts of 120 healthy adults (480 eyes) of Zhuang and Han ancestry aged 20 to 60 years from unrelated families residing in Longlin County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, for at least three generations were enrolled in this study. The visual disc parameters in Zhuang and Han populations were determined in four different age brackets (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59) using Heidelberg retinal tomograph-II (HRT-II), and the relations between these parameters and race, gender, eye (left/right), and age were evaluated. The evaluated visual disc parameters included disc area (DA mm²),cup area(CA mm²),cup/disc area ratio(C/DAR), rim/disc area ratio (R/DAR), rim area (RA mm²), height variation contour (HVC mm), cup volume (CV mm³), rim volume (RV mm³), mean cup depth (MCD mm), maximal cup depth (MxCD mm), cup shape measure (CSM mm), mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (mRNFLT mm)and retinal nerve fiber layer area(RNFLA mm²). RESULTS: There were significant difference in C/A, C/D, R/D, MCD, and MxCD between the ethnic two populations in the 30-39 year group (P<0.05), and a significant difference in RA between the 50-59 year age groups(P<0.05).No other statistically significant differences were observed for any other parameters. For both Zhuang and Han adults, mRNFLT and RNFLA were negatively correlated with age (correlation coefficients: -0.213 and -0.186 in the Zhuang population, -0.233 and -0.219 in the Han population). No statistical significance in these parameters was observed between males and females or between right and left eyes of the two ethnic populations. The C/DAR ratio difference between the left and right eyes ranged from 0.000 to 0.162 in the Zhuang population and from 0.048 to 0.112 in the Han population. CONCLUSION: There are few significant differences in optic papilla contour parameters between healthy Zhuang and Han adults, except for the 30-39 age group, and there is no statistical difference in these visual disc parameters by gender or eye between the two populations.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the incidence and characters of the explosive substance induced ocular injuries. METHODS: All patients were treated in the Ophthalmology Department ward of Daping Hospital between January 2000 and March 2007 for ocular injuries caused by explosive substance were reviewed. Patients demographics, causes of injury, initial and final visual acuity, medical intervention, and the length of hospitalization time were noted. RESULTS: Totally 116 eyes of 103 cases were identified. Firecracker caused 71 eyes(61.2%), engineering explosive caused 22 eyes(18.9%), explosion of glass bottles caused 10 eyes(8.6%), and other reasons caused 13 eyes(11.2%). Firecracker induced injuries had the highest incidence rate in February(40.9%). 47.0% patients caused by firecracker needed about 2 weeks therapy in the hospital. Only 11.2% visual acuity were 20/200 or better on presentation and after therapy it was 33.6%. CONCLUSION: Explosive substance may cause severe eye injuries, appropriate caution and prevention would be helpful to decrease the incidence rate of this kind of ocular injury.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the relationship of isoametropic amblyopia with the prevalence of hyperopia in young children with hyperopia and orthotropia. METHODS: Fifty-six children with a mean age of 5.5 years and bilateral symmetric hyperopia were selected and assigned to the following two groups, children with bilateral hyperopia ≤+4.0D spherical equivalent (Sph. Eq.) and those with bilateral hyperopia ＞+4.0D Sph. Eq.. Prevalence of isoametropic amblyopia was estimated and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Among the 32 children with bilateral hyperopia of ≤+4.0D Sph.Eq.,4 children(13%) had isoametropic amblyopia, while among the 24 children with bilateral hyperopia of ＞+4.0D Sph. Eq., 15 children(63%) had isoametropic amblyopia. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference for prevalence of amblyopia between the two groups of isoametropic children (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION: Isoametropic amblyopia is not rare among children with bilateral hyperopia, especially when hyperopia is more than +4.0D Sph. Eq. On the bases of this investigation, children with bilateral hyperopia ＞+4.0D have a risk of 13%-63% developing isoametropic amblyopia. Thus, indicating that children with hyperopia of ＞+4.0D have an increased risk of isoametropic amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM: To report an atypical CT scan finding of thyroid eye disease. METHODS: A 64 years old Chinese lady presented with diplopia for 3 months without blurring of vision. She had been diagnosed as thyrotoxicosis with multinodular goitre 14 years back and thyroidectomy was done 14 years ago. Eye examination revealed both eye hypotropia with restricted up gaze movement. There was presence of red desaturation on her left eye with grade I relative afferent pupillary defect. Hormone profile showed normal triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH). TSH receptor antibody was high which was consistent with Graves’disease. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) showed diffused enlargement of both inferior rectus muscle with tendon involvement. RESULTS: Few cycle of intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone were given but left eye vision deteriorated in spite of medical treatment. Left eye orbital decompression was done and her left eye visual acuity was improved after the surgery. CONCLUSION: Extraocular muscle enlargement with tendon involvement does not exclude possibility of thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO).

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of EDTA and poly-L-lysine hinge on the rabbit after cataract (PCO) in the prevention and treatment role. METHODS: Forty eyes of twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into A,B,C and D groups.The operations of extracapsular transparent lens extraction were performed on rabbit eyes in each group. Group A, the control group, was irrigated only with balanced salt solution (BSS) during operation. Group B,C,D, the treatment groups, were irrigated with diluted BSS of 10mg/L EDTA, poly-L-lysine, and EDTA and poly-L-lysine hinge. The opacity in posterior lens capsule was observed by routine examination after operation. Two months later,the densities of lens epithelial cells ( LECs) in the four groups were calculated through hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and their expression were identified through immunohistochemical staining,and the average optical density (gray value OD) of PCNA expression was detected with medical image analysis system. RESULTS: After HE staining, the posterior capsule LECs density in group B,D was less than that in group A,C, and group D less than group B, the statistical analysis were significantly different (P<0.01);statistical analysis was no significant difference between group A and C (P>0.05). For the average optical density (gray) measured, PCNA expression in group A and group C were strongly positive, group B was partially positive, positive expression in group D was still less than that in group B. Statistical analysis of group B,D and group A, group B and D were significant difference (P<0.01). Group A and group C were no significant difference (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: In rabbits in vivo, EDTA, poly-L-lysine and EDTA hinge all have functions of inhibiting the proliferation of rabbit LECs, preventing and delaying the formation of PCO. Group D is superior to group B on inhibition of LECs, LECs inhibition of group C is not obvious.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the expression of vascular endothelium growth factor(VEGF) in the choroidal blood vessels of hyperlipidemia rabbits, to explore the role of hyperlipidemia in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization(CNV) in age-related macular degeneration(AMD). METHODS: Thirty-six rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups, normal control group and hyperlipidemia group by feeding respectively standard diet and high cholesterol diet.The expression of VEGF was analysed with immunohistochemical method and RT-PCR at 1month, 2, 3 months. RESULTS:Immunohistochemical method showed that the expression of VEGF was weak in normal control group.The expression of VEGF was enhanced in hyperlipidemia group and the difference was statistically significant when group G2,G3 compared with group C2(P<0.05),C3(P<0.01), and nonsignificant when group G1 compared with C1 (P>0.05). RT-PCR showed that VEGFmRNA was detected in both normal control group and hyperlipidemia group. The expression of VEGFmRNA paralleled to the result of immunohistochemical method. CONCLUSION:The lesion on the choroidal blood vessels and enhanced expression of VEGF caused by hyperlipidemia might lead to CNV.

