Abstract:AIM: To investigate the expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway in the mesenchymal stem cells derived from human limbal niche(LNCs).

METHODS: Culture and passage the mesenchymal stem cells derived from LNCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs)in vitro. Using BMMSCs as a positive control, the expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway in LNCs was evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. Furthermore, different doses(1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30μmol/L)of GANT61(the Gli inhibitor)effect on the proliferation of LNCs and BMMSCs was detected by Cell Count Kit-8.

RESULTS:The results of Western blot, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR proved that LNCs expressed Gli-1, patched and SMO, which are the members of Hedgehog signaling. In addition, GANT61(the Gli inhibitor)inhibited the proliferation of LNCs significantly(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation of LNCs.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the efficacy of radial keratotomy(RK)for the optical and visual rehabilitation of mild to moderate keratoconus.

METHODS: Thirty-one eyes of 22 keratoconus patients with at least 12mo follow-up were recruited and reviewed retrospectively. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best spectacle corrected visual acuity(BSCVA), autorefractometer values, keratometric values, corneal irregularity indexes, and complications were analyzed pre- and post-operatively.

RESULTS: At the last follow-up visit, mean UVCA(logMAR)improved significantly from 0.86±0.34 to 0.30±0.29(P<0.0001), and mean BSCVA(logMAR)improved from 0.47±0.21 to 0.17±0.23,(P<0.0001). Mean keratometric values decreased from 48.69±3.68 to 44.33±3.09 diopters(P<0.0001). Mean spherical equivalent measured by autorefractometer was also improved significantly from -5.61±2.85 to -2.29±1.95 at the last follow-up visit(P<0.0001). Central corneal thickness and corneal irregularity index of 3mm and 5mm zones did not change during the overall follow-up time. No serious intraoperative or postoperative complication was observed.

CONCLUSION: RK is assessed as an effective treatment method for the optical and visual rehabilitation of mild to moderate keratoconus cases, according to our results in a selected group of keratoconus patients.

Abstract:AIM:To explore relationship between the normal strehl ratio(SR)values of total aberrations/SR values of total higher-order aberrations and modulation transfer function(MTF)at total corneal at different pupil diameters in normal population.

METHODS: To exam the SR values of total aberrations and SR values of total higher-order aberrations of total corneals in 200 people(400 eyes)using SIRIUS 3D topography system and analysis the corresponding root-mean-square(RMS).

RESULTS: The subjects with different pupil diameters(3.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0mm)'s exam results of total corneal were as following: SR value of total aberrations 100'(0.45±0.12),(0.25±0.06),(0.17±0.05),(0.13±0.04); SR value of total higher order ab cerrations 100'(0.69±0.14),(0.34±0.07),(0.24±0.05),(0.16±0.04); SR value of total aberrations 200'(0.45±0.12),(0.24±0.06),(0.20±0.04),(0.16±0.03); SR value of total higher order aberrations 200'(0.70±0.13),(0.35±0.07),(0.27±0.06),(0.20±0.04). The SR values of each group decreases with the increases of pupil diameters. The SR values of total aberrations and SR values of total higher-order aberrations at total corneals are negatively correlated with corresponding RMS value. When the pupil diameter is small, the SR value of total aberrations is more related to higher frequency region of MTF. When the pupil diameter is big, the SR value of total aberrations is more related to lower frequency region of MTF.

CONCLUSION: The visual performance of normal people can be well reflected by SR values of total aberrations and SR values of total higher-order aberrations at total corneal.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells(RPE)when co-cultured with human marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)in condition of hypoxia and hyperglycemia so as to explore possible mechanisms of diabetes aggravating choroidal neovascularization(CNV)preliminarily.

METHODS:Both hMSCs and RPE cells were co-cultured in a transwell system. The experiment was divided into four groups: 21% O₂ with 5.56mmol/L glucose(control group, A), 21% O₂ with 30mmol/L glucose(hyperglycemia and normoxia group, B), 5% O₂ with 5.56mmol/L glucose(normoglycemia and hypoxia group, C)and 5% O₂ with 30mmol/L glucose(hyperglycemia and hypoxia group, D). Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)was used to detect the proliferation of RPE cells in each group at 12, 24 and 48h respectively. Flow cytometry was performed to observe apoptosis of RPE cells at 24h. Additionally, we assessed migration capabilities of RPE via transwell assay under the condition of hyperglycemia and hypoxia by co-culturing of hMSCs.

RESULTS:In this co-culturing system, at 12, 24 and 48h, group B(1.61±0.41, 1.80±0.34; 1.91±0.35), C(1.34±0.46, 1.94±0.40, 2.14±0.41)and D(1.98±0.47, 2.26±0.42, 2.55±0.40)showed significantly higher proliferation rate than group A(0.92±0.45, 1.27±0.32, 1.59±0.41, P<0.05). The migration capabilities of RPE in group B(149.5±9.19), C(140±9.90)and D(170.5±7.78)increased dramatically compared with group A(114.5±7.78, P<0.05)at 24h, whereas there was no significant difference of apoptosis ratio among four groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:By coexistence with hMSCs, the synergy of hyperglycemia and hypoxia can improve migration and proliferation of RPE cells, and have no effect on apoptosis of RPE cells within short period.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effects of advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)on thioltransferase(TTase)expression and activity in human lens epithelial cells.

METHODS: Human lens epithelial cells B3(HLE B3)were treated with 1.5mg/mL AGEs-BSA as the experimental groups cultured by fetal bovine serum of volume fraction 10% dulbecco modified eagle medium(DMEM)and bovine serum albumin(BSA)was added at the same concentrations as the negative control. The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was evaluated. Cells were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4d and total RNA or protein was extracted. TTase mRNA levels were detected by qRT-RCR. TTase expression was detected by Western blot and its activity was measured.

RESULTS: Compared with the control group,AGEs-BSA up-regulated the expression of ROS(P<0.01), ROS content increased in a time-dependent manner. BSA had no effects on ROS expression. The expression of TTase increased after treatment with AGEs-BSA for 1d, peaked at 2d(nearly 5.06-fold increase, P<0.01), then decreased gradually. No change was observed between BSA and control group(P>0.05). Similarly, TTase activity peaked at 3d(nearly 2.01-fold increase, P<0.01). Western blot test found that TTase protein expression was increased gradually, starting from the 3d TTase expression was reflected that there was statistically significant difference compared with control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:AGEs-BSA significantly increases the production of ROS in human lens epithelial cells, and it then induces the oxidative stress which may promote the expression of TTase and enhances the activity of TTase.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the changes of visual development produced by monocular atropinization in rats.

METHODS: Twenty normal SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group(n=10)and atropinization(experimental)group(n=10). All the left eyes were selected as the experimental eyes, and the right eyes served as the normal eyes. The left eyes in atropinization group was produced by 1% atropine, 3 times a day and the right eyes in control group was treated with normal saline, 3 times a day. The flash visual evoked potentials(F-VEP)and retinoscopy refraction of the rats' both eyes were detected at five time points: 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28d after atropinization, respectively. After 28d, six rats were randomly selected from both groups and each group had three rats. The expression of the c-fos mRNA was observed in both visual cortexes. Another six rats were chosen for the same test after 2d dark environment with 2h light later. The expression of c-fos mRNA was detected again.

