Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect on intraocular pressure(IOP)of Latanoprost 0.005%(Lataprost, Sina Darou, Iran)applied every other day.

METHODS: Patients with well controlled open angle glaucoma were enrolled in the study. All patients had been given Latanoprost for at least 2 months with once daily dose at bed time at the first phase of the study. After recovery of 3 normal consecutive IOPs, the dosage was altered to once every other day at bed-time and they were closely monitored at week 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 within second phase of the study and IOPs were measured. As soon as an abnormally elevated IOP was encountered, patient was excluded from the study and the prior regimen was reestablished.

RESULTS:This study included 53 eyes of 53 patients(29 male, 24 female; age range 52-82 years)with open angle glaucoma. Twenty-seven patients suffered from primary open angle glaucoma and 26 patients had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. After beginning the second phase of the study, a mild trend of increasing IOP was recordable. A corresponding trend was even detected in female and male patients separately. The P values at week 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 were 0.003, 0.001, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.000 respectively. In the first 2 weeks after initiation of the 2^nd phase, 66% of cases have no change in IOPs, but thereafter, 69.8%, experienced increasing IOPs.

CONCLUSION: The present study shows the superiority of the conventional dosage of Latanoprost 0.005% in comparison with once every other day dose but at least in first few weeks, the IOPs are reasonably close to each other. Further studies with higher number of cases would widen the present findings.

Abstract:AIM: To observe effects of four effective components of Qing Guang An on inoblast and typeⅠcollagen of scarring tissue of filtration canal after glaucoma surgery, and discuss their effect and function mechanism on preventing its formation.

METHODS: Four effective components of Qing Guang An were used in rabbit eyes after glaucoma surgery(Group D.E.F.G), with the blank group(A), model group(B), MMC group comparison(C). Effects of four effective components of Qing Guang An on inoblast and typeⅠcollagen of scarring tissue of filtration canal after glaucoma surgery were observed.

RESULTS: After surgery, MMC group(C), effective component 2(E)groups of intraocular pressure rose slowly. At the fourth week, intraocular pressure remained minimum. The compare of these two groups of intraocular pressure and those of group A, B, D, F, G had significance on statistics. Comparing with the number of inoblast of each group, except group D and E, which result was P>0.05 and had no obvious significance on statistics, others were significant. Comparing with the expression of typeⅠcollagen, except group C and E, B and G, F and G, result of others had obvious significance on statistics showing as P<0.05.

CONCLUSION: The scaring of filter canal after glaucoma surgery is main cause of the filtration surgery's failure assuming abnormal backup intraocular pressure. The effective componment 2 of Qing Guang An and MMC can obviously inhibit the multiplication of inoblast and the expression of typeⅠcollagen, reduce the hyperplasia of scar tissue, which has obvious effect for preventing scarring of filtration canal.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the cobalt chloride(CoCl₂)simulated hypoxic environment's effect on the gene expression and protein secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)of rats' retinal progenitor cells(RPCs).

METHODS: RPCs were separated, cultured and identified by the use of neurospheres-adhesive culture. RT-PCR and ELISA were used to detect the change of RPCs VEGF's expression after 24-hour intervention of CoCl₂ with different concentration(0, 50, 100, 150μmol/L and 200μmol/L), and detect the change of RPCs VEGF's expression in 150μmol/L CoCl₂ for different period(0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 hours).

RESULTS: The RPCs cultured by neurospheres-adhesive culture system could highly express the specificity of stem cells(Nestin), and express mature retinal neuron after natural differentiation. After culturing them in the hypoxic environment for the same period, the gene express of VEGF gradually increased and then decreased with the increasing concentration of CoCl₂, and peaked(P≤0.05)when the concentration of CoCl₂ was 150μmol/L. When the concentration of CoCl₂ was 150μmol/L, the gene expression of VEGF also gradually increased and then decreased with the increasing hypoxia intervention period, and peaked(P≤0.05)when the hypoxia intervention period was 36 hours, the change of protein and gene expression were consistent.

CONCLUSION: The RPCs cultured by neurospheres-adhesive culture system can better express the specificity of stem cells. Under CoCl₂ simulated hypoxic environment, hypoxia strengthens RPCs VEGF's secretion and dependent on the time and dose.

Abstract:AIM:To observe influence of gross saponins from tribulus terrestris L(GSTT)on SOD activity and MDA content for chronic high intraocular pressure in rabbit, and discusses the retina oxidative damage inhibition on chronic high intraocular pressure model of rabbit.

METHODS:Totally 24 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group(A group); high intraocular pressure model blank group(B group); high intraocular pressure model with GSTT treated group(C group); high intraocular pressure model with Erigeron brevicapas hand mass(EBHM)treated group(D group). High intraocular pressure model was induced by 20g/L methylcellulose injection into the anterior chamber in B group, C group and D group. D group was injected 5 mg/kg GSTT and C group was injected 4.5mg/kg EBHM and measured intraocular pressure with Schiotz tonometer every day for 4 weeks. The retina tissue superoxide dismutase(SOD)and maleic dialdehyde(MDA)content were detected 28 days later.

RESULTS: After glaucoma model of rabbit eyes were established, the intraocular pressure during observation period was maintained in 32-39mmHg; High intraocular pressure model blank group and normal control group, EBHM treatment group, GSTT treatment group were compared, the differences of retina MDA, SOD content had statistical significance(P<0.05); numerical difference between EBHM treatment group and GSTT group was not statistically significant(P>0.05); EBHM treatment group, GSTT treatment group and normal control group were compared, the content of MDA in the retina was still slightly higher(P<0.05), the content of SOD slightly lower(P<0.05)

CONCLUSION: GSTT can effectively improve the retina SOD activity of chronic high intraocular pressure in rabbit and reduce the content of MDA, which has a protective effect of persistent high intraocular retinal oxidative stress.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)and the protein products of its target gene vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)epiretinal membranes.

METHODS: Totally 26 patients who have been obtained epiretinal membranes(PDRⅤ-Ⅵ)were performed pars- plana vitrectomy. They were removed the epiretinal membrane intraoperation and to observe HIF-1α, VEGF and expression of vascular endothelial marker CD34 in epiretinal membranes through immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS:Vascular endothelial cells of PDR expressed HIF-1α in 24 cases(92.3%)and VEGF in 15 cases(57.7%)in membranes, respectively. There were significant correlations between the numbers of blood vessels expressing CD34 and HIF-1α(r=0.556, P=0.028). There were significant correlations between the numbers of blood vessels expressing CD34 and VEGF(r=0.745,P=0.001).

CONCLUSION:HIF-1α and VEGF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PDR.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of rapamycin-loaded microspheres in non-obese diabetic(NOD)mice with dry eye caused by Sjögren's syndrome(SS).

METHODS: Twenty 8-week-old female NOD mice with dry eye caused by SS were randomly divided into 4 groups. One week later, the mice were treated with subconjunctival injection. GroupⅠ and Ⅱ received 200μg/kg and 400μg/kg rapamycin-loaded microspheres, Group Ⅲ and Ⅳ received normal saline and empty microspheres. Five 8-week-old female healthy KM mice were used as untreated controls. Before and 5, 10, 15, 20 days after the experiment, the amount of secretion of tears, the score of corneal fluorescein staining and rose bengal staining were investigated. Conjunctival epithelial cells were observed and graded by conjunctival impression cytology.

RESULTS: Compared with the group Ⅲ and Ⅳ, the amount of secretion of tears of the mice in groupⅠ and Ⅱ increased. The scores of corneal fluorescein staining and rose bengal staining were lower. The levels of conjunctival impression cytology reduced.

CONCLUSION: Rapamycin-loaded microspheres can decrease dry eye signs by alleviating the ocular surface inflammation of NOD mice. It suggests rapamycin-loaded microsphere is valuable to dry eye caused by SS.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of pattern visual evoked potentioals(P-VEP)in the detection of binocular vision in cat models of visual dysfunction.

METHODS: Eighteen 4-week-old healthy domestic cats were included. Twelve of them were used to establish models of monocular deprivation(6 cats)and optical strabismus(6 cats). The other six cats were used as controls. Their binocular visions were detected by P-VEP when they were 6, 10 and 16 weeks old, and the latency and the amplitude of P waves were recorded.

RESULTS: With increasing age, the latency got shortened and the amplitude got enlarged in the control group. The binocular summation was larger than the summation of monocular amplitude. In the monocular deprivation group, the cats had lower amplitude in the right eye than the left eye at 10 weeks old, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); There was no statistically significant difference in the latency. When these cats were 16 weeks old, the latency and the amplitude of the right eye(the amblyopic eye)were obviously lower than the left eye, and partial binocular summation was shown. Compared with the control group, the latency and the amplitude of either eye in the optical strabismus group was not significantly different; however, the binocular summations were remarkably lower than either monocular amplitude when the cats were 10 weeks old and 16 weeks old.

CONCLUSION: P-VEP is an effective approach for evaluation of the binocular vision in animals.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of all trans- retinoic acid(ATRA)on proliferation of human pterygium fibroblasts(HPF)in vitro and search for a new method to prevent the recurrence after pterygium surgery.