Abstract:AIM: Formation of RNV is the most important pathological change in retinopathy of prematurity(ROP),but its exact procession and mechanism is not discovered. This research was carried to detect the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) in rat models of ROP, in order to discuss the mechanism of ROP. METHODS: Forty new-born SD rats were classified into two groups: one was normal group and the other was hyperoxia group.The rats of hyperoxia group were bred in hyperoxia environment for 5 days from the seventh day to establishing the model. Strept avidin-biotin complex(SABC) was used to detect the level of bFGF protein, RT-PCR to detect bFGFmRNA. RESULTS:The level of bFGF protein and bFGFmRNA in the hyperoxia group were both obviously higher than the normal group,and there was statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Formation of RNV is relative to bFGF, bFGF plays a role in ROP.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the change of the endothelial and perivascular cell in an model of diabetic retinopathy (DR), correlate retinal and plasma results and to evaluate the influence of treatment by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Tranilast(TNL). METHODS: Five groups were studied: control (Group NOR), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (Group DM), STZ rats following 12 weeks of NAC (Group NAC), TNL(Group TNL) and both NAC and TNL(Group COM). Plasma levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione(GSH) were obtained. Primary antibodies against tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) were used.The retinal vasculature isolated by using the trypsin digest method was observed. RESULTS: Plasma levels of SOD and GSH were lower in Group DM and TNL than the others. Expression of TNF-α was robust in Group DM, mild in Group COM,TNL and NAC, weak in Group NOR. Intensity of NF-κB was higher in Group DM,TNL and NAC compared with Group NOR and COM. The vascular structures of Group COM were much improved than other STZ models. CONCLUSION: Pericyte loss and endothelial cell hyperplasia occur early in DR. These changes are associated with oxidative stress and inflammation and could be minimized by treatment with NAC and TNL. The results suggest that the therapy worked through reducing ROS and inhibiting degranulation of mast cell. This treatment could neutralize the events in diabetic retinopathy in STZ model.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the immunomodulatory mechanism of FK506 on the local Th1/Th2 balance in mice model of experimental allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: Experimental allergic conjunctivitis model was established through peritoneal injection of phosphate buffered saline(PBS) in SPF level Balb/c mice. In all, 80 mice were equally divided into 4 groups: model group, Dexamethasone (DM) group, FK506 group, and normal group. Fifteen days after the introduction of experimental allergic conjunctivitis, DM group and FK506 group mice were treated by 1g/L Dexamson eyedrops and FK506 eyedrops respectively, four times a day. Samples from one eye of the mice were used for histological study, while samples from the other eye were used for detection of interleukins. RESULTS: The strong positive rate (SPR) of eosinophilic granulocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte were both 85% in model group. SPR of eosinophilic granulocyte was 50％,and CD4+ lymphocyte was 40% in DM group. SPR of eosinophilic granulocyte was 30％,and CD4+ lymphocyte was 40% in FK506 group. The level of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IL-2,IL-12,IFN-γ were significantly higher in model group compared with normal group （F＝11.278，P＝0.000），while IL-4/IFN-γ,IL-6/IFN-γ, IL-10/IFN-γ were also significantly higher than normal group （F＝8.965，P＝0.000）. The level of IL-4,IL-6, IL-10 was significantly lower in DM group compared with model group（F=13.972, P=0.000）, the level of IL-12 significantly higher（F=6.408, P=0.002）, while the level of IL-2 and IFN-γ showed no significant change（F=1.824, P=0.306）. The level of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10 was significantly decreased in FK506 group compared with model group（F=10.582, P=0.000）, the level of IL-12 was significantly increased（F=9.643, P=0.001），while the level of IL-2 and IFN-γ showed no significant change（F=2.529, P=0.407）. The level of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10 was significantly reduced in FK506 group compared with DM group（F=11281, P=0.000）, the level of IL-12 was significantly increased（F=8.634, P=0.003），while the level of IL-2 and IFN-γ showed no significant change（F=0.756, P=0.305）. CONCLUSION: The suppressive effect of FK506 on eosinophilic granulocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte was evidently stronger than that of Dexamethasone. FK506 can shift the local Th1/Th2 balance of experimental allergic conjunctivitis toward Th2 direction with better effect than that of Dexamethasone.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the expression pattern and correlation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)and its binding protein-3(IGFBP-3) in the ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS:The models of retinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats were made.In order to analyze the correlation and expression between IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in retinal ischemia-reperfusion model,immunohistochemical method was used. RESULTS:In the normal retina,IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were slightly expressed,while in retinal ischemia-reperfusion group,the expression of IGF-1 ascended obviously at 6 hours,reached peak at 72 hours; the expression of IGFBP-3 ascended obviously at 12 hours,reached peak at 72 hours，and the two had a collaborative relationship. CONCLUSION: IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression are closely related to retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury,and have a positive correlation.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the efficacy of 5g/L levofloxacin eye drops on severe bacterial keratitis and severe bacterial conjunctivitis. METHODS: Subjects diagnosed as severe bacterial keratitis or severe bacterial conjunctivitis in out-patient department were treated with 5g/L levofloxacin eye drops, and the severe patients were treated with combination therapy. Visual acuity, ocular manifestation, ulcer depth, tissue necrosis and hypopyon were recorded before and after treatment, and pathogenic tests were carried out. RESULTS: In 15 cases(18 eyes) with severe bacterial keratitis, the mean pre-treated visual acuity was 0.1±013, and positive ratio of pre-treated germiculture was 83% (12 cases, 15 eyes). The main pathogens included Nocardia, Acinetobacter lwoffii, burkholderia gladioli, Mycobacterium chelonei,Streptococcus,and Staphylococcus, in which bacillus occupied a percentage of 73%(11/15). Both symptoms and signs started to ameliorate in day 3 after treatment (P<0.01). A bacterial elimination rate post-treatment of 93% was observed, with the overall effective rate of 94%. Mean treatment duration was 21±482 days, and the mean visual acuity of post-treatment was 0.5±0.26. In 21 cases(32 eyes) with severe bacterial conjunctivitis including, the mean visual acuity of pre-treatment was 0.6±0.31. The positive germiculture ratio was observed to be 69% (15 patients and 22 eyes) before treatment, with staphylococcus (68%,15/22),α-hemolytic streptococcusand and pseudomonas as the main pathogens. Amelioration was noticed in both symptoms and signs from day 2 after treatment (P<001). The bacterial elimination rate of post-treatment was 91%, overall effective rate is 97%, mean treatment duration was 15±3.23 days, and mean post-treated visual acuity is 0.7±029. Correlation was found in either group between treatment duration and bacterial strains (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The vital pathogens in severe bacterial keratitis was bacillus, followed by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. The mean treatment duration was 3 weeks. The vital pathogens in severe bacterial conjunctivitis was Staphylococcus, followed by Streptococcus and Pseudomonas bacillus, and a mean of 2-week treatment was recorded. Visual improvement was found in either group without deterioration in any cases. 5g/L levofloxacin may effectively treat severe bacterial keratitis and severe bacterial conjunctivitis, and in severe cases a proper combination is recommended. No side effect was found in our study.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the accuracy of measurement of intraocular pressure(IOP) using a new induction/impact rebound tonometer (ICare RBT) in comparison with the noncontact tonometer (NCT). METHODS: IOP measurement was performed on 222 eyes 111 right eyes, 111 left eyes of 113 cases by ICare RBT and NCT respectively. The order of use of the two tonometers was randomized. The difference of IOP values obtained by ICare RBT and NCT were compared using the paired t test. The correlation between ICare RBT and NCT was assessed using linear regression correlation analysis. The consistency among the IOP values was evaluated with Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS:The mean IOP values of ICare RBT and NCT were 18.46±8.50mmHg and 17.09±8.32mmHg respectively. The mean difference between ICare RBT IOP and NCT IOP was 1.36±1.52mmHg. The correlation coefficient between two methods of IOP measurement was r=0.984. Bland-Altman analysis confirmed ICare RBT and NCT had good consistency in IOP measurements. No severe discomfort was complained in all the cases during or after measurement of ICare RBT. CONCLUSION:The ICare RBT agrees well with the NCT. The ICare RBT may be helpful as a screening tool, and can be useful in clinical application.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the changes of astigmatism induced by suture-fixation of foldable intraocular lens for aphakia correction. METHODS: Non-posterior capsular or disintegrated-posterior capsular eye were included in this study. Suture-fixation of foldable intraocular lens was performed on 20 cases (21 eyes). Keratometry measurements were obtained preoperatively, at postoperative 1 week, 1 month, 3 months respectively.The mean surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and mean postoperative uncorrected visual acuity. Were recorded.SIAs were analyzed by "vector method". The changes of astigmatism were compared. RESULTS: The corneal refractive power between pre-operation and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months after surgery did not significantly change(P＞0.05); the astigmatic power significantly changed(P＜0.05) between pre-operation and 1 week after surgery, and did not significantly change (P＞0.05) at 1 month and 3 months after surgery; the mean surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) power significantly changed(P＜0.05) between 1 week and 1 month, 3 months after surgery, and did not significantly change (P＞0.05) between 1 month and 3 months after surgery; astigmatic axis of large number of patients were ATR(against the rule) . CONCLUSION: The suture-fixation of foldable intraocular lens for aphakia correction affects corneal mean refractive power of optical zone minimally.The astigmatic power and axis are changed significantly at 1 month post-operation, and at 3 months are relatively stable.