RESULTS: After 14d anisometropia was observed in experimental group, the difference was 3.9D(P<0.05), F-VEP P1 wave of the rats left in experimental group was reached to 88.9±1.889ms at 21d, there was statistical difference compared with the right eye(P<0.05). After 28d, c-fos mRNA expression in the left visual cortex of rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the right side, but there was no significant difference. But when underwent 2h light stimulation after in the darkroom 2d, the c-fos mRNA expression in in the left visual cortex of rats in the experimental group was 5 times higher than that of the right side, there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: In the critical period of visual development, monocular chronic atropine in rats can form anisometropia, may delay the transmission of the optic nerve, hinder the normal development of the visual cortex. Monocular atropinization in rats can be used as the model of anisometropia.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the establishment of immediate diabetic keratopathy animal model of C57BL/6 mouse induced by ahigh-fat and high-glucose diet.

METHODS: Diabetes mellitus was induced by a high-fat and high-glucose diet in C57BL/6 mouse. 1% rose bengal was stained on the cornea to examine the integrality of the corneal epithelium at 2～12mo after completion of the model. Corneal epithelial wound healing was observed using a vivo epithelial debridement model which was dyed by sodium fluorescein. Corneal morphology histology was examined by pathological methods.

RESULTS: The high-fat and high-glucose diet C57BL/6 mouse in 2mo had showed general symptoms of diabetes: polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss etc. The model had a steady-state high glucose(≥18mmol/L), also the weight was lower compared with normal control mouse.1% rose bengal corneal staining had dot coloring at 2mo after completion of the model, the stained area and extent were gradually increased with the extension of the duration of diabetes, almost all the cornea was stained at 12mo after completion of the model. With the passage of time into a mold, the cornea epithelial healing time become longer: 2mo was about 40h; 3mo was about 120h; 4, 6, 12mo was about 144h; the coloboma were gradually increased at 12mo after completion of the model, then the area was reduced gradually until complete healing, the time was 96～120h, showed repeating phenomenon.

CONCLUSION: The mouse were induced by high-fat and high-glucose diet can be used as animal models of diabetic keratopathy: the damage of epithelium for corneal and delay healing on epithelium and other symptoms.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of suramin concentration changes on trabeculectomy in rabbit, and to provide treatment strategies for glaucoma on the basis of experiment.

METHODS:Thirty-two albino rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, including standard control group, experimental group Ⅰ, experimental group Ⅱ, and experimental group Ⅲ. Each eye was performed standard trabeculectomy. During surgery, standard control group was given a piece of cotton with 0.3mg/mL mitomycin C(MMC)for 2min, and the other three groups were given a piece of cotton with 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/mL suramin respectively for 2min. The filtering blebs and intraocular pressure(IOP)were observed at the 3, 7, 15, and 30d after surgery. Some conjunctiral specimen were observed with hitochemicall(HE staining)and immunohistochemicall methods.

RESULTS: At postoperative 7, 15, and 30d, the changes of the IOP, functional filtering blebs, and the number of positive cell nuclear in experimental group Ⅱ and experimental group Ⅲ were significantly different compared with those in standard control group and experimental group Ⅰ(all P<0.05), and the differences between experimental group Ⅰ and standard control group were not significant(P>0.05). The changes of the IOP and the number of positive cell nuclear in experimental group Ⅲ were significantly different compared with those in experimental group Ⅱ(P<0.05), whereas the differences in functional filtering blebs between experimental group Ⅲ and experimental group Ⅱ were not significant(P>0.05). The status of filtering channel in experimental group Ⅱ and experimental group Ⅲ were better than those in experimental group Ⅰ and standard control group.

CONCLUSION: The concentration of suramin has a significantly influence on its effect. When the concentration is 0.3mg/mL, the antiproliferative effect of suramin is no more than that of MMC. The effect of 0.4,0.5mg/mL suramin is better than MMC. 0.5mg/mL suramin has a better effect on controlling IOP and suppressing the growth of fibroblasts than 0.4mg/mL suramin.

Abstract:AIM: To establish the murine model of oxygen induced retinopathy(OIR)and to evaluate the inhibition of retinal neovascularization by erythropoietin(EPO)blockade.

METHODS: Neonates of C57BL/6 mouse(P7)were exposed to 75%±2% oxygen for 5d and return to normal air environment when 12d(P12)to establish oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization model. The neonates were divided into groups, injected with 0.5μL solution containing 25ng(group A), 50ng(group B), 250ng(group C)of soluble erythropoietin receptor(EPO-R)or PBS(group D)at P12, P14 and P16 in the right eye. On P17, the litters were sacrificed and their right eyes were enucleated and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, made pathological section. The number of breakthrough internal limiting membrane neovascular nuclei was counted with pathological retinal morphology, understanding theproliferative degree of retinal neovascularization.

RESULTS: The pathological sections showed the neovascular cell nuclei which penetrating the inner limiting membrane in intravitreal EPO receptor injection group was reduced statistically than that in PBS injection group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). And, neovascular nuclei count differences in the various concentrations of EPO receptor group was statistically significant(P<0.01). With the EPO receptor concentration increase, neovascular endothelial cells broken through the internal limiting membrane was reduced.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of soluble EPO receptor can block EPO and improve neovascularization. The new method is expected to become new treatment of ocular neovascular diseases.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer(GCIPL)measurements using high-definition optical coherence tomography(Cirrus HD-OCT)ganglion cell analysis algorithm for detecting early and moderate to severe glaucoma.

METHODS:Twenty normal control persons, 26 patients with early glaucoma and 29 patients with moderate to severe glaucoma were enrolled in this study. Macular GCIPL, optic nerve head(ONH)parameters and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness were measured in each subject. Then all measured results of each parameter were calculated using SPSS17.0. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves(AUC)of each parameter were calculated to compare the diagnostic accuracy for detecting early and moderate to severe glaucoma.

RESULTS:For detecting early glaucoma, AUC of average RNFL and seven clock value of RNFL were the biggest(0.871 and 0.896 respectively), the AUC of parameters in GCIPL were also significant, among them, the average GCIPL showed bigger AUC(0.847)than the minimum GCIPL(0.812). For diagnosing moderate to severe glaucoma, the AUC of rim area was 0.992, which was bigger than that of average RNFL(0.991). The minimum GCIPL showed bigger AUC(0.983)than the average GCIPL(0.967). For early glaucoma diagnosis, the sensitivity of average RNFL was the highest(76.9%), while the average GCIPL has the highest specificity(93.5%).

CONCLUSION:AS a new diagnostic parameter for detecting glaucoma, GCIPL shows similar diagnostic potential compared with RNFL. For early glaucoma diagnosis, average RNFL is the most important parameter, while screening early glaucoma, average GCIPL should be paid more attention.

Abstract:AIM: To research the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness change in high myopia amblyopic children and to discuss the relationships among RNFL thickness, axial length and age.

METHODS:Thirty-five Chinese children(59 eyes)with a mean age of(9.59±2.90)years were recruited. All eyes were ruled out the pathological changes of fundus diseases and front section. By atropine optometry after they were divided into: high myopia amblyopia group(22 eyes), high myopia group(15 eyes), normal group(22 eyes). RNFL scans were obtained for all eyes using optical coherence tomography and axial length was also surveyed by A-ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate RNFL thickness at each location with axial length and age.

