Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of exogenously administered dithiothreitol (DTT) on eye lens of adult rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation B(UV-B) from 300nm irradiation. METHODS: Thirty-two male SD rats aged 6 weeks (body weight about 180g) were randomly divided into four groups of 8 rats each. The first group, the model group, was exposed daily to ultraviolet radiation from 300nm at 1×10³μW/cm²for 15 minutes for one week. The second group, the experimental group, exposed in the same way as the first group, received 400μg DTT in 1mL saline 30 minutes prior to radiation, daily. The third group was also exposed to UV-B, and treated only with 400 μg DTT in 1mL saline for another week. The fourth group was kept as the control group and received a daily vehicle injection.  RESULTS: DTT injection with radiation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, Ca²⁺ and LDH. When DTT was injected after radiation, SOD and GSH-px enzyme activities increased significantly. Also DTT significantly reduced the turbidity of the cortical cataract. CONCLUSION: Our data shows that DTT has obvious inhibitory action on ultraviolet cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To report the successful use of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and polyglactin suture to extract large intraocular foreign body(IOFB). METHODS: We report two cases of large IOFB extraction from cornea assisted with PPV and 7-0 polyglactin suture with computerized tomography scans and pictures of the IOFBs. RESULTS: Both cases underwent vitrectomy, lensectomy, intravitreal injections of 2.5mg Ceftazidime and 1mg Vancomycin Hydrochloride, IOFB removal with 7-0 polyglactin suture via a limbal tunnel incision in the first case, and the original corneal laceration in the second. Laser endophotocoagulation was placed around the retinal break at the impact sites, with silicone oil tamponade in both cases. Inflammation was controlled, with successful anatomic restoration in postoperative follow-up.CONCLUSION: We describe, for the first time, removal of the large IOFBs with coil made with 7-0 polyglactin suture from cornea and to be an effective approach in removing large IOFBs without enlarging the sclerotomy to avoid severe and irreversible damage to the retina.

Abstract:A 64-year-old man who was recently diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, for which anti-tuberculous regimens was initiated, presented with painful and progressive reduced vision of the left eye. Ocular examination showed a painful blind left eye, which was severely inflamed, with radio imaging evidence of posterior wall thickening and optic neuropathy. There was a choroidal tuberculoma located at mid-periphery fundus of the right eye. Left eye enucleation was advised, but declined. Diagnosis of presumed ocular tuberculosis was made. Although the left eye was phthisical and blind, the choroidal tuberculoma resolved gradually with anti-tuberculous regimens. This case showed an aggressive presentation of ocular tuberculosis which resulted in rapid loss of vision. The diagnosis was challenging especially in the context of a severely inflamed eye.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationships of the temporal and spatial expression profiles of Pax2, Sox2 and Prox1 during eye development in the embryonic mouse, and to gain further insight into their possible functions.  METHODS: Time-mated embryonic C57/6 mice were killed at different developmental stages. The eye tissues were embedded in OCT and sectioned at 10μm. The sections were then mutually colabeled with Pax2, Sox2 or Prox1 and observed by fluorescence microscope. RESULTS: On E9.5, Sox2 transcripts were initially distributed throughout optic vesicle and lens placode. However, Pax2 was only expressed in the entire optic vesicle and Prox1 in the lens placode. At E11.5, Sox2 was still distributed throughout presumptive retina and lens vesicle. But Pax2 was more restricted to the proximal portions of the optic cup and stalk, while Prox1 was in the posterior portion of the lens vesicle. After E12.5, Sox2 was still distributed throughout retina and lens vesicle, but the positive expression intensity in lens vesicle was much lower in the retina. Meanwhile, Pax2 was only restricted in the optic stalk and Prox1 was gradually limited in the presumptive lens epithelium and the primary lens fibers. CONCLUSION: Expression patterns of Pax2，Sox2 and Prox1 were different, and they were overlapped during eye development in the embryonic mouse. The different expression patterns in eye which suggest that they play different roles in the developing eye may help to shape each respective structure.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the the protective effect of MK-801 on retinal ganglial cells（ RGC ) of SD rats with chronic ocular hypertension. METHODS:To prepare chronic ocular hypertension model of SD rats，36 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups： blank control group，chronic elevated intraocular pressure + saline control group，chronic elevated intraocular pressure + MK-801 treatment group (n=12). The glutamate acid content, retinal thickness and the inner layer thickness，number of retinal ganglion cell,retinal ganglion cell apoptosis of each group were observed and compared at different time points ( 1day, 4, 7and 10days after treatment) . RESULTS:Retinal glutamate acid levels increased (P<005) in SD rats with chronic elevated intraocular pressure and those in MK-801 treatment group were significantly lower than the same period in normal saline control group (P<0.05). HE staining showed that retinal thickness and the inner layer thickness of MK-801 treatment group and blank control group were greater than the saline control group (P<0.05), the numbers of RGC were higher than the saline control group (P<0.05). The positive expression of apoptotic RGC in MK-801 treated group were less than the saline control group.  CONCLUSION:MK-801 could protect the RGC of chronic elevated intraocular pressure by blocking the glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the expression and mechanism of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI) in rats, as well as the effect of Astragalus (AS) on it. METHODS: The models of RIRI were made by transient elevating of intraocular pressure. A total of 66 SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, ischemia-reperfusion model group and AS treatment group. The last two groups were subdivided into 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, and 3 days small groups according to the different reperfusion time. The light microscope was used to observe the structural changes in retina. Western-blot and immunohistochemitry were used to measure changes of Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels in retinal tissue.  RESULTS:No expression of Bcl-2 and Bax positive cells were found in normal group.At the ischemia-reperfusion groups,the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax began to increase at 6 hours after reperfusion．At 24 hours after reperfusion the expression reached the peak, and went on increasing with the reperfusion time prolonged，and began to decrease after 3 days. The therapy groups of Astragalus had the same trend with the ischemic groups in each index.Astragalus injection treatment group being compared with model group, Bcl-2 expression was significantly stronger and Bax expression was significantly reduced. There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Astragalus injection pretreatment allows Bcl-2 expression of ganglion cells enhanced and expression of Bax diminished, and reduces ganglion cells apoptosis,which have a significant protective effect on the RIRI ganglion cells.

Abstract:AIM: To study treatment of autotransplantation on limbal stem cells deficiency by cultured limbal epithelium cells cultured on gelatin． METHODS: Limbal epithelium cells had been cultured on gelatin in DMEM/HamF12 medium for 5 days，and cultured limbal epithelium cells had been marked with 3HTDR for 5 days，then limbal epithelium cells and gelatin were transplanted on the limbus and sclera of the rat model with limbal stem cells deficiency by autotransplantation．The corneal changes were observed by a slit-lamp every day,the corneaI pathological changes and 3HTDR content were examined． RESULTS: Rat limbal epithelium cells continued to proliferate, differentiate and form multiple cell layers on gelatin．After autotransplantation with cultured epithelium cells and gelatin, the rat epithelium showed corneal phenotype and progressive decrease of new vessels and stromal infiltration in the limbal and peripheral zone．Pathological examination verified that the limbal and peripheral corneal epithelium was composed of multilayer cells；the neovascularization was reduced and stromal inflammatory cells were decreased．The limbal 3HTDR content by isotope was examined four weeks after operation. CONCLUSION: Autotransplantation with cultured limbal epithelium cells can restore the composition of corneal epithelial cell，decrease neo-vascularization，maintain the function of limbal cellular barrier and provide better condition for later keratoplasty．

