Abstract:To investigate the effects of different laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) ablations on clinical outcomes and corneal asphericity. METHODS: Totally 48 cases (95 eyes) were treated by LASIK, with 45 eyes using Q-value guided ablation (aspherical ablation), and 50 eyes using non-Q-value guided ablation. Visual acuity (VA), refraction, keratometry, Q-value, spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) were assessed at 1, 3 and 6 months after operation. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in VA and refraction between the two groups after surgery. The rate of refraction within 0.50D was 95% for Q-value group and 90% for non-Q-value group at postoperative 3 months, with 97% and 98% at 6 months. The postoperative CSF was elevated in Q-value group, whereas no difference between preoperation and postoperation in non-Q-value group. The average Q-value was about -0.18 for both groups before the surgery, and after the surgery it was about 0.50 for Q group and 0.80 for non-Q group. The postoperative 6 months spherical aberration increased to 4 times in Q-value group and 8.5 times in non-Q-value group compared to preoperation. There was a tight relation between ⊿Q and attempted refraction, without relation between ⊿Q and age, gender, preoperative keratometry, Q-value and spherical aberration. The formula obtained through curve fitting was y=0.18e^0.32x，R² = 0.72，for non-Q-value group, and y= 0.04x²-0.19x+0.54，R²= 0.75, for Q-value group(y:⊿Q, x: attempted refraction). CONCLUSION: Compared to non-Q-value guided ablation, Q-value guided ablation of LASIK for treating myopia can reduce destroy on corneal asphericity, causing less increment in spherical aberration and improving visual quality after the surgery. But it still had a distance between the expected and the actual postoperative Q-values. The postoperative increment of Q-value was tightly related with attempted refraction."

Abstract:To evaluate the monocular and binocular visual outcomes in myopic astigmatism and presbyopia patients, after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with a Q value guided non-linear aspheric monovision protocol. METHODS: A retrospective and non-comparative study was performed based upon 80 eyes of 40 consecutive patients with myopic astigmatism and presbyopia, who underwent Q value guided non-linear aspheric monovision LASIK by the Carl Zeiss Meditec CRS-Master software and MEL 80 excimer laser, from August 2006 to March-2009. At the 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3, 6 months, 1 year postoperative visits, the examinations were carried out in terms of distance and near, monocular and binocular visual acuity, manifest refraction, topography and keratometry, wavefront assessment, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis. In addition, questionnaires of asthenopic symptoms due to near-distance work were also implemented for all the patients preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Six months postoperatively 92% and 99% of the differences between spherical equivalent(SE) and target SE were in the ranges of 0.50D and 1.00D, respectively. 3 months to 1 year postoperatively, the variation of SE was -0.06±0.37D. 1 month postoperatively, achieved monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 was in 95% of distance eyes, and binocular uncorrected near visual acuity of J2 in 87.5%, and J5 in 100% of patients. 1 week postoperatively, a slight decrease in contrast sensitivity and stereopsis（P＜0.05) was observed in binocular. 1 to 3 months later contrast sensitivity increased, but there was no change in stereopsis 1 month postoperatively. The average change in refraction between 3 months and 1 year was -0.06±031D. Asthenopic symptoms due to near-distance work were improved. CONCLUSION: Q value guided non-linear aspheric monovision LASIK is a valid，well-tolerated, stable, and effective option for myopic patients with presbyopia in moderate to high myopic astigmatism. Good visual outcomes could be obtained with this procedure.

Abstract:We present an atypical case of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient and a literature review on this topic. A 17-year-old immunocompetent male presented with 2-month history of painful slowly progressive swelling of the left eye. The diagnosis of mucormycosis was made by histopathological examination of tissue specimens. The patient had successful eradication of the fungal infection with the use of multiple treatment modalities including aggressive endoscopic excision and debridement of ethmoid and maxillary sinuses, left orbital exenteration, intravenous amphotericin B and intraorbital amphotericin B. This case suggests that rhino-orbital mucormycosis can occur in a young healthy individual. Early diagnosis with aggressive medical and surgical management is vital to successfully treat this rare and potentially fatal disease.

Abstract:To find best methods to prepare acellular dura and sclera, and compare the effects of different methods including processes, concentrations and time. METHODS:The duramater and sclera which came from 8 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 8 groups. Each group had dura and sclera. 5, 10, 20, and 50mL/L Triton X-100 were used in 4 groups. Other 4 groups were treated with 2.5g/L trypsin and 1g/L SDS, and the treated time was 12h+12h, 12h+24h, 24h+12h and 24h+24h. After these procedures, the appearances of those tissues were observed, residual cell number was counted after HE staining, and electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructures of dura and sclera. RESULTS:The appearances of acellular tissues treated by Triton X-100 had no obvious differences with tissues that hadnt been treated. Two groups treated by 20mL/L and 50mL/L Triton X-100 and three groups treated by 2.5g/L trypsin and 1g/L SDS with treated time≥36 hours had the least residual cells. After acellular procedures, dura and sclera had the same ultrastructure as pretreatment in electron microscope. CONCLUSION: The collagen fibres of dura and sclera treated by Triton X-100 were well conserved. The residual cells are less in tissues treated by 20mL/L Triton X-100. 20mL/L Triton X-100 is fit for treating dura and sclera.

Abstract:To observe the effect of CD44-specific antisense oligonucleotide on extracellular matrix（ECM） synthesis of human trabecular meshwork cells, then to discuss the possible relationship between CD44 and primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）. METHODS: CD44-specific antisense oligonucleotide were delivered with cationic lipid to cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Effect of CD44-specific antisense oligonucleotide on synthesis of collagen-Ⅰ, Laminin were examined by immunohistochemistry and the synthesis of hyaluronic acid were examined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Three different concentrations of CD44 antisense oligonucleotide could promote the synthesis of collagen-Ⅰ, Laminin in trabecular meshwork cells and in a concentration-dependent manner. But CD44 antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the synthesis of hyaluronic acid. CONCLUSION: CD44 antisense oligonucleotide promotes the synthesis of collagen-Ⅰand Laminin but inhibits the synthesis of hyaluronic acid. CD44 may play a role in pathogenesis of POAG by affecting the synthesis of ECM.

Abstract:To search for a new better method of making paraffin section in the rat retina,and to explore the relationship between the expression of apoptosis protein Bax and the time of death in retinal cells. METHODS:According to different time of the death, Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups(group A,0 hour; group B,12 hours; group C, 24 hours; group D, 36 hours).After using the new fixative method for rats retina, each group was respectively observed and analyzed by the HE, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence; then processed by image analysis and statistical treatment. RESULTS:Each group of retinal tissue was essentially integrated, the cells form distinct; Each retinal layer became raritas and exhibited pyknosis gradually as time prolonging; the results of variance of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence indicated that the expression of Bax in groupA, groupB, groupC rat retinal cells tended to increase with time, but group D reduced; there was a significant difference between any two groups by analysis of variance(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The new improved method of making paraffin section is better comparatively, possesses of popularization and application value. The expression of apoptosis protein Bax in retinal cells has correlation with postmortem interval(PMI), which provides scientific base for the clinical application of it.

Abstract:To investigate the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in pigmented rabbits retinal laser scar after photocoagulation. METHODS: The model of retinal photocoagulation in pigmented rabbit was established in right eyes by frequency doubled 532nm laser with laser lesion effect of Tso grade Ⅲ photocoagulated spots at a wavelength of 532nm,for a duration of 0.05 seconds, at a power of 450mw,making a 75μm diameter spot. The left eyes were control group eyes. Twenty-four pigmented rabbits were randomly divided into six groups at the postoperative days 1,3,7,14,21,28 after photocoagulation. The eyes were enucleated at the schedule time，fixed and cut into sections.Immunohistochemical examination was used to detect the expression of CTGF and GFAP. Pearson linear regression analysis was performed to determine possible relationship between GFAP and CTGF. RESULTS:The Müller cells expressed GFAP at 3 days after photocoagulation and lasted for at least 28 days. There was weak expression in end feet of Müller cells in retina of normal control group. The expression of CTGF was detected in retinal lesion at 3 days after photocoagulation and increased with time. But the expression of CTGF in normal control group was not detected. The expression of GFAP protein had markedly positive relationship with CTGF (r=0.786,P<0.01). CONCLUSION:GFAP and CTGF may take part in regulating recovery of-retinal laser scar after photocoagulation in pigmented rabbits.