Abstract:AIM:To discover the pathogenesis of concomitant exotropia by comparing the microstructure pathological changes and the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) of extraocular muscle of concomitant exotropia with normal humans. METHODS:Thirty pieces of extraocular muscle of concomitant exotropia patients were divided into three groups, each group included ten pieces of extraocular muscle, the fourth group included six pieces of extraocular muscle of normal humans Each group was observed by the light microscopy and Masson trichrome collagen staining, and TGF-β1 was determined with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Muscle tissue atrophy, muscle fiber size and number decreases,fibrosis, hyalinization and degeneration of muscle fibers were found in the weak side muscle of concomitant exotropia under microscope and a lot of blue collagen fibers were found between muscle bundles and the surrounding of muscle cells in the weak side muscle of concomitant exotropia after Masson trichrome collagen staining. All the extraocular muscle expressed TGF-β1,which showed buffy granules deposited in cytoplasm regularly.The expression of TGF-β1 in congenital exotropia group and constant exotropia group was higher than that in the normal human, the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In the pathological changing of extraocular muscle of concomitant exotropia, TGF-β1 plays a facilitating role.

Abstract:AIM:To study the association between dominant eye and anisometropia, and get a deeper understanding of the cause of anisometropia. METHODS:Four hundred eighty-six cases (972 eyes) with anisometropia were divided into hyperopic, myopic and mixed nature groups according to the different properties of anisometropia. Diopter was accessed by Computer Optometry after cycloplegic refraction. Ocular dominance was determined using the simplified hole-in-card test. The relationship was analyzed between the dominant eye and the higher diopter eye in each group. RESULTS:There was obvious relationship between the dominant eye and the lower diopter(Z=-4.116,P<0.01) in the hyperopic anisometropia group. Thus the diopter of the non-dominant eye was higher than the dominant eye. There was no relationship between the dominant eye and the lower diopter (Z=-0.304，P>0.05) in the myopic anisometropia group. There was obvious relationship between the dominant eye and the eye of myopia (Z=-3.645，P<0.01) in the mixed group. CONCLUSION:The dominant eye should form prior to the occurrence of anisometropia. But anisometropia may cause the dominant eye to change.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the association between hypertension, diabetes and the risk of age-related cataract (ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men. METHODS: A hospital-based case control study was conducted. Cases (n=360) were patients with cataract 45-85 years old, and controls (n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract. Cases and controls were matched with 1∶1. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and detailed medical history. Blood pressure and blood glucose of study population were measured. Multiple logistic regression model was used to derive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between hypertension and diabetes, and ARC. RESULTS: After adjusted for age and gender, hypertension was significant positively related with ARC (OR=1.573, P=0.005). Compared with normal systolic blood pressure,systolic blood pressure ≥180mmHg increased the risk of onset (OR=2.812, 95%CI: 1.450-5.455, P=0002). The duration of hypertension was associated with an increased risk of ARC, especially those men for 10 to 20 years (OR=1.867, 95%CI: 1.053-3.307, P=0.033). Similarly, there was a positive association between diabetic patients and ARC (OR=2.151, 95%CI: 1.470-3149, P<0.001). The risk of ARC in diabetes duration <10 years and 10 to 19 years significantly increased (OR =2.374; 95%CI: 1.502-3.752, P<0.001 and OR =2.683; 95%CI: 1.267-5.683, P=0.010 respectively). CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes may increase the prevalence rate of ARC. Interventions to modify these risk factors, especially in populations in which they are highly prevalent, may have implications to control visual loss from cataract, which is the first cause of blindness worldwide.

Abstract:Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)is a severe eye disease with high blindness rate.Photodynamic therapy(PDT) is a promising treatment in achieving closure of subfoveal CNV and stablizaion of vision superior to other therapies.This review trace the development and the study of PDT expecially focus on the photosensitizer.

Abstract:Sonic Hedgehog(Shh) singal pathway is closely related with the development of embryo of animal and the proliferation and differentiation of cells. This paper mainly summarizes the applied research of Shh signal pathway in the development of eye ,the regeneration and repairment of varied tissue in eye and the development and treatment of the diseases of ophthalmology.

Abstract:Corneal neovascularization(CNV) is a leading cause of blindness. In the study of human corneal diseases, the rabbits have many advantages, so the rabbit CNV model is the most important CNV animal model. In this paper, CNV models of several rabbits will be introduced, from the making method,mechanism,advantages to disadvantages.

Abstract:Dendritic cells （DC）are the most efficient antigen- presenting cells which initiate immune responses. The corneal DC play a critical role in corneal transplantation rejection．Its maturation and centripetal migration strongly associated with the cornea transplantation and all types of keratitis. This article reviews the research on corneal DC and its role in corneal diseases.

Abstract:Corneal thickness is an important structural parameters of eye．Since 1980,with the increasing popularity of refractive surgery,corneal thickness measurement has received wide attention.Ｍany new measurement methods and instruments began their research and clinical applications. Corneal thickness measurements become more precise,comfortable and safe.In this review，the different techniques and methods of measurement and their advances are briefly presented．

Abstract:Several laser refractive surgical procedures have been used to reshape the cornea to correct refractive error. During the procedures of making corneal flap and ablation, it would inevitably make some damages to corneal nerves. The procedures of laser surgery, the depth of ablation and the thickness of corneal flap play important roles in the damage of corneal nerves. In this review we study the mechanism of corneal nerve damage caused by several main laser eye surgery and the factors which may accelerate the regeneration of corneal nerve, in order to improve the surgical quality.

Abstract:Primary angle-closure glaucoma and cataract are all age-related ocular disease. Those two kinds of disease influence each other. Clinically, there is a dramatic increase in the amount of angle-closure glaucoma with cataract. Pupillary block caused by the factor of lens plays an important role in the pathogenesis of angle-closure glaucoma, phacoemulsification with foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and goniosynechialysis have become a safe and effective treatment option for angle-closure glaucoma with cataract. This article reviews the study of surgical treatment of cataract related to angle-closure glaucoma.

Abstract:Insulin is the only hypoglycemic hormone, and the primary drug to treat diabetes. Recent studies found that high-dose insulin treatment of diabetes has become one of independent risk factors of progressing of diabetic retinopathy. Studies have shown that insulin can promote the development of diabetic retinopathy by promoting cell proliferation, destroying the blood-retinal barrier, promoting the proliferation of new vessels, affecting glutamate metabolism and inducting oxygen free radicals, etc.

Abstract:Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of tear film and ocular surface that results in discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability. Many factors contribute to dry eye which cause pathophysiological changes of the ocular surface.Whatever the clinical situation of dry eye is different, the diseases show the similar pathophysiological progress. Inflammation is the key mechanism and the other factors such as apoptosis ,hormonal regulation are involved in dry eye pathogenesis. The main approach to the treatment of dry eye is providing lubricating eye drops or tear substitute. The newer treatment approach is to target the underlying cause of dry eye instead of conventional symptomatic relief. Although recent research has made progress in elucidating dry eye pathophysiology, pathogenesis and treatment, there are no uniform diagnostic criteria. This paper presents a review about the pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis and treatment of the dry eye.

Abstract:Many eye lesions which can lead to ischemia and anoxia of the related parts and even the formation of new blood vessels has greatly affected the treatment of patients and prognosis.In the study of relevant factors for new blood vessels formation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) research becomes one of the emerging hot spots, its positive expression in the related lesions and mechanism discussion provides new treatment strategies for clinical treatment.Now the HIF-1 research progresses in the eye related disease are reviewed in this paper.