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficiency and feasibility of “excessive evaporation” rabbit dry eye model by ectropion surgery. METHODS: Dry eye models of rabbits were established by ectropion surgeries in a random eye of 6 New Zealand rabbits, while the other eyes of the rabbits were used as control. Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt), fluorescence staining and 1% rose Bengal staining were performed before and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 days after surgery. Cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands tissues biopsy was carried out under light microscope. RESULTS: SⅠt was significantly abnormal after surgery except the first day(P<0.05). Fluorescence staining showed on the 5^th days after surgery and appeared most significantly on the 5^th day. Rose Bengal staining showed on the first day after surgery and appeared most significantly on the 14th day. The biopsy showed: the layer of the cornea epithelium of the experimental eye increased. The squamous cell disappeared irregularly. The cells arranged disorderly. The surface of the conjuctiva was not smooth. And the goblet cell developed compensatory hyperplasia. Lacrimal glands showed no significant abnormal changes. CONCLUSION: Using suture method ectropion surgery to prepare rabbit dry eye model is stable, simple and effective, which is worth populating.

Abstract:AIM: To study the early changes of choriodal neovascularization(CNV) after photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS: Ten cases（13 eyes） with subfoval CNV suffered PDT using visudyne. The changes of letters of ETDRS (early treatment for diabetic retinopathy study),optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus photography before and three days after PDT were compared. Using the software of OCT, the bilaminar foveal thickness (Tf),neuroretinal foveal thickness (Nf),outer high reflectivity band thickness (T) and subretinal fluid thickness (SF) were measured. RESULTS:Ten eyes were found retinal edema while 7 eyes were found increases of subretinal fluid three days after PDT. But CNV had no changes. Only the changes of SF had significant differences（P<0.05）, and increased about 133.38±184.94μm. The letters of ETDRS,Tf,Nf and T had increased but with no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Three days after PDT, OCT showed increases of retinal edema and subretinal fluid of CNV. This maybe the cause of the color vision chaos and decrease of visual acuity early after PDT.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinical curative effect of corneal ulcer debridement combined with conjunctiva flap covering surgery in treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. METHODS: From January 2011 to November 2011,30 cases (30 eyes) with fungal corneal ulcer were treated with removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctiva flap covering surgery. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the corneal ulcer in 17 cases(17 eyes) was cured after one surgery, and whose conjunctiva flaps were good; the corneal ulcer in 7 cases (7 eyes) was cured by drug in 10 days-2 months after one surgery, and whose conjunctiva flaps were desquamated in 1 week; the corneal ulcer in 2 cases(2 eyes) was cured after treated again by conjunctiva flap covering surgery after the conjunctiva flap was desquamated in 1 week; the corneal ulcer in 4 eyes was not cured after one surgery whose conjunctiva flaps were desquamated in 1 week, because of corneal perforation, they had to be performed by keratoplasty. 26 cases (26 eyes) were cured by conjunctiva flap covering surgery in 30 cases (30 eyes), the total effective rate was 87%.  CONCLUSION: Corneal ulcer debridement combined with conjunctiva flap covering surgery is a kind of effective and practical method in treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. It can be applied in primary hospital, and it is an effective method to control the fungus inflammation and save the eyeballs and remnant vision, which provide the further condition for corneal transplantation.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of corneal astigmatism correction with Toric intraocular lens(IOL) in cataract surgery.Corneal astigmatism was determined by auto-keratometry and topography.Surgical induced astigmatism was personal to calculate IOL models and axis. METHODS:This study involved 43 cataract cases (43 eyes)with astigmatism. AcrySof Toric IOL implantation was adopted in the operation and placed at the target axis to evaluate the clinical effect of postoperative corneal astigmatism correction. RESULTS:The patients were followed up for 3 months with postoperative refractive assessments performed.33 eyes used T3,T4,T5 IOL,with 85% naked vision＞0.5 and 70% naked vision＞0.8. Preoperative corneal astigmatism was（1.64±0.53）D while postoperative corneal astigmatism was（0.63±0.32）D.10 eyes should have used T6,T7 IOL,but used T5 IOL,with naked vision＞0.5. Residual astigmatism was near to the estimated numbers.The average IOL axis deviation of 43 eyes was 4.65°±4.21°on the first day after the operation. 84% IOL axis deviation was＜10°.The mean axis rotation was 1.16°±1.84°in postoperative 3 months and 100% IOL axis rotation was＜10°. CONCLUSION:Corneal astigmatism is determined by auto-keratometry and topography.Surgical induced astigmatism is personal to calculate IOL models and axis.The clinical effect of corneal astigmatism correction with Toric intraocular lens in cataract surgery proves to be successful. The rotational stability of Toric intraocular lens is good.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the application of Pranoprofen eyedrops in laser epithelial keratomileusis(LASEK) and its clinical value.  METHODS:Totally 300 cases (600 eyes) which had undergone LASEK were examined and randomly divided into two groups, each group had 150 cases (300 eyes). The control group was given Fluorometholone eye drops, experimental group combined with Pranoprofen eye drops. Corneal irritation and haze were compared and observed between these two groups.  RESULTS:In three days after operation, the corneal irritation in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in five to seven days after operation (P>0.05). The occurrence of haze in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group in different stages, and there were significant differences between the two groups in each stage(P<0.05). The incidence of steroid-induced ocular hypertension was 12 cases (4%) in control group and 4 cases (1.3%) in experimental group, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.043).  CONCLUSION: The combined use of fluorometholone and Pranoprofen can significantly reduce the inflammatory response, alleviate corneal irritation at early stage after LASEK, effectively prevent and control the occurrence of haze, and reduce the incidence of steroid-induced ocular hypertension after the operation.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate corneal radius(CR) using rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam) in myopia eyes, and to determine its relationship with axial length(AL) and spherical equivalent refraction(SER). METHODS: Totally 136 myopic case (267 eyes) were selected randomly. Anterior and posterior CR were determined using Pentacam, and AL was measured by IOL master. Data were stratified by refractive state. The relationships among CR, AL and SER were correlated by Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Normal distributions of anterior and posterior CR were revealed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The CR was directly positively correlated with AL, and not correlated with SER. The AL/CR was negatively correlated with SER. In different refractive state groups, there were significant differences in the AL and AL/CR. CONCLUSION:The CR is correlated with AL. It is the second important biometric parameter related to myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the root mean square(RMS) value of the anterior corneal surface aberration on the modulation transfer function(MTF) values. METHODS: Four hundred eyes from 200 patients were examined under sirius 3D corneal topography system, MTF curve at 3,5,7mm corneal optical zone after correcting the low-order spherical aberration and the total aberration and total higher order aberration, coma, trefoil aberration, spherical aberration RMS values were taken . MTF values at the spatial frequency of 5,10,15,20,25,30 cpd and zernike coefficient of vertical and horizontal coma were recorded. RESULTS: Anterior corneal surface RMS in 3,5,7mm corneal optical zone were statistically related at different spatial frequency with the MTF value, higher-order RMS in 3mm corneal optical zone were related with the MTF both vertical and horizontal meridian. The larger optical zone (5,7mm) mainly affected the MTF of horizontal meridian.Coma and trefoil aberrations for the anterior corneal surface mainly affected the the MTF of horizontal meridian, and more evident in smaller optical zone (35mm). Spherical aberration in 3mm corneal optical zone was statistically related with the MTF of vertical and horizontal meridian.Clover and secondary astigmatism in 3mm and 7mm corneal optical zone and the MTF of vertical and horizontal meridian had a good correlation and they had correlation with the MTF of horizontal meridian in 5mm corneal optical zone. No correlation was between the corneal coma position and MTF of different orientation. CONCLUSION: The MTF of anterior corneal surface at horizontal meridian are greatly related with higher order aberrations.The MTF can objectively evaluate the optical quality of anterior cornea .