Abstract:To investigate intraocular tolerance to heavy silicone oil (Densiron-68) as a long-term vitreous substitute in the experimental animal and to provide reference for further clinical test and application. METHODS: Twenty-one New Zealand albino rabbits, weighing 2.2 to 2.5kg, underwent pars plana vitrectomy of the left eye. Animals were randomized in 3 groups: group 1: Densiron-68 group, 9 rabbits; group 2: silicone oil group, 9 rabbits; group 3: 3 rabbits eyes were injected balanced salt solution(BSS) as a control group. During the follow-up period, the eyes were examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy, and the intraocular pressure was measured by Schiotz tonometer. The eyes were then enucleated at the 4^th,-8^th and 12^nd week after surgery respectively and processed for light microscope and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Throughout the observation period in all groups there was unremarkable findings of the retina,optic nerve,and no corneal edema, intraocular hemorrhage, endophthalmitis were noticed. No statistic difference of intraocular pressure was noticed between control group and two experiment groups or within each group preoperatively or postoperatively. A large clear bubble was formed after Densiron-68,-silicone oil were injected into vitreous cavity. Densiron-68 depicted dispersion beginning between 3^rd and 8^th week. Only one posterior subcapsular lens opacity was observed in Densiron-68 tamponade group. Histological evaluation of the retina exposed to Densiron-68 or silicone oil showed normal retinal structures by light microscopic examination. The mitochondria swollen in the inferior photoreceptor inner segment were observed after 4 weeks in Densiron-68 injection group. The changes mentioned above were more remarkable after 8 weeks. But only a few mitochondria in the photoreceptor inner segment were swollen slightly after 12 weeks. The similar changes were in inner nuclear layer(INL) cell in the superior retina after 12 weeks in silicone oil tamponade group. CONCLUSION: Densiron-68 can be well tolerated by retinas of rabbit, although its propensity to disperse, the availability of Densiron-68 may add to our repertoire in managing selected RD. The mitochondria swollen in the inferior photoreceptor inner segment are observed in Densiron-68 injection groupe. It needs more study to evaluate the damage to anterior chamber and cornea. Densiron-68 should not be used to silicone oil-dependent patient because its propensity to disperse and should be extracted as soon as possible after retina reposition.

Abstract:To observe the fibroblasts of normal bulbar conjunctival and conjunctivochalasis cultivated by different medium as well as qijingmingmu soup serum in order to screening the appreciate method for the cultivation of fibroblasts of conjunctivochalasis. METHODS: We collected loose conjuctiva tissue from 16 cases of conjunctivochalasis patients, pterygium tissue from 11 cases, and normal conjuctiva tissue from 5 cases. The growth state of fibroblast was observed to select the most suitable medium for the growth of fibroblasts of conjunctivochalasis. RESULTS: DMEM/F12 can make a few fibroblast of conjunctivochalasis overflow from the tissue, but can not subculture. DMEM-H(contaied 100mL/L FBS, 1μL/mL FGS) can make the fibroblast of conjunctivochalasis grow smoothly, and can transfer. CONCLUSION: The most appropriate training medium for the fibroblast of conjunctivochalasis is DMEM-H, which adds 100mL/L fetal bovine serum, 1μL/mL FGS, 100U/mL penicillin, and 100μg/mL streptomycin.

Abstract:To study the transparent rate of corneal graft and its influencing factors after optical penetrating keratoplasty(PKP). METHODS: A retrospective study was done to 97 cases (105 eyes) in Qingdao Eye Hospital between January 2004 and December 2005 who had accepted optical PKP for keratoconus, corneal stroma dystrophy, corneal leukoma caused in ocular trauma or infection, herpes simplex keratitis(HSK),corneal endothelial function decompensation and so on. Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) of preoperative and postoperative, graft clarity, allograft reactions, final postoperative visual acuity and complications leading to graft opacity were reviewed and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The transparent rate of corneal graft were respectively 89.8% after 1 year, 83.7% after 2 years, 78.3% after 3 years, 67.1% after 4 years, and 63.6% after 5 years. The best graft clarity was in eyes with an original diagnosis of keratoconus (94.1%) and the worst was in eyes with corneal endothelial function decompensation (14.3%) at postoperative 5 years. The BCVA after PKP was between 0.05 and 1.0, keratoconus accounted for the largest proportion(72.5%) of whom achieved 0.8 or better, and corneal endothelial function decompensation accounted for the smallest proportion(6.3%).Graft immunological rejection and corneal allograft endothelial function decompensation were the leading causes of allografts opacity . CONCLUSION: The transparent rate of corneal graft decreases year by year stably after optical PKP. There is no significant difference between adjoining two years. There are differences in the transparent rate of corneal graft from different primary diseases. The result of kereatoconus is better than others. Graft immunological rejection and corneal allograft endothelial function decompensation are the leading causes of allografts opacity.

Abstract:To explore the bilviscoelastic materials DisCoVisc and Healon alone on the protection of corneal endothelium in cataract phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: Totally 60 cases (60 eyes ) of simple hard nuclear (≥IV nucleus) cataract were divided into two groups, each of 30 cases ( 30 eyes). The first group used bilviscoelastic materials DisCoVisc as observation group; the second group used Healon alone as control group. Observation was conducted on corneal edema of postoperative 1 day , and corneal endothelial cell count of preoperative and postoperative 1 month . RESULTS:The observation group and the control group had a significant difference in the postoperative corneal edema (P<0.01 ) and no difference of statistical significance in corneal endothelial cell loss rate of preoperative and postoperative 1 month (P>0.05 ). CONCLUSION: The application of bilviscoelastic materials DisCoVisc in phacoemulsification of hard nuclear cataract can more effectively protect the corneal endothelium than Healon, reduce postoperative corneal edema, and improve operation safety.

Abstract:To study the clinical effects of 1.8mm coaxial microincision phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation for the patients with cataract and extreme myopia. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on 98 eyes of 71 cases with a history of cataract and extreme myopia. The patients received phacoemulsification and a negative power intraocular lens implantation. Preoperative axial length, visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) were recorded. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed. The follow-up time was from 3 to 6 months. Postoperative visual acuity, BCVA were recorded. RESULTS: The mean preoperative axial length was 29.33±1.95mm. The preoperative visual acuity of the patients were all bellow 0.05. The postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA )achieved 0.3 in 60 eyes (61%) and the BCVA achieved 0.5 in 48 eyes (49％) after the operation. Only 1 eye had posterior capsule rupture during the operation. 20 eyes had binocular disturbances. 6 eyes developed posterior capsule opacification and 5 eyes were performed neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. There were no retinal detachment or choroidal detachment during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The 1.8mm coaxial microincision phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation is safe and effective for cataract and extreme myopia.

Abstract:To study the clinical effects of 1.8mm coaxial microincision phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation for the patients with cataract and extreme myopia. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on 98 eyes of 71 cases with a history of cataract and extreme myopia. The patients received phacoemulsification and a negative power intraocular lens implantation. Preoperative axial length, visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) were recorded. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed. The follow-up time was from 3 to 6 months. Postoperative visual acuity, BCVA were recorded. RESULTS: The mean preoperative axial length was 29.33±1.95mm. The preoperative visual acuity of the patients were all bellow 0.05. The postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA )achieved 0.3 in 60 eyes (61%) and the BCVA achieved 0.5 in 48 eyes (49％) after the operation. Only 1 eye had posterior capsule rupture during the operation. 20 eyes had binocular disturbances. 6 eyes developed posterior capsule opacification and 5 eyes were performed neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. There were no retinal detachment or choroidal detachment during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The 1.8mm coaxial microincision phacoemulsification and negative power intraocular lens implantation is safe and effective for cataract and extreme myopia.

Abstract:To compare the inhibition ratio of different concentration triamcinolone acetonide （TA）on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, retinal glial (RG) cells and epiretinal membrane(ERM) cells, and find the lowest effective concentration for ERMs cells up to maximum inhibition rate to guide clinical PVR prevention METHODS: Effect of TA with different concentraion(08, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1mg/mL) on RPE cells, RG cells, and ERMs cells cultured in vitro was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. RESULTS: Three kinds of cells needed TA with different concentraion when they got the maximum inhibition ratio. The lowest effective concentration for RPE cell was 0.4mg/mL, that for ERMs cell was 0.8mg/mL and for RG cell was 0.6mg/mL. Inhibition ratio and time of drug action were positively related. CONCLUSION: TA can inhibit all kinds of cellular proliferation; but the concentration is different for three kinds of cells. The ERMs cells need higher concentration than RPE and RG cells.