METHODS: HPF was cultivated in vitro. MTT assay was used to detect the effect on proliferation of HPF after incubation for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours in the different concentration of ATRA. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in each group was detected by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS: Administration of 10^-8 mmol/L ATRA for 24 hours could significantly inhibit HPF proliferation in a dose- and-time dependent manner(P<0.05). ATRA could inhibit the expression of PCNA in HPF in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:ATRA can significantly inhibit HPF proliferation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the course of disease, clinical characteristic and clinical outcome of patients with idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis(IDON)in final diagnosis and compare the results with those in western countries.

METHODS: Clinical features of 137 cases of IDON with final diagnosis in the General Hospital of Chinese PLA form May 2009 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS: With a female to male ratio of 1:1.54, 74 cases had onset in both eyes or one after another, and 63 cases had onset with simple eye. There were 28.9% patients accompanied with oculogyria pain, 69.7% eyes with retrobulbar neuritis and 30.3% eyes with papillitis. There were 58.4% cases with visual acuity recovered to more than 0.5; but there were also 21.8% cases with visual acuity recovered to less than 0.1. The patients in lower age group(≤18 years)had a better recovery of visual acuity and those in higher age group(≥46 year)at the same time had a bad visual acuity. There were significant differences between two groups(P<0.05). There were 89 cases performed aquaporin-4(AQP-4)autoantibodies assay. The results of 28 cases(31.5%)were seropositivity. The patients in seropositivity group had better recovery of visual acuity and there were significant differences compared to seronegativity group. In the two follow-up years, 5 out of 28 seropositive patients were diagnosed as optical neuromyelitis(NMO)and 1 out of 28 was diagnosed as multiple sclerosis(MS)finally; 1 out of 61 seronegative patients were diagnosed as NMO finally.

CONCLUSION:Despite of minor differences of clinical feature, the course of IDON is similar to that reported in western countries, AQP-4 autoantibodies may have diagnostic and prognostic value in patients who present with isolated ON. The seropositivity of AQP-4 may mean the worse recovery of sight and increase the chances of the development of NMO.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes of corneal endothelium in diabetes patients before and after cataract phacoemulsification surgery with confocal microscopy for exploring the variation and influencing factors.

METHODS: Phacoemulsification were randomly divided into 50 aged-related cataract patients with diabetes mellitus(56 eyes, diabetes group)and 50 patients with senile cataract(60 eyes, control group). Cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were performed, central corneal thickness, the corneal endothelial cell density, coefficient of variation and percentage of hexagonal cell were measured before surgery, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery by confocal microscopy.

RESULTS: Before surgery, there was no statistical difference between the two groups of central corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell density, coefficient of variation and percentage of hexagonal cell(P>0.05). Compared with pre-operation, the central corneal thickness and coefficient of variation were increased post-operation, but the corneal endothelial cell density and percentage of hexagonal cell decreased gradually. The central corneal thickness of diabetes group was more significantly than control group 1 week, 3 months after surgery(P<0.05), and the corneal endothelial cell density was less significantly than control group(P<0.05). One week, 3 months after surgery, the percentage of hexagonal cell was less than control group(P<0.01). The coefficient of variation was significantly higher than control group(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Aged-related cataract patients with diabetes mellitus were much more poor tolerability on cataract phacoemulsification surgery. Compared with senile cataract patients, the corneal endothelium injury was more serious and the velocity and validity of recovery were lower comparatively.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the application of diclofenac sodium eye drops in toric intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: From January 2011 to February 2012, 38 eyes of 37 patients, who underwent toric intraocular lens implantation in this hospital, were randomly divided into diclofenac sodium eye drops group(trial group)and control group. Patient's degree of cooperation during surgery and inflammation postoperation after 1 day, 3,7, days, 1 month and 3 months were evaluated.

RESULTS: Patient's degree of cooperation during surgery in the trial group(1.53±0.62)was significantly better than in the control group(2.40±0.88, P<0.05). Inflammation reaction was gentle in the trial group 1 day postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: Diclofenac sodium eye drops used during toric intraocular lens implantation can obviously alleviate eye irritation, and increase the cooperation of patients.

Abstract:AIM:To explore possible causes of early postoperative elevated intraocular pressure caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)vitrectomy.

METHODS:Totally 72 cases(100 eyes)which have performed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy were retrospectively analyzed to observe the incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension, and the relevant factors that caused postoperative high intraocular pressure were statistically analyzed. Early postoperative ocular hypertension diagnostic criteria: any time after 2 weeks of non-contact tonometer measured IOP> 25mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa).

RESULTS:High intraocular pressure after vitrectomy occurred in 27 eyes(27%), the incidence of male and female were 27.27%, 26.79%, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Eyes filled with balanced liquid filling incidence rate of 30.95%, 6.25%, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Silicone oil tamponade with C3F8 filled group incidence rate of 34.28%, 31.25%, and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Incidences of intraoperative panretinal photocoagulation and additional retinal photocoagulation group were 41%, 20%, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Preoperative retinopathy of four, five, six groups of incidence were 9.52%, 23.81%, 40.56%, and the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). Unconsolidated preoperative retinal detachment and retinal detachment incidence rate of 19%, 41%, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Surgery in the united lens resection with intraoperative unfederated lens the resection group's incidence rate of 34%, 15%, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that retinal detachment preoperative and intraoperative intraocular filling were independent risk factors that caused early postoperative ocular hypertension after vitrectomy.

CONCLUSION:Post-operative ocular hypertension after PDR vitrectomy is related to preoperative retinal detachment, intraoperative lensectomy, intraoperative intraocular filling, and intraoperative panretinal photocoagulation. Retinal detachment preoperative and intraoperative intraocular filling are independent risk factors that caused early postoperative ocular hypertension after vitrectomy. Incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension after PDR vitrectomy is high, harmful. Early detection and individualized treatment can improve the success rate of vitrectomy and the patient's vision.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal Avastin for managing choroidal neovascularization(CNV)due to age-related macular degeneration(AMD).

METHODS: Totally 60 patients(60 eyes)which were diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)from January 2009 to December 2010. Sixty patients(60 eyes)with subfoveal CNV due to AMD participated in this study. An intravitreal injection of Avastin(1.25mg)was given at baseline and followed by two additional injections of six weeks intervals. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure, the change of lens and vitreous, choroidal leaks by indocyanine green angiography, and central retinal thickness by optical coherence tomography were observed 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the treatment and then compared.

RESULTS: Sixty eyes of 60 patients \〖26 males(26 eyes)and 34 females(34 eyes)\〗 with the average of 62 years old were included. The mean baseline of BCVA and central foveal thickness(CFT)were 1.15±0.41(logMAR), 395.92±94.39μm, respectively. The mean BCVA had significant improvement(logMAR 0.86±0.43)one day after the injection. The mean baseline of CFT also had significant decrease one week after the injection(332.50±68.35μm). At the last of 6 months follow-up, BCVA(logMAR 0.71±0.37), CFT(250.23±35.33μm)showed significant improvements over baseline values. A total of 113 injections were performed and the average number of injections was 1.88 in the group. There was no serious complication during the treatment.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal Avastin for managing CNV due to age-related macular degeneration is safe and few side-effects. Intravitreal Avastin associated with improvement in VA, which can reduce macular edema and choroidal leakage.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the consequence of transplantation of autologous RPE-Bruch membrane complex and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab(Avastin)for the occult choroidal neovascularization(CNV).

METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 34 patients(35 eyes)with the massive occult CNV accompanied by the wide-ranging subretinal hemorrhage that underwent different treatment and related literatures were reviewed. The 34 patients(35 eyes)were divided to group A(the treatment methods include the macular subretinal hemorrhage and CNV removal surgery, intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, combination of PDT and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, laser photocoagulation)and group B(transplantation of autologous RPE-Bruch membrane complex and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab). The outcome was measured before and after therapy by best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP), multifocal ERG(mfERG), optical coherence tomography(OCT), fluorescein angiography(FFA), indocyanine green angiography(ICGA). Autofluorescence tests were also conducted.

RESULTS: During 11.7±6.5 months of follow-up after the end of therapy, the BCVA of group B was elevated in 10 eyes(71.43%, 10/14), constant in 2 eyes(14.29%, 2/14)and decreased 2 eyes(14.29%, 2/14). Besides, no recurrent CNV in group B was found. The BCVA of group B was 4.3±1.1, improving significantly compared with 3.5±0.4 of group B before therapy(P<0.05)and 3.4±0.3 of group A after the end of therapy(P<0.05). The posterior pole retinal average thickness measured by fast macular scans using OCT of group B was 236±71μm, decreasing notably compared with 371±97μm of group B before therapy(P<0.05)and 364±86μm of group A after the end of therapy(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The short-term results of transplantation of autologous RPE-Bruch membrane complex and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab are confirmed and it could increase the visual acuity of patients with the massive CNV accompanied by the wide-ranging subretinal hemorrhage. This positive intervention should be noted in order to save the visual function of such patients.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of individualized therapy on dry eye induced by different reasons.