RESULTS:The peripapillary RNFL thickness in temporal of high myopia amblyopia group was thinner than that in high myopia group, and thicker than that in normal group. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were thinner than those in high myopia and normal gruops. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in inferior and average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were significantly thinner than those of high myopia(P<0.05). The peripapillary RNFL thickness in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were significantly thinner than those of normal(P<0.01). The peripapillary RNFL thickness in temporal of high myopia group was significantly thicker, and in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness were significantly thinner than those of normal(P<0.05). The thickness of peripapillary RNFL in inferior showed a negative correlation with axial length in high myopia amblyopia group(R=0.474, R²=0.225, F=4.933, P=0.040). The thickness of peripapillary RNFL in superior showed a negative correlation with axial length in high myopia group(R=0.642, R²=0.412, F=9.104,P=0.010). These were no correlation between the peripapillary RNFL thickness and age in high myopia amblyopia, myopia amblyopia and normal.

CONCLUSION:There are significant abnormalities of retinal structure in high myopia amblyopia.

Abstract:As one branch of epigenetics, the sirtuins family(Class Ⅲ histone deacetylase)receive much attention in recent years. SIRT1 as the most famous of the sirtuins family members has been verified involved in a variety of age-related diseases. While the SIRT1 formation is paid more and more attention in age-related cataract. Now, we briefly overviewed the research progress on the role of SIRT1 in age-related cataract.

Abstract:Best vitelliform macular dystrophy(BVMD)is an autosomal dominant disease mostly caused by mutations in BEST1 gene. These mutations change the normal physiological functions of BEST1-encoded bestrophin-1 protein, and finally lead to a reduction of visual acuity. This review is composed of the following aspects: the structure and functions of BEST1 gene, the characteristics of the mutations, clinical features of BVMD, genotype-phenotype correlations as well as possible gene therapy. Our contribution serves for further research on BVMD and BEST1 gene.

Abstract:Diabetic macular edema(DME)is a major cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus, the central retinal thickness(CRT)is correlated with the visual impairment and the changes of visual function before and after treatment. Furthermore, CRT is related to the changes of macular microstructure. The subtle changes of retinal microstructure can be qualitative and quantitative analyzed by spectral-domain OCT(SD-OCT). In this study, the changes of retinal microstructure in patients with DME are reviewed, what is of great meaning to explore mechanism, observe disease progress, guide clinical treatment and prospect prognosis of DME.

Abstract:Retinal ganglion cells are crucial in the formation of vision. Injury or death of retinal ganglion cells may lead to irreversibly damage of visual function. Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and other blind leading diseases can cause the damage or progressively apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Currently, there is no specific treatment to restore vision damage caused by those diseases. Scholars at home and abroad focus on stem cells transplantation in order to recover the visual function of patients. Two categories are mainly involved in stem cell transplantation, one is the replacement therapy based on stem cells, the other is to promote the secretion of some factors to protect ganglion cells through stem cell transplantation. In this review, we aim to summarize the potential of stems cell transplantation to treat retinal ganglion cells related diseases, and discuss the differentiation of different types of stem cells to retinal ganglion cells.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of treating traumatic optic neuropathy(TON)with mouse nerve growth factor.

METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Medline,CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP to collect randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of using mouse nerve growth factor for TON. The quality of the included trials was assessed and poor-qualified trials were eliminated before the meta-analysis was conducted.

RESULTS: Seven RCTs with a total of 399 eyes included were retrieved, and OR=3.78 with a 95%CI of \〖2.35, 6.06\〗, the difference was significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The existing evidence supports that the prognosis of TON is better when mouse nerve growth factor are adopted in treatment, but there is still a need for well-planned, large-scale and multicenter RCTs to verify it.

Abstract:In the past, the ways to amblyopia neural mechanism research are given priority to visual electrophysiology and so on, which express the result use two-dimensional form, these ways mainly research the functions of the state before the lateral geniculate body. For the study of optic center, animal models are used to research it. But these kinds of methods are unable to accurately detect amblyopia neural mechanisms of human beings. Vulnerable to a variety of factors, it is difficult to finish the amblyopia treatment effect evaluation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)can reflect the three-dimensional visual cortex neuron activity noninvasively and accurately, and give rise to amblyopia neural mechanism and therapeutic effect evaluation. Therefore, in this paper, the amblyopia neural mechanisms and visual center after treatment effect evaluation of fMRI research progress are summarized.

Abstract:Abnormal eye blinking in children is a disease of frequent eye blinking in children, more than 15 times per minute, without facial spasms and neurological diseases, with relatively independent clinical symptoms. If combining with organic or neurological disease, we consider it as children eye blinking syndrome. It's a common and frequently encountered disease in pediatric ophthalmology. The etiologies include body and psychological disorders, such as refractive errors, ocular surface and ocular adnexal disease, bad habits, lead pollution, tic disorders and so on. We think that most of abnormal eye blinking in children firstly caused by oculopathy, neurological disorders and psychological illness are the important factors for increasing or making it repeatedly happen. Recognizing and identifying the etiologies of abnormal eye blinking in children, so as to take a targeted theray and avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To define the relationship between platelet distribution width(PDW), fibrinogen(FIB)and severity of diabetic retinopathy(DR).

METHODS: The survey included 99 patients with DR(48 with non-proliferative and 51 with proliferative DR)in our hospital during June 2012 and May 2014. Another 50 diabetic patients without DR and 50 healthy volunteers were matched as controls. Demographic data and disease history were gained. Fasting blood sample were collected to measure PDW, FIB, platelet count, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c.

RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls(16.6%±1.2%), a significant difference was found in PDW values among diabetic patients(all P<0.05). The higher development of DR corresponded with a significantly higher level of PDW 17.6%±1.8%, 19.1%±2.1%, and 20%±1.9% for patients without DR, non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR, respectively, the difference had statistical significance(P<0.05). A significant difference was also found in FIB values among diabetic patients and healthy controls(P<0.05). After correction for age, gender, disease duration and HbA1c, multi factor Logistic analysis showed that there were significant increased risks in the prevalence of non-proliferative(OR: 1.464, PDW)(OR: 2.199, FIB)and proliferative DR(OR: 1.652, PDW)(OR: 2.691, FIB)with the increased PDW and FIB value(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The PDW and FIB value are parallel with the severity of DR, and there is increased risk of non-proliferative and proliferative DR with the PDW and FIB value increases.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the corneal histopathology changes induced by soft contact lenses(SCL)at diffent time.

METHODS: Central and peripheral cornea structures of myopic patients wearing SCL(150 cases)and the control goups(150 cases)were observed with confocal microscopy. The examinations were performed 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10a after contact lenses wearing respectively.

RESULTS: After wearing the contact lenses for 5a, the cell density of corneal surface epithelial was lower in SCL wearers compared with control goups(P<0.05)and the corneal vesicle and corneal gutata might be occasionally discovered. The density of Langerhans cells both in the central and peripheral cornea was higher in SCL group(P<0.05), and the tortuosity of the nerve fibers was significantly increased in the eye wearing SCL compared with control group. The densities of anterior stromal cells were lower while the microdot densities in the stroma were higher in SCL group than that in control group(P<0.05). The polymorphology of corneal endothelial cells was more obvious in SCL group, but the densities of endothelial cells were similar between two groups(P>0.05). The SCL wearers showed a thinner thickness of central corneal epithelium than control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The corneal morphologic changes are more obvious with the longer time, and the changes is not ignored.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the differences of anterior segment parameters in the patients with fellow eyes of unilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma(AACG), primary angle-closure suspects(PACS)and normal group.