Abstract:To observe the axial length in early stage(6-8 years old) after pediatric cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: A cross section case series of total 15 IOL infants (26 eyes), who had undergone pediatric cataract extraction, posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and anterior vitrectomy within 3 months and received intraocular lens implantation till the axial length of 21mm (about 2 years old). Patients were divided into 3 groups based on their ages at follow-ups:6 years group, 7 years group, 8 years group.The changes of axial lengths in each group were measured.The changes of axial length were analyzed and compared with those of normal age-gender-matched children. RESULTS:The mean axial length from 6-8 years group was 23.75±1.40,23.88±1.73 and 23.91±1.55mm respectively. Axial length in 6 years group was longer than that in normal control group , the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), There was no difference between 7-8 years groups and normal control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The axial length of young children,following second term IOL implantation at the age of 6 was longer than that of normal children,but there was little change compared with normal children after the age of 7.

Abstract:To make an analysis of preventive effects of carteolol hydrochloride on refractive regression for extreme high myopia after LASIK. METHODS: LASIK was performed in 68 cases of 136 eyes with extreme high myopic. All the cases were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. Carteolol hydrochloride was administered topically twice per day to the treatment group from the second week to the end of first month postoperatively. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)，refration，slit-lamp examination，intraocular pressure(IOP)，topography examination and anterior chamber depth(ACD) were examined in these patients and the period of follow-up was 6 months. RESULTS: Three months and 6 months after surgery,there was significant difference of UCVA ≥1.0 and refraction between treatment group and control group(P＜0.05). 1 week,1 month,3 months and 6 months postoperatively the IOP in treatment group and control group were significantly different in different periods(P＜0.02). There was significant difference of ACD between treatment group and control group 1 month after surgery (P＜0.05). There were significant differences of corneal refractive power and posterior corneal Diff value between two groups 3 months and 6 months postoperatively(P＜0.05). CONCLUSION:For extreme high myopia patients using carteolol hydrochloride after LASIK can stabilize the refraction and reduce refractive regression.

Abstract:To survey the refraction and binocular vision of preschool children in Jiangning-s Baijiahu district of Nanjing,and to analyze the distribution of refraction,the condition of ametropia and binocular vision. METHODS: Totally 1352 preschool children who had natural pupil in 7 kindergartens of Jiangnings Baijiahu district of Nanjing-were examined in the half-dark room by retinoscopy and-binocular vision instrument (type:TSJ-IV), including 728 boys and 624 girls. Refraction and binocular vision were statistically analyzed in different age groups.- RESULTS: The ratio of refraction error was 13.35%,which was the highest in 5-year-old group.There was no significant difference in those groups（P=0.408）. The proportion of astigmatism and hyperopia was significant difference in-3- year-old group,4- year-old group,5 -year-old group（P=0.003）,the ratio of astigmatism in 4-year-old group was significantly greater than that in other groups.162 children had binocular vision disorder,and the ratio of which was 12.01%,including 156 children (96.30%） with (range +6～+13°, ＞＋5°),and 6 children (3.70%） with exotropia(range -6～-12°,＞-5°)。There were significant difference in the ratio of binocular vision disorder in-three-groups,and the greatest in 3-year-age-group,mainly of esotropia（P=0.001）.-Among these 162 children with binocular vision disorder, there were 81.48%（132/162）cases with emmetropia. The ratio of refraction-error were no significant difference in-children with normal binocular vision and abnormal binocular vision（P=0.125）. CONCLUSION: Among preschool children in Jiangnings Baijiahu district of Nanjing, the main type of refraction error is astigmatism and hyperopia. Esotropia could be found in most abnormal binocular vision children. It is an useful method by retinoscopy and-binocular vision instrument with natural pupil in the half-dark room to survey refraction and primary binocular vision function of preschool children."

Abstract:Primary pterygium is a common ocular surface disease. Although there is no consensus on its pathogenesis, recent evidence suggests that it is a proliferative, rather than degenerative condition strongly correlated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of solar light. Although pterygium management has traditionally involved surgery, often enhanced by the use of antimetabolites, recent advancements in the understanding of molecular and biochemical events underlying pterygium pathogenesis may enable the use of less invasive treatment methods.

Abstract:Corneal graft rejection has been the primary problem to impact the patients on recovering sights.Many new immunosuppressive agents have been investigated and acquired satisfactory curative effects.The purpose of this article is to review the different clinical types and mechanism of corneal graft rejection, and the different drugs of therapy.

Abstract:Glaucoma is the primary cause of inreversible blindness.As the change of society, economy and environment, and the improvement of the ways of diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, the epidemiological feature is also changing incessantly. Since different diagnostic standard and classification system of glaucoma lead to different survey result of epidemiology,and the epidemiological feature gives direction to the clinical intervening measure, the situation of glaucoma epidemiology is of great importance to prophylaxis and treatment of glaucoma. This thesis gives an overview of the progress in research field of primary glaucoma epidemiology in China.

Abstract:The cause of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is concluded about more than 40 sorts of diseases. The most common diseases responsible for development of NVG are ischemic central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO), diabetic retinopathy and ocular ischemic syndrome. In the management strategy, the first priority should be to try to prevent its development by appropriate management of the causative diseases. If NVG develops, early diagnosis is crucial to reduce the extent of visual loss. Management of NVG primarily consists of controlling the high IOP by medical and/or surgical means to minimize the visual loss. Currently we still do not have a satisfactory means of treating NVG and preventing visual loss in the majority, in spite of multiple modes of medical and surgical options advocated over the years and claims made.

Abstract:The key to success in the treatment of retinal detachment is to heal the retinal hole.This article introduces the use of electrocoagulation,cryopexy and laser photocoagulation in treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.The method of closing holes is improving and each has advantages.

Abstract:Cataract is the major cause of blindness in China, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery is a main effective means for the cataract patients to restore vision, bacterial endophthalmitis is the most serious complication. Currently the prevention of endophthalmitis depends on the use of antibiotics, and conjunctival sac of the preoperative patients has also been paid more and more attention to. In this paper, status of the conjunctival sac preparation before cataract surgery are analyzed, mainly are the following two points: (1) application of preoperative antibiotic eye drops to conjunctival sac; (2) disinfection and flushing of preoperative conjunctival sac. Here，the use of warm saline in conjunctival sac flushing liquor is proposed. Moreover， the other surgeon have raised that preoperative treatment of meibomian gland is necessary.

Abstract:Optic atrophy is a kind of optic nerve degeneration caused by optic nerve fiber conduction dysfunction which is related to many sorts of diseases. The symptoms of optic nerve atrophy are vision loss and gray optic papilla. According to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), it is called "qingmang" to some extent. At present, the disease cannot be treated by the methods of western medicine efficiently. On the contrary, by using the TCM and acupuncture, most patients vision can be improved. In this essay, the way of treating this disease will be presented.

Abstract:Infraorbital nerve originates in maxillary nerve which is the second branch of trigeminal nerve. It goes through inferior orbital fissure,then goes by inferior orbital groove and inferior orbital canal, at the end, it goes out of orbits at the inferior orbital foramen.Infraorbital nerve is highly vulnerable to damage in the fracture of orbital floor with the incidence of 85%. The clinical manifestations are featured by paresthesia of the middle of the ipsilateral lower eyelid, the nose skin and the upper lip skin and mucous membranes.The reasons can be analyzed: (1) optic nerve edema caused by trauma leads to the increasing internal pressure of inferior orbital canal；(2) the fracture line directly compresses the nerve.According to the therapy of the damage in inferior orbital nerve,there are conservative treatment and operative treatment. There is no final conclusion about which treatment is better.

Abstract:The Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by the presence of complex visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people. The prevalence of CBS has been reported to vary from 0.4% to 40% in different ophthalmological populations. Little is known about its etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical characteristics of CBS show rich variety. There is no effective pharmacotherapy for CBS. Timely diagnosis and explanation, along with reassurance about the relatively benign nature of the condition, provided immeasurable relief. Further exploration of treatment options will be necessary in the future. This paper reviews recent published medical reports on CBS.