Abstract:AIM:To compare clinical effect between two modes of incision of extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. METHODS:In the retrospective analysis,143 cases (164 eyes) with cataract (February 2008-October 2011)were divided into group A (scleral tunnel incision) 72 cases 80 eyes and group B (clear corneal incision) 71 cases 84 eyes, all patients were checked visual acuity before and 1 week after surgery, astigmatism, operation time, complications and analyzed statistically. RESULTS:There was significant statistical difference of visual acuity 1 week after surgery, astigmatism, operative time between the two groups(P<0.05),but no statistical difference of complications such as vitreous loss, corneal edema, iris damage and so on (P>0.05). CONCLUSION:There was more obvious advantages of clinical effect of the corneal incision than scleral tunnel incision in extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, and also it is simple, easy, economical, safe, more suitable for primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the safety and efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal and intraocular lens implantation on the cataractous eyes filled with silicone oil after vitrectomy. METHODS: Totally 32 patients (32 eyes)with complication of cataract when filled with silicone oil after vitrectomy were selected and operated by phacoemulsification combined with removal of silicone oil through pars plana incision and foldable intraocular lens implantation. And then, they were followed up for 3-18 months (average 9 months). RESULTS:The best-corrected visual acuity after surgery were as follows: 3 eyes were light perception to the counting fingers, 10 eyes were 0.02 to 0.1, 12 eyes were between 0.1 and 0.2, and 7 eyes were above or equal to 0.3. And no complications such as retinal detachment, corneal endothelial decompensation, intraocular lens shifted, silicone oil left and so on were observed. CONCLUSION: The operations of phacoemulsification combined with removal of silicone oil through pars plana incision and foldable intraocular lens implantation, treating complication of cataract in eyes filled with silicone oil after vitrectomy, are safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of a method of small incision cataract extraction after glaucoma filtering surgery. METHODS:50 eyes of 50 patients with cataract after glaucoma surgery underwent manual small incision catarat extraction through a temporal scleral tunnel incision.The postoperative visual acuity,IOP, corneal curvature and filtering bleb were observed. RESULTS:Followed up for 3-12 months,the visual acuity of all the eyes were improved after surgery.There were no changes in IOP and filtering bleb.Postoperative changes in corneal curvature(0.75-1.25D) returned to preoperative levels 3 months after operation. CONCLUSION:The manual small incision cataract extraction through a temporal scleral tunnel incision is convenient and effective in treating cataract after glaucoma surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the stability using ultrasonic biomicroscope(UBM) in eyes having phacoemulsification with implantation of 2 types posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL). METHODS:The degree of PC-IOL decentration,tilt and anterior chamber depth(ACD) were measured by UBM，while locating the haptics and observing the relationships of haptics on uveal tissue. RESULTS:There was no significant change during the 1 month follow-up period in decentration or tilt in each group (P>0.05).There was no significant difference among the groups in IOL decentration or tilt at any time point (P>0.05).There was no significant change during the 1 month follow-up period in ACD in each group (P>005). There was significant difference among the groups in ACD at 1 week,1 month after surgery (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The stability of 1-piece IOL in eyes was better than that of 3-piece IOL;UBM can locate the haptics and observe the relationships of haptics on uveal tissues better.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficiency of extracapsular cataract extraction plus implantation of artificial lens for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and cataract. METHODS:Eighty-seven (104 eyes) DM patients received phacoemulsification (Phaco) and small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) plus implantation of artificial lens. Best-corrected visual acuity and complications were observed. RESULTS:No posterior capsule rupture, intraocular hemorrhage and endophthalmitis were noted. Six patients were observed with severe corneal edema, and recovered after drug administration. CONCLUSION:Phaco and SICS plus implantation of artificial lens are efficient for the treatment of DM patients with cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the visual acuity change and its influencing factors of diabetic cataract after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. METHODS:Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation was done in 42 patients (48 eyes) with diabetic cataract and 48 senile cataract patients (48 eyes).Visual acuity and postoperative complications were observed. RESULTS：Compared with the control group, diabetic group postoperative visual acuity was poor, but the two groups was no significant difference. In the diabetic group, postoperative corneal endothelial edema, fibrinous exudation and posterior synechiae of iris increased significantly. CONCLUSION：The visual acuity after the operation was related to the diabetic retinopathy level, diabetic duration and postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate clinical feature,pathogenesis and treatment methods of herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)with glaucoma． METHODS:Diagnostic standard was intraocular pressure ≥24mmHg.Standard clinical cure was corneal lesions still and intraocular pressure ≤21mmHg after stopping ocular hypotensive drugs for one week．30 cases with secondary glaucoma were given combined antiviral, anti-inflammatory and intraocular pressure reduction treatment. RESULTS:Clinical cure of 30 cases were obtained by antiviral，anti-inflammatary and ocular hypotensive drugs． CONCLUSION:The inflammation and intraocular pressure could be controlled through active antiviral，anti-inflammatary and ocular hypotensive drugs treatment．Individualized survey of intraocular pressure is necessary for HSK secondary glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the main causes of glaucoma after ocular trauma and treatment methods. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 87 cases (87 eyes) with secondary glaucoma after ocular trauma in our hospital from June 2008 to June 2010, with clinical data and treatment methods. RESULTS:Secondary glaucoma after ocular trauma can be caused by a variety of reasons, the main reasons included intraocular hemorrhage in 40 eyes (46%), lens source in 27 eyes (31%), anterior chamber angle contusion in 14 eyes (16%), and intraocular inflammation in 6 eyes (7%).According to the different ocular trauma causes,different treatment regimens were made.The drugs and operation treatment were followed up for 3-12 months, 79 eyes were with intraocular pressure control in the normal level, the control rate was 91%; visual acuity improved in 91%. CONCLUSION:Secondary glaucoma after ocular trauma in the pathogenesis and the mechanism is complex. Timely treatment according to the different etiologies is needed for control of intraocular pressure and improvement of visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the changes of intraocular pressure (IOP) and associated factors of IOP elevation after posterior sub-Tenon’s capsule (PST) injection with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for macular edema. METHODS:The study included 46 cases(46 eyes) who received PST injections of 20mg TA to treat macular edema with diabetic retinopathy (n=16),age-related macular degeneration (n=13), retinal vein occlusion (n=11),and posterior uveitis (n=6). IOP measurements were performed on the day of injection, and 2 weeks，1 month，2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months later. RESULTS:The mean IOP of all eyes showed a gradual increase after the injection, peaked at 3 months (19.22±6.86mmHg), and then decreased gradually until reaching a minimum at 6 months. Of the 46 eyes, 17(37%) showed an IOP above 21 mmHg at 3 months post-injection. Compared with the pre-injection, the mean IOP increased significantly at 2 weeks，1 month，2，3，4，5 months（t value were 3.747, 5.836, 5.982, 5.866, 4.202, 3.246 respectively, all P<0.05）, however, there was no significant difference between the pre-injection and the 6 months post-injection (t=1.446,P>0.05) . And IOP elevation significantly correlated with younger age（χ²=5599，P<005）and higher baseline IOP（χ²=10.323，P<005）, but not with gender（χ2=0.022，P>0.05）or disease（χ^{2=0.050，P>0.05）. CONCLUSION:E1evation of IOP after PST injection with TA is not rare and the peak level usually occurs at 3 months post-injection, and then the IOP decreases gradually to approach the baseline level until 6 months post-injection. Younger age and higher baseline IOP are identified as risk factors. Our findings indicate that careful assessment of IOP during a follow-up at least 6 months is necessary，especially in those who are younger or with higher baseline IOP.}