METHODS: Twenty-six eyes of 26 patients with fellow eyes of AACG, 28 eyes of 28 age- and gender-matched PACS and 34 normal eyes were imaged using optical coherence tomography(OCT)and pentacam scheimpflug system(Pentacam). Anatomical parameters including central corneal thickness(CCT), corneal volume(CV), pupillary diameter(PD), central anterior chamber depth(CACD), peripheral anterior chamber depth(PACD), anterior chamber volume(ACV)and anterior chamber angle(ACA)were obtained from Pentacam. Iris thickness(IT750,IT2 000), cross-sectional area(IS), volume(IV)and angle opening distance 500(AOD500)were estimated using OCT combined with a computer image processing. Statistic analysis was performed with SPSS.

RESULTS: There were no significant differences in corneal parameters(CCT, CV), PD and iris values(IT750, IT2 000, IS, IV)among the three groups(P>0.05). Compared with the fellow eyes of AACG and PACS, normal eyes had larger ACV, wider AOD500 and ACA, deeper CACD and PACD(P<0.05). No anatomical difference was observed between the fellow eyes of AACG and PACS(P>0.05). Using the fellow eyes of AACG as the standard to predict high risk of angle closure, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the above parameters were all less than 0.7.

CONCLUSION: All the anterior segment parameters are no different significantly between the fellow eyes of AACG and PACS. They may be notaccurate criteria for determining high risk group of PACS.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effects of phacoemulsification and surgical techeniques in small pupil cataract after filtering operation of glaucoma.

METHODS: Thirty-six cases(36 eyes)of small pupil cataract after filtering operation of glaucoma were underwent phacoemulsification combined with foldable intraocular lens implantation. Postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure filtration bleb and complications were observed. The follow-up time was 3mo.

RESULTS: The preoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)or best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)≤0.3 were in all patients. Postoperativerly, the UCVA or BCVA≥0.3 after 1wk and 3mo were achieved in 23 eyes(63.89%)and 34 eyes(94.44%). BCVA was <0.3 in 2 eyes(5.56%)including optic nerve atrophy of one eye and diabetic retinopathy of one eye. All patients were kept the level of normal intraocular pressure and completed filtering bleb, there were no serious complications.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification in small pupil cataract after filtering operation of glaucoma was complex, and reasonable application of operation skills can still achieve better clinical results. The main factor of affecting the visual acuity is pre-existing retinal optic neuropathy.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the safety of the laser peripheral iridoplasty(LPIP)for the early-stage chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma(ECPACG).

METHODS: Sixty-five eyes of 36 patients with ECPACG received LPIP. At preoperative and postoperative, patients were examined with intraocular pressure(IOP), anterior chamber, optical coherence tomography(OCT), visual acuity, visual field, fundus and complications. The mean follow-up was 18.2±6.7mo(ranged 12～24mo).

RESULTS: The preoperative average IOP were 23.8±5.6mmHg, postoperative 1wk, 1, 3, 6, 12mo and in the last follow-up time the average IOP were 18.7±3.8, 17.9±3.2, 17.6±3.5, 18.4±3.7, 18.6±3.7, and 18.6±7.8mmHg. There was statistical difference comparing with preoperative(P<0.05, decreasing average 6.5±3.1mmHg compared with the preoperative, the difference was statistically significant(t=5.32, P<0.05). Postoperative 1wk, 1, 3, 6mo, the trabecular-iris angle(TIA500)and the angle opening distance at 500μm(AOD500)had the statistical difference comparing with preoperative(P<0.05). At Postoperative 1a and the last follow-up time, the TIA500 and AOD500 did not have statistical difference comparing with preoperative(P>0.05). The postoperative visual acuity, visual field, fundus had not changed. There were no complications found.

CONCLUSION:LPIP is safe, and has the short time effect in the treatment of ECPACG. With elapse of time, the effect of LPIP is weakened. We can repeat the treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the curative effect of PDT combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab treatment for age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization(CNV).

METHODS: In accordance with the inclusion criteria, by indocyanine green choroidalangiography(ICGA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)examination confirmed the diagnosis of macular CNV in 27 patients(27 eyes), treated with PDT 3～7d professional intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. At 1, 3, 6mo after treatment, the results of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), FFA, ICGA, OCT examination and complications were observed.

RESULTS: The BCVA improved in 17 eyes(63%), stable in 6 eyes(22%), and decreased in 4 eyes(15%). Before treatment, the average leakage area was 1 005.69±105.47μm, it were 875.54±103.27μm, and 423.37±79.68μm at 1 and 3mo after treatment, there were significant differences compared with before treatment(P<0.01). Average central macular thickness of retina before treatment was 485.58±122.59μm, and 398.84±105.32μm, 297.74±89.18μ m at 1 and 3mo after treatment, there were significant differences compared with before treatment(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The method that PDT closed CNV combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab can effectively block angiogenesis recurrence, reduce the number of PDT treatment again and complications, improve the therapeutic effect.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the relationship of central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)and atherosclerosis(AS).

METHODS: Fifty cases of CRVO patients were chosen as the observation group in our hospital from October 2012 to October 2014, other 50 patients with AS(non-CRVO)as control group. In the control group, 22 cases of AS mild stenosis, moderate stenosis in 24 cases, 4 cases of severe stenosis(3 cases implanted stent). According to the severity, two grade prevention primary prevention therapy, and cerebral vascular disease treating stroke, corresponding drug treatment was undergone. Two groups of patients were performed cervical carotid artery color Doppler ultrasound examination, including assessing plaque, carotid artery intima-media thickness(IMT), the degree of stenosis of internal carotid artery blood flow velocity and the systolic peak(PSV), end diastolic blood flow velocity(EDV), resistance index(RI)values for kinetic parameters etc. All the indexes of the two groups were compared with color Doppler ultrasound examination results, to evaluate the correlation between CRVO and AS.

RESULTS: In the observation group, 15 cases were detected of carotid artery with mild stenosis, 28 cases of arterial diameter reduced <50%, carotid artery moderate stenosis, arterial diameter was reduced from 50%～69%, 6 cases of carotid artery stenosis, arterial diameter was reduced from 70%～99%, 1 patient with ipsilateral carotid artery near occlusion. In the control group, 22 cases were of AS mild stenosis, moderate stenosis in 24 cases, 4 cases of severe stenosis(3 cases implanted stent). The eyes with CRVO increased IMT, PSV and EDV decreased, RI value increased(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus in observation group were statistically significant difference(P<0.05). The control group of 2a of follow-up showed no recurrence during CRVO.

CONCLUSION: CRVO and AS are highly correlated, the neck of Doppler ultrasound examination can clearly reflect the central retinal vein blood supply, the standard treatment for AS disease, can reduce the risk of CRVO, with certain clinical significance.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effects of scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment under microscope and under indirect ophthalmoscope.

METHODS: Forty-six patients(46 eyes)with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty-six patients received surgeries under microscope was retrospectively analyzed and compared to that of 20 patients who received surgeries under indirect ophthalmoscope by the same operator.

RESULTS: No statistical difference was found in patients' operation method choice, including condensation reaction reattachment situation and the retina reset operation at a time(P>0.05). The best corrected visual acuity of microscopic group after 1mo of operation was better than before operation, and the improving rate of vision after operation was higher than that of the traditional group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The curative effect of external approach microsurgery has the similar efficacy with the conventional external approach surgery, and gets better visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To observe of cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in patients with postoperative tear film, and to explore its clinical significance.