METHODS: Totally 140 cases(140 eyes)of dry eye were divided into three categories according to eye symptoms. First category: 60 cases(60 eyes)with meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)were divided into A₁ group(palpebralis margin treatment group)and B₁ group(control group); Second category: 50 cases(50 eyes)with corneal epithelium damage(corneal fluorescence staining FL Score≥5)were divided into A₂ group(bandage contact lens group)and B₂ group(control group); Third category: 30 cases(30 eyes)with low Schirmer test(Schirmer Ⅰ≤5mm)were divided into A₃ group(lacrimal punctum plug group)and B₃ group(control group). Both former categories treated by 1g/L fluorometholone eye drops and 1g/L hyaluronate sodium eye drops, but received limbus palpebralis cleaning, oral doxycycline in A₁ group and bandage contact lens in A₂ group else. The third category was treated by 10g/L cyclosporine A and carbomer eye gel, but lacrimal punctum plug in A₃ group before received the drug treatment. Two weeks follow up, each case was examined by subjective symptom, cornea fluorescence colouration test, tear break-up time(BUT), and Schirmer test Ⅰ(SⅠt)in the treatment groups(A₁,A₂,A₃)and the control groups(B₁,B₂,B₃), the results pre- and post-treatment were compared. The t test was used for inferential statistics.

RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between treatment groups(A₁, A₂, A₃)and control groups(B₁, B₂, B₃)before treatment. Two weeks after treatment, there was statistical difference between the treatment groups(A₁, A₂, A₃)and control groups(B₁, B₂, B₃)in subjective symptoms and BUT. The difference among A₃ group(lacrimal punctum plug group, in which the lacrimal river line formed were observed 2 weeks after treatment)and B₃ (control group)was statistically significant in SⅠt.

CONCLUSION:On base of anti-inflammatory and use of artificial tears, individualized therapy is an effective and satisfactory clinical curative method in the treatment of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the effects of preemptive analgesia of parecoxib, butorphanol, and pethidine used in and after strabismus surgery, and explore an effective and safe method of analgesia for strabismus surgery.

METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.After the ethic committee approval and written conformed consent were obtained, 80 ASA Ⅰ patients aged 18-50 years undergoing strabismus surgery under local anesthesia were randomly allocated to 4 groups(n=20 each): group P received intramuscular parecoxib(40mg), group B received intramuscular butorphanol(1mg), group D received intramuscular pethidine(50mg), and group N received intramuscular normal saline(2mL). All patients received the drug at 30 minutes before surgery. Basal heart rate(HR)and meananerial pressure(HAP)were recorded on the day before surgery. The intensity of pain was measured using(numeric rating scales)NRS(0-10, 0=no pain, 10=worst pain)and recorded during operation time(T₁). Meanwhile, culocardiacreflex(OCR), nausea and vomiting, and sweating were also recorded. NRS, nausea and vomiting were recorded at 2 hours(T₂), 4 hours(T₃), 8 hours(T₄)after operation.

RESULTS: The NRS scores at T₁ were significantly lower in groups P, B, and D than in group N. OCR, nausea and vomiting, and sweating at T₁ were not significantly different among the 4 groups. The nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in group D than in groups P, B, and N. The NRS scores at T₂ were not significantly different among the 4 groups. The NRS scores in groups D and N at T₃ were significantly higher than those at T₂. And the NRS scores at T₃ were significantly higher in group D and N than groups P and B. The nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in group D than in groups P, B, and N. The NRS, nausea and vomiting were not significantly different among the 4 groups. The NRS scores in groups P and B were not significantly different at T₂, T₃, and T₄.

CONCLUSION:Preemptive analgesia with 40mg of parecoxib for strabismus surgery under local anesthesia is effective intraoperatively and postoperatively, and can reduce the postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Abstract:RNA interference exists widely in animals, which can induce specific genetic sequence to silence by double-stranded RNA molecules at the mRNA level. As a kind of new methods of blocking gene expression, RNA interference technology has become increasingly mature and perfect, it has opened up a new approach of gene therapy. RNA interference can effectively prevent the formation of new vessels in retina, restrain the occurrence and development of the proliferative vitreous retinopathy, and induce apoptosis of retinoblastoma cells. The research progress of the RNA interference in the above retinopathy was summarized in this review.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the most common cause of blindness in developed countries. Meanwhile, over the past decade, the incidence increases year by year in China. AMD is classified as atrophic macular degeneration and exudative macular degeneration, always leading to severe central vision loss even blindness in the late stage of AMD. As a degenerative disorder the pathogenesis of AMD remains unclear. Many possible causative factors have been implicated including oxidative stress, lipofuscin accumulation, chronic inflammation, mutation in the complement system, and dysfunctional ocular microcirculation. This review will shed light on the pathogenesis of the disease, especially elaborate the relationship between epigenetic regulation and AMD.

Abstract:Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common eye disease, as manifested in apoptosis of retinal ganglion cell, which results in serious diseases such as the optic nerve damage and produces disastrous influence on vision and life of the patient. Cell apoptosis is the self-dying process, which is controlled by a variety of gene. This article assesses functions of different gene in promoting ganglion cell apoptosis after retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Abstract:Effective methods of evaluating postoperative visual quality include wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test. This article provides a review of the concepts and clinical applications as well as their interactions of wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test.This article also provides a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test as evaluation tools of postoperative visual quality.

Abstract:Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is clinical common presentation of acute ischemic and anoxic damage to the optic nerve. The condition is caused by the blood circulation disorder of the optic nerve head supplied by the short posterior ciliary arteries. NAION is the most common ischemic optic neuropathy(ION). Now the related risk pathogenic factors of NAION in the population of plateau regions are reviewed simply.

Abstract:Blood oxygen level dependence-functional magnetic resonance imaging(BOLD-fMRI)utilizing the endogenous paramagnetic material-deoxygenated hemoglobin as a contrast agent gains signal changes of MRI in cortical intravascular and obtains images of the active area. Due to accurate location, intuitive and noninvasive, BOLD-fMRI is applied widely and provides objective evidence for amblyopia neurogenesis mechanism, ocular dominance column, motion perception and color vision.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the influence of head-down tilt simulated weightlessness on visual evoked potential(VEP), oscillatory potentials(OPs)and visual acuity, and analyse the relationship among them.

METHODS: Head-down tilt for -6° was adopted in 14 healthy volunteers. Distant visual acuity, near visual acuity, VEP and OPs were recorded before, two days and five days after trial. The record procedure of OPs followed the ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography(2008 update).

RESULTS: Significant differences were detected in the amplitude of P₁₀₀ waves and ∑OPs among various time points(P<0.05). But no relationship was observed among VEP, OPs and visual acuity.

CONCLUSION: Head-down tilt simulated weightlessness induce the rearrange of blood of the whole body including eyes, which can make the change of visual electrophysiology but not visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To research the impact of different 3.2mm incisions of cataract surgery on patients whose corneal astigmatism was within 25 degrees by Orbscan.

METHODS: We collected 40 cases of cataract patients whose corneal astigmatism was within 25 degrees detected by Orbscan and randomly divided them into groups A, B. Detected by Orbscan, 20 patients(20 eyes)in group A was conducted with 3.2mm corneal astigmatism axial incision and 20 patients(20 eyes)in group B was conducted with 3.2mm corneal incision on 90 degrees of the axis. All cataract operations were implemented by the same physician. We observed the postoperative changes of corneal astigmatism between two groups.

RESULTS: The comparisons of Polar K on each time preoperative and postoperative point were significant differences within each group. But the comparisons of Polar K on each time preoperative and postoperative point were not statistically significant between two groups. After 3 months, two kinds of incisions would both increase about 0.3D Polar K in the cornea.

CONCLUSION: 3.2mm corneal incision may cause Polar K 0.3D in corneal astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and predictability of the Verisyse/Artisan iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens for correction of high myopia.

METHODS:Totally 58 cases(112 eyes)of the Verisyse/Artisan iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens for correction of high myopia were collected, the preoperative and 3, 6 and 12 months postoperative examination such as uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), refraction, endothelial cell, intraocular pressure were observed.

RESULTS: All of 112 eyes were implanted successfully and were followed-up for 1 year. UCVA of all patients were ≥0.5 three months after surgery, 72.3% of eyes with BCVA ≥0.8 six months after surgery, 98% of eyes residual refraction≤±1.00diopters(D)1 year after surgery. There were significant differences between preoperative and 3, 6 and 12 months postoperative spherical equivalent refraction and astigmatism(P<0.05). There were no significant differences between preoperative and 3 and 6 months postoperative intraocular pressure and counts of endothelial cell(P>0.05), but endothelial cell will be loss with the increase of observation time after surgery. Glaucoma, cataract, corneal endothelial decompensation and other serious complications were not found in our study.

CONCLUSION: Verisyse/Artisan iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens for correction of high myopia is effective, safe and predictable. All patients satisfied with the improvement of visual, no serious complications were found, but further clinical observed for a long period of time is necessary.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the contrast vision following implantation one of the following three intraocular lenses(IOLs): photochromic IOL, blue-light filtering IOL and conventional clear IOL.

METHODS: Totally 97 cases(102 eyes)were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the type of IOL. Group A were implanted photochromic IOL, group B were implanted blue-light filtering IOL, group C were implanted conventional clear IOL. The contrast vision was evaluated in photopic condition three months after operation.