Abstract:Complement and complement regulatory protein are present in the normal human eyes. Many studies support the concept that effective regulation by complement regulatory protein on complement system plays an important role in pathogenesis of various ocular diseases, such as keratitis, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. So, further studies are tend to get insight of the roles of complement regulatory proteins in development and treatment of these diseases.

Abstract:Corneal injury, cataract, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and glaucoma can all be blindness-causing eye disease, such diseases currently rely mainly on drugs and surgical treatment, but surgery can not prevent their recurrence. In recent years, many researchers discovered that antisense oligonucleotide technology played an important role in eye diseases of the above, and tried to explore a new way to prevent these diseases. This paper briefly reviewed the current research situation of antisense oligonucleotide technology and corneal injury, cataract, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, glaucoma.

Abstract:On account of vastity and easy availability of the corneal donor, heterokeratoplasty is indicated for a number of serious corneal disorders, such as severe degeneration of corneal scar, cone-shaped deformation. However, the postoperative rejection continues to be a major barrier to the application of this technique. Now this paper reviews the relevant mechanisms and prevention of rejection.

Abstract:Corneal edema is a common complication after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation, which is caused by the injury of corneal endothelial cells. It may lead to vision decreasing, blurred vision, corneal decompensation or even blindness. Therefore, prevention and proper treatment of corneal edema are totally essential for the patients. According to the specific clinical conditions, treatments can be used including drugs, contact lens and surgery. We review the research advance on the mechanism, etiology, prevention and therapy of phacocmulsification and IOL implantotion in this article.

Abstract:Bacterial keratitis is a serious vision-threatening infectious eye disease with fast onset,rapid development.It often results in severe visual impairment and eye perforation as well as other complications if it is not treated or well controlled. Thus a variety of treatment methods emerged:Western medical therapy, Chinese medical therapy,Chinese and Western medical combined therapy, ect.This paper is a comprehensive overview of the various types of therapy.

Abstract:Gender difference is a common phenomenon in epidemiology research, which is also seen in ophthalmology diseases. This is mainly caused by different gene expressions as well as sex hormone regulation in both sexes. In recent years, more and more sex hormone receptors are found in ocular tissues including ocular surface and cornea, which indicates an important role for sex hormones in maintaining the normal ocular surface function. This review contains some recent reports on the relationship between sex hormone and ocular tissues as well as our perspectives on its further study.

Abstract:Good accommodation is an important part of the human eyes visual function, which can provide us clear visual images in different distances. Monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) can not meet patients with postoperative needs of middle to near distance vision. Multifocal IOL makes use of special optical design, distributing the entered light to far, middle and near different focuses to provide full range of vision; While accommodative IOL uses accommodation principle similar to the human lens, which changes the optical nodes through forward and backward translocation of the optic part of IOL in the capsular bag so as to achieve the purpose not only to see far but also to see near. In this paper, the characteristics, clinical applications, especially postoperative effects and possible visual symptoms of multifocal and accommodative IOLs are reviewed.

Abstract:At present，cataract is one of the eye diseases with highest incidence.Contemporary cataract surgery has already transit from a rehabilitary procedure to a refractive procedure. With the elevation of demands for life, many patients hope that functional vision can be restored or rebuild. Therefore, how to gain good vision and increuse the spectacles-independentrate has important clinical and realistic significance. This paper summarizes common clinical methods.

Abstract:Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is significant to the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. This article reviewed various IOP tonometers up to date which had different principles, advantages and disadvantages.The purpose of this review is to provide assistance to the study of continuous intraocular pressure detection technology.

Abstract:Trachoma is known as a chronic, epidemic and blinding eye disease which is prevalent all over the world.In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) formed the Global Alliance to Eliminate Blinding Trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020). Related research progress in the diagnosis and therapy of trachoma are summarized in this paper.

Abstract:With the development of society, economy and culture video display terminal(VDT) is almost indispensable in our life.Related to long time computer use, people are experiencing a variety of ocular symptoms called the computer vision syndrome (CVS).It causes series of objective and subjective visual function changes，such as asthenopia and glare disability(GD).This article sums up researches in recent years to summarize the progress about visual quality and mechanism on VDT.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the outcome and complication of vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for macular hole with retinal detachment. METHODS:Twenty-two cases (22 eyes) were observed from September 2009 to December 2011.All the cases underwent vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling. The best-corrected visual acuity and intraocular pressure were observed before and after operation.The data of first three days, a week and a month after operation were evaluated by statistical analysis. RESULTS:Thirteen cases underwent vitrectomy with C³F⁸ while the other 9 cases with silicon oil. The rate of anatomical closure was 100%.The best-corrected visual acuity was elevated gradually after operation. The intraocular pressure raised in first three days and went down after a week.The outcome was better in group with the course of the disease less than 6 months.There was no correlation between the best-corrected visual acuity of postoperative 1 month and patients age. CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling is effective for macular hole with retinal detachment.It can improve vision.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate clinical effect of epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) treated by foscarnet sodium eye drops in the early and middle term.  METHODS:Totally 60 cases (60 eyes) with HSK at Zhongxiang Peoples Hospital from March 2008 to December 2009 were enrolled. All the patients were divided into control group and experimental group randomly. Control group patients were treated by ganciclovir eye drops, 8 times per day, while experimental group patients were treated by foscarnet sodium eye drops, 6 times per day. All patients were treated for 14 days and were followed up for 2 years. The medication outcome and recurrence rate were investigated.  RESULTS:There were no significant differences between control and experimental group in clinical characteristics of patients including age, gender, mean score of symptoms and signs before treatment (P>0.05). After therapy, both the corneal ulcer area and the score of symptoms and signs in control group patients and experimental group patients decreased significantly than those before treatment(P<0.05). But between two groups after treatment, the differences were not remarkable (P >0.05). In the 2 years follow-up, the recurrence rate in experimental group was significantly reduced compared with that in control group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Foscarnet sodium eye drops play a similar role in therapy of HSK with ganciclovir eyedrops in early stage, while may decrease the recurrence rate of HSK in the middle term."