Abstract:The subject of accuracy in intraocular lens(IOL) power calculation in eyes after corneal refractive surgery is a real problem. It is well known that using routine keratometry and standard equations to determine the IOL power for cataract surgery in patients who have had excimer laser corneal surgery often leads to unwanted postoperative hyperopia.This paper reviews the sources of prediction error and analyzes methods to attempt to improve the accuracy of IOL power calculation.

Abstract:Presbyopia is the natural loss of accommodation that affects the majority of middle-aged individuals.Currently，because the mechanism of presbyopia is not completely understood, a variety of different kinds of surgical procedures have been considered for restoring accommodation to the presbyopic eye.The excimer laser has become an important adopted technology for presbyopia. With the advances in excimer lasers, clinical outcomes and safety with their use have improved. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanism of presbyopia-and the treatment approaches with the excimer laser.

Abstract:To analyze the safety and efficacy of small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraoclar les (IOL) implantation. METHODS:Totally 300 cases (360 eyes) of cataract had been operated with small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and IOL implantation in our hospital. The vision and complications of the patients were observed-after 1 week and 3 months. RESULTS:After 1 week,postoperative vision was ≥0.05 in 356 eye (98.9%), 0.1-0.2 in 13 eyes, 0.3-1.0 in 315 eyes (87.5%).After 3 months, postoperative vision was ≥0.05 in 356 eyes (98.9%), 0.1-0.2 in 6 eyes, 0.3-1.0 in 322 eyes (89.4%).During surgery, 26 eyes (7.2%) had posterior capsule rupture, 19 eyes(5.3%) had repetitive prolapse of upper iris, 28 eyes (7.8%) had cornea edema, 8 eyes (2.2%) had mutilation of iris root, 5 eyes (1.4%) had anterior chamber hemorrhage and 10 eyes (2.8%) had upper incision leakage.10 eyes(2.8%) had cystoid macular edema; 12 eyes(3.3%) had posterior capsule opacification. There was no case with lens nucleus falling into vitreous cavity or epichoroidal explosive hemorrhage.CONCLUSION:Taking account of the advantages of the small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and IOL implantation,such as good efficacy, high safety and less complications, it is a good way for cataract surgery.

Abstract:To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of suture-fixation of intraocular lens (IOL) for non-normal lens eye of non-posterior capsule because of all kinds of reasons . METHODS:Alcon CZ70BD IOL was selected. 8 cases (9 eyes) of non-normal lens (including 3 eyes of hypermature cataract, 4 eyes of traumatic cataract with subluxation, 2 eyes of Marfans syndrome ) were treated with suture-fixation of IOL because of non-posterior capsule or disintegrated-posterior capsule; 8 cases (8 eyes) of non-normal lens that had been treated with cataract surgery (including 7 aphakic eyes with pupillary complications, 1 eye of dislocated IOL) were treated with secondary suture-fixation of IOL. Main outcome measures were visual acuity and complications. All the patients were followedup for 1-6 months. RESULTS: Mild anterior chamber or vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 5 eyes（29%） intraoperatively or postoperatively and cured in 10 days. Choroidal detachment was observed in 1 eye （6%） and cured in 1 month. Ocular hypotension because of mild incision leakage occurred in 2 eyes（12%） postoperatively and cured by hypertension bandaging in 5 days. Uncorrected visual acuity ＞0.1 was achieved in 13 eyes (76%) at the first day and 17 eyes (100%) at the 10^th day; Uncorrected visual acuity ＞0.3 was achieved in 11 eyes (65%) and 12 eyes (71%) at the 10^th day and 1st month. CONCLUSION:Suture-fixation of IOL is a good choice for non-normal lens eye of non-posterior capsule.

Abstract:To investigate the phacoemulsification treatment after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade. METHODS:Totally 102 cases (102 eyes) of cataract after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade during 2007-11/2011-11 were retrospectively analysed, 3 to 9 (mean 6.1) months after the vitreous surgery. Vitreous cavity infusion was used. The patients were first treated with phacoemulsification, anterior chamber injection of viscoat and silicone oil replacement, and then with intraocular lens implantation and circular posterior capsulotomy.Intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative vision and so on were observed. RESULTS:Four weeks after operation, visual acuity had varying degrees of improvement in 97 eyes and no improvement in 5 eyes among the 102 eyes of 102 cases; posterior capsular rupture occurred in 2 cases, no lens nucleus falling into vitreous body or choroidal detachment occurred. CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification,silicone oil removal, intraocular lens implantation and circular posterior capsulotomy for complicated cataract after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade can effectively reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications, and meanwhile avoid the risks arising from the secondary operation.

Abstract:To demonstrate the effect of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and intravitreal avastin in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG). METHODS:A retrospective random case series study was performed. Twenty eyes of-twenty cases who presented with NVG were first treated with intravitreal bevacizumab 2.5 mg in 0.1 mL,then with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation after regression of iris neovessels. Cases were followed up for 6-36(mean 24) months with observation on visual acuity, IOP control, regression of iris neovessels, and complications during or after surgery. RESULTS:All cases regressed iris neovessels at different degree within 1 week after injection. At final follow-up, the IOP of 16 eyes were all less than 21mmHg without any drugs and of 3 eyes with 1-3 kinds of anti-glaucoma drugs after combined Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. The IOP of one eye was controlled after cryotherapy. The mean IOP dropped from 44.17±1617mmHg preoperatively to 13.62±3.81mmHg postoperatively. IOP reduction was statistically different between preoperative and postoperative (t=11.028,P=0000) at final follow-up.Visual acuity was improved in 8 cases （40％） and was no changed in 12 cases.No serious complications were observed during or after intravitreous injection and Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. CONCLUSION:Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and intravitreal avastin in the treatment of NVG is useful and safe. On one hand, it improves the success rate of surgery and preserves visual function,furthermore its complications are less. However, its chronic effect needs to further follow-up. At the same time, we should take some treatment to the protopathy of this disease.

Abstract:To evaluate the reasons and the dealing ways of postoperative complications of trabeculectomy in the management of primary angle-closure glaucoma-shallow anterior chamber and descemet membrane detachment. METHODS:Totally 160 cases(187 eyes) of primary angle-closure glaucoma underwent trabeculectomy, postoperative complications-shallow anterior chamber and descemet memberane detachment were observed. RESULTS:There were 33 eyes(17.65%) that incurred shallow anterior chamber, in which 1 occurred choroidal detachment and finally cured after conservative treatment. 5 cases (6 eyes) performed anterior chamber injection of sodium hyaluronate,after operation in which 1 occurred both eyes descemet membrane detachment,finally right eye which detached widely cured after 3 times injections of gas in the anterior chamber,as detached less than one-third,left eye was untreated. CONCLUSION:Trabeculectomy in the management of primary angle-closure glaucoma must be performed lightly and accurately in order to reduce and avoid the occurrence of serious complications.

Abstract:To report the effects of the vitrectomy combined with Nd:YAG 532nm laser on treatment of retinal vasculitis. METHODS:Data of 36 cases(36 eyes)with retinal vasculitis undergoing vitrectomy and Nd:YAG 532nm laser treatment were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS:Two cases were retinal arteritis,4 cases were retinal phlebitis and 30 cases damnification were on both artery and vein of retina in 36 cases.The damnification of lens was in 1 case, iatrogenic retinal hole was in 6 cases and dialysis of ora serrata was in 3 cases in operation. 2 cases were of retina detachment again，2 cases of hyphema and 9 cases of ocular hypertension after operation.The best visual acuity of 36 cases were improved, which was 0.02 to 0.1 in 2 cases（6%）, 0.12 to 0.4 in 22 cases（61%）and 0.5 to 1.0 in 12 cases（33%）. CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy combined with Nd:YAG 532nm laser is an effective treatment for retinal vasculitis

Abstract:To evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) after 1/3 dose verteporfin injection to treat acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: Twenty-six eyes of 26 cases diagnosed with acute CSC by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination received one single session of PDT using 1/3 dose (2mg/m2) verteporfin. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured before, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after PDT with 1/3 dose. OCT, FFA and indocyanine green(ICG) examination were performed before, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after PDT with 1/3 dose. RESULTS:Twenty of 26 eyes (77%) had complete resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) 1 week after 1/3 dose PDT treatment. After 4 weeks, SRF in 26 eyes was completely absorbed, fluorescein leakage of 22 eyes reduced in FFA and the tortuous choroidal vessels appeared normal in ICG; Twelve weeks after PDT, there was no recurrence of CSC in 26 eyes. The mean BCVA was improved from 0.41 to 0.80 1 week after PDT treatment. CONCLUSION: PDT with 1/3 dose verteporfin injection is effective and safe in treating acute CSC

Abstract:To observe clinical effect of silicone oil in traumatic vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS:The vitrectomy was performed on 36 cases (36 eyes) with ocular trauma from October 2009 to January 2011.Triamcinolone acetonide and laser were used during surgery and the eyes were filled with silicone oil . Silicone oil removal time was about 8 months after surgery. RESULTS: The observation period was 10 months. Laser treatment was added. In observation period, there were no retinal detachment, no intraocular hemorrhage and severe proliferative response, and no infectious endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION: Silicone oil in traumatic vitreoretinal surgery can support the retina for a long time, control inflammation, inhibit proliferation and play the role of infection prevention,and provide favorable conditions for timely added laser treatment.