RESULTS: In the scotopia condition, the contrast vision of the group A was lower than that in the photopic condition, but the contrast vision of the group A became statistically different until the contrast dropped to 10% contrast condition. The contrast vision of group B and group C were lower than that in the photopic condition and there had significant statistical difference. In the photopic condition: there was no significant statistical difference between group A and C in all the contrast level(P_100%=1, P_25%=1, P_10%=0.86); the contrast vision of the group A was higher than group B in all the contrast level(P_100%=0.010, P_25%=0.004, P_10%=0.041); In the 100%, 25% contrast condition, the contrast vision of the group B was lower than group C. Difference was statistically significant, but it became no statistically significant difference until the contrast dropped to 10% contrast condition(P_100%=0.014, P_25%=0.016, P_10%=0.457). In the scotopia condition: there was no statistical difference between group A and group C in 100%, 25% contrast level, but in the 10% contrast condition the contrast vision of the group A was higher than group C. Difference was statistically significant(P_100%=1, P_25%=0.111, P_10%=0.029). The contrast vision of the group A was higher than group B in all the contrast level. Difference was statistically significant(P_100%=0.000, P_25%=0.000, P_10%=0.001). The contrast vision of group B was lower than group C in the 100%, 25% contrast condition. Difference was statistically significant, but it became no statistically different until the contrast dropped to 10% contrast condition(P_100%=0.000, P_25%=0.039, P_10%=0.596).

CONCLUSION: To the senile cataract patients, the photochromic Matrix 400 has better visual quality in scotopia lighting condition than the blue-light filtering people.

Abstract:AIM: To assess and compare the results of 2.2mm microincision coaxial cataract surgery(MCCS)phacoemulsification with the conventional 3.0mm MCCS in hard nuclear cataracts.

METHODS: Totally 132 eyes with hard cataract(Ⅳ level and above)were randomized to two groups: 2.2mm MCCS(group 1:60 eyes)and 3.0mm MCCS(group 2:72 eyes). All patients underwent standard phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery by one experienced surgeon. The average ultrasound power(AVE)was recorded during the operation. The incidences of capsule rupture and postoperative corneal edema were compared.Visual acuity, surgically induced astigmatism(SIA)and the descent rate of endothelial cell density were compared at intervals of 1 day, 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Statistic analysis was taken by Student's t test and Chi square test.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference on the incidences of capsule rupture, postoperative corneal edema and AVE(P> 0.05)between the two groups(3.3%, 10.0%, 65.09±20.15)and(4.2%, 11.1%, 69.13±15.44). One day after the surgery, the 2.2mm MCCS group showed better uncorrected visual acuity as compared to the 3.0mm MCCS group(P < 0.05). There were no significant differences on best-corrected visual acuity on 1 month and 3 months after the surgery. There was no significant difference on the descent rate of endothelial cell density(16.54%±10.20%, 17.69%±10.65%)3 months after the surgery. One day, 1 month and 3 months after the surgery, SIA was 0.77±0.31,0.66±0.29, 0.52±0.25D in the 2.2mm MCCS group, and 1.41±0.73,0.98±0.61D,0.82±0.35D in the 3.0mm MCCS group, respectively. The differences were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: The operative safety of the 2.2mm MCCS group were the same as 3.0mm MCCS group with the hard nuclear cataracts. The 2.2mm MCCS phacoemulsification could significantly reduce SIA and get better earlier visual rehabilitation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of phacoemulsification and Tetraflex accommodative intraocular lens(IOL)in providing both enhanced distance visual acuity and near visual acuity.

METHODS: Thirty patients(30 eyes)with age-related cataract underwent phacoemulsification and were implanted with Tetraflex IOL, while other 30 patients(30 eyes)were implanted with Akreos Adapt IOL. Prospective data collection included both uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA)and uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA)testing, manifest refraction, best-corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA), distance corrected near visual acuity(DCNVA), and the amplitude of accommodation. Intraoperative and post operative complications also were reported.

RESULTS: Six months after surgery, the uncorrected distance, corrected distance, and corrected near visual acuity had no significant difference between two groups. The UCNVA, DCNVA and the amplitude of accommodation of Tetraflex group were better than Akreos Adapt group(t=2.427, 8.687, 15.158, P=0.023, 0.000, 0.000).

CONCLUSION: The Tetraflex accommodating IOL is safe and effective. It provides enhanced near vision with good distance vision 6 months after surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and stability of Crystal replacement after implantable contact lens(ICL).

METHODS: The research was based on the retrospective analysis of 9 patients(10 eyes)who underwent Crystal replacement after ICL surgery in Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital during March 2012 to August 2012, because of their vault had raised, including 2 males(2 eyes)and 7 females(8 eyes). All patients were followed-up for 3-6 months. The visual acuity, peripheral anterior chamber angle, anterior chamber volume, intraocular pressure, pupil size, vault, glare sensitivity, endothelial cell morphometry, as well as lens opacities were observed.

RESULTS: After operation, naked visions of the 10 eyes were better than or equal to preoperative corrected vision. Peripheral anterior chamber angle and anterior chamber volume was significantly increased. Vault returned to normal. The glare sensitivity was relieved obviously. Pupil size returned to the preoperative level at 6 months after surgery. The intraocular pressure and corneal endothelium counting before and after the operation had no significant difference. No case of lens opacities had happened. No serious complication was detected during the follow-up.

CONCLUSION: The choose of Crystal replacement after ICL had been shown to have the great efficacy, safety and stability, which can effectively solve the problem of spring height after ICL, and greatly improve the postoperative vision correction effect and patient satisfaction.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of manual small incision cataract extraction with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation and goniosynechialysis for acute angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS: Manual small incision cataract extraction with IOL implantation andgoniosynechialysis was performed on 48 cases(48)eyes diagnosed with acute angle closure glaucoma and cataract. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP), anterior chamber depth(ACD)and anterior chamber angle width were measured and recorded preoperatively, 1 day,1 week,1 month and 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: The BCVA was significantly better after surgery(P<0.001). The mean IOP decreased significantly after surgery(P<0.05), ACD and anterior chamber angle width increased significantly(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The method of manual small incision cataract extraction with IOL implantation and goniosynechialysis is a good alternative for treating acute angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of bio-amnion implantation used in combined trabeculectomy for refractory glaucoma

METHODS: Totally 86 eyes of 80 glaucoma patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. In experimental group, 43 eyes underwent trabeculectomy combined with bio-amnion implantation. In control group, 43 eyes only underwent trabeculectomy combined. The intraocular pressure(IOP), filtrative bleb and complications were observed.

RESULTS: Following-up for 12 months, IOP: there was significant difference between the average IOP(15.5±1.1mmHg)in experimental group and the average IOP(19.7±2.5mmHg)in control group(P<0.05). Filtrative bleb: the incidence of the functional filtering bleb(86%)in experimental group was more than the one in control group(67%), there was significant different between the two groups(P<0.05). The incidence of complications of post-operation(shallow anterior chamber, choroidal detachment and bleb leaking)was lower than the one of the control group obviously.

CONCLUSION: Combined trabeculectomy with bio-amnion implantation can increase the rate of success and reduce the incidence of complications.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the implementation value of clinical path in cyclocryotherapy for refractory glaucoma.

METHODS: Refractory glaucoma patients who underwent cyclocryotherapy treatment in the ophthalmology department from January 2011 to December 2011 were included, 24 eyes of 23 cases were treated with the clinical path, and 20 eyes of 20 cases as control group. An average length of stay, preoperative average length of stay, average cost of hospitalization, the cure rate, and patient satisfaction indicators were compared between two groups

RESULTS: There was no difference in the effective rate of surgery between two groups(83% vs 80%). The average length of stay and average hospital costs were less in path group than the control group(4.2d vs 8.3d, 2138 vs 2 787), but patient satisfaction was higher than the control group(96% vs 85%), and the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).

CONCLUSION: The clinical pathway in the ciliary body frozen for refractory glaucoma contribute to standardize the surgical procedure to ensure that the operation is successful and improve work efficiency and the quality of medical services.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the variation in macular retinal thickness of healthy Chinese myopic subjects by using optical coherence tomography(OCT).

METHODS: A total of 20 cases 20 eyes of normal subjects and 48 cases 48 eyes of high myopia(spherical equivalent\〖SE\〗 <-6.0D)were underwent examination of optical coherence tomography(Zeiss - Humphrey OCT3000). Fast macular thickness map OCT scans of 6 mm were done well on each eye. The minimum foveal and average foveal(1mm ring on the OCT retinal thickness map)thicknesses, the inner ring(1-3mm)macular thickness and the outer ring macular(3-6mm)thicknesses of superior, nasal, temporal and inferior parafovea retinal thickness were recorded.

RESULTS: The retina thickness at the superior was significantly thicker, and the inferior and nasal sides ofparafovea was thicker than the temporal one at the inner ring(1-3mm)macular. The retina thickness at the nasal sides was significantly thicker, and the inferior and superior of parafovea was thicker than the temporal one at the inner ring(3-6mm)macular. 2)The minimum foveal and average foveal(1mm ring on the OCT retinal thickness map)thicknesses were significantly greater than in the normal group. The inner ring(1-3mm)and all(except the superior)of the outer ring macular(3-6mm)thicknesses were significantly lower in the high myopic eyes than in the normal group. No significant difference was found in the superior of the outer ring macular(3-6mm)thicknesses between the high myopic group and the normal group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Retinal thickness is related with regional variations in correlation within the 6-mm macular region. The attenuation was really existed in high myopia. It was inparafovea area but not fovea.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab(Avastin)for choroidal neovascularization(CNV)in pathologic myopia(PM)by including optical coherence tomography(OCT), fluorescein angiography(FFA)and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA).