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate changes in corneal sensitivity of different positions following thin-flap laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).  METHODS:Corneal sensitivity was measured in 43 cases (84 eyes) before and 1 month, 3 months after correction of myopia by thin-flap LASIK. Sensitivity measurements were made with an esthesiometer at the central,temporal,inferior,nasal and superior points on the corneal flap.The data were statistically analysed. RESULTS:The corneal sensitivities after thin-flap LASIK were reduced during the first month after surgery at any points on the corneal flap. Corneal sensitivity was significantly decreased at the central point. The corneal sensitivities of all the positions except the central point were recovered to preoperative levels at postoperative 3 months.Compared with postoperative 1 month, the central corneal sensitivity significanthy recovered, which has statistical significance. However, compared with preoperation, it decreased, which also has statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The corneal sensitivity is significantly reduced following thin-flap LASIK during the first month, with a return to preoperative levels at postoperative 3 months. The recovery of central corneal sensitivity needs more time.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical curative effect of improved pouch-shaped conjunctival flaps in treatment of refractory corneal ulceration. METHODS:Totally 36 cases (36 eyes) with refractory corneal ulceration that was not cured with routine medical therapy were performed with removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with improved pouch-shaped conjunctival flaps covering surgery. Original diseases were further taken medical treatment postoperatively. Follow-up lasted 3-6 months. RESULTS:Corneal ulcer of 35 eyes were healed.Only 1 eye with corneal ulceration perforation lost solution in the middle which was not close to the cornea after conjunctival flap, which was operated again and combined with amniotic membrane transplantation and eventually corneal ulcer healed. All of the 36 eyes were healed. CONCLUSION: Improved pouch-shaped conjunctival flaps surgery is a distinct efficative method in the treatment of refractory corneal ulcer which can not be cured with routine medical therapy.It can effectively inhibit the inflammatory reaction and better protect the eyeball.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the correlative factors of the corneal edema after cataract phacoemulsification. METHODS:The relations between the corneal edema and age,rigidity of lens nucleus,glaucoma, diabetes in 532 cases (564 eyes) after cataract phacoemulsification were studied. RESULTS:There were 118 eyes of corneal edema in 564 eyes, the rate of corneal edema was 20.9%. The incidence of patients older than 70 was 24.0%,Ⅳ level of lens nucleus was 36.9%,Ⅴ level of lens nucleus was 100%, patients with operation for glaucoma was 68.1%, and patients with diabetes was 48.6%. CONCLUSION:Corneal edema after cataract phacoemulsification surgery has parallel correlation with age and rigidity of lens nucleus. Its easy to occur in patients with diabetes or operation for glaucoma.While, patients with no ocular operation, diabetes mellitus have a lower rate of corneal edema and lighter reaction.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the curative effect of double fresh amniotic membrane covering in the treatment of fungal corneal ulcers. METHODS:Totally 35 cases (35 eyes) in patients with corneal ulcers were completely removed necrotic tissue, with double fresh amniotic membrane to cover the cornea and fixed with suture.Drugs were applied to inhibit inflammation, and they were followed up for 6 to 12 months. RESULTS:Corneal ulcers in 33 cases were cured, 2 cases failed.Overall vision was markedly improved. CONCLUSION:Double fresh amniotic membrane covering is an effective method for treatment of corneal ulcers.

Abstract:AIM: To observe efficacy of conjunctival flap covering combined with iris incarcerating surgery for the treatment of full-thickness fungal keratitis. METHODS:Totally 26 cases(26 eyes) with fungal keratitis which were conducted conjunctival flap covering combined with iris incarcerating surgery from March 2005 to April 2011 in Xingtai Ophthalmology Hospital were analysed. All the range of lesions <5×5mm², all fungal hyphae were positive in corneal scraping examination: hypopyon (+), lesions relatively dense. The depth of lesions could not be determined before surgery. During surgery, when the lesion was cutted close to descemet, based on clinical features, according to the lesions ≤ 1mm in diameter, artificially pierced the cornea residual disease near surrounding, and resulted in corneal perforation. After aspirated hypopyon and polished smooth endothelial plaque, the nearby iris was incarcerated among the corneal perforation, and fixated by suturing 1 or 2 needles, and conducted conjunctival flap covering surgery at last, tried to maintain water density. Anti-fungal treatment and closed observation should also maintain after surgery. RESULTS:Five of 26 cases self-ruptured during the lesion cutting, 3 cases accidentally cutted through,18 cases of corneal stromal bed were complete in cutting process, recovery time of conjunctival epithelial was 13.44±2.21days. 24 cases of infection were controlled, the success rate was 92%. Due to uncontrolled infection, two cases were performed keratoplasty, and finally the infection was under control. CONCLUSION:Conjunctival flap covering combined with iris incarcerating surgery is effective for the treatment of small-scale and full-thickness fungal keratitis, which could control infection, and create conditions for future improving vision surgery, and suitable for carrying out in the primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the security on patients with eld or concomitant systemic disease in scale cataract surgery. METHODS:The clinical data of 235 patients above 75 years or with systemic disease in “love and light” activity were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS:There were 213 cases (257 eyes) with systemic disease(90.6%). The ratios of circulation system disease, metabolic disease, and respiratory system disease were 65.1%, 13.6% and 11.1%, respectively. There were 25 cases (10.6%) deferring surgery because of the first preoperative evaluation of systemic disease and the surgery was done after effective treatment. The surgery off-disability and off-blindness rates were 95.4% and 84.2%, respectively. 12 cases with vision <0.1 had different degree of fundus disease. CONCLUSION:Strengthening preoperative comprehensive assessment, treating systemic disease fully, mastering operation indication strictly, monitoring in operation, operating legerity and 10-15 minutes surgery time were the effective measures to guarantee the security of patient with eld or concomitant systemic disease in scale cataract surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To explore application results of anterior lens capsule in combined glaucoma and cataract surgery . METHODS:Twenty-three cases（25 eyes）of glaucoma complicated cataract underwent trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation surgery. The curvilinear autologous anterior capsule was placed under the scleral flap after repeated washing with BSS liquid intraoperatively. Intraocular pressure and visual acuity were mainly observed in patients 1 day, 1 week, 3 weeks, 1 month and 6 months after operation and field of vision, filtering bleb and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The average IOPs of 1 day, 1 week, 3 weeks, 1 month and 6 months after operation were 18.3±1.5,1732±0.82,15.71±0.71,16.17±0.52,16.87±0.71mmHg (1kPa=7.5mmHg) respectively, compared with the preoperative (4516±4.41) mmHg, the differences were statistically significant (allP<0.05). The mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.12±0.08, 2 months after operation ,the visual acuity was below 0.1 in 2 eyes (8%), 0.1 to 0.2 in 3 eyes (12%), 0.3-0.6 in 13 eyes (52%), 0.8 to 1.2 in 7 eyes (28%), postoperative visual acuity improved significantly, the differences were statistically significant (allP<0.05). Preoperative and postoperative mean visual field defect value and the average standard value of the difference were not statistically significant (allP>0.05). After operation, functional bleb formed in 23 eyes, accounting for 92%，non-functional bleb in 2 eyes, accounting for 8%. Intraoperative posterior capsular rupture occurred in 1 eye, no vitreous prolapse and other complications occurred. CONCLUSION:Anterior lens capsule used in combined glaucoma and cataract surgery can effectively reduce intraocular pressure with long-term and effective retention of functional bleb to improve vision, the success rate is high with no significant complications, and patients with combined surgery can reduce the economic burden.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of vision improvement induced by phacoemulsification on physical and cognitive function in aged adults. METHODS:A total of 64 cases with age-related cataract were enrolled in this study.Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was performed on 40 cases and the others who were eligible for but declined cataract surgery were allocated to a control group. Physical function was assessed using functional independence measure (FIM), survey of activities and fear of falling (SAFE) measure at baseline and 6 months after surgery. The mini mental state exam (MMSE) was also administered for cognitive function assessment. RESULTS:Significant difference existed within or between groups from baseline to follow-up on either of the measures of physical function. MMSE scores declined in both groups postoperatively.Significant difference was observed in the control group but not in the cataract surgery group. CONCLUSION:Vision enhancement induced by phacoemulsification leads to improvement in physical function but not in cognitive function.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effectiveness and safety of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation or combined with trabeculectomy in patients with cataract and angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS:In 251 cases （279 eyes）with cataract and angle-closure glaucoma，208 eyes in which the wideness of the anterior chamber angle was NⅠ-NⅡ had been performed phacoemulsification and IOL implantation ；71 eyes in which the wideness of the anterior chamber angle was NⅢ-NⅣ had been performed phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy. RESULTS: Followed up for 3 months，intraocular pressure kept normal in all 208 eyes in the group of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation；intraocular pressure kept normal in 68 eyes in the group of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy，intraocular pressure in 3 eyes was 20-25mmHg for 1 week after operation，and then was controlled to normal with 50g/L Betoptic. CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation or combined with trabeculectomy is an effective and safe surgical technique with less complications for the cataract and angle-closure glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To study the safety and efficacy of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in early primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract. METHODS:Early primary angle-closure glaucoma patients with cataract were divided into two groups randomly, one group was treated with laser peripheral iridotomy, the other group was treated with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Intraocular pressure and eye sight were compared after surgery, the follow-up was 3 months. RESULTS:Both groups could have results of deeper peripheral anterior chamber and wider anterior chamber angle in different extend, however, patients in laser group didnt have their eyesight improved, patients in phaco group had obvious eye sight improvement, and anterior chamber angle widened in all the patients, some peripheral angle synechia reopened after surgery. CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation is safe in early primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract, is equally effective in plateau iris configuration, and can improve eyesight at the same time.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical efficacy of modified trabeculectomy combined with amniotic membrane implantation on refractory glaucoma treatment.  METHODS: A total of 40 cases (48 eyes) were treated with modified trabeculectomy combined with amniotic membrane implantation and routine trabeculectomy respectively. Comparison of two groups was carried out on the aspects of intraocular pressure (IOP), filtering bleb, visual acuity and complication of operation.  RESULTS:One year after the surgery, no shallow anterior chamber occurred, with normal IOP, functional filtering bleb, improved visual acuity and less complications were in combined treatment group, showing significantly increased benefit when compared to those in routine trabeculectomy.  CONCLUSION:Combined modified trabeculectomy and amniotic membrane implantation is an easy, safe and effective method for treatment of refractory glaucoma, which is suitable for universal promotion."