Abstract:To analyse the history, clinical manifestation，imaging study, and treatment of optic nerve tumor for the diagnosis and treatment. METHODS:The clinical data for 36 cases with optic nerve glioma and optic nerve sheath meningioma treated during 2000 to 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS:6 cases in all 15 cases of optic nerve gliomas found exophthalmos and 5 cases found vision loss for the chief complaint, and exophthalmos complicated with vision loss was in 2 cases. In optic nerve sheath meningioma group, 13 cases had the chief complaint of exophthalmos, and vision loss was in 5 cases, exophthalmos complicated with vision loss was in 3 cases. Ultrasound, CT and MRI all had typical performance.30 cases were treated with surgery, 6 cases with Gamma knife. CONCLUSION:The examination and imaging performance of optic nerve tumour have certain characteristic performance,which has important value for auxiliary diagnosis.Therapeutic schedule should be synthetically formulated with patients specific conditions,it is mainly surgery and radiation therapy at present.

Abstract:-To compare the effect of the treatment on viral optic neuritis in a comprehensive therapy of Ganciclovir combined methylprednisolone and comprehensive therapy of methylprednisolone. METHODS:Fourty-one cases 41 patients (60 eyes) with viral optic neuritis were randomly divided into a control group with 20 cases (30 eyes) and a treatment group with 21 cases (30 eyes). Visual acuity and visual evoked potential (VEP)were observed on patients before treatment and on 3^rd, 7^th, 14^th,30^th,90^th,180^th day after treatment . RESULTS:Visual acuity and LP₁₀₀ in two groups were improved over time (P<0.01). Visual recovery had begun on 3^rd day after treatment, visual acuity in the treatment group was better than that in the control group after 1 month (P=0.009), no difference was between the two groups in improved visual acuity after 6 months (P>0.05); the trend that LP₁₀₀ in both groups was improved with time (P<0.01)was showed, a fast recovery rate was showed for LP₁₀₀ in both groups in treatment early (within 2 weeks)stage, the difference was significant compared with pretreatment (P<0.01). However, the recent recovery effect on LP₁₀₀ in the treatment group was better than that in the control group and a little difference was showed in the late treatment stage. CONCLUSION:Visual acuity and LP₁₀₀ can be more quickly improved and the optic nerve electrical activity be strengthened in the comprehensive therapy of Ganciclovir combined methylprednisolone to treat viral optic neuritis compared with the comprehensive therapy of methylprednisolone so as to improve the visual quality of patients.

Abstract:-To compare the effect of the treatment on viral optic neuritis in a comprehensive therapy of Ganciclovir combined methylprednisolone and comprehensive therapy of methylprednisolone. METHODS:Fourty-one cases 41 patients (60 eyes) with viral optic neuritis were randomly divided into a control group with 20 cases (30 eyes) and a treatment group with 21 cases (30 eyes). Visual acuity and visual evoked potential (VEP)were observed on patients before treatment and on 3^rd, 7^th, 14^th,30^th,90^th,180^th day after treatment . RESULTS:Visual acuity and LP₁₀₀ in two groups were improved over time (P<0.01). Visual recovery had begun on 3^rd day after treatment, visual acuity in the treatment group was better than that in the control group after 1 month (P=0.009), no difference was between the two groups in improved visual acuity after 6 months (P>0.05); the trend that LP₁₀₀ in both groups was improved with time (P<0.01)was showed, a fast recovery rate was showed for LP₁₀₀ in both groups in treatment early (within 2 weeks)stage, the difference was significant compared with pretreatment (P<0.01). However, the recent recovery effect on LP₁₀₀ in the treatment group was better than that in the control group and a little difference was showed in the late treatment stage. CONCLUSION:Visual acuity and LP₁₀₀ can be more quickly improved and the optic nerve electrical activity be strengthened in the comprehensive therapy of Ganciclovir combined methylprednisolone to treat viral optic neuritis compared with the comprehensive therapy of methylprednisolone so as to improve the visual quality of patients.

Abstract:To define the value of 20MHz high frequency B mode ultrasound in extraocular muscles disease. METHODS:10MHz and 20MHz B-mode ultrasound were used to observe the extraocular muscles on normal persons and different extraocular muscle diseases from Jan 2011 to Dec 2011. RESULTS:In the normal eyes and strabismus patients, 20MHz high frequency ultrasound could clearly show the morphological characteristics of the extraocular muscles. Symmetric extraocular muscle thickness was not significantly different in normal eyes. Compared with 10MHz ultrasound, its measured value was significantly increased. Different extraocular muscle diseases had different performance. CONCLUSION:20MHz high frequency ultrasound is suitable for observing extraocular muscles of the normal eyes and strabismus patients. The display is better than 10MHz ultrasound. But there are certain limitations in the types of extraocular muscle disease with extraocular muscle thickness increase.

Abstract:To discuss the effective surgical measures of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) METHODS: The effectiveness of the surgical treatment of 38 cases (61 eyes) with DVD with large recession of superior rectus muscle or combined with anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle to the patients with inferior oblique muscle overaction was retrospectively analysed. The curative effect was observed. RESULTS:The treatment results of 46 eyes were qualified in appearance after surgery, satisfactory ratio was 75%， and 14 eyes showed improvement after treatment, improvement ratio was 23%, one eye ineffectively. CONCLUSION:It is an effective method for DVD to treat with large recession of superior rectus muscle and anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle. When DVD combines with inferior oblique muscle overaction, anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle is preferred as the initial procedure, if it does not, the large recession of superior rectus muscle should be the first choice.

Abstract:To investigate the postoperative complications of artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation, and to look for effective treatment method. METHODS:Totally 146 cases (160 eyes) of dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct obstruction with more than 3 months of artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation in our hospital during 2009-2010 were analyzed retrospectively.The causes of complications were summarized and analyzed, treatment method and its effect on complication were observed. RESULTS:Complications occurred in 37 eyes of the 160 eyes.3 eyes (8.1%) were due to eyebrow was too high and lacrimal sac-nasolacrimal duct angle was too big.3 eyes (8.1%) with traumatic dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct stenosis changed to operation treatment because the dilator could not enter the nasolacrimal duct; 5 eyes（13.5%） underwent reimplantation due to artificial nasolacrimal duct down shift at one month later; Proliferation of granulation tissue and obstruction occurred in 20 eyes (54.1%) 6 months after the surgery, and 6 eyes （16.2%） 12 months after the surgery;5 eyes restored unobstructed with dilatation and injection of mitomycin C and tobramycin dexamethasone ointment, the failed cases underwent dacryocystorhinostomy or nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. CONCLUSION:Obstruction caused by granulation tissue hyperplasia of artificial nasolacrimal duct mushroom head is the most common complication of artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation, incidence is proportional to implantation time. It is needed to strictly grasp the indications of artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation.Chronic dacryocystitis should be treated with operation therapy as the preferred method.