METHODS: Totally 42 eyes in 41 patients with PM CNV were divided into 2 groups randomly, experimental group(n=22)were assigned to receive intravitreal bevacizumab injections and take fufangxueshuantong capsule; control group(n=20)just took fufangxueshuantong capsule. Subjects were followed up every month after treatment. The efficacy and safety of two group were compared by ophthalmic evaluations including OCT, FFA, and BCVA.

RESULTS: BCVA: BCVA in two groups was improved after 12 months. The mean number of treatments per eye, experimental group was 4.23±2.02 and control group was 1.95±1.90. There was significant difference(P<0.005). OCT: Before and after 12 months central foveal thickness(CFD)for two groups were thin,and the mean value in experimental group was 43.41±40.39μm and in control group was 22.65±20.79μm, there was significant difference(P<0.05); FFA: In experimental group CNV was completely disappeared in 20 eyes(91%), persistent in 2 eyes(9%); the control group CNV was completely disappeared in 12 eyes(60%), persistent in 8 eyes(40%). There was significant difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal bevacizumab are safe and effective treatment for most patients of CNV in PM.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of micropulse diode laser photocoagulation on central serous choroidretinopathy(CSC).

METHODS: Twelve patients diagnosed with CSC by fluorescein angiography(FFA)and optic coherence tomography(OCT)examination were treated with micropulse diode laser photocoagulation. The data of visual acuity testing, ophthalmic examination, color photographs, FFA and OCT before photocoagulation and 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months after it were used to evaluate the effects of micropulse diode laser photocoagulation.

RESULTS: All patients' self-conscious symptom and visual acuity improved differently. Nine and eleven eyes leakage point disappeared after micropulse diode laser photocoagulation in 2 weeks and one month in FFA. Nine and eleven eyes of subretinal effusion in OCT were absorbed after laser photocoagulation in 2 weeks and one month. All cases' leakage point and subretinal effusion disappeared after 3 months. The window defect in FFA did not occur in all laser treated eyes.

CONCLUSION: The micropulse diode laser photocoagulation could shorten the course of CSC, improve the patient's visual acuity and reduce the complications.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effectivity and safety of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)combined with retinal laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic macular edema(DME).

METHODS: Thirty-seven cases(55 eyes)with DME were selected and treated by intravitreal TA injection first and laser photocoagulation after three weeks, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), fundus examination and intraocular pressure(IOP)were examined before TA injection and 1 month, 3 and 6 months after treatment, optical coherence tomography(OCT), fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)were examined 3 months after treatment.

RESULTS: The average visual acuity was 0.1627±0.1016, 0.2743±0.1617, 0.2615±0.1833 at preoperative, 3 and 6 months after treatment. The visual acuity after treatment was significantly improved than preoperative(P<0.01). The average macular thickness was 467.5±150.9μm, 272.7±120.1μm, 308.1±136.2μm at preoperative, 3 and 6 months after treatment. The macular thickness after treatment was significantly lower than preoperative(P<0.01). The macular area and related vascular fluorescein leakage was significantly reduced after treatment.

CONCLUSION: The combination of triamcinolone acetonide intravitreous injection with retinal laser photocoagulation can be an effective method in the treatment of DME, visual acuity improved efficiency was best 3 months after treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal lucentis combined laser photocoagulation treatment on macular edema.

METHODS: Ninety –eight patients(136 eyes)with macular edema diagnosed by ocular-fundus examination, fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA). Sixty-eight eyes of them were treated with intravitreal lucentis combined laser photocoagulation and sixty-eight eyes only laser photocoagulation. The follow-up time was 1 month, 3, 6 months. Visual acuity and FFA were measured.

RESULTS: Among patients with intravitreal lucentis combined laser photocoagulation, visual acuity in 51 eyes(75.0%)was improved in 2 lines or more and 10 eyes(14.7%)remained no change, 7 eyes(10.3%)deceresed. Edema in 59 eyes(86.8%)reduced after treament. Among patients with laser photocoagulation, visual acuity in 12 eyes(17.6%)was improved in 2 lines or more and 42 eyes(61.8%)remained no change, 14 eyes(20.6%)deceresed. Edema in 21 eyes(30.9%)reduced after treatment.

CONCLUSION: The result of intravitreal lucentis acetonide combined laser photocoagulation treatment for macular edemae is better than those of only using laser photocoagulation.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the angles of longitudinal section of sclera around optic nerve heads and the never fiber layer changes in healthy adults and patients with glaucoma, and to investigate the mechanism of peripheral retinal axonal injury, with the combined knowledge of biomechanics.

METHODS: The optical nerves and their peripheral tissue specimen in the 12 eyes from health adult donators and 12 eyes from glaucoma patient donators were dyed by Glees' method to compare the angles of longitudinal section of sclera around optic nerve heads(through optic nerve center), and to observe the anatomical features of the peripheral retinal axons.

RESULTS: The mean angle of longitudinal section of sclera around optic nerve in healthy adults was 73.3°, while that in patients with absolute glaucoma was 75.6°. The difference showed no significance(t=1.44, P>0.05). There was a sharp bend in the course of peripheral optical fiber in healthy adults. However, the optic nerve fiber disappeared completely in patients with glaucoma end stage.

CONCLUSION: The angle between the medial edge and leading edge of sclera(around optic nerve heads)is an acute angle. The optical fiber in glaucoma end stage disappeared completely. The phenomenon may be related to high intraocular pressure, the sclera shape, the shear modulus of sclera and axons, and “axonal bending-injury” mechanism.

Abstract:AIM: To study the influential factors of the contrast sensitivity function(CSF), we tested and investigated the CSF of navy pilots.

METHODS: Totally 58 pilots(116 eyes)were examined by CSF under the nighttime, nighttime & periglare, daytime, daytime & periglare conditions for 5 spacial frequencies with OPTEC6 500 Vision Tester.

RESULTS: From mean diagram of curves, the peak of CSF under the nighttime, nighttime & periglare conditions was at 3-6c/d, daytime, daytime & periglare conditions was at 6c/d.

CONCLUSION: The distant CSF is better than the near CSF in navy pilots,the binoculus CSF is better than that of the single eye. The spatial characteristics of CSF in navy pilots were reflected by present study.

Abstract:AIM: To compare clinical effects of three adjuvant therapeutics to primary pterygium excision.

METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized, one-blinded trial. One hundred and sixty adult patients with advanced pterygium were randomly divided into amniotic membrane transplantation(Group A, 68 eyes), amniotic membrane transplantation and mitomycin C application(Group B, 62 eyes)and autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation with conjunctival flap(Group C, 60 eyes). Patients were followed up until 12 months after operation. The corneal wound healing time and recurrence rate were analyzed.

RESULTS: The corneal wound healing time was 2.1±1.5 days in group A, 2.3±1.2 days in group B and 2.8±1.7 days in group C, respectively. The recurrence rate was 16% in group A, 11% in group B and 7% in group C, respectively. The recurrence rate was similar between group A and B.

CONCLUSION: Amniotic membrane transplantation and mitomycin C application is more preferable in improving corneal wound healing and reducing post-operative recurrence after primary pterygium excision.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the surgical approaches of immediate eyelid reconstruction after the operation of malignant tumors of eyelids, and evaluate the clinical effect.

METHODS: From January 2010 to October 2011, 11 cases of malignant tumor of eyelid underwent the eyelid reconstruction with local or free flap grafting and hard palate mucosa autotransplantation. Of 11 cases, there were 3 males and 8 females, aging from 38 to 77 years. The defect was caused by basal cell carcinoma of eyelid in 6 cases, by carcinoma of meibomian glands in 4 cases and by squamous cell carcinoma of eyelid in 1 case, including 4 cases of complete eyelid defect and 7 cases of 1/2-2/3 eyelid defect.

RESULTS: The appearance and function of the eyelid in all cases were satisfactory. No tumor recurrence was observed in all cases during the follow up period of 6 to 24 months.

CONCLUSION: The eyelid reconstruction with local or free flap grafting and hard palate mucosa autotransplantation is an easy and effective method after resection of malignant eyelid tumors.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and stability of toric implantable collamer lens(TICL)for patients with high myopic astigmatism.

METHODS: Totally 15 patients(30 eyes)undergoing TICL placement were included. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), refraction,intraocular pressure, endothelial cell counts and complications were regularly observed on 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months post-operation.

RESULTS: All eyes had a significant increase in UCVA. 12 months after surgery, 27 eyes(90%)achieved UCVA better than 1.0. 28 eyes(93%)had a spherical equivalent(SE)within ±0.5D. None lost one or more lines of CDVA. 30 eyes changed within ±0.5D when comparing 1 month and 12 months. Postoperative endothelial cell density did not show a significant difference from preoperative measurements(P=0.31). Complications were not found after surgery.

CONCLUSION: TICL appears to be safe and effective for correction of high myopic astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM: To measure axial length(AL), horizontal and vertical corneal refractive power(K1, K2), anterior chamber depth(ACD)and corneal diameter(white to white)of myopia in college students by IOL-Master(Zeiss Humphrey Systems)and detect the correlation between diopter and all above refractive components.