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of trabeculectomy combined with sclera flap invagination in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG). METHODS:Forty-eight cases (48 eyes) with neovascularization were performed trabeculectomy combined with sclera flap invagination .The visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber (angle of anterior chamber), hyphema, iris neovascularization and filtering bleb after operation were observed. All patients were followed up for 6-12 months. RESULTS:About 6-12 months after operation, IOP were controlled in less than 21mmHg in 40 cases.Symptoms of 6 cases were alleviated, and the IOP were controlled in less than 21mmHg with treatment of carteolol hydrochloride eye drops. CONCLUSION:Trabeculectomy combined with sclera flap invagination is an ideal treatment for NVG.

Abstract:AIM:To probe into the effect of amniotic membrane implantation and mitomycinc in non-penetrating trabecular surgery (NPTS) for the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). METHODS:Forty-two eyes of 30 POAG patients were treated with amniotic membrane implantation and mitomycinc in NPTS. RESULTS:Intraocular pressure: (35.76±6.34)mmHg before the operation, (13.82±4.22) mmHg after the operation. Visual acuity：12 eyes higher than before the operation, 26 eyes remained the same ,4 eyes worse than before. Visual field:34 eyes expanded relatively, 8 eyes remained the same. Follicle：flat bleb in 38 eyes, cyst bleb in 3 eyes, scar organized bleb in 1 eye. Anterior chamber: No shallow anterior chamber observed in all cases. CONCLUSION:Amniotic membrane implantation and mitomycin in NPTS for the treatment of POAG seems a simple, safe and effective procedure of anti-glaucoma operation.

Abstract:AlM：To investigate the related factors of effects on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after intravitreal Avastin combined with macular grid photocoagulation(MGP) for diabetic macular edema(DME). METHODS：A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 41 DME patients(41 eyes) who received intravitreal Avastin combined with MGP. Gender, disease course, the changes of central macular thickness (CMT), type of DEM, changes of postoperative CMT, massive subfoveal hard exudates and visual acuity 1 month after treatment were recorded. Multi-factor regression analysis of BCVA after the combined treatment was performed with SPSS statistics software. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.  RESULTS: The postoperative BCVA was related to the preoperative BCVA, disease course, the changes of CMT and massive subfoveal hard exudates (P<0.05). CONCLUSlON: The better preoperative BCVA is, the better postoperative BCVA would be. Early treatment for the patients with DME would get better postoperative BCVA. Postoperative BCVA is relatively improved in patients with obvious regression of macular edema. Patients with massive submacular hard exudates could hardly be improved in postoperative BCVA.

Abstract:AIM: To study the relationship of retinal thickness at macular area and related biochemical indicators in early diabetic patients. METHODS:Diabetes group had 40 cases (40 eyes), male and female 20 cases of each).The control group had 40 cases (40 eyes, male and female 20 cases of each), optical coherence tomography (OCT) was applied to measuring the retinal thickness at macular area. Related biochemical analyzer was used to test microalbuminuria (mAIb), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),c-peptide (C-PR),total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low density lipoprotein (LDL),and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values in the diabetes group. Two groups of retinal thickness at macular area were compared and the relationship of macular area thickness and related biochemical indicators in the diabetes group was analysed. RESULTS: Macular area in the selected diabetes group patients was thicker than that in normal group, which was positively correlated with mAIb, TC, TG, and LDL(P＜0.05) , negatively with HDL(P＜0.05) and uncorrelated with HbA1c and C-PR(P＞0.05). CONCLUSION:For patients with early diabetes, detecting the macular area thickness and mAIb, TC, TG, LDL, HDL changes is conductive to the early prediction of complications of diabetes.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the related factors in the ocular aberrations induced by myopia. METHODS:The ocular aberrations of 115 cases ( 218 eyes ) were measured before laer in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) refractive surgery in our hospital by Zywave. Preoperative examinations included contrast sensitivity and wavefront aberrations for both eyes by Zywave (Hartmann-Shack wavefront aberrometer). RESULTS:About 89% of all in ametropia people was low order wavefront aberration (defocus and regular astigmatism),and 3^rd order and above were only about 11%, Individual difference was large in high order aberrations from 1.86 to 0.03.RMS was increased with the larger pupil zone. The correlations between the components of wavefront and contrast sensitivity were weak negative.There were no correlations between the RMS of high order aberration and diopter in eyes with myopic spherical errors below -6.00D, whereas in eyes with errors between -6.00D and -14.00D,the correlations were stronger.The RMS of 3^rd and 4^th order aberration were positively correlated with astigmatism. There was no obvious difference between female and male. CONCLUSION:Wavefront aberration of the myopia patients is affected by specific conditions, personalized surgical removal of the wavefront aberration should be thoughtful."