Abstract:To investigate the surgical approach, techniques and clinical efficacy ofdacryocystorhinostomy under nasal endoscope in treating chronic dacryocystitis. METHODS:Thirty-eight cases (40 eyes)with chronic dacryocystitis were treated with endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy and were rinsed the lacrimal passage and nasal cavity routinely under nasal endoscope after operation. RESULTS:After 5-14 months follow-up, the stoma inside nasal cavity of 35 patients (37 eyes)were unobstructed, the symptoms of pyorrhea and epiphora disappeared; the symptoms of pyorrhea and epiphora occured in 2 eyes 3 months after operation, the stoma inside nasal cavity were obstructed, and the stoma was expanded again under nasal endoscope, 1 case was cured, 1 case was invalid;1 eye was obstructed with rinses overflowing and needed pressurizing. The total effective rate was 95% (38/40). CONCLUSION:Endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy has advantanges of less damage,no facial scar,easy to operate and so on.Intraoperative fine operation and strengthening follow-up after surgery are the important conditions for therapeutic effect. Endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy is effective in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis and worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Abstract:To investigate the clinical effect of blockage of inferior lacrimal point for the treatment of moderate or severe dry eye syndrome. METHODS: Surgical treatment in blockage of inferior lacrimal point have been used in 19 cases(38 eyes) with moderate or sever dry eye syndrome who have less effect with artifitial tears in our department from January 2010 to January 2011,The height of lacrimal rivus,corneal fluorescein stain,tear film break-up time(BUT),SchirmerⅠtest(SⅠt) were checked by slit-lamp microscope at preoperative 3 days and postoperative 1 week,3 months,6 months. RESULTS:Preoperative dry eye patients complained of dryness, foreign body sensation, visual fatigue. Postoperative patients with these symptoms significantly reduced or even disappeared. Compared with preoperative, 15 cases (30 eyes) with fluorescein staining of corneal epithelial punctate coloring disappeared, and the lower eyelid formed tears River line. Compared with preoperation, BUT and SⅠt significantly increased and the extension. CONCLUSION:Sugery of blockage of inferior lacrimal point can significantly improve the clinical manifestations of dry eye syndrome, increase the tear volume of ocular surface, break the vicious circle of tear secretion, which is an effective and simple method for moderate or severe dry eye patients who can not receive good outcome from medication therapy.

Abstract:To observe and investigate the efficacy and safety of the implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for high myopia. METHODS: In the research,17 cases(33 eyes) with high myopia were treated with posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation, among them 22 eyes were implanted with implantable contact lens(ICL) and 11 eyes with toric implantable contact lens(TICL).The preoperative refraction was -8.00-24.00 dioper （mean-15.46 ±6.26D）and eyeball length was 25.33-3377mm(mean 30.22±2.55mm). The visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure and position of the intraocular lens were examined after operation. RESULTS:All of 33 eyes were implanted successfully.The uncorrected visual acuity of every eye was the same or even better than preoperative best-corrective visual acuity, the intraocular pressures were normal and the refraction remained stable after postoperative follow-up of 6 months. CONCLUSION:The implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens was efficacious and safe.It provides much more potential choices for patients with refractive errors.The patients can gain better visual acuity and maintain it after operation.

Abstract:To analyze the correlation of astigmatism by corneal topography and cycloplegic retinoscopy in children with non-mixed astigmatism and study the value of corneal topography. METHODS:Both corneal topography and cycloplegic retinoscopy-were used in 88 cases (171 eyes) with non-mixed astigmatism and their results were compared. RESULTS:The difference was not significant in examining astigmatism axis and astigmatism degree (t=1.838，P>0. 05；t=1.009，P>0.05),but the actual best-corrected visual acuity was significantly different from high prediction visual acuity(PVA) and low PVA（t=3566，P<0.01；t=3.445，P<0.01）. CONCLUSION: The degree and axis of astigmatism by corneal topography can provide important reference for cycloplegic retinoscopy. Corneal topography can play an important role in increasing the speed and accuracy of cycloplegic retinoscopy.

Abstract:To study the management of rigid gas permeable contact lens (RGP) in controlling the difficult refractive errors in teenagers. METHODS:Fifty-one cases (90 eyes) ranging from 10 to 20 years old with difficult refractive errors were fitted with RGP. The corrected visual acuity and complications were observed. RESULTS:The difference of corrected visual acuity between RGP (0.95±0.17) and spectacles (0.39±0.11) was significant (P<0.05). No serious complications occurred in all cases. CONCLUSION:RGP could effectively improve the visual acuity of teenagers with difficult refractive errors and promote functional development of vision.

Abstract:To observe association between the degree of ocular axis and non-contact intraocular pressure(IOP). METHODS:One thousand and ten eyes of 508 cases aged 17 to 53(mean 26.65±6.55) years old were selected. IOP and degree of ocular axis were examined. They were divided into three groups by ocular axis: ＜24mm，24-2599mm，≥26mm.The correlation between degree of ocular axis and IOP was analyzed by rectilinear correlation and differences of IOP of the three groups were compared by analysis of variance. RESULTS:The IOP was positively correlated with the ocular axis（r=0.138,P＜0.01，Y=7.331+0.296X）. The IOP of the cases whose length of ocular axis were longer than 26mm in the largest increased. CONCLUSION:There is certain relationship among length of ocular axis and IOP, the relationship tends to become closer when length of ocular axis and IOP increase.We must pay more attention to the monitoring of IOP in high myopia.

Abstract:To evaluate the incidence of dry eye in the high risk group 4 years after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) among the students of Military Medical University, and provide methods to support the prevention and treatments of dry eye for military academy students. METHODS:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 165 interns, the 2007 corps of the Department of Oral Medicine in Xian Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University. The questionnaire included Basic Vision and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)（including eye sensitivity to light, foreign body sensation, sore, close reading, the use of computers as well as the environment and so on）.The OSDI score ≥30 points were defined as high risk of dry eye. RESULTS:Participants in the survey was 24.2% at high risk of dry eye. High risk of dry eye in those 4 years after LASIK was 51.7%, significantly higher than 22.4% in those who wore frame glasses and 11.8% in those who had normal vision. CONCLUSION: LASIK is a risk factor for dry eye. So the phenomenon for the military academy students with higher laser surgery rate and higher risk of dry eye should be particularly concerned.

Abstract:The quality of department administration can directly reflect the level of hospital management. As an important department in pandocheum, ophthalmology should be administrated intensively to establish systemic hospital management. We should enhance department construction, perform ophthalmological administration institution; reinforce professional technical training, emphasize ophthalmological teaching management; create brand ideology, set up ophthalmological culture management; and advocate taking person as the basis, implement ophthalmological operation control. Special administration of ophthalmology should be upgraded by analyzing problems in the process of department development and insisting combination of theory and practice, so that the management of hospital could be improved to a higher level.

Abstract:To compare the pharmaceutical care quality of on-site consultation and hotline consultation in ophthalmology. METHODS:Totally 500 records of both on-site consultation and hotline consultation form July 2010 to June 2011 were randomly and separately selected to make a statistical analysis by content type and object group. RESULTS:How to use drug becomed the main content in both two consultation ways, took 61.4% in on-site consultation, while 89.8% in hotline consultation; for the object group, the community with drug-using issues took 58.2% in on-site consultation and 80.4% in hotline consultation. CONCLUSION:The service quality of hotline consultation is better than on-site consultation, and is more worthwhile for the pharmacy department in hospitals to promote.

Abstract:To observe the clinical effects of trans-sceral suture fixation of intraocular lens for posterior capsular aphakia. METHODS:Akreos foldable IOL with one hole in each of four corners were used.The posterior IOL were implanted by suture fixation in ciliary sulcus in 43 cases (43 eyes). Postoperative follow-up lasted 10.4±1.7months. RESULTS:There was no significant intraoperative and postoperative complication. The best-corrected visual acuity was 0.05 or worse in 4 eyes (9.30%), 0.05 or better in 3 eyes (6.98%), 0.1 or better in 10 eyes(2326%), 0.3 or better in 13 eyes (30.23%), 0.5 or better in 13 eyes (30.23%) after operation. CONCLUSION:The trans-sceral suture fixation of Akreos foldable intraocular lens by two points and four loops of the lens is effective in eyes without capsular support.