METHODS: A total of 106 patients(140 eyes)undergone phacoemulsification were randomly chosen. Subjective dry foreign body sensation were observed at six nodes of period 1d, 1, 2, 3wk, and 1mo. Corneal fluorescein(FSC), basal tear secretion(SIT)and tear film break-up time(BUT)were used to detect functional changes of the tear film. And the correlation between tear film stability and corneal sensitivity was analyzed.

RESULTS: Dry eye cumulative score of postoperative 1d, 1, 2wk was higher than preoperative(t=8.53, P=0.000; t=6.27, P=0.000; t=9.02, P=0.000). There was no significant difference in dry eye cumulative score at postoperative 3wk, 1mo compared with preoperative(t=1.91, P=0.824; t=1.27, P=0.069). Corneal epithelial fluorescein staining points of postoperative 1d, 1, 2wk were increased compared with preoperative(t=11.64, P=0.000; t=9.61, P=0.000; t=8.87, P=0.001). There was no significant difference in corneal epithelial fluorescein staining points of postoperative 3wk and 1mo compared with preoperative(t=2.52, P=0.746; t=1.16, P=0.094). Corneal sensitivity detection values of postoperative 1d, 1, 2wk were significantly higher than that of preoperative(t=9.61, P=0.000; t=9.27, P=0.000; t=11.39, P=0.024), and there was no difference postoperative 3wk and 1mo compared with preoperative(t=1.19, P=0.562; t=2.17, P=0.501).

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation will reduce the tear film stability in the short term, but after a long rest will be improved to a certain extent.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze clinical curative effect of small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of the high myopia with cataract.

METHODS: Seven-four cases(78 eyes)of patients with high myopia and cataract were randomly divided into control group and observation group, 37 cases(39 eyes)in each group. The control group underwent cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, the observation group received small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. The treatment effect was analyzed.

RESULTS: After treatment, there was no significant difference in the ratio uncorrected visual acuity of 0.5 and above in two groups. IOP was significantly decreased in two groups after treatment with no significant difference. Intraoperative and postoperative complications in observation group were significantly lower than that in control group. Wound healing time of observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group.

CONCLUSION:Small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of high myopia with cataract has significant effect, lower complication rate, and is worthy of promotion in clinical.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes in contrast sensitivity(CS)between emmetropic pilots, glasses wearing, and after laser in situ keratomileuses(LASIK)surgery pilots, provide the basis for the physical examination standard after operation.

METHODS: The CS of 13 emmetropic pilots(26 eyes), 12 glasses wearing pilots(24 eyes)and 10 with LASIK(20 eyes), under photopic, scotopic and scotopic with glare environments at four different spatial frequencies(3, 6, 12 and 18cpd)were measured and the resluts were analyzed by statistics.

RESULTS: Under photopic environments, there was no significant difference in the low spatial frequency(3cpd)among the three groups(P>0.05). The CS of emmetropic pilots was better than that of the myopic and with LASIK, and there was significant difference(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in CS between myopic and with LASIK(P>0.05). Under scotopic environments, there was no significant difference in the low spatial frequency(3cpd)among the three groups(P>0.05). The CS of emmetropic and with LASIK pilots were better than that of the myopic, and there was significant difference(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in CS between emmetropic and with LASIK(P>0.05). Under scotopic with glare environments, the CS of emmetropic and myopic pilots were better than that of the with LASIK, and there was significant difference(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in CS between myopic and with LASIK(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The CS after LASIK is decreased compare with emmetropic pilot, specially under scotopic with glare environments. A perfect identification standard should be set up.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the efficacy of different locations scleral tunnel incision in phacoemulsification cataract on preoperative corneal astigmatism.

METHODS:Totally 90 patients(94 eyes)in our hospital who had undergone the phaco-surgery from March 2013 to October 2014 were divided into two groups. The group A was those with 3.2mm scleral tunnel incision at the direction of 10:00～11:00 points. The group B was those with 3.2mm scleral tunnel incision at the steepest corneal meridian. Incision was not sutured. Corneal astigmatism status of preoperative and postoperative at different times were detected by corneal refractive. The impact of different surgical incision on postoperative corneal astigmatism was compared. In the two groups,patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism<1.00D, 1.00～2.00D and >2.00D were compared respectively. The changes of the uncorrected visual acuity and corneal astigmatism at postoperative 1wk, 1 and 3mo were observed.

RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity of the patients who were in the group B preoperative corneal astigmatism <1.00D and 1.00～2.00D was better than that in the group A. The postoperative corneal astigmatism of the patients who were in the group B preoperative corneal astigmatism <1.00D was lower than that in the group A.

CONCLUSION: On the basis of preoperative corneal astigmatism, 3.2mm scleral tunnel incision at the steepest corneal meridian to some extent can correct preoperative corneal astigmatism <1.00D, and accordingly improve the uncorrected visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the preoperative binocular visual function of intermittent exotropia and the rebuilding and recovery of the postoperative binocular visual function, and analyze the effect of binocular visual function on orthophoria after surgery.

METHODS: From January 2011 to January 2014, 47 basic intermittent exotropia patients caming for treatment were collected in the clinical data. The changes in their near stereopsis, binocular visual function, binocular fusion and distance stereopsis after operations were recorded in the form of data. The preoperative binocular vision and the postoperative rebuilding were analyzed and contrasted with each other. In addition, the effect on the postoperative maintaining of orthophoria due to the existence, recovery and rebuilding of binocular visual function were observed.

RESULTS: Intermittent exotropia patients got damage in different levels on their binocular visual functions, especially on distance stereopsis, which was the heaviest and earliest. After the operation, all functions were obviously recovered and reconstructed and the improvements were statistically significant compared against those before the operation(P<0.01). Patients having binocular visual function or part of it before the operation had a higher ratio of orthophoria compared against the patients who had lost binocular visual function before the operation and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The recovery and reconstruction of the postoperative binocular visual function played an important role in maintaining the orthophoria.

CONCLUSION: The intermittent exotropia cause damage to the stereopsis which happened the earliest. Obvious recovery and reconstruction of binocular visual function can be observed after the surgery. A relatively good preoperative binocular visual function may lead to the increase in the ratio of orthophoria or cure the intermittent exotropia. Performing an operation when distance stereopsis is damaged can increase the success rate for the surgery and reduce the recurrence rate.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the poor vision condition and analyze the myopia etiological factor in primary school He'xi district of Sanya.

METHODS: A cohort of 1 218 subjects were recruited randomly from grade 1～6 of two primary schools. Visual activity test, dioptroscopy and risk factor questionnaire were evaluated.

RESULTS: The prevalence of poor vision was 29.55%. The incidence of myopia increased with grade, and was significantly higher in girls than that in boys. The outdoor activity time of myopic pupil(7.25±5.35h/wk)was significantly lower than emmetropic pupil(11.86±6.65h/wk)(P<0.05). The usage of electronic product(TV, computater and cell phone)time of myopic pupil(13.36±8.35h/wk)was significantly higher than emmetropic pupil(7.75±5.83h/wk)(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The increase of myopia incidence is closely related with sparing outdoor activity and excess usage of electronic product.

Abstract:AIM:To understand the epidemiology and related factors of strabismic amblyopia of students of primary school, and to provide guidances for the prevention and control strategy.

METHODS: A total of 600 cases of primary school students of Leshan City, Jiajiang County were given vision, oblique incidence and ocular and other screening. The prevalence rate of poor eyesight of strabismus, amblyopia prevalence rate of different sexes, ages were compared, and the degree of amblyopia and strabismus of children with different types of amblyopia and whether or not had stereoscopic vision were counted.