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment( RRD). METHODS:Totally 26 consecutive cases(26 eyes) were recruited between March 2010 and June 2011. All surgeries were performed with the 23-gauge technique. Main outcome measures included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, operative complications．Postoperative mean follow-up were 3 months． RESULTS:Anatomical success was achieved in 81% of 21 cases with single surgery and rose to 96% of 25 cases with additional surgery. Mean visual acuity improved in 21 cases （80%），unchanged in 3 cases（12%），declined in 2 cases（8%）. The differences of intraocular pressure at postoperative 1 day was significant（P<0.01）.Two cases with ocular hypotony (intraocular pressure ≤6mmHg), sustained for 2 weeks and did not occur choroidal detachment. CONCLUSION:Acceptable anatomical and functional success rates can be achieved with 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for RRD. The main advantages of this technique are lost in RRD surgery and had to faced higher failure rate.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the value of clinical application of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII) with the insulin pump in diabetic patients before and after surgery. METHODS: Fifty diabetic patients (50 eyes) needed to treat with vitrectomy were randomized.27 cases were treated with insulin pump of CSII and 23 cases were treated with daily multi-subcutaneous insulin injection( MSII). The dosage was adjusted according to the blood glucose test results. The differences with the two treatments in blood glucose control level and the time when blood glucose was controlled were compared. RESULTS: Before and after surgical treatment, the two methods were effective in controlling blood sugar to normal or basically normal level, the differences were significant (P<0.05);But the two treatment groups, in the time of blood glucose down to normal, insulin dose and systemic complications,also had significant differences (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: For perioperative diabetes, the clinical application of insulin pump treatment method is better than that of the conventional way of insulin injection.It is a fast, safe and effective treatment method fit for humans physiological function.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the relationship of trochlear nerve and congenital superior oblique palsy and find out the etiologies of congenital superior oblique palsy，to provide theoritical basis for the clinical dignosis and treatment of congenital superior oblique palsy. METHODS:In 16 patients with congenital superior oblique palsy and 11 normal people, the trochlear nerve was depicted with three-dimensional (3D) Fourier transformation constructive interference in steady state (CISS) 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whereas the adjacent vessels were detected with 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MRI.The identification rates of the two groups were studied to find if there was any abnormal with the trochlear nerve of patients with congenital superior oblique palsy. RESULTS: 3D-CISS MRI depicted the proximal cisternal segment of trochlear nerve in the patient group and normal group with identification rates of 27.2% and 812%.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The abnormal of trochlear nerve is one of the etiologies of congenital superior oblique palsy.

Abstract:AIM：To explore the clinical efficacy of different approaches to the treatment of neonatal dacryocystitis.  METHODS：Totally 386 cases (412 eyes) of neonatal dacryocystitis in outpatient service of our hospital from July 2010 to December 2011 were treated with lacrimal sac massage, irrigation of lacrimal passage and probing combined with drug injection of lacrimal passage to observe the effect of three kinds of therapy and the results were statistically analysed between groups.  RESULTS：Of 412 eyes, lacrimal sac massage cured 97 eyes, the cure rate was 23.5%; lacrimal passage pressure washing cured 98 eyes, the cure rate was 31.1%.Compared with lacrimal sac massage, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); Probing combined with drug injection of lacrimal passage cured 213 eyes , the cure rate was 98.2%.Compared with lacrimal sac massage and irrigation of lacrimal passage, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). CONCLUSION：Eye lacrimal sac massage therapy in neonatal dacryocystitis is simple, easy, suitable for early treatment; Pressure washing and probing of lacrimal passage can be used in invalid children; Probing combined with tobradex eye ointment injection of lacrimal passage can significantly improve the cure rate of neonatal dacryocystitis ,which can be used as an effective treatment method.

Abstract:AIM:To study the refractive error distribution rule about 2-15 years children of low vision. METHODS:From April 2009 to April 2010, 2-15 years old， 1638 cases (3266 eyes) with low vision (725 male cases of 1446 eyes, 913 female cases of 1820 eyes)in our optometry outpatient service were subjected to mydriasis test and optometry and statistical analysis. RESULTS:In 3131 eyes, males myopic refractive error was in 1056 eyes, hyperopic refractive error in 317 eyes, myopic refractive error was the most, more compound myopic astigmatism,accounting for about 35.48％. The females' myopic refractive error was in 1455 eyes, hyperopic refractive error in 303 eyes, myopic refractive error was the most, more compound myopic astigmatism too,about 40.71％.In the distribution of astigmia,the first was compound myopic astigmatism,the second was compound hyperopic astigmatism. The incidences of amblyopia of astigmatism with rule, astigmatism against the rule and oblique astigmatism had significant differences(R×C table data Chi-square test,P<0.01）. CONCLUSION:With the increase of pressure of study, childrens long time reading, learning and the use of computer significantly increase the probability of occurrence of myopic refractive error.Against the rule astigmatism is an important factor to amblyopia occurrence, correction of against the rule astigmatism may be beneficial for the treatment of amblyopia in children.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the accuracy of refraction and the quality of processing in myopic college freshmen spectacles. METHODS:Refractive error and spectacle power,axial were assessed for 251 college freshmen, the position of the spectacle lens optical center were determined, the optical center of horizontal deviations and vertical deviations were calculated. RESULTS:In 251 cases of myopic freshmen, undercorrection was 95 cases (37.85%), overcorrection was 54 cases (21.51%), the full correction was 102 cases (40.64%). No significant difference existed between the low and high myopia group, the spherical equivalent differences of the low myopia and high myopia group were all greater than the moderate myopia group, but no significant difference existed in axial among three groups. The overall pass rate of the horizontal deviations of the optical center was 87.25%, and the vertical deviations was 86.85%.With the increase of the vertex power, the pass rate decreased gradually. CONCLUSION:A serious problem exists in the accuracy and quality of myopic college freshmen spectacles.Regular optometry services and a variety of ways of health education are necessary.