Abstract:AIM:To observe photocoagulation treatment effect on diabetic retinopathy (DR) after phacoemulsification or non-phacoemulsification small incision cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, to further explore the timing and influencing factors of photocoagulation treatment. METHODS:Totally 60 cases (108 eyes) with DR after phacoemulsification or non-phacoemulsification small incision cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation underwent local retinal photocoagulation, grid photocoagulation or standard panretinal photocoagulation treatment at early stage according to DR staging under the guidance of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). RESULTS:After 1 year follow-up, visual acuity improved in 30 cases of all patients (27.8%), unchanged in 71 eyes(65.7%), decreased in 7 eyes(6.5%).FFA follow-up examination showed retinal edema vanished, most neovascularization shrinked, bleeding and exudation partly absorbed,the complicated macular edema in 18 cases completely vanished after photocoagulation. CONCLUSION: Reasonable and timely conduct of argon laser retinal photocoagulation therapy after cataract surgery can effectively control the progress of DR,and plays an important role in the improvement of visual function and stabilization of vision.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the effectiveness of modern vitrectomy on complex retinal detachment. METHODS:Totally 45 cases (45 eyes) of complex retinal detachment underwent modern vitrectomy combined with 15% C₃F₈-gas or silicone-oil tamponade. RESULTS:Fifteen eyes underwent vitrectomy with C₃F₈-gas tamponade,13(87%) eyes achieved retinal reattachment primarily.30 eyes underwent vitrectomy with silicon-oil tamponade,27(90%) eyes achieved retinal reattachment primarily.The comparison between two groups has no significant difference.The visual acuity after operation was counting fingers in 2 eyes; 0.02-0.05 in 3 eyes，0.06-0.1 in 10 eyes；0.12-0.25 in 19 eyes，greater than or equal to 0.3 in 11 eyes. The main complication in operation was iatrogenic slit pore. The main complications after operation were secondary glaucoma and complicated cataract. CONCLUSION:Modern vitrectomy combined with C_{3F8-gas or silicone-oil tamponade is a useful procedure for complex retinal detachment.The visual acuity of most patients after operation could improve.}

Abstract:AIM:To observe the combined curative effect of early panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and compound anisodine para-temporal-superficial artery injection for radiation retinopathy（RR）. METHODS:Twenty-one patients (41 eyes ) with RR in our hospital received early PRP and compound anisodine para-temporal-superficial artery injection. The visual acuity, capillary nonperfusion, retina-neovascularization, and complications at 3 months after treatment were observed. RESULTS:Three months after the treatment, visual acuity were increased in 6 eyes (14.6%) , steady in 31 eyes (75.7%) , decreased in 4 eyes (9.7%) . Iridal neovascularization regressed in 2 eyes, while the other one received the cyclophotocoagulation. Primary retinal neovascularization regressed in 9 eyes (75%), and primary retinal nonperfusion disappeared in 22 eyes (687%), primary retinal nonperfusion shrinked more than five disc area in 7 eyes (21.8%), the total effective rate was 90. 5%. Only one eye developed vitreous hemorrhage,however, no optic disc and iridal neovascularization, and neovascular glaucoma were observed; no complication related with the treatment appeared in all patients. CONCLUSION:Early PRP and compound anisodine para-temporal-superficial artery injection is effective and reasonable integrated traditional and western medicine treatment for radiation retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical outcome and pathological base of lamellar keratectomy combined with natamycin medication for the treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. METHODS:Thirty-two eyes of 32 cases suffered from fungal corneal ulcer in which the endothelium was not infected were included in this study. All patients received lamellar keratectomy combined with natamycin medication. Visual acuity, corneal infiltration, clinical outcome, complications and fungal species were recorded. Pathological examinations were conducted with the corneal lamellar tissues. RESULTS:Twenty cases had a preoperative visual acuity below 0.05，11 cases between 0.05 and 0.3，and 1 case between 0.3 and 1.0. Twenty-eight cases were healed by lamellar keratectomy combined with natamycin medication. The heal course ranged from 7 to 32 days, with an average time of 13.2±8.5 days. Postoperative evaluation showed that 5 cases had a visual acuity below 0.05，8 cases between 0.05 and 0.3，15 cases between 0.3 and 1.0. Four cases converted to keratoplasty due to uncontrolled infection. Positive cultures were found in 31 cases with 18 Fusarium species, 8 Aspergillus species, 3 Alternaria species and 2 uncertain species. Pathological examination showed dense infiltration of polymorphonuclears(PMNs), and periodic acid-schiff(PAS) staining demonstrated most hyphae lay in superior corneal lamellae and parallel to it, while little hyphae traversed the cornea in a plane perpendicular or inclined to the stromal lamellae. There was no significant difference in growth patterns in cornea between different pathogenic fungi. CONCLUSION: Timely lamellar keratectomy can significantly improve the efficiency of natamycin medication in fungal corneal ulcer and restore visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the application efficacy of deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel for postoperative recurrent pterygium corneal incision repair. METHODS:Totally 68 cases(68 eyes) of postoperative recurrent pterygium corneal incision edema were randomly divided into 2 groups with 34 cases(34 eyes) in each group. The control group used routine diclofenac sodium eye drops plus antibiotics eye drops and simultaneous bFGF eye drops alternately, four times a day. The treatment group used deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel 4 times a day in addition to the daily alternate application of diclofenac sodium eye drops plus antibiotics eye drops. The course of treatment was 1 month. Contrast analysis was conducted on the subjective symptoms, signs, and repair of corneal incision in patients before and 3, 7, 14days, 1 month after treatment respectively. RESULTS:About 3, 7, 14days after recurrent pterygium surgery, corneal incision edema weakened more significantly, incision repaired faster, and subjective symptoms subsided in a shorter time in treatment group than in control group. 1 month after operation, there was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION:Deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel has a shorter onset time, better comfort and safety for the early repair of postoperative recurrent pterygium corneal incision, and can reduce the incidence of postoperative infectious keratopathy and postoperative corneal astigmatism with good effect.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse ocular melanomas clinical and pathological specifics for earlier diagnosis and treatment. METHODS:Twenty-four cases with ocular melanoma were retrospectively collected during July 2002 to July 2011 and patients clinical and pathological history were reviewed. All samples had routine paraffin section, HE dying and some difficult diagnosed samples plus S-100 protein and HMB-45 s-p immunohistochemical method. Excel was used for establishment of a database and software SPSS 17.0 applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS:All 24 cases were ocellus, with 13 males and 11 females; 14 left eyes and 10 right eyes; 3 cases of eyelid malignant melanoma, 6 cases of primary malignant melanoma of conjunctiva and 15 cases of uveal melanoma respectively. CONCLUSION:Diversity of melanoma histopathology exists. Most cases can be confirmed by routine pathological method. Immunity histochemistry is of high value for diagnosis or differential diagnosis of melanoma.

Abstract:AIM:Through the clinical case discussion and study of upper eyelid retraction in indexing, choosing different operation scheme and observing the therapeutic effect of operation, to provide more effective treatment options for different patients. METHODS:Retrospective summary was conducted on 98 patients (146 eyes) with upper eyelid retraction during November 2000 to December 2010. Indexing was conducted on the patients condition and according to the indexing, different operation treatment was selected and curative effect of the operation was observed. RESULTS:According to the different indexing to choose a suitable operation method can be effective in correction of eyelid retraction. CONCLUSION: Eyelid retraction indexing due to the cause and degree of eyelid retraction,implementation of personalized operation in different types of patients, and normative clinical treatment path have filled the domestic gaps in diagnosis and treatment method of the same disease.

Abstract:AIM：To investigate the relationship between ametropic asthenopia and dry eye syndrome, and the influences of correction with spectacles in middle-aged and aged patients with ametropic asthenopia on xerophthalmia． METHODS：A random survey was conducted according to unified standard in middle-aged and aged patients with asthenopia at out-patient department. The incidence of ametropic asthenopia and that of dry eye syndrome in patients with asthenopia were analysed. The relationship between ametropic asthenopia and dry eye syndrome was investigated. Patients of dry eye syndrome combined with ametropic asthenopia aged 40-65 years old were randomly divided into spectacles treated group, drug treated group and matched control group, and treated for 3 months. The treatment effect of dry eye syndrome were observed． RESULTS：The incidence of asthenopia induced by ametropia was 42.0%. There was a strong relationship between ametropic asthenopia and dry eye syndrome. After 3 months follow-up, the dry eye syndrome of spectacles treated group was obviously better than drug treated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：There is a strong relationship between ametropic asthenopia and dry eye syndrome.Spectacles treatment has better effect on improving symptoms and physical signs.