RESULTS:The prevalence rate of amblyopia and strabismus prevalence rate were respectively 4.0% and 2.5%; With the growth of all age, low vision of students was significantly decreased, the difference of comparison of low vision rate of each age had statistical significance(P<0.05), but different ages, strabismus prevalence of different sexes, amblyopia prevalence were compared, the difference had no significant differences(P>0.05); Ametropic amblyopia was the main type, accounting for 55.6%, and the degree of amblyopia mainly was light, moderate; ametropic amblyopia, most of ametropic amblyopia and strabismus had stereo vision, but there were no stereopsis of most of the strabismic amblyopia and all esotropia.

CONCLUSION:Ametropic is mainly type of amblyopia, the prevalence of relationship between the incidence of strabismic amblyopia of primary school students and sexes is not obvious, but the oblique amblyopia treatment effect, such as the establishment of stereoscopic vision and the age, eye position has a close relationship, should be early discovered, early treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the quality of life in adults with strabismus and evaluate the improvement in quality of life after treatment.

METHODS: In this prospective study, forty-five adults with a diagnosis of strabismus conform to the inclusion and exclusion standard were selected in our hospital from October 2013 to May 2014, as experimental group and 45 normal adults were enrolled as control group. A Chinese Adult Strabismus-20 questionnaire was used to evaluate the differences of quality of life between patients with strabismus and normal adults, and to evaluate the differences of quality of life in patients with strabismus preoperative and 6mo postoperative.

RESULTS: The scores of quality of life in adult patients with strabismus preoperative and 6mo postoperative were statistically significant lower than those of normal adults(P< 0.01). In 6mo postoperative, the scores of quality of life statistically significant increased than preoperative(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Strabismus can decrease the quality of life in psychosocial and visual functional for adults and the surgical treatment can improve quality of life in patients with strabismus.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the predisposing factors, population characteristics and clinical features of severe fungal keratitis.

METHODS:The data of 233 cases 233 eyes of severe fungal keratitis in my hospital from January, 2008 to November, 2013 was retrospectively reviewed. The predisposing factors, population characteristics and clinical features were analyzed.

RESULTS: In 233 cases of severe fungal keratitis, the number of male patients was 153(65.7%)and the number ratio of male to female was 1.9:1. The average age of them was(52.7±11.3), and most of them were middle-aged and elderly people living in the rural area(78.1%)and were farmers(66.1%)with low literacy(59.7%). In 233 cases, 188 cases(80.7%)possessed a clear history of ocular trauma, mainly caused by plant-based trauma(60.9%). 90 cases(57.3%)were infected with Fusarium, and 47 cases(29.9%)by Aspergillus. The main treatment of severe fungal keratitis was surgery(87.9%). 83 cases(52.9%)were treated with penetrating keratoplasty, and in Fusarium and Aspergillus infected patients with severe fungal keratitis, 58.4%(80/137)were performed with penetrating keratoplasty. In addition, patients treated with eye enucleation or evisceration, 68.4%(13/19)were infected with Fusarium species.

CONCLUSION: Patients with severe fungalkeratitis in our hospital are mainly elderly male farmers living in rural, because of low economic condition and poor diagnosis consciousness. The main pathogens are Fusarium and Aspergillus species, and the major treatment is penetrating keratoplasty. Most of patients with poor clinical outcomes are infected with Fusarium species.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of amniotic membrane transplantation and penetrating keratoplasty in the treatment of atheromatous corneal ulcer.

METHODS: Thirteen patients(13 eyes)diagnosed atheromatous corneal ulcer from February 2009 to May 2014 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Surgical treatment including amniotic membrane transplantation and penetrating keratoplasty were used to deal the patients with no effects of drugs. All patients were followed up for 4mo to 2a(mean 8mo)after surgery. Visual acuity, healing and recipient of ulcer were examined.

RESULTS:There patients were treated conservatively with corneal ulcer slowly healing, healing time was 14～35(21±12.1)d. Seven cases were treated with amniotic membrane transplantation, 2 cases were treated with penetrating keratoplasty, 1 case of corneal ulcer perforation and lost light perception received enucleation of eyeball. Corneal ulcer were cured in patients performed amniotic membrane transplantation and penetrating keratoplasty. All patients had no recurrence during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION: Atheromatous corneal ulcer is difficult to be cured by conservative treatment. Most patients need operation treatment. Amniotic membrane transplantation and penetrating keratoplasty can be performed to deal with atheromatous corneal ulcer and abtain satisfactory effect. But amniotic membrane transplantation is relatively simple and easy, and it is suitable for promotion in primary hospitals.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the surgical effects of the taumatic lens subluxation and cataract after manual fragmentation and emulsification of nucleus and foldable intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: A 3.0mm tunnel limbus incision was operated through the predicted bulbar conjunctiva and sclera on 26 cases(26 eyes)with taumatic lens subluxation(suspensory ligament rupture range less than 120)and cataract(Ⅰ～Ⅲ). And after the manual fragmentation and emulsification of nucleus, foldable intraocular lens was implantated. Intraocular lens loop was imbedded in the middle of the lens zonular ligament breakup to reset the pouch. The surgical complications and postoperative vision changes were observed.

RESULTS: Three month after operation, 22 eyes had a intraocular lens centric position taking up 85% of the whole. Four eyes had a slightly eccentric position(1～2mm), taking up 15% of the whole. 21 eyes had their visual acuity 0.5～0.8, taking up 81% of the whole. Five eyes of visual acuity was 0.2～0.8. Within 24h intraocular pressure of 12 eyes(46%)after operation were elevated, and returned to normal after 2～7d. There was no severe complication during operation and postoperation.

CONCLUSION: The manual fragmentation and emulsification of nucleus and foldable intraocular lens implantation of the traumatic lens subluxation and the cataract through the 3.0mm corneal sclera limbus tunnel incision is a simple and effective surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of phacoemulsification and small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery, and provide better options for clinical cataract treatment.

METHODS: According to the different operation methods, 98 cases of simple senile cataract patients in our hospital were divided into control group and treatment group, 49 cases in each. The control group received ultrasonic emulsification operation treatment; treatment group were treated by small incision non-phacoemulsification. Visual acuity, astigmatism values, average operation time, and complications were compared between two groups before and after operation.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference in preoperative corneal astigmatism values of two groups at 3mo between two groups(P>0.05). On other times, vision and corneal astigmatism were obviously better than those before operation(P<0.05). The average vision, corneal astigmatism values and complications incidence of two group at operation time and different postoperative time had no statistical difference(P>0.05). When the lens nucleus hardness was at Ⅰ～Ⅲ level, corneal endothelial cell count of two groups had no significant difference(P>0.05). When the lens nucleus hardness was at Ⅳ～Ⅴ level, there was statistical difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery has the similarly efficacy compared with phacoemulsification. It should be based on the actual situation of the hardness of nuclear to select the appropriate surgical treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate therapeutic effects of combination therapy for neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 34 eyes of 34 patients who suffered from NVG. All patients were assigned to group A, B, C and D according to the different combination therapies. Group A(11 eyes of 11 patients)was treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and panretinal photocoagulation(PRP). Group B(10 eyes of 10 patients)was treated with transcleral cyclophotocoagulation and PRP. Group C(6 eyes of 6 patients)was treated with 3 therapies together. Group D(7 eyes of 7 patients)was treated with 810nm transcleral cyclophotocoagulation and soft gas-permeable contact lenses. All the patients were followed-up for 1a. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP)were recorded and analyzed prior to operation and 1, 4wk, 6 and 12mo after operation.