METHODS: The IOL-Master was used in the measurement of the AL, K1, K2, ACD and corneal diameter(white to white)in 1 059 college students(2 118 eyes)with myopia, and AL/CR was calculated. Their diopter was measured by computer refractor. They were divided into three groups according to different mean spherical equivalent diopters: group A of low myopia: < -3.00D(738 eyes), group B of middle myopia: -3.00--6.00D(989 eyes), C group of high myopia: >-6.00D(391 eyes). The SPSS 18.0 was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS: With the increase of diopter, the AL in myopia eyes was increased and the AL increased significantly in each myopia group(P<0.01); There were statistically significant differences for AL classified with refractive error(P<0.01). There was no significant difference between group A and group B in K1(P>0.05)and there were significant differences among three groups in K2(P<0.05), but there was only significant correlation between K1, K2 and refractive error in middle myopia(P<0.05). The AL was negatively correlated with K1 and K2 in three groups(P<0.01). There was no significant differences between group B and group C in ACD(P>0.05), but there was only significant correlation between ACD and refractive error in low myopia(P<0.01). There was no significant differences of corneal diameter among three groups(P>0.05)and also there was no significant correlation between corneal diameter and refractive error in three groups(P>0.05). AL/CR was 3.183±0.132, the AL/CR ratio was negatively correlated with diopter of myopia(r=-0.761,P=0.000).

CONCLUSION: The development of axial length is the main reason in myopia of college students. Middle myopia is induced by both axial length and refractive power. ACD has little effects on diopter of myopia, but corneal diameter has no effects on diopter of myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the difference of the quality of life(QOL)of spectacle wearers or contact lens wearers before and after refractive surgery by the quality of life impact of refractive correction(QIRC).

METHODS:Totally 72 cases were enrolled in the investigation with 50 spectacle wearers and 22 contact lens wearers. The QOL of them were surveyed by Chinese QIRC before surgery and 3 months later after surgery.

RESULTS: 1. The QOL scores(42.29±4.90 in post-operation vs 39.30±5.16 in pre-operation)and satisfaction scores(86.51±9.14 in post-operation vs 71.58±13.24 in pre-operation)of spectacle wearers were higher after surgery more than before, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The vision and physical functioning(P<0.05), driving and activity in night(P<0.01), living and working under sunlight without sunglasses(P<0.05), swimming(P<0.01), worrying about costs(P<0.01), self-feeling(P<0.05), confident(P<0.01)chiefly drove the differences before and after surgery. 2. There was no significant difference of the QOL score before(41.26±5.21)and after(42.32±5.95)surgery for contact lens wearers(P>0.05). But the satisfaction score(87.14±10.64 in post-operation vs 73.77±21.26 in pre-operation)was higher after surgery than before, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The social activity(P<0.05), swimming(P<0.01), worrying about complications(P<0.05)chiefly drove the differences before and after surgery.

CONCLUSION: There was significant difference of QOL before and after surgery in spectacle wearers but no difference in contact lens wearers. But vision functioning, physical functioning and sports were scored significantly more after refractive surgery in spectacle wearers and sports, worrying about eye health and costs in contact lens wearers. Otherwise the satisfaction scores added much more in both two groups after refractive surgery than before.

Abstract:AIM: To have a detailed picture of school-age children's eyesight status, and the main factors that caused their low vision in Zhouqu County of Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Gansu province.

METHODS: The census work of knowing school-age children's eyesight status was implemented through visual inspection, conventional ophthalmic examination, optometry checks, etc. The results were compared with other domestic epidemiological data.

RESULTS: Altogether 536 people with low vision were identified through survey and the rate was 21.12%. Among those people, the number of myopia patients accounted for 80.59% and the prevalence rate was 17.02%. Besides, the prevalence rate of presbyopia was 2.05%, amblyopia 2.76%, strabismus 1.02%, ocular trauma 0.95%, and congenital eye disease 0.71%.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of low vision was related with several factors such as gender and nationality. The rate increases with age and the myopia is the primary element that causes low vision.

Abstract:AIM:To learn the distribution pattern and worldwide research tendency of corneal transplantation literatures.

METHODS: Articles were searched from PubMed of the United States national library database as a data source, to analyze the age distribution, national and regional distribution, dispatch language and author situation included during the year of 2000-2012. The analysis software BICOMB and SPSS 19.0 were used to cluster high-frequency of them.

RESULTS: Totally 3 363 literatures were included during the year of 2000-2012, the numbers of them were gradually increased. The literatures were mainly in English, the literatures of our country capacity ranked 4^th. There were 50 high frequency subjects, and hot topics were clustered into 3 categories which including corneal endothelium transplantation, treatment for the complications of corneal transplantation, immunological rejection of corneal transplantation.

CONCLUSION:There is a growing trend on the research of corneal transplantation. The corneal endothelium transplantation is the hot topics.

Abstract:With the rapid development of social science and technology, economic and medical health services, a lot of high-quality Optometry professionals are required. In this paper, a three-year education of optometry is analyzed to improve the countermeasures of improving the quality of professional education in aspect of improving teaching methods, improving the curriculum, changing the concept of teachers, and establishment of a correct view of the employment.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate therapeutic effect of the early stage of multiple fresh amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of severe ocular surface alkali burn.

METHODS: We study the therapeutic effect of 25 cases(25 eyes)who transplanted with twice or more than twice amniotic membrane in early stage of treatment severe ocular surface alkali burn in our hospital from January 2007 to December 2011 by retrospective analysis. After operation, we observed ocular surface stability, corneal epithelial healing, corneal angiogenesis, and visal activity to further investigate therapeutic effect of the early multiple fresh anmiotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of severe ocular surface alkali burn.

RESULTS: There were 20 eyes amniotic membrane dissolved between 6-14 days after second anmiotic membrane transplant, and the amniotic membrane detached after sutures out in 20 cases(25 eyes). Inflammation of ocular surface was mainly under control, fluorescein sodium described that corneal epithelial was integrated and corneal limbal ischemia was improved basically in these 20 eyes. 4 eyes corneal epithelium still defect more than 2 mm diameter or more, cornea limbal ischemia more than 1/4 quadrant after two amniotic membranes, then did the third transplantation, the eye conserved intact, ocular surface keep stable ultimately. One patient leaved hospital for some reason after twice transplantation induced to follow up failure.

CONCLUSION: Obviously,multiple fresh amniotic membrane transplantation for treatment of severe ocular surface burn in the early stage is useful to preserve ocular surface stable effectively.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the surgical technique and clinical efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation in cataract with microcoria.

METHODS: In 35 cases(43 eyes)of microcoria cataract, pupilloplasty were aided by viscoelastics or pulling from papillary collar. Continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens implantation were performed in all of the patients.

RESULTS: During the follow up of 5 to 12 months, 38 eyes(88%)got improved visual acuity, and it's better than 0.5 in 26 eyes(60%). The pupils of all patients remained circular or close circular with lightly expanded in some patients, without dislocation of intraocular lens. Main complications included corneal edema, fibrous exudates in anterior chamber, and rupture of posterior capsule.

CONCLUSION: Despite the complexity,phaco-emulsification is still an efficacy technique for treatment of cataract with microcoria.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of modified posterior capsulorhexis with anterior vitrectomy in congenital cataract.

METHODS: Forty cases(48 eyes)underwent modified phacoemulsification, the best-corrected visual acuity and postoperative complications were observed.

RESULTS: Totally 5 eyes occurred posterior capsule opacification(PCO)in 48 eyes after 3 months to 1 year followed-up. The postoperative complications included PCO, corneal edema and uveitis.

CONCLUSION:Posterior capsulorhexis with anterior vitrectomy in congenital cataract seems to be an safe and effective method to decrease the incidence rate of after-cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Artisan intraocular lens implantation in aphakic eyes without capsule support.

METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive aphakic eyes without capsule support of 24 patients were submitted to the surgery of an Artisan intraocular lens implantation. Uncorrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, manifest refraction, endothelial cell count, Artisan intraocular lens fixation, influence on pupil, iris, vitreous, retina and clinical complications were evaluated.

RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 17(12-24)months. Uncorrected visual acuity increased in all cases. Mean spherical equivalent was -0.35 diopter 12 months postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure were 14.85±3.91mmHg and 14.37±3.92mmHg respectively. Mean endothelial cell loss was 9.23% 12 months postoperatively. The cell loss occurred predominantly during the first 3 months(8.96%). No serious complications were observed.

CONCLUSION: Artisan intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure for aphakic eyes without capsule support. Long term evaluation is still necessary.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the treatment of anterior chamber paracentesis for elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)in scleral buckling.

METHODS: Totally 28 cases 28 eyes with phakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who have elevated IOP in the scleral buckling were observed and analyzed; In operation, all patients underwent subretinal fluid draining, positioning, retinal breaks condensing, and given segmental scleral pressure or combined with scleral buckling under direct vision with binocular indirect ophthalmoscope; Before the end of operation, patients with the fundus examination revealed retinal arterial pulse, high IOP were given anterior chamber paracentesis fluid therapy.

RESULTS: In the first day after surgery, all patients were given IOP checks, the result of all patients were with IOP less than 21mmHg, and no corneal edema, shallow anterior chamber and retinal artery occlusion etc complications.