Abstract:AIM:To report the therapeutic effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) on steroid-induced glaucoma. METHODS:This study was made on 8 eyes of 8 cases who received SLT for glaucoma secondary to treatment with peroral corticosteroid. The series comprised 5 males and 3 females. The age ranged from 55 to 74 years, average 65 years. Corticosteroid had been prescribed for 11.5±3.3 years. Intraocular pressure (IOP) started to rise after 6.2±2.9 years of treatment. Each case had been treated with 2.9±0.5 topical drugs for glaucoma. Patients had been treated with topical medications and systemic corticosteroid after SLT. RESULTS:IOP averaged 26.8±5.1mmHg before SLT, 202±3.2mmHg after 1 month, 17.6±2.2mmHg after 3 months, and 16.1±1.4mmHg after 6 months. Each postoperative IOP was significantly lower than preoperative one. CONCLUSION:SLT was effective for glaucoma secondary to systemic corticosteroid in the present series.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the Clinical efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy,ultrasonication of crystalline lens combined with intraocular lens ciliary sulcus fixation for traumatic subluxated lens. METHODS:Eleven cases (11 eyes) with traumatic subluxated lens were surgically managed by pars plana vitrectomy, ultrasonication of crystalline lens combined with intraocular lenses ciliary sulcus fixation. RESULTS:The subluxated lenses were extracted successfully in the 11 eyes. All the cases had better corrected visual acuity after surgery. The postoperative complications were corneal edema in 3 cases, and iritis in 2 cases.  CONCLUSION:Combined surgery on the traumatic subluxated lens is effective, especially for the recovery of vision decrease,secondary glaucoma and vitreous hemorrhage. Proper selection of indication and skillful manipulation are key points.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze and evaluate the clinical curative effect of vitamin and Fuming tablet, shezhu mingmu eye drops in the treatment of early senile cataract. METHODS:Totally 118 outpatients (184 eyes) with early senile cataract were randomly divided into the observation group and control group.The observation group was given Fuming tablet and mingmu eye drops to treat, while the control group was given vitamin and Katalin eye drops for treatment.The observation group and control group were treated continuously for three months.In the 3-6 months, clinical efficacy was statistically analysed and evaluated. RESULTS:In the observation group of 98 eyes, visual acuity(VA) could be improved in 90 eyes, the total efficiency was 918%. In the control group of 86 eyes, VA could be improved in 38 eyes, the total efficiency was 442%. The total efficiency was an extremely significant difference between two groups of patients (P<0.01), with statistical significance. After treatment of 3-6 months, drug efficacy was evaluated, the contrast sensitivity of low frequency (1.5c/d) can be effectively improved in observation group, while it was not obvious in the control group. Compared two groups differed significantly (P<0.05), with the statistical significance. CONCLUSION:The combined application of Fuming tablet and mingmu eye drops in the treatment of early senile cataract has satisfactory clinical effect on the VA and CS of early senile cataract patients.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the causes of the low vision in diabetic patients after phacoemulsification with optical coherence tomography (OCT) . METHODS: Fifty patients(50 eyes) with low vision after cataract operation were examined by OCT, and the causes of low vision were analyzed. RESULTS: In 50 eyes, 23 eyes had macular edema, 15 eyes with diabetic retinopathy, 8 eyes with senile macular degeneration, 2 eyes with macular hole, 2 eyes with normal OCT images. CONCLUSION: OCT is a new technique of retinal tomography with high-resolution.It is very valuable in the early diagnosis of the causes of low vision in diabetic patients after phacoemulsification. Macular edema is one of the most important causes of low vision in diabetic patients after phacoemulsification.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the influences of different body postures on intraocular pressure(IOP) of patients with glaucoma. METHODS:Hospitalized patients with primary open-angle, angle-closure glaucoma and normal IOP were selected 30 cases each preoperatively, their IOPs of sitting, Fowler position, supine position, lateral position, and prone position were measured.The relationship between 30 cases of hospitalized patients with increased IOP and their position was observed.  RESULTS:Three groups on different positions at different time points were all measured with the highest mean IOP values as lying. On lateral position the IOP of eye of low side was higher than that of high side. Of pairwise comparisons,the IOP differences between Fowler postion and sitting, supine and prone position were not significant (P＞0.05). IOP differences among sitting, Fowler position and a variety of lying positions were statistically significant（P＜0.05）. The lateral position in 30 patients with increased IOP mainly accounted for 70%. Patients were forced to sit instead of lying. CONCLUSION:To better control IOP, glaucoma patients should take the head in higher position and avoid lateral position of affected eyes.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the causes, clinical manifestations and postoperative treatment of high intraocular pressure(IOP) after vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. METHODS: Clinical data of 97 cases (97 eyes) after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade were retrospectively analyzed.The standard of high IOP is that postoperative IOP is equal to or higher than 21mmHg (1mmHg =0.133kPa ). RESULTS:Twenty-seven cases(27.84%) showed high IOP, most of them occurred at early postoperative.(within postoperative 1 week) The IOP of all the patients was controlled in normal range (10 ~ 21mmHg )after drug treatment to lower IOP and adjust the dosage of hormone or discontinuation of hormone treatment.  CONCLUSION:Early high IOP after silicone oil tamponade is one of the common complications. Postoperative intraocular tissue edema, inflammation, and overfilled silicone oil may be the main reasons for postoperative early high IOP. But early symptomatic treatment could make the IOP return to normal and prevent visual impairment.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the alteration of intraocular pressure (IOP) after laser peripheral iridotomy in different total powers. METHODS: YAG laser peripheral iridotomy were performed on 68 cases (136 eyes) with narrow angle anatomically. The IOP was taken down before the procedure and 60 minutes after the procedure,and so was the total power in the procedure.The cases were divided into 3 groups(high/middle/low power) according to the total power in the procedure,then the numbers were recorded of postoperative IOP increasing lower than 5mmHg and higher than 5mmHg in each group.  RESULTS:There was significant statistical difference among low power group and the other two groups in numbers of postoperative IOP increasing (P＜0.05). There was no significant statistical difference between the middle power group and the high power group(P＞0.05). CONCLUSION:In the cases of YAG laser peripheral iridotomy, the more lower the total power,the more lower the risk of IOP increasing after the procedue.But, there is no correlation between the total power and the risk of IOP increasing after the procedue in the case with total power above 44mJ.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of protein-free calf blood extract for conjunctiva-leaking after trabeculectomy in human eyes. METHODS:A retrospective study with control designa-tion was carried out from January 2007 to December 2010.The first group was conjunctiva-leaking eyes without protein-free calf blood extract.The second group of conjunctiva-leaking eyes was treated by 20% protein-free calf blood extract eye drops.The leaking of conjunctiva was recorded on day 3,7,14. RESULTS:There was significant difference between the two groups in conjunctival healing time (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Protein-free calf blood extract eye drops has confirmed efficacy in treating conjunctiva-leaking after trabeculectomy.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate application value of high-frequency color doppler flow imaging (CDFI) on the pre-operative diagnosis of vitreous hemorrhage. METHODS:High-frequency CDFI was performed on 20 patients (20 eyes) with vitreous hemorrhage(VH). Pre-operative diagnosis was given by CDFI, fundus examination and previous history. All patients were performed vitrectomy. Post-operative diagnosis was based on observation during operation, post-operative fluorenscense angiography and indocaine angiography.  RESULTS:In these 20 eyes with VH, there were 5 eyes (25%) with retinal detachment, 2 eyes (10% ) with retinal detachment and choroidal detachment, and 2 eyes (10%) with subretinal hemorrhage. It was evidenced by operation that there were 7 cases (35%) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 7 cases (35%) with central or branch retinal vein occlussion, 3 cases (15%) with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 1 cases (5%) with age-related macular degeneration, 1 case (5%) with polypoid chorioretinopathy, and 1 case (5%) with Eales disease. The CDFI results of 19 eyes among 20 eyes (95%) were consistent with the observation in surgical operation.  CONCLUSION:High-frequency CDFI can contribute to preoperative judgment for the cause of VH, and to effectively guide clinical treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effects of Terson syndrome. METHODS:Thirteen cases（19 eyes）of Terson syndrome had preoperative visual acuity (VA) from light perception to 0.02, and duration of 1-15 (average 7.7) months. Vitrectomy was performed.In accordance with the vitreo-retinal circumstances, silicone oil tamponade was performed on 2 eyes, gas filling on 1 eye，others were filled with vitrectomy perfusate. RESULTS:Majority of vitreous hemorrhage was found concentrated in the posterior pole; preretinal hemorrhage occurred in 12 eyes( symmetrical in two eyes), hemorrhage in the macular area in 4 eyes, multi-focal hemorrhage in 3 eyes.After the first operation, VA in 19 eyes significantly increased, VA in 12 eyes without macular preretinal hemorrhage increased to 0.4-1.0 (average 0.6); VA in 4 eyes with macular preretinal hemorrhage increased to 0.02-0.4 (average 0.3).The former significantly increased in VA than the latter (P<0.05). Postoperative follow-up on 15 eyes lasted for 3 to 26 (mean 17.6) months. Postoperative retinal detachment occurred in 2 eyes, which got satisfactory result from retinal reattachment surgery. CONCLUSION:Timely vitreoretinal surgery is safe and effective for Terson syndrome patients. Visions in patients without macular preretinal hemorrhage are restored better than those with macular preretinal hemorrhage.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the anterior chamber inflammatory response and influence degree after medial rectus muscle and lateral rectus muscle respectively or simultaneously being transected.  METHODS:Retrospective analysis in 52 cases (60 eyes) horizontal strabismus patients who should be operated on medial and lateral rectus muscle surgery. They were divided into two groups, a single horizontal rectus muscle was cut in one eye in group A of 30 eyes; medial and lateral rectus muscle were cut in one eye in group B of 30 eyes. All the eyes were examined preoperatively and 1 day postoperatively with FM - 600 type laser flare cell meter (LFCM). The degree of anterior chamber inflammation was determinated. All aqueous flare data of measured eyes were collected and analysed with SPSS 11.5.  RESULTS:The results of preoperation and postopera-tion showed that no significant difference was observed in group A (P>0.05), but the anterior chamber inflammation changes were different significantly in group B (P<0.05 ). The mean of anterior chamber inflammation was still within the normal range in group B after the first day postoperatively. CONCLUSION:Surgery on one horizontal rectus muscle in one eye can not cause changes of anterior chamber inflammation.The anterior ciliary arteries are injuried after two horizontal rectus muscles are transected simultaneously, which can lead to dysfunction on its supply area: the iris and ciliary body. So a mild inflammation in anterior chamber occurred. The compensation of collateral circulation can prevent occurrence of serious anterior segment ischemia after two horizontal rectus muscles are transected simultaneously.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical application of hydroxyapatite (HA) orbital implant for plastic surgery of eye. METHODS:Totally 52 cases (52 eyes) underwent three kinds of HA orbital implant procedures. 24 cases (24 eyes) in group A were implanted HA enwrapped self-sclera shell at the first stage. 16 cases (16 eyes) in group B were implanted HA covered double-deck sclera cap at the first stage. 12 cases (12 eyes) in group C were implanted HA enwrapped other-sclera shell at the second stage. RESULTS:Follow-up periods ranged from 3 months to 24 months. After artificial eye slice fixed, most cases got plump eyeball and obtained certain eyeball activity (excellent: 71.2%; good:19.2 %; poor:9.6 %). CONCLUSION:HA orbital implant is the most perfect at the present time. We can receive the satisfactory result if it is applied in clinic.