RESULTS: All the post treatment IOP decreased significantly(P<0.05)from the values before therapy, and the IOP values after 4wk, 6, 12mo were not significantly different(P>0.05)in statistics. Most patients' IOP can be controlled below 23mmHg after combination therapy. The visual acuity in group A after 1,4wk, 6mo compared with those before treatment was significantly increased(P<0.05)in statistics and other groups did not significantly change before and after treatment(P>0.05). Anterior chamber bleeding occurred to 2 cases after 1wk of transcleral cyclophotocoagulation. No other ocular or systemic adverse events were found during the follow-up duration.

CONCLUSION: After the combination of intraocular injection of the anti-VEGF drugs, 810nm laser cyclophotocoagulation and PRP, most patients with NVG disease can be effectively treated, can effectively control IOP, and retain part of the visual function, significantly improve the quality of life. In the short-term, combination therapy is safe and effective for NVG, which provides us an available strategy to conquer NVG by simply programmable operation and less suffering.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze and summarize the effect of glaucoma trabeculectomy in the department of ophthalmology in basic hospital.

METHODS: Postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP), filtering bleb and complications of 316 cases(405 eyes)of patients with glaucoma after trabeculectomy were analyzed.

RESULTS: After follow-up 12mo, 76.5% IOP was controlled in normal level. 42.5% was filtration bleb typeⅠ, 33.1% type Ⅱ, 14.6% in type Ⅲ and 9.9% in type Ⅳ. Intraoperative complication rate was 2.5%, that was 31.4% at postoperative early stage(before discharge), and 6.7% at postoperative long-term(6mo after discharge).

CONCLUSION: Trabeculectomy for glaucoma can better solve the problem of high IOP. It is more mature in primary hospitals, but there are still a variety of intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the relationship between different timing of vitreous surgery and prognosis after the open globe injuries.

METHODS: Fifty-eight cases(58 eyes)with open globe injuries were chosen in our hospital from June 2011 to June 2013, and randomly divided into observation group and control group to have vitreous surgery in early phase and normal time respectively. Thirty cases(30 eyes)in the observation group were received vitreous surgery during 3d, and 28 cases(28 eyes)in the control group from one to two weeks. The vitreous surgery of two groups of patients were finished by the author herself. The ocular injury before surgery, the effect of surgery treatment and the incidence of complications after surgery of the two groups of patients were compared.

RESULTS: The eye damage situation such as lens rupture,vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment and corneal laceration of two groups of patients before surgery were no significant statistical difference(P>0.05). The postoperative therapeutic effect of observation group was better than the control group(χ²=6.869, P<0.05); the postoperative complications of observation group was obviously lower than the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The timing of vitreous surgery of patients with open globe injuries correlate with the prognosis, which prompts that better therapeutic effect can be achieved and the occurrence of complications can be reduced in early vitreous surgery of the patients with open globe injuries.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)after intravitreal injections of ranibizumab(IVR)for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion(RVO).

METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of 36 patients with macular edema secondary to RVO)were treated with 0.5mg IVR monthly for 3mo and received additional IVR as needed over the following 1a period. SFCT of the all eyes(the affected eyes with RVO and unaffected fellow eyes)was measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images before and after the IVR.

RESULTS: The mean SFCT of the affected eyes with RVO decreased from 246.7±115.0μm at baseline to 220.5±102.0μm at 1mo(P<0.05), 198.3± 114.0μm at 6mo(P<0.01), 212.6± 96.0μm at 12mo(P<0.01). Whereas the fellow eyes changed from 229.4±108.0μm at baseline to 226.3±107.0μm at 1mo(P>0.05), 228.6±127.0μm at 6mo(P>0.05), 223.6±101.0μm at 12mo(P>0.05). There were statistically significant difference between affected eyes with RVO and unaffected fellow eyes.

CONCLUSION: The SFCT is decreased after IVR for macular edema secondary to RVO. IVR seems to affect the hemorheology of the choroid.

Abstract:AIM: To determine the association between subfoveal choroidal thickness before therapy and therapeutic activity in diabetic macular edema.

METHODS: The current study was a retrospective study, which included 32 patients(32 eyes)diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. All the patients were firstly treated with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab. Main outcome measures were included the subfoveal choroidal thickness, central macular thickness and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)at preoperation and postoperative visit at 3mo.

RESULTS: After 3 monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab, the BCVA was significantly higher than that before therapy and accompanied with significantly reduced thickness of subfoveal choroid and central fovea of macula. Spearman analysis was revealed that a greater baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness was associated with a better BCVA(r_s =0.544, P=0.036).

CONCLUSION: In the therapy of intravitreal injections of ranibizumab on diabetic macular edema, there seems to be a better BCVA in the patients with a greater baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness. Therefore, baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness may be a useful predictor for the therapy of diabetic macular edema.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of vitrectomy and pan-retinal photocoagulation followed with Ahmed implantation in management of neovascular glaucoma(NVG)retrospectively.

METHODS: Vitrectomy combined with pan retinal photocoagulation and Ahmed implantation was performed on 15 cases(15 eyes)with NVG. All patients were followed up for 12～36mo. The change of intraocular pressure(IOP), visual acuity, neovascularization of iris, complications were observed.

RESULTS: The visual acuity of 10 eyes was improved postoperative. IOP of postoperative 1, 6 and 12mo were decreased significantly compared with preoperative(P<0.01). Neovascularization of iris was reduced dramatically. No serious complications occurred.

CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy combined with pan retinal photocoagulation followed Ahmed implantation can manage NVG effectively.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the common causes and treatments methods of high intraocular pressure(>21mmHg)after trabeculectomy.

METHODS: Twenty-four eyes of glaucoma patients with high intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy in our hospital from July 2010 to September 2014 were retrospectively studied. The common cause and processing methods were analyzed.

RESULTS: The causes which lead to early postoperative high intraocular pressure included high filtering bleb scar in 11 eyes(46%), filtration obstruction in 4 eyes(17%), malignant glaucoma 3 eyes(12%), iris resection of malignant glaucoma unreasonable 2 eyes(8%), hyphema 2 eyes(8%), wrap cystic filtering bleb 2 eyes(8%), etc. After proper treatments, intraocular pressures of all patients were bellowed 21mmHg.

CONCLUSION: High intraocular pressure with surgery for glaucoma is caused by multiple factors, preoperative and intraoperative avoid as far as possible, postoperative early detection for symptomatic treatment is the key to successful operation.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the effect of Smart Plug canalicular plug on aqueous-deficient dryeye.

METHODS: Forty-eight cases of aqueous-deficient dry eye patients in our hospital from May 2012 to April 2013 were selected for the study. After treated by Smart Plug canalicular plug, postoperative clinical efficacy, foundation Schirmer I test(SIt), tear film break-up time(BUT), corneal fluorescein staining(FL)changes were observed.

RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were cured, 31 cases were markedly effective(65%), effective 14 cases(29%), invalid in 3 cases(6%), the total effective rate was 94%. Before treatment, SⅠt, BUT, and FL was(3.49±1.24)mm/5min,(3.15±1.07)s, and(2.52±0.11)points, respectively. After treatment, SIt, BUT, FL were significantly improved compared with before treatment, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). One patient had postoperative foreign body sensation, 8h after shedding emboli; One patient granulation tissue after surgery 8mo, canalicular plug off. The remaining cases had no inferior lacrimal duct infection or granuloma.