CONCLUSION: Anterior chamber paracentesis is a simple, easy, safe and effective treatment method for high IOP caused by scleral buckling.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate if carteolol 20g/L can prevent the increase of the intraocular pressure after the YAG laser peripheral iridectomy effectively.

METHODS: Being matched by the same total power in the procedure, we got 2 groups from 64 narrow angles cases undergone YAG laser peripheral iridectomy. The cases in experimental group had been used carteolol eye drops once 120-180 minutes before the procedure. The intraocular pressure before the procedure and 60 minutes after the procedure was noted on each case.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference on the numbers of which intraocular pressure increasing lower than 5mmHg or higher than 5mmHg in two groups. And there was no significant difference on the numerical value of the intraocular pressure alteration after the procedure in two groups.

CONCLUSION: Carteolol eye drops 20g/L cannot prevent the increase of the intraocular pressure after the YAG laser peripheral iridectomy effectively.

Abstract:AIM: To approach the early post-operative clinical manifestation and vitreous surgery of choroidal detachment associated with retinal detachment.

METHODS: Totally 17 cases 17 eyes suffering from choroidal detachment associated with retinal detachment were included, and patients underwent the application of glucocorticoid and vitrectomy combined with silicon oil filling operation treatment. Preoperative and postoperative surgery clinical manifestation and early curative effect were analyzed.

RESULTS: Of the 17 eyes, the retinal and choroidal detachment were reattached under indirect ophthalmoscope and the application of B-mode ultrasound; After the surgery, the intraocular pressure was slightly above normal and then became stable; The inflammatory reaction was mild; Eyesight in all the cases were improved in different extents.

CONCLUSION:Choroidal detachment associated with retinal detachment is one type of retinal detachment. It can obtain an early good anatomic reduction by adopting vitrectomy combined with silicon oil. Using glucocorticoid before surgery can contribute to reduce inflammation, provide a favorable condition and increase the success ratio of operation. After operation, early intraocular could be maintained at a safety range. These patients' visual restoration situation generally is poor.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the risk factors for type 2 diabetic retinopathy(DR)process.

METHODS: Totally 125 patients with type 2 DR were selected. The fundus performance, course of disease, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c), lipids, C peptide, urine microalbumin, smoking, snoring and waist/hip ratio were analyzed.

RESULTS:DR severity and duration of disease, HbA1c, lipids, urine microalbumin, smoking, snoring and waist/hip ratio were positively correlated.

CONCLUSION: Longer duration, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism disorders, smoking and snoring are risk factors for type 2 DR. Urinary albumin content can indirectly reflect DR severity.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss therapy of curing diabetic retinopathy(DR)with acupuncture point injection of xueshuantong combing retinal laser photocoagulation.

METHODS: Totally 119 patients who suffered serious non-proliferation period DR combing macular oedema or proliferative DR were selected at random, and they were divided into group A and B, group A with 101 eyes, group B with 95 eyes, group A was experimental group, treated with acupuncture point injection of xueshuantong combing retinal laser photocoagulation, point injection was given once a day, two points alternately received this injection, ten days as one course of treatment with five days' interval in the middle of one course of treatment, totally for three courses of treatment. Group B was control group, received pure retinal laser photocoagulation.

RESULTS:Effective rate of group A was 87%, group B 63%. The curative effect of group A's all stage DR were all better than group B. These differences had statistical significance.

CONCLUSION: The effect of curing DR with xueshuantong acupuncture point injection and retinal laser photocoagulation is better than simple retinal laser photocoagulation. It is an effective way for curing DR.

Abstract:AIM: To propagate, screen, diagnose and treat for diabetic eye diseases in economic less-developed areas(national and provincial poverty-stricken county, city and district), and create a working way that be accord with China's national conditions and easy to achieve with the help of International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies, Eli Lilly and Company and Ophthalmic center of Peking University.

METHODS: Improving propaganda to confirm patients and families in clinical diagnosis and treatment, and depending on department for posterior eye of hospitals; Cooperating with local diabetes hospitals, and intervening specifically with the help of these hospitals; Acquiring detailed epidemiological data in the way of stratified one-stage cluster sampling, utilizing administrative means of local health authorities; Issuing publicity manuals, carrying out lectures, training rural doctors and conducting epidemiological surveys.

RESULTS: Awareness rate of diabetic eye diseases was enhanced from 3.2% to 10.54%, intervention rate was enhanced from 10.8% to 23.47%, blind rate(double)was decreased from 10.0% to 2.46%, and utilization rate of insulin was enhanced from 10.0% to 52.38%.

CONCLUSION: Blindness prevention and treatment for diabetic eye diseases in economic less-developed areas should be local, flexible and easy to operate, and then the work could be popularized.

Abstract:AIM: To explore clinical application of operation in intraocular silicon oil removal, and analyze the complication of silicon oil tamponade and silicon oil removal, the situation reattachment of retinal and the proper timing of silicon oil removal.

METHODS: Intraocular silicon oil removal with active and continues aspiration was performed in the cutting of scleral under microscope.

RESULTS: Totally 59 patients(62 eyes)had completed silicon oil tamponade. 53 eyes had vitreous chamber and intact retina after operation. While the other 9 eyes who experienced redetachment after operation needed the next operation.

CONCLUSION: The timing silicon oil removal is 3 to 6 months after silicon oil injection. Silicon oil removal may reduce the complication related to silicon oil. Rarely eyes were dependent on silicon oil.

Abstract:AIM: To report the clinical and histopathologic findings, treatment, and outcomes in patients with orbital implants infection.

METHODS: Clinical data of 12 patients 12 eyes with implants infection undergoing implant removal from March 2004 to June 2012 in our hospital were reviewed.

RESULTS: The clinical manifestations were discharge and socket tenderness, conjunctiva hyperemia and edemda(12 eyes), implants exposure(11 eyes), the artificial eyes automatically shedding(10 eyes), recurrent pyogenic granuloma(1 eye). Staphylococcus epidermidis were cultured in 3 eyes, fungal hyphae were smeared in 3 eyes from discharge, but 6 eyes were negative. Histopathologic examination showed inflammatory cell infiltrates and necrosis without fibrovascular tissue in the anterior of the explanted implants, whereas inflammatory cell infiltrates with fibrovascular tissue in the posterior of the explanted implants. 12 patients underwent implant removal combination with systemic and local anti-infection therapy. 7 eyes underwent secondary orbital implantation, 5 refused plastic operation. After a mean 52 months follow-up, all eyes had no recurrence of infection.

CONCLUSION: Orbital implants infection is a rare and most serious complication of orbital implantation. Implant removal combined with anti-infection therapy is usually required.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of compound anisodine superficial temporal artery subcutaneous injection combined with acupuncture in treatment of blepharospasm.

METHODS: Totally 55 cases(67 eyes)blepharospasm patients with 30 cases in the experimental groups, 25 cases in the control group, the experimental groups were injected the compound anisodine hydrobromide injection 2mL in superficial temporal artery, and the control groups used simple acupuncture treatment.

RESULTS: After 14 days of treatment, among the experimental groups, 22 cases were of complete remission, 2 cases obvious remission, 5 cases partial remission, 1 case was ineffective; Among the experimental group, 11 cases were of complete remission, 2 cases obvious remission, 7 cases partial remission, 5 cases were ineffective, there were statistical significance 5 between the two groups(Z =-3.516, P=0.000<0.001), the therapeutic effect of the experimental groups were significantly superior to conventional control groups.

CONCLUSION: Compound anisodine superficial temporal artery subcutaneous injection combined with acupuncture treatment was effective, which could be the preferred treatment approach of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of treatment for symblepharon by polytetrafluoroethene(PTFE)membrane.

METHODS: The PTFE membrane was used for the treatment of symblepharon of 26 patients 28 eyes. An appropriate size of the PTFE membrane was placed in the wound as a spacer after separating the adhesion. PTFE membrane - fornix - eyelid skin mattress suture was made, and then the conjunctiva and PTFE membrane were sutured. 2-3 weeks later, the PTFE membrane was removed. The patients were followed up for 6-12 months to evaluate the effect of operation.

RESULTS: There were no postoperative infections in 28 eyes. We got 20 eyes(71%)in good result, 6 eyes(21%)improved, and 2 eyes(7%)remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION: It is a safe and effective way to treat symblepharon by PTFE membrane.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the etiology, treatment and treatment effect of traumatic endophthalmitis.

METHODS:Totally 39 cases traumatic endophthalmitis patients in our hospital from 2010 to 2012 underwent pathogenic examination, and the treatment and treatment effects were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: Pathogens were detected in 18 cases, the total detection rate was 46%(18/39), smear results showed Gram-positive(G⁺)cocci 12 cases, accounting for 67%(12/18), G⁺ bacilli four cases, accounting for 22%(4/18). Visual acuity improved in 20 cases(51%), visual acuity unchanged in 8 cases(21%), visual acuity decreased in 7 cases(18%), visual acuity incoordinate in 4 cases(10%).

CONCLUSION: Traumatic endophthalmitis should underwent as early as possible bacterial culture, clinical treatment, choose different treatment to different conditions, focusing on the prevention of endophthalmitis.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of large orbital tissue defect reconstructed by different types of transfer flap, and to explore the skills of repairing the great defect of the orbital tissues.

METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 16 cases of malignant tumor extensively damaged eyelid, periorbital skin and orbital tissues, the large defect was reconstructed by transfer flap of the normal skin around the defect after controlled or extended excision the eyelid malignancies. And then, the full-thickness free skin graft on the upper arm or abdominal was used to repair the donor area. The survival situation of those flaps for 6 months was observed and the skills and types of flap related to the survival were analyzed.

RESULTS: Totally 12 of 16 cases were removed tumor by controlled resection, 4 cases accepted extended resection; the defect of 10 cases were reconstructed with forehead axile myocutaneous flap, 4 cases with subcutaneous pedicle flap, and 2 cases with folding flap. 12 patients accepted postoperative radiation therapy while the other 4 patients did not. Follow-up to six months after surgery, all flaps survived.

CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of huge orbital tissue defect by transfer flap is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To study the therapeutic effect and safety of local injection of Bleomycin A5 for the treatment of eyelid xanthelasma.

METHODS:Bleomycin A5(0.8g/L)was injected directly into the mass of xanthelasma, 1/10d; 135 patients 256 eyes were enrolled in the study and the therapeutic effect was observed.

RESULTS:All the patients were followed up for 3-24 months, 8 eyes were cured by two injections, 32 eyes were cured by three injections, 198 eyes were cured by four injections, 18 eyes were cured by four more injections. No infection, no skin of eyelid necrosis and scar formation were found.

CONCLUSION:Local injection of light concentration Bleomycin A5 for xanthelasma is effective and safe.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinical effects of treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction with KTP lacrimal laser combined with intubation of disposable lacrimal duct recanalization tube.

METHODS: Laser surgery lacrimal duct obstruction was performed first, then the guide line was penetrated, nasolacrimal duct expanded with expansion silicone in package, and then disposable lacrimal duct recanalization tube was implanted.

RESULTS: All 30 patients 30 eyes were followed up for 6-24 months, 1 eye obstructed again, the effective rate was 97%.

CONCLUSION: KTP laser and lacrimal duct recanalization tube intubation for treatment of serious nasolacrimal duct obstruction can significantly improve the success rate and the effective rate.

Abstract:AIM: Cytological observation on pterygium was done with laser confocal microscopy HRT3 -RCM.

METHODS: Twenty pterygium eyes in twenty patients were observed with HRT3-RCM and the results were compared with the control group.

RESULTS: Vogt structure was not seen in pterygium area and that was instead by lots of collagen fibers and blood vessels.

CONCLUSION: HRT3-RCM which uses laser as light source is a new generation of confocal microscopy. It is a rapid, effective and noninvasive technique and it can be used for pterygium cytological observation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of recurrent and primary pterygium treated by extensive removal of pterygium combined with amniotic membrane graft.

METHODS: A retrospective study was done for 231 eyes of 195 patients with extensive removal of pterygium combined with amniotic membrane graft, and 46 eyes of 39 cases with simple extensive excision. All patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A(40 eyes of 38 patients)suffered with recurrent pterygium. Group B(185 eyes of 156 patients)and group C(46 eyes of 39 patients)suffered with primary pterygium. The follow up period was from 1 year to 6 years.

RESULTS: Group A 40 eyes of 6 recurrence(15%); Group B 185 eyes of 11 recurrence(6%); and group C 46 eyes of 10 recurrence(22%).The recurrent rate between group A and group B(P<0.05), between group B and group C(P<0.01)was significant difference.

CONCLUSION: Extensive removal of pterygium combined with amniotic membrane graft can reduce the recurrent rate after primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium excision, but it is more effective for primary pterygium.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effects of un-wrapped hydroxyapatite(HA)orbital implantation.

METHODS: Un-wrapped HA artificial eyeballs were implanted in 36 patients 36 eyes after eyeball removal. The surgery was performed under local anesthesia and without scleral wrapped. The artificial eyeball was drilled and threaded into orbital and sutured with four extraocular muscles. The postoperative wound healing, the orbital activity and complications was noted.

RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 31 months(3 months-6 years). All the patients achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects except a bulbar conjunctival wound dehiscence happened in a patient 10 days after operation because of too large orbital and the wound healed after surgery repair. There was no orbital rejection exposure, infection, displacement, rejection and eye fixation noted. All the artificial eyes look symmetrical and beautiful, and the active range of motion of the removable HA was form 15°to 30°. The total effective rate was 97%.

CONCLUSION: The un-wrapped HA orbital implantation is easy and simple, and with less complication and good orbital activities, which is the ideal orbital filling plasty.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the etiology, classification and different treatments for chestnut thorn foreign bodies in corneal.

METHODS: Totally 56 cases with chestnut thorn foreign bodies in corneal were studied retrospectively, and we analyzed how long foreign bodies had been in the eyes and where they lay, the visual acuity and etc. Different operative treatments and operation effects were also analyzed.

RESULTS: Males were more than females in patients. Most patients were less than 50 years old. No composite traumatic cataract was found. 82% patients were removed by the slit-lamp in outpatient department, 18% patients were removed the foreign bodies under operating microscope in inpatient department. Visual acuity after treating was better than that before treating. There are significant difference in both groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Chestnut thorn foreign bodies in corneal were variable. It could to improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the cost of medical care that different foreign body types use different method.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze and discuss the epidemiological characteristics and features of ocular trauma patients in Shenzhen area.

METHODS: A retrospective study of eyes with ocular trauma in Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Guangdong, from September 2010 to September 2011 was collected and analyzed. Their gender, age, occupation, injuring object and different type of eye injury were considered.

RESULTS: Totally 251 ocular trauma patients(252 eyes)were collected, there were 223 males(88.9%), 28 cases of women(11.1%), the gender ratio was 7.96:1, the ratio of left and right eye was 1.15:1, age 20-50 years old in multiple occupation, workers mainly. The main causes for the injuries were iron filings, splashing into the nail gun shells and wire stabbed.

CONCLUSION: Industrial injury becomes the urgent need of prevention and control problems in Shenzhen area for the eye trauma patients, protection and strengthen the publicity appears to be particularly important.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of the visual physiological finger exercise on prevention of teenage with myopia.

METHODS:Totally 200 patients from 7 to 14 years, who were low myopia after medicinal powder pupil, had no physiological diopter, with or without horizontal heterophoria <8^△, were chosen and randomly divided into two groups, with 100 patients in each group. Both of two groups were dilated pupil and examine eyesight, whose diopter ≥-1.00D wear myopia glasses, the other diopter<-1.00D without any glasses. At the same time, observation group was treated with visual physiological finger exercise, two times a day, each time 3-4 minutes, however the control group without intervention. The visual acuity, myopia diopter, ocular axis, eye position and horizontal heterophoria were measured before and at 1 year after intervention.

RESULTS: The observation group of myopia diopter and ocular axis were lower than that of control group(P<0.05). There were 10 exophoria patients implicit gradient has improved. There were 2 original no heterophoria patients occur esophoria. The control group did not appear exophoria patients implicit gradient improvement nor esophoria patients.

CONCLUSION: The visual physiological finger exercise can prevent and control teenage myopia,and at the same time can be improved to some extent exophoria.

Abstract:AIM: To probe the visual effects of laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)operation design on aged-myopic patients with falling adjustment abilities.

METHODS: Among the 32 subjects 63 eyes with ametropia and presbyopia, 27 were completely corrected by monocular LASIK operation on the 53 eyes, to the optimum distant vision of the dominant eye, while the near-sighted vision of the non-dominant eye was under corrected by -0.5 - -2.00D. The distant vision of the other 5 subjects was completely corrected by binocular LASIK operation on the 10 eyes. Three months after the operation, subjects were closely observed.

RESULTS: Three months after the operation, among the former group, the distant vision of dominant and non-dominant eyes were found with range from 1.0 to 1.2, and from 0.3 to 0.6 respectively. Their near-sighted vision of dominant and non-dominant eyes was 0.6 and 1.0, respectively. Among the latter group, the distant vision of both eyes was found to be completely corrected.

CONCLUSION: When operated on aged-myopic patients with falling adjustment abilities, LASIK should incorporate patient's requirement and age in its operation design.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle(IO)for treatment of eyes with asymmetric double dissociated vertical deviation(DVD).

METHODS: Totally 15 patients with asymmetric DVD which coexisted with unequal IO overaction(IOOA)(+～+++)were enrolled, the eye of strabismus degree >15^△-20^△ underwent anterior transposition of the part muscles inferior oblique muscles, and the eye of strabismus degree>20^△ underwent anterior transposition of the all muscles inferior oblique muscles, the correct intensity of eye position and muscle function after surgery and the size of palpebral fissure were evaluated.

RESULTS: The IOOA disappeared in all of 15 eyes, and according to the data of the postoperative effect which was good in 13 cases and there still was residued degree vertical slope in 2 cases, in other respects, a little limited of eye ball up rotation and coarctation of palpebral fissure were observed.

CONCLUSION: The slope degree of DVD is often asymmetric, and it could treat with all inferior oblique translocation or translocation respectively, according to the first bit vertical gradient size, in order to reduce coarctation of palpebral fissure or on limited of eye ball up rotation.