Abstract:To observe the damage of 23-Gauge and 20-Gauge vitrectomy system to lens. METHODS:Between August 2009 and July 2010, 95 eyes of 91 patients suffered vitrectomy surgery.All paients were phakic. Group A contained 48 eyes of 46 patients who underwent 20-Gauge vitrectomy system.Group B contained 47 eyes of 45 patients who underwent 23-Gauge vitrectomy system. Ceiling lamp was used in 23-Gauge vitrectomy system.Epiretinal membranes peeled,retinotomy, retinal detachment attached, foreign bodies removed, retinal laser photocoagulation, air-fluid exchange, gas or/and silicone oil tamponaded and other steps were taken as needed. Whether the lenses would be damaged in the surgery was observed. RESULTS:In 20G vitrectomy group, 18 eyes had lens damaged while in 23G vitrectomy group, 5 eyes had lenses damaged,P＜0.01. CONCLUSION:23-Gauge vitrectomy system can change the tube position flexibly if necessary,reducing the damage caused by the devices during the opposite base vitreous body vitrectomy.

Abstract:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of phacoemulsification for acute angle-closure glaucoma combined with cataract. METHODS：An uncontrolled retrospective clinical study．Fifty-one eyes of 47 cases from 2006 to 2010 were acute angle-closure glaucoma combined with cataract. Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation surgery was done after intraocular pressure was stable. The follow-up time was 1 year-3 years. RESULTS：Intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased after operation in 44 cases (48 eyes) in 47 cases (51 eyes). Preoperative IOP was 22.98±3.22mmHg, while postoperative IOP was 13.24±3.17mmHg(P<0.05). Visual acuity of 49 eyes improved significantly (P<0.05). The anterior chamber was deepened from the preoperative 1.542±0.314mm to postoperative 3.157±0.243mm (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation surgery is a safe and effective approach for the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma combined with cataract．A multi-center randomized controlled clinical study is needed to evaluate the long-time safety and efficacy of phacoemulsification for acute angle-closure glaucoma combined with cataract．Phacoemulsification can deepen the anterior chamber, partly reopen the closed peripheral anterior chamber angle，decrease the possibility of closure of the peripheral anterior chamber angle, make the elevated IOP drop, and improve eyesight.

Abstract:To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation in the advanced aged patients. METHODS: Cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation was performed on 120 eyes of 115 aged patients. The postoperative visual acuity and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The out of blindness rate was 98.3% in postoperative one month. 99 eyes (82.5% ) got a visual acuity of 0.3 or better after one month. No serious complications occurred and the effects were satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation in the advanced aged patients are safe and effective.

Abstract:Early diagnosis and reasonable intervention are the key measure for preventing visual function from damage in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: A total of 119 inpatient cases (119 eyes ) of suspected glaucoma and 76 inpatient cases (76 eyes ) of lens-related glaucoma were retrospectively analyzed from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS:Totally 26 cases (26 eyes) of 119 cases were early diagnosed as glaucoma, with reasonable treatment. 76 lens-related glaucoma cases got visual rehabilitation by different surgical procedure. CONCLUSION:It is essential to strengthen the early diagnosis and individualized therapy for glaucoma patients.

Abstract:To observe the effect of pinhead discission by needling via pars plana to treat posterior capsule opacification. METHODS:Pinhead discission by needling via pars plana in 151 cases with 161 eyes treated posterior capsule opacification, and the visual acuity and complications on different phases during the follow-up time of 6 months postoperation were observed. RESULTS:Postoperative 161 eyes gained visual acuity improved obviously and stability during the follow-up time of 6 months without any severe complications. CONCLUSION:Pinhead discission by needling via pars plana to treat posterior capsule opacification is a simple, efficient, convenient, safe and reliable surgery.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of trabeculectomy combined with vitreous aspiration in treating malignant glaucoma. METHODS:Nineteen patients (20 eyes) with shallowing of the anterior chamber and high intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy were treated with viscoelastics injected to the anterior chamber combined with vitreous aspiration. RESULTS:The intraocular pressure of 19 patients ranged from 5 to 22.5 mmHg, the average was 10.4 mmHg .The visual acuity of 5 patients (6 eyes) increased, and the visual acuity of 9 patients(9 eyes) declined. Vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 3 patients (3 eyes). CONCLUSION:The pathogenesis of malignant glaucoma includes forward displacement of the ciliary body and lens. Trabeculectomy combined with vitreous aspiration can prevent malignant glaucoma effectively.

Abstract:To evaluate the effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection combined with laser photocoagulation on diabetic macular edema（DME）. METHODS: Fourty-four cases (65 eyes) with DME were selected and treated by intravitreal TA injection first and laser photocoagulation at postoperative 1 month. RESULTS:In this group, 27 eyes were markedly effective,33 eyes were effective.Significant efficiency was 41.5%,total efficiency was 92.3%.Retinal detachment, intraocular hemorrhage, infectious endophthalmitis and other complications could not be found during follow-up. CONCLUSION:Intravitreal TA injection combined with laser photocoagulation has significant curative effect, less adverse reaction and can significantly improve visual acuity, relieve macular edema. It is a safe and effective approach to patients with DME.

Abstract:To evalutate the clinical effects of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment（RRD）treated by outer-scleral operation. METHODS:Totally 220 cases (220 eyes) with RRD at our hospital were analysed randomly.There were 70 cases (70 eyes) suffering from complicated RRD and 150 cases (150 eyes) from non-complicated RRD.They were performed scleral encircling and buckling associated with cryotherapy and drainage(or without drainge)or scleral buckling associated with cryotherapy and drainage(or without drainge)respectively. RESULTS:No significant difference was shown between the two operations for complicated RRD and non-complicated RRD. The rate of anatomic retinal attachment of non-complicated RRD reached 89.3%,while that of complicated RRD stood at 72.9%. CONCLUSION:Outer-scleral operation is a kind of effective surgery to treat non-complicated RRD,it is better to perform vitreoretinal surgery on complicated RRD. Scleral encircling is not very necessary in the RRD surgery.

Abstract:To evaluate clinical effect of Hexuemingmu tablet combined with photocoagulation treatment on retinal periphlebitis. METHODS：Thirty patients (42 eyes) diagnosed as early retinal periphlebitis were divided into two groups randomly. The control group were treated by laser photocoagulation and treatment group were treated by laser photocoagulation combined with oral hexuemingmu tablet for 3 months. In two groups, the patients with causes of disease found out were given symptomatic treatment and the follow-up was from 1 month to 3 years. RESULTS：The effective rate in control group was 80 percent, and that in treatment group was 95.5 percent.Two groups were different from each other in statistics (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION：Laser photocoagulation combined with oral hexuemingmu tablet works well in retinal periphlebitis treatment.

Abstract:To explore etiology and prognosis of retinal hemorrhage after trabeculectomy of acute angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS: Fourty cases (55 eyes) of acute angle-closure glaucoma were observed under direct ophthalmoscope 1 day- 1 week after trabeculectomy,and the patients with retinal hemorrhage were followed up. RESULTS:Eyesight recovered well in the 50 eyes with retinal hemorrhage and eyesight was not restored in the 5 eyes with macular hemorrhage.- CONCLUSION:The main reason for retinal hemorrhage is related with intraocular pressure sudden drops. Most of the prognosis are good.

Abstract:To observe and analyze the risk factors, clinical characteristics and treatment effect of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(AION). METHODS: Totally 46 cases (51 eyes) of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy were retrospectively analyzed with systemic and ocular risk factors, clinical symptoms, fundus, fundus flourescein angiography (FFA), and visual field changes.To control systemic disease, systemic or topical corticosteroids, vasodilator and nerve nutrition agent were used . The therapeutic effects were evaluated. RESULTS:Patients had a mean age of 53±10 years, whose systemic diseases included hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypotension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. 47.06% patients reported sudden decrease in vision, 64.71% patients with fundus examination showed optic disk gray edema, 33.33% patients with visual field defects demonstrated hemianopia, 56.82% patients with FFA showed early optic disc weak fluorescence, and advanced fluorescence enhancement. After treatment 80.39% patients improved the visual acuity and visual field. CONCLUSION:AION is a multifactor disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are its risk factors. A sudden decline in vision, optic disc edema, hemianoptic visual field defects，optic disc early weak fluorescence and late strong fluorescence in FFA are the typical performances. Comprehensive treatment of patients can restore some vision and visual field.