Abstract:AIM:To compare packing eyes with recombinant human epidermal growth factor(rhEGF) drops for corneal recovery after pterygium surgery. METHODS:Thirty-eight patients（38 eyes）with unilateral pterygium whose pterygiums had covered cornea surface 2-5mm were chosen. Excisions of pterygium(bare sclera technique) were performed on all of the 38 patients. Then postoperatively those patients were divided into two groups randomly: nineteen eyes in group A were persistently packed with 3g/L ofloxacin ointment until corneal epithelial wound healing; nineteen eyes in group B were packed with 3g/L ofloxacin ointment for 1 day after operation and treated with ofloxacineye drops+rhEGF(20μg/mL) drops 4 times per day from the 2nd day till corneal epithelial wound healing. The changes of cornea were observed postoperatively, the duration of corneal epithelial wound healing was recorded and the differences between group A and group B were compared. RESULTS:The average duration of corneal epithelial wound healing was 4.1±1.4d in group A, and 6.5±2.9d in group B. There was significant statistical difference between group A and B (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Packing eyes after pterygium excisions could promote corneal epithelial wound healing than using rhEGF drops topically.

Abstract:AIM:To study the efficacy of artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation for treatment of postoperative recurrence of dacryocystorhinostomy and evaluate its clinical value. METHODS:Twelve cases (13 eyes) with postoperative recurrence of dacryocystorhinostomy underwent artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation.  RESULTS:Twelve cases (13 eyes) were successfully implanted in nasolacrimal duct stent.Patients were followed up for 1 month to 6 months, the effective rate was 85%.Complications occurred including bleeding, eyelid edema as flushing and blocking of the nasolacrimal duct stent.  CONCLUSION:Artificial nasolacrimal duct implantation is a safe, simple and effective way for the treatment of postoperative recurrence of dacryocystorhinostomy.

Abstract:AIM:To summarize the experience of canaliculoplasty supported by epidural tube. METHODS:Thirty-eight cases (38 eyes) of laceration of lacrimal canaliculus were treated by canaliculoplasty.The hurt nasal side on the lacrimal canaliculus was found under operation microscope.The epidural tube was implanted in lacrimal passage as a temporary internal stand,and kept for 3 months. RESULTS:The operation was successful in 34 cases and failed in 4 cases because the nasal dacryocanalicular remainder was not found. CONCLUSION:The key of the operation is to find the dacryocanalicular remainder. This method is simple with high success rate.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze clinical and histopathological features of eyelid basal cell carcinoma and improve the diagnostic level.  METHODS:Retrospective analysis of case series. Ninty-one cases (91 eyes) of basal cell carcinoma of eyelid of outpatients and inpatients dating from August 2001 to August 2011 were collected to review clinical and histopathological features. Parafin section and HE stain were applied to all cases. Immunohistochemical staining was further applied to some cases with diagnostic difficulties. RESULTS:Basal cell carcinoma of these cases occurred mostly in lower eyelid and inner canthus. The carcinoma was nodular and carcinoma cells appeared like basal cells. HE stain and immunohistochemistry were helpful fo diagnosis. CONCLUSION:Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment were not given to patients suffering from basal cell carcinoma of eyelid in the first diagnosis, which worsened their conditions. Basal cell carcinoma of eyelid should be differentiated from meibomian gland carcinoma, malignant melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, etc

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of vertical displacement of horizontal recti for horizontal strabismus accompanied by micro-degree vertical strabismus． METHODS: Seven patients (9 eyes) who suffered from horizontal strabismus accompanied by micro-degree vertical strabismus were studied retrospectively．All patients were treated with lateral or medial rectus resection or recession and vertical displacement of these muscles．Follow-up lasted for 3-18(mean 6) months to observe its effect. RESULTS:All cases had a good correction with surgery.Of 5 patients (7 eyes), the vertical strabismus was 0^△. After the operation 1 patient (1 eye) had the by R/L8^△ turned into R/L2^△，1 patient had the by R/L6^△ into L/R2^△.During the follow-up period all patients did not present iatrogenic A-V phenomenon, diplopia, or compensatory head posture. CONCLUSION:Vertical displacement of horizontal recti is successful for horizontal strabismus accompanied by micro-degree vertical strabismus .

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the comprehensive treatment of different types of amblyopia in children and evaluate its long-term clinical efficacy. METHODS:Totally 100 cases (190 eyes) were classified by the type of amblyopia, degree of amblyopia, fixation nature, and age, treated with correction of refractive error, occlusion therapy, family fine eyesight training and red light therapy, comprehensive therapeutic apparatus, and followed up over 5 years. RESULTS:Ametropic amblyopia was significantly higher than the anisometropic, strabismic amblyopia and occlusive amblyopia in the curative rate.Mild amblyopia was significantly higher than the moderate and severe amblyopia in the curative rate. Central fixation was higher than the paracentral fixation.The younger treatment of amblyopia, the better efficacy. The 3 to 6-year-old group was significantly higher than other age groups. CONCLUSION:Amblyopia treatment efficacy is closely related to type of amblyopia, degree of amblyopia, fixation nature and age of starting treatment, parents and children compliance. Comprehensive treatment of amblyopia can improve the curative rate and shorten the course of treatment.