Abstract:AIM： To investigate the hydroxyapatite(HA) orbital, Ⅰ implant surgery within the petal-shaped scleral shell effects. METHODS：On the cases of enucleation of eyeballs contents indications, we implement the surgery of enucleation of the eye contents. Based on the b-ultrasound and steel balls, we can check out the required model of the HA orbital. After the implantation of hydroxyapatite artificial eye Ⅰ petal-shaped scleral shell, its surface is double layer sclera covered. In the following 6 to 15 months, the postoperative outcome was observed. RESULTS：The 48 cases(48 eyes) were all successfully implanted in HA orbital and achieved more satisfactory appearance of the cosmetic results. CONCLUSION：The Ⅰ implantation of hydroxyapatite artificial eye Taiwan petal-shaped scleral shell keeps eye on six subsidiary muscle and its function, orbital autologous sclera double front coverage prevent eye exposure, improve enucleation of the eye sockets after collapse deformities and achieve ideal eye plastic effect.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of mental health status and social support of low vision patients. METHODS:Totally 105 patients with low vision were tested as random samples taken from the First Affiliated Hospital of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing Tongren Hospital and China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Eye Hospital. General information inventory, Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) and Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS) were adopted. RESULTS：(1) Compared with normal model, average scores of nine factors in SCL-90 were significantly different except for interpersonal relationship (P<0.01 or P<005). (2) Scores of interpersonal relationship, anxieties, hostility, crankiness, and mental disease among various age groups were different. And there was statistical difference (P<0.05). (3) A negative correlation was found between social support dimension and subjective support dimension through the correlation studies. CONCLUSION ：Mental health problems exist in patients with low vision and inadequate social support could be felt subjectively. Mental nursing should be attached importance to patients with low vision.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the differences in the central anterior chamber depth (CACD) and anterior chamber angle (ACA) measurements between emmetropia and high myopia eyes with Pentacam Scheimpflug. METHODS:In this prospective study, 82 healthy patients and 68 patients with myopia in the Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University were evaluated. Pentacam measurements were performed three times of one patient. A paired t-test was used to compare measurements of CACD and ACA width. The two groups were compared with SPSS 13.0. RESULTS:The differences in ACD and ACA values taken between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The ACD was deeper and the ACA was wider in patients with myopia. CONCLUSION:Patients with myopia have deeper ACD and wider ACA.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the influence of wearing glasses for teenagers myopia by determining the gradient AC/A radio,and to assess the role of the gradient AC/A radio made in myopia development and progression. METHODS:The study comprised 33 cases (66 eyes) of myopia. Refraction was measured with MPMVA, the gradient AC/A radio measured with risely prism on Phoropter. The main statistic soft ware SPSS 16.0 was used. RESULTS:After wearing glasses,the gradient AC/A ratios were higher than before, and went down after 3 months, there was statistic difference between them (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION:After teenagers of myopia wear suitable glasses,their accommodative and convergent parameters such as the gradient AC/A radio will be normalized gradually. Thus it is beneficial for recovering the function balance of accommodation and convergence.

Abstract:AIM:To observe and research safety, effectiveness and predictability of excimer laser in situ keratomileusis surgery (LASIK) treatments of myopic patients with keloids. METHODS:Prospective consecutive study. Under the consent of Ethics Committee,16 myopic patients (32 eyes) with keloids underwent LASIK treatment. Their age ranged from 19 to 29 years (mean 23.6 years). Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.05-0.2, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) was 0.8-1.2. Routine slit-lamp microscope, Orbscan Ⅱ anterior segment analysis system, intraocular pressure, corneal thickness, computer optometry, cycloplegic retinoscopy, subjective refraction, contrast sensitivity and glare as well as other tests were performed. Operation was performed on one eye first in all patients, then on the contralateral eye when no abnormal responses occurred 3 months later.Postoperative follow-up lasted for 2-6 years, average 5820±4.6 months. RESULTS: Postoperative 2-6 years, visual acuity was equal to or greater than 1.0 in 30 eyes (94%), 0.8 in 2 eyes (6%). Postoperative BCVA was greater than or equal to the preoperative in 31 eyes (97%), 1 eye had -0.75D refractive regression. The average difference between postoperative refraction and target refraction was -0.25±0.35 (-0.75~0.75) DS. The corneas were clear, no haze formation or scar healing and no corneal ectasia or corneal thickening occurred. CONCLUSION:LASIK treatment of myopia with keloids is safe and effective. It also shows that the corneal flap and stromal layer are non-scar healing, but a large sample of long-term follow-up is needed for further certification.

Abstract:AIM:To survey community glaucoma patients about their understanding of glaucoma knowledge and effect of health education on their local medication compliance and normativity. METHODS：Totally 190 cases in the Miaohang community of Shanghai Baoshan district were enrolled with a diagnosis of glaucoma and 1 or more topical ocular hypotensive medications for at least 6 months. Special questionnaire was designed for the purpose of this survey. Effects of health education on nine indicators such as local medication compliance in patients with glaucoma and so on were investigated. RESULTS：Health education had the patient compliance, knowledge of glaucoma, the rate of drug use (hand-washing rate before eyedrops, eyes closing time after eyedrops, eyedrops contamination rate, eyedrops missing rate) and patient review (periodical review rate of eye field and intraocular pressure) significantly increased (P<0.05), no significant effect on the drug type (P>0.05). CONCLUSION：It is necessary to provide regular medication guide, health education and facilitate possible intervention for the treatment of community glaucoma patients.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effects of micro incision extracapsular cataract extraction,IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy in angle-closure glaucoma with cataract. METHODS:Eighty cases(86 eyes) with angle-closure glaucoma and cataract who underwent micro incision extracapsular cataract extraction and IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP) before and after the operation were recorded. RESULTS: Patientsvisual acuity was under 0.1 in 5 eyes and between 0.1-0.2 in 11 eyes, between 0.3-0.5 in 53 eyes,over 0.6 in 17 eyes. ALL patientsIOP were normal after operation(10-21mmHg). CONCLUSION:The combined surgery of micro incision extracapsular cataract extraction and IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy is a safe and effective surgery for pations with angle-closure glaucoma and cataract.This combined surgery can improve visual acuity and control IOP. The combined surgery relieves patients burden,is a better method to generalize .