Abstract:To investigate the application of 23-Gauge (23G) vitrectomy system in high altitude area. METHODS:In the applying of 23G vitrectomy system, the vitrectomy had been done for 32 cases (32 eyes), including vitreous hemorrhage, macular hole, macular pucker, posterior dislocation of lens, retinal detachment, Tersonz syndrome, vitreous hemorrhage combining with retinal detachment. RESULTS:The operations were successful, without expanding sclera puncture.The postoperative syndrome mainly was low IOP. CONCLUSION:In 2000, the clinical using of 23G vitrectomy system without conjunctival suture was first reported. It is more efficient than 25G vitrectomy system, which can process the retina around like 20G and has the advantage of healing fast ，seamless， short operation time and less postoperative syndrome as 25G vitrectomy system. So it can be widely applied in the vitrectomy in high altitude area.

Abstract:To evaluate the treatment of Azelastine eye drops in children with allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS:Thirty children patients(60 eyes) with allergic conjunctivitis were enrolled.A randomnized and controlled study was adopted including the control group and the test group.Symptoms and signs were evaluated before and after treatment. The control group used Hyaluronate eye drops and the test group was treated with Hyaluronate plus 0.05% Azelastine eye drops. RESULTS: The respective scores of all symptoms and signs in the control group were 4.60±0.87，4.72±1.53 and 2.53±1.45，2.40±1.20 before and after treatment, 4.72±0.77，5.29±1.46 and 1.47±1.48，1.59±1.12 for the test group.The effective rates in the control and test groups were 33% and 73%.There was significant difference between the control and test groups. CONCLUSION:Azelastine eye drops is effective and safe in the treatment of children patients with allergic conjunctivitis

Abstract:To investigate the therapeutic effects of the new operation program—pedicled corneal limbal stem cells autografting for treatment of pterygium,to approach the method to reduce postoperative recurrence rate. METHODS: Pterygium excision combined with pedicled corneal limbal stem cells autografting was performed on 28 cases (31 eyes) with primary pterygium or recurrent pterygium. The patients symptoms, wound healing and pterygium relapses were analysed during the follow-up of 8 to 24 months. RESULTS:Two of 31 eyes(6.5％）was found recurrent 2 months after operation. CONCLUSION:Pedicled corneal limbal stem cells autografting can decrease the recurrence rate of pterygium,which is an effective and safe treatment for primary and recurrent pterygium.

Abstract:To investigate a new operation method of excision of primary pterygium to prevent pterygium recurring. METHODS:Fifteen cases (15 eyes) of primary pterygium were operated under operating microscope.- Pterygium was excised and conjunctival autograft was performed at the same time. Follow-up lasted 3 to 12 months after operation. RESULTS:Fifteen cases (15 eyes) were all cured. There were no recurrence and no complication during the operation and postoperation. CONCLUSION:Excision of pterygium-combined with-conjunctival autograft under the operating microscope is a new effective method, which can retain the normal anatomic structure of the ocular surface utmostly, lower recurrence rate and cannot influence cataract and glaucoma surgery.

Abstract:To evaluate the clinical effect of 64 spiral CT localization method in extracting magnetic intraocular foreign body. METHODS:Fourty-eight cases (48 eyes) with 64 spiral CT intraocular foreign bodies were analyzed retrospectively,including 32 cases of intraocular foreign body extraction,of which 24 cases were performed phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation,and 8 cases of vitrectomy for extraction of foreign bodies and removal of blood or vitreous empyema at the same time. RESULTS: Magnetic intraocular foreign bodies were extracted by 64 spiral CT localization method completely in all eyes.The postoperative visual acuity of the patients all had varing degrees of rise. CONCLUSION: 64 spiral CT localization method is a smiple and effective method for extracting magnetic intraocular foreign body.

Abstract:To evaluate the effect of emergency surgical treatment for orbit-zygoma-maxilla fracture(OZMF). METHODS: 31 cases with OZMF treated by emergency surgery from May 2008 to September 2010 were reviewed and summarized, and their surgical effects were analyzed. RESULTS:Totally 31 cases (31 eyes) were followed-up after operation for one to twelve months. The visions were raised in 26 cases. The enophthalmos appeared in 5 cases, all less than 2mm. The diplopia presented in 2 cases. There were 5 cases with inferior orbital nerve anesthesia. The ocular prosthesis was in 1 case. The eyeball atrophy was also in 1 case. According to the computer tomography(CT) examination, there were no significant differences compared with healthful orbit.There were no infection,migration and extrusion of implants. CONCLUSION:Emergency surgical management is an effective means for the OZMF,and the complication is lower. Therefore the emergency surgery is the most effective method for the OZMF under the better conditions.

Abstract:To investigate the effectiveness of frontalis suspension technique on children with severe congenital ptosis. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 17 children (32 eyes) with severe congenital ptosis. Frontalis suspension was performed on these subjects in Tangxia hospital between June 2007 and June 2011. RESULTS:Subjects were followed up for 6 to 48 months after surgery, with an average of 26 months. All subjects had improvement in appearance. The treatment outcome was found to be satisfied in 12 subjects and acceptable in 4 subjects. Undercorrection was found in 1 subject. No failure case was seen. No severe complication was found in any subject. CONCLUSION:Frontalis suspension technique is effective in treatments of severe congenital ptosis in child subjects, with no severe complication.

Abstract:To discuss the moment, surgical method, the key to success and postoperative result of stage Ⅰ anastomosis of lacrimal canaliculus fracture combined with epidural catheter implanting. METHODS:Thirty cases who received stage Ⅰ anastomosis of lacrimal canaliculus fracture combined with epidural catheter implanting in our hospital from April 2010 to June 2011 were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS:Followed up for 6 months to 24 months after operation, 24 cases were with smooth irrigation, 3 cases with slight epiphora and resistance in irrigation, 3 cases obstructed, and the cure rate was 80%. CONCLUSION:Canaliculus obtains good tear-guiding function with anastomosis of inferior lacrimal canaliculus fracture combined with epidural catheter implanting.

Abstract:To probe the effect of lacrimal drainage tube in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis in the early period. METHODS: Totally 46 cases (50 eyes) who were diagnosed as chronic dacryocystitis were conducted lacrimal drainage tube implantation, and followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 46 cases (50 eyes) with early chronic dacryocystitis, 42 eyes were cured (84%), 5 eyes were effective (10%), 3 eyes failed (6%). CONCLUSION:The lacrimal drainage tube in the treatment of early chronic dacryocystitis is significantly effective, which have the advantages of short operating time, safe and painless. It is suitable to carry out widely in the primary hospital.

Abstract:To investigate a convenient and effective treatment for congenital dacryocystitis and the timing of probing lacrimal passage. METHODS:Totally 52 cases (65 eyes) were collected in our study and classified into 3 groups according to their ages. Lacrimal passage flushing was done for each case by using a disposable sterile flushing needle under topical anesthesia, then the lacrimal passage was probed using the same needle directly. RESULTS:Thirty eyes (94%) were cured by probing the lacrimal passage once in the 1-3 months group which included 27 cases (32 eyes). 16 eyes (80%) were cured by probing once in the 4-6 months group which included 13 cases (20 eyes). The cure rate in the 7-11 months group by probing the lacrimal passage once was 46%. CONCLUSION:Lacrimal passage probing by a disposable sterile flushing needle is an effective, safe and convenient method for treating infantile dacryocystitis.

Abstract:To observe the clinical effect of blepharitis with integrated traditional and western medicine treatment. METHODS:Totally 60 cases (113 eyes) of blepharitis were randomly divided into treatment group(30 cases)and control group(30 cases)．The control group were treated by 3% boric acid solution dropping eyelids,chloramphenicol dropping eye and erythromycin eye ointment dropping eyelid margin.The treatment group were treated with the combination of Chinese herbal fumigation and washing and tarsal massage on the base of the therapy of control group.The results were summarized after the treatment. RESULTS:The total effective rate of treatment group was 90.0%,and the total effective rate of control group was 76.7%.The both compared,showed significant statistical difference (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Integrated traditional and western medicine treatment can effectively treat blepharitis

Abstract:To analyse the reasons of low vision after phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. METHODS:Totally 323 cases (368 eyes) who had received phacoemulsification with IOL implantation were followed up and observed on their visions and corrected visual acuities one month after operation,then the patients whose corrected visual acuities were less than 0.3 were examined completely to find the causes of low vision. RESULTS:The incidences of postoperative low vision were 51.90％,27.99％ and 12.23％ respectively for 1st，7th and 30th day after operation．The incidence of postoperative low vision of the first month after operation was similar to that reported in the previous literature (13.21％)． CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation is one of the effective methods for curing cataract. The key factor affecting vision restoration is original ocular diseases．