CONCLUSION:Smart Plug canalicular plug is an effective treatment for aqueous-deficient dry eye, can effectively relieve symptoms, worthy of promotion.

Abstract:AIM:To disscus the clinical effect of the silicone tube implantation under the guidance of memory wire in the treatment of lacrimal canaliculus.

METHODS: One hundred and fifteen cases(115 eyes )of traumatic canalicular laceration were treated by canaliculoplasty from September 2012 to June 2014. Finding the end of lacrimal canaliculus under microscope, guided by memory wire which was probed in lacrimal passage to the nasal cavity, intubating double-passage silicone tube as a support and end-to-end anastomosis. The condition of epiphora and irrigation of lacrimal passage were observed after extubation.

RESULTS: All 115 cases were experienced successful operation. All patients were followed up for 6mo～1a(mean 9.3mo)after extubation. Lacrimal passage was unobstructed in 96 cases 96 eyes(83.5%), stricture in 13 cases 13 eyes(11.3%), and blocked in 6 cases 6 eyes(5.2%).

CONCLUSION:Double-passage silicone tube guided by memory wire may be an optional technique in the treatment of traumatic lacrimal duct laceration, which is a feasible, minimally-invasive, safe and effective method.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the histopathological classification and incidence of orbital space-occupying lesions in children in order to provide references for the diagnosis of orbital space-occupying lesions in children.

METHODS: A total of 290 paediatric patients with orbital space-occupying lesions diagnosed by pathological examinations at the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 1998 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS: In 290 paediatric patients with orbital space-occupying lesions, venous hemangioma was the most common(58 cases,20.0%), the other commons were as follows: hemangio lymphangioma, dermid cyst, neurofibroma, optic nerve glioma, rhabdomyo sarcoma and so on. Capillary hemangioma, venous hemangioma, optic nerve glioma had the predominant age incidence. On the other hand, optic nerve glioma, venous hemangioma, rhabdomyosarcoma had the predominant sex incidence.

CONCLUSION: The majority of paediatric patients with orbital space-occupying lesions are congenital and embryonic lesions, the most common of which is venous hemangioma. Some lesions had the predominant age and sex incidence.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss clinical significance of comprehensive preoperative pattern visual electrophysiological(PVEP)testing for assessing postoperative visual function in senile cataract patients.

METHODS: During the period of January 2013 to January 2014, 102 cases of senile cataract patients(126 eyes)were treated in our hospital. The detection result of the preoperative PVEP, electroretinogram(PERG), PVEP combined with PERG and postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were compared.

RESULTS: Consistent rate of PVEP combined with PERG detection was 91.3%, that of PVEP was 63.5%, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=27.773, P=0.000< 0.05); Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between PVEP findings and postoperative BCVA(r=0.241, P>0.05), and the detection results of PERG combined with PVEP and BCVA after operation were positively correlated(r=0.773, P<0.05); Preoperative PVEP examination was normal accounted for 51.6%, and after operative accounted for 65.1%, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05), preoperative combined detection of PVEP and PERG was normal accounted for 80.9%, after operation was accounted for 84.1%, with no significant difference(P>0.05). The combined method of PVEP and PERG to evaluate the postoperative visual function had good stability.

CONCLUSION: Preoperative PVEP joint PERG examination can effectively and objectively assess postoperative visual function recovery in senile cataract patients.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation for cataract patients after corneal refractive surgery, and to compare the accuracy of the different refractive IOL.

METHODS: The data of 120 myopia cases(160 eyes)in our hospital, who underwent cataract surgery and corneal refractive surgery were analyzed. Corneal curvature K value before corneal refractive surgery were obtained and calculated by using history method. Corneal curvature correction numerical method and corneal topography were used to record K value of patients with incomplete data before and after treatment. The K value was substituted into the formula. By comparing the actual cataract surgery and refractive state expected refractive status(-0.50D), the accuracy of IOL refractive obtained from three methods was compared.

RESULTS: The average best corrected visual acuity before cataract surgery was 0.25±0.05, and it was improved(0.80±0.05)after surgery. The average spherical equivalent(SE)was -1.98±1.75 before surgery and +0.85±3.38 after surgery(P<0.05). The K values of 48 cases were calculated by clinical history method(CHM)and that of 73 cases was calculated with the adjusted keratometry method(AKM). The K values of 39 cases were calculated using the corneal topography method(CTM).

CONCLUSION: For patients with corneal refractive surgery, the appropriate method can be selected according to clinical symptoms, history, etc. and this may help to accurately calculate IOL. For patients with complete data, CHM can be used to provide corneal K values, while for those with incomplete data, AKM and CHM can be used.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the application of 10g/L cyclopentolate chloride eye drops in children, and to compare the different effectiveness of cycloplegia between 10g/L cyclopentolate chloride and atropine in Chinese children.

METHODS: A total of 236 eyes of 118 children aged 3～12 years old were enrolled in this study including 80 eyes of 40 children with myopia, 156 eyes of 78 children with hyperopia and 146 eyes of 73 children combined with astigmatism. 10g/L cyclopentolate chloride eye drops were used once per 5min for 3 times and refractive diopter was obtained 1h after the last drop of cyclopentolate. Three days after that, 10g/L atropine was then used 1 time per night for 1wk and optometry was performed again. The children were divided into 3 groups(myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism group)according to the refractive status, in which astigmatism was independent of the degree of separation of cylinder statistics. The results of retinoscope refraction were then compared between 10g/L cyclopentolate and 10g/L atropine.

RESULTS: The refractive diopter was -2.25±1.31D after 10g/L cyclopentolate eye drops and -2.23±1.32D after 10g/L atropine in myopic group. The refractive diopter was 1.35±1.19D and 1.38±2.00D in astigmastic group. No significant difference was found in myopic group and astigmastic group(P=0.109, P=0.374). While in the hyperopic group, the refractive diopter was 3.76±2.4D after 10g/L cyclopentolate eye drops, which was lower than that after 10g/L atropine 4.39±2.6D(P=0.000).

CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that 10g/L cyclopentolate chloride eye drops can be used in myopia and astigmatism children, and 10g/L atropine should be used in hyperopia children.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of binocular vision training on stereopsis establish and visual function in child concomitant strabismus after surgery

METHODS:Ninety-three cases of strabismus children were randomly divided into two groups, making it comparable. The control group(n=46)were treated with conventional surgery and care; the observation group(n=47)on the basis of routine care as control group, were given binocular vision training. Synoptophore and Titmus stereoscopic view were used to check the function of stereoscopic.

RESULTS:After treatment, simultaneous perception, visual fusion and stereopsis of trail patient were 77%, 62% and 40%, respectively, those of control group were 48%, 35% and 18%, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). After treatment, fovea stereopsis and macular stereopsis children in observation group were accounted for 32% and 26%, respectively, in the control group those were accounted for 18% and 11%, respectively. Those in the observation group were significantly more than the control group. No stereoscopic patients in observation group were 23%, and that was 54% in the control group. That in the observation group was significantly less than the control group. The difference comparison between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Binocular vision training can effectively help children to build concomitant strabismus after surgery, for children with strabismus should be treated with conventional visual training to improve visual function and improve the life quality.