Abstract:AIM:To report the results of phacoemulsification combined with posterior intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in treating angle-closure glaucoma with different severity of angle closure. METHODS:Phacoemulsification combined with posterior IOL implantation was performed in 64 eyes of 48 patients with angle-closure glaucoma. Visual acuity (VA), examination of anterior segment with slit-lamp microscope, examination of anterior chamber angle with Goldmann gonioscope, depth of anterior chamber and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS:All the patients were followed up for 3 to 12 months. VA of 52 eyes were greatly improved. IOP of 59 eyes were below 21mmHg. Depth of anterior chamber all increased from average 1.803mm preoperatively to 3143mm postoperatively. The closed anterior chamber angles were open to varying extents. The irises were flat and the extension of peripheral anterior chamber adhesion was eliminated obviously. None of the 64 eyes was complicated by posterior capsular rupture or corneal decompensation. CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification combined with posterior IOL implantation in treating angle-closure glaucoma with cataract will not only effectively lower IOP, deepen the anterior chamber, reopen the closed anterior chamber angle, but also restore VA and reduce the common complications of trabeculectomy. It is a safe and effective way to treat angle-closure glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical effect of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation on uveitis complicated cataract. METHODS:Totally 20 cases (20 eyes) of uveitis complicated cataract underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, with 3 eyes combined with peripheral iridectomy. RESULTS:Compared with preoperation, the visual acuity improved in 18 eyes (90%) at postoperative 2 weeks. The corrected visual acuity was better than 0.5 in 10 eyes (50%),0.3-0.5 in 5 eyes (25%),0.1-0.2 in 2 eyes (10%), less than 0.1 in 1 eye (5%),unchanged in 2 eyes (10%）. CONCLUSION:Although the surgery of phacoemulsification for treatment of uveitis complicated cataract is complex,the overall effect is good.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens on uveitis complicated cataract. METHODS:Totally 32 cases (38 eyes) of uveitis complicated cataract were performed with phacoemusification,through separating adhesion with viscoelastic agents needle. You should make circular cut off along the pupillary margin with intracapsular shear if the pupil cannot expand. RESULTS:Visual acuity of 33 eyes(87%) were improved.The postoperative visual acuity was＞0.5 in 22 eyes,0.3-0.5 in 6 eyes,0.1-0.25 in 7 eyes, ＜0.1 in 3 eyes. There were no serious complications and no aggravation of old uveitis. Postoperative pupill was near circle. Some pupils recovered light response. No serious complication presented. CONCLUSION:Excision of the pupillary margin in phacoemulsification with small pupil is safe and effective. The related complications can be decreased by skillful manipulation.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of natamycin joint 5g/L povidone iodine for treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. METHODS:Totally 38 cases (38 eyes) of fungal corneal ulcer used natamycin joint 5g/L povidone iodine and related antifungals (Sporanox, etc.) for treatment, and were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS:After treatment with natamycin joint 5g/L povidone iodine and Sporanox (itraconazole) and other drugs, 30 eyes cured, 7 eyes improved, 1 eye lost eyeball due to corneal perforation and fungal endophthalmitis.The cure rate was 79%, effective rate was 97%. CONCLUSION: Natamycin joint 5g/L povidone iodine and Sporanox (itraconazole) and other drugs for treatment of fungal corneal ulcer is safe and effective, simple and practical.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the efficacy of multilayer amniotic membrane cover for traumatic corneal perforation and provide a new solution for patients treatment. METHODS:Totally 20 cases (20 eyes) with traumatic corneal perforation were treated with multilayer amniotic membrane cover for corneal perforation. Follow-up ranged 3-6 months. The formation of anterior chamber, duration of the amniotic membrane and visual acuity changes were observed. RESULTS:The anterior chamber reformed at the first postoperative day in all cases. The amniotic membrane covering the surface of cornea began to dissolve one week after the surgery. The epithelialization was observed one mouth after the surgery, perforation area healed with scar tissue. The vision was not improved in all patients after operation. CONCLUSION:Multilayer amniotic membrane cover is an effective and safety method for traumatic corneal perforation. It can maintain the eyeball structure complete, relieve the inflammation and provide good condition for further penetrating keratoplasty.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the features of acute hydrops in patients with keratoconus by anterior segment OCT. METHODS: Eight consecutive keratoconic eyes of 8 patients with acute hydrops were examined by anterior segment OCT. RESULTS:Anterior segment OCT examinations revealed a rupture of Descemets membrane and intrastromal clefts in all eyes. The intrastromal clefts were connected to the anterior chamber. CONCLUSION:Formation of intrastromal clefts may be an important factor in the development of acute hydrops in keratoconic eyes. The clefts may cause severe corneal edema and delay the closure of Descemets membrane during the resolution of corneal edema.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the method and effect of application of modified adjustable suture in trabeculectomy. METHODS:Trabeculectomy were done in 65 cases (70 eyes) of primary acute angle-closure glaucoma.Modified adjustable suture was used in scleral flap intraoperatively. Postoperative intraocular pressures, anterior chamber, filtering bleb, condition of adjustable suture were observed. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 6-24 months (average 11 months). The time of taking out stitches ranged from 1 to 14 days (average 7.4 days). The intraocular pressure before taking out stitches was 13.30-28.46 (average 16.86) mmHg, after was 8.40-16.57 (average 10.50) mmHg, there was statistical significant difference (P<0.05). There were no complications after taking out stitches and filtering bleb leaking in 70 eyes. Postoperative shallow anterior chamber ofⅠdegree was in 3 eyes,Ⅱ degree in 2 eyes, the shallow anterior chamber rate was 7%. The intraocular pressure of final follow-up was 9.00-16.80 (average 11.45)mmHg in 70 eyes, flat filtering bleb in 55 eyes, tiny cystic filtering bleb in 15 eyes, functional filtering bleb 100%. CONCLUSION: Modified adjustable suture is safe in trabeculectomy and effective postoperatively, which can effectively control the aqueous filtration level and be benefit for the long-term intraocular pressure controlling and functional filtering bleb formation.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of treatment of retinal vein occlusion with compound xueshuantong capsule. METHODS:Thirty-nine patients diagnosed with retinal vein occlusion were treated with compound xueshuantong capsule.Patients were given 3 capsules each time,three times a day orally,taking 30~90 days.Observation was conducted according to the recovery of visual acuity, absorption of retinal bleeding and macular edema and whether the symptoms improved or not. RESULTS:Treatment was markedly effective in 12 cases(31%),effective in 21 cases(54%),invalid in 6 cases(15%) and total effective in 33 cases (85%). The treatment was found no toxic and side effects. CONCLUSION:Compound xueshuantong capsule is a safe and effective drug for treatment of retinal vein occlusion.

Abstract:AIM:To study the color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the therapeutic effect of puerarin in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS:Totally 87 patients with DR were treated with normal saline 9g/L 250mL and puerarin 400mg intravenous injection, once a day, 15 days for a course. The application of GEs longle 9 color Doppler ultrasonography by the same line of retinal blood flow probe inspection. RESULTS:Almost 37 cases (43%) of 87 cases were improved in clinical symptoms, and 76 cases (87%) were changed significantly in CRA flow parameters after a course of treatment . CONCLUSION:The dynamic real-time color Doppler ultrasound displays the central retinal artery blood flow parameters and the retinal lesions. It is important to evaluate the situation of the early diagnosis of DR lesions, clinical testing , treatment and prognosis. Puerarin can significantly improve microvascular disease, patients with micro blood clots, lower blood sugar, blood lipids, anti-oxidation, increase blood flow and treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy, insulin resistance and so on. CRA blood flow parameters are the objective indicators DR of evaluating the efficacy of puerarin injection.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of compound anisodine combined with puerarin injection in treatment for ocular fundus ischemic disease. METHODS:The patients of 104 cases were randomly divided into three groups ( combination group 36 cases; compound anisodine injection group 34 cases; puerarin injection group 34 cases) according to retrospective study. RESULTS:After treatment，total effective rate of the combination group, compound anisodine group and puerarin injection group were 92% (33/36)，65% （22/34) and 62% (21/34); There was a great difference between the combination group and the control groups（P<0.05), and no significant difference was found between two control groups（P>0.05). CONCLUSION:Compound anisodine injection combined with puerarin injection has special effects on treating ocular fundus ischemic disease.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of hexuemingmu tablets on traumatic hyphema. METHODS:Retrospective analysis was conducted on the prognosis of patients with Ⅰ degree and Ⅱ degree traumatic hyphema treated by joint application of Hexuemingmu tablets and mannitol. RESULTS：Of the 26 cases in this group, 14 grade Ⅰcases had blood generally absorbed in 2-5 days, and visual acuity recovered to 0.6 or more; 12 grade Ⅱ cases had blood absorption in 4-8days, and visual acuity recovered to more than 0.4 in 10 cases. CONCLUSION:The joint application of hexuemingmu tablets and mannitol is effective in treatment of traumatic hyphema.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of pterygium excision under microscope combined with free autologous bulbarconjunctiva flap transplantation. METHODS:Totally 93 cases (97 eyes) of pterygium underwent pterygium excision combined with free inferior autologous bulbar conjunctiva graft surgery. The postoperative recovery was observed. RESULTS:Patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months.There were 3 eyes of recurrences (3%), 1 eye of concurrent inflammatory polyp (1%), and no other complications. CONCLUSION:Pterygium excision under microscope combined with autologous free bulbar conjunctiva graft for pterygium surgery is an effective method, with the advantages of lower recurrence rate and without affecting cataract and glaucoma surgical incision.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the treatment perscription and effect of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. METHODS: The clinical records of 21973 cases 28722 eyes(20937 cases 27521 eyes of phacoemulsification, 1036 cases 1201 eyes of extracapsular cataract extraction)with infective endophthalmitis after cataractopiesis and intraocular lens implants in our hospital from 2006 to 2010 were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: There were 11 eyes of infectious endophthalmitis and the infection rate was 0.04%,9 eyes of which occurred after phacoemulsification, and 2 eyes of which occurred after extracapsular cataract extraction. 5 eyes showed positive results in pathogens cultures, included 2 eyes of staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 eye of staphylococcus aureus, 1 eye of light green aerococcus and 1 eye of fungus. 73%(8/11) of postoperative endophthalmitis occurred within 2 weeks after cataract surgery. Anterior chamber lavage and intravitreal injection of vancomycin were performed when aqueous humor was turbid or anterior chamber was full of empyema;anterior chamber lavage and an operation of vitrectomy were performed when the anterior chamber was full of empyema with obviously turbid vitreum, or when infection aggravated 1 to 2 days after lavaging the anterior chamber and injecting vancomycin into vitreous cavity. All of the 11 eyes kept eyeball after surgery . CONCLUSION: Endophthalmitis after cataract surgery usually occurs within 2 weeks after ocular surgery．Effective treatment of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery can effectively control bacteria and improve vision prognosis. Anterior chamber lavage and intravitreal injection of vancomycin combined with pars plana vitrectomy are effective to treat the infective endophthalmitis after cataract surgery．

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the clinical characteristics，diagnosis and treatment of endogenous endophthalmitis． METHODS:Participants were 8 cases (9 eyes)with endogenous endophthalmifis in Beijing Renhe Hospital from 2005 to 2011．All patients completed routine ophthalmic examination．Aqueous humor and vitreous body were smeared and cultured，blood culture．All cases received local and systemic antibiotic drug therapy，and were treated by intravitreal injection or/and vitrectomy． RESULTS:There were 6 males(7 eyes) and 2 females(2 eyes)，aged from 45 to 78 years．1 case had bilateral endophthalmitis．None of them had the history of ocular trauma or intraocular surgery．The main clinical manifestations included different degree of anterior uveitis，vitreous inflammations．5 of them were pathogen culture positive．2 eyes were treated by intravitreal injection，7 eyes received vitrectomy．Visual acuity was improved in 6 eyes． CONCLUSION:Synthetic diagnosis and treatment of endogenous endophthalmitis is very important．Vitrectomy and antibiotic therapy can control infection effectively．

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical curative effect of artificial lacrimonasal duct interventional therapy in chronic dacryocystitis. METHODS:Sixty-three patients (75 eyes) were involved in this study.Artificial lacrimonasal duct interventional therapy was applied for these patients. RESULTS:Forty-eight patients (76%) were found cured, 7 patients (11%) improved and 2 patients (3%) ineffective in the follow-up period from 0.5-1.5 year. The total effective rate was 87%. CONCLUSION:Artificial lacrimonasal duct interventional therapy is a feasible and reliable therapy for chronic dacryocystitis. It overwhelms the traditional therapies in many aspects.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the clinical effect of mitomycin C in nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for curing chronic dacryocystitis. METHODS:Totally 57 cases(63 eyes) with chronic dacryocystitis were performed the nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy combined with mitomycin C. The clinical effect was observed. RESULTS:All the patients were followed up for more than six months，54 cases (59 eyes, 95%) were cured，3 cases (4 eyes, 5%) were improved. Effectiveness was 100%. CONCLUSION:The application of mitomycin C in nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is a safe and effective way to treat the chronic dacryocystitis.Because it possesses the advantages of higher cure rate，no scars of face and little hemorrhage and accurate location， at the same time, mitomycin C can prevent the growth of granulation tissue and the formation of fibrous scar，and reduce the atresia of ostomy，so it can increase the success rate of operation.

Abstract:AIM:To simplify the operation of nasolacrimal stent implantation for nasolacrimal duct obstruction and observe its effection. METHODS:Thirty-four cases(37 eyes)of nasolacrimal duct obstruction were treated by simplified nasolacrimal stent implantation from January 2010 to December 2010．After operation, the position of the nasolacrimal stent and the curative effect were observed. RESULTS:Thirty-five eyes were successfully implanted nasolacrimal stent in 34 cases(37 eyes). Thirty-two eyes had significantly clinical effect. CONCLUSION:The simplified nasolacrimal stent implantation is a simple, safe and effective method for treating nasolacrimal duct obstruction．

Abstract:AIM:To analyse postoperative complications and prevention of retrograde intubation of lacrimal passage. METHODS:Complications statistics of 320 patients(352 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed.The causes and methods of prevention and treatment were investigated. RESULTS:Postoperative complications included lacrimal punctum split and laceration of canaliculus in 17 eyes (48%); puncta lacrimalis ,canaliculitis or dacryocystitis in 11 eyes(3.1%);granulation proliferation in 39 eyes (111%); extubation difficulties or stump residue in 19 eyes(5.4%)；false way in 3 eyes(0.9%)。 CONCLUSION:To avoid the complications, it is important to operate carefully and strictly control indications in retrograde intubation of lacrimal passage.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of using rigid gas permeable contact lens (RGP) in visual impairment treatment of nystagmus and to investigate the significance. METHODS:Totally 11 cases(10 males, 1 female) were picked in outpatient who got nystagmus and astigmatism from March 2009 to September 2010.The cases were divided into two groups: group 1 wore RGP, group 2 were treated with traditional method. RESULTS:Group 1 got good effect and the effect of group was average. CONCLUSION:RGP has special effect on visual impairment treatment of nystagmus.

Abstract:AIM:To observe differences of orthokeratologys functions in controlling or slowing down the development of myopia for teenagers myopia with different diopter. METHODS: After correcting those myopia teenagers with spherical equivalent refraction between -1.00--5.00 D and astigmatism no more than -1.50 D by OK contact lens,169 cases (316 eyes) of myopes were divided into four groups according to the degree of refraction: Ⅰ(dioptre :-1.00--2.00DS), Ⅱ(dioptre : -2.25--3.00DS), Ⅲ(dioptre : -3.25--4.00DS), Ⅳ(dioptre : -4.25--5.00DS) myopic groups. They were followed up at 6, 12, 24 months after wearing glasses. Then results of groups with uncorrected visual acuity over 1.0 and 0.8 were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Six months after wearing glasses, the ratios of groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ with uncorrected visual acuity over 1.0 were 100%, 96.2%, 93.6% and 88.6% respectively.12 months after wearing glasses, the ratios of groupⅠ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ with uncorrected visual acuity over 1.0 were 87.3%, 84.8%, 77.2% and 70.9% respectively. Accordingly, the ratios of groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ with uncorrected visual acuity between 0.8 and 1.0 were 12.7%, 15.2%, 22.8% and 29.1% respectively. 24 months after wearing glasses, the ratios of groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ with uncorrected visual acuity over 1.0 were 595%,54.4%,53.2% and 45.6% respectively. Accordingly, the ratios of groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ with uncorrected visual acuity between 0.8 and 1.0 were 152%, 19.0%, 13.9% and 10.1% respectively. CONCLUSION: The results suggest negative correlation between the degree of myopia and the effect of orthokeratology in controlling or slowing down the development of teenagers myopia. Orthokeratology is more effective in group with medium myopia and low myopia than that in group with high myopia. Therefore, its more appropriate for myopia teenagers with early medium myopia and low myopia using orthokeratology. It has advantages such as fast-acting, non-invasive and reversible and can be used in controlling or slowing down the development of teenagers myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment of cataract with sensory exotropia. METHODS: In a prospective, consecutive clinical trail, 79 cases who had cataract with sensory exotropia accepted phacoemulcifiation and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), eye position, binocular visual function and diplopia condition were observed preopetatively and postoperative 1 month, 3 months. Correlation analysis was done on eye position improvement, diplopia and causes for sensory exotropia. RESULTS: BCVA of 48 cases were above 0.3, 31 cases above 0.5 and only 8 cases below 0.02 at 1 month postoperatively. 53 cases had normal eye position and acquired different degree of binocular function 1 to 3 months after operation. Diplopia of 30 cases disappeared at 3 months postoperatively. Patients with sensory exotroia due to cataract simply had more improvement in BCVA, eye position and binocular function than those due to other diseases. CONCLUSION:Patients who have cataract with sensory exotropia should accept surgical treatment of cataract first. The eye position and binocular function can be improved after operation.