Abstract:AIM: To compare the tear functions and the impression cytology scores of the patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG), ocular hypertension(OHT)and normal subjects with healthy ocular surface both functionally and clinically.

METHODS: Eleven eyes of 11 patients with POAG(mean age: 62.7±6.1y), 12 eyes of 12 patients(mean age: 62.8±6.4y)with OHT and 12 eyes of 12 normal subjects(mean age: 62.9±6.03y)were included to this prospective study. The patients with POAG and OHT had been recently diagnosed with these diseases and none of them had taken anti-glaucoma treatment before. In addition to conjunctival impression cytology, tear break-up time(TBUT)and basal Schirmer's tests(BST)were performed. Impression cytology specimens of each group were graded and scored in the range of 0-3 according to Nelson's method. Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The mean BST values were 10.4±1.3, 10.9±1.2 and 11.1±1.1 mm/5min of POAG, OHT and control groups respectively. The differences among the BST values of the POAG, OHT and control group were not statistically significant(P=0.33). The mean TBUT values were 11.2±1.1, 11.3±1.1 and 11.8±1.2s in POAG, OHT and normal subjects respectively. The differences among the BUT values of the POAG, OHT and control group were not statistically significant(P=0.35). Six eyes(54.5%)revealed grade 0 and 5 eyes(45.5%)revealed grade 1 impression cytology scores in POAG group. Six eyes(50%)revealed grade 0 and 6 eyes(50%)revealed grade 1 impression cytology scores in OHT group and 6 eyes(50%)revealed grade 0 and 6 eyes(50%)revealed grade 1 impression cytology scores in normal subjects(P=0.97).

CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress may cause glaucoma, ocular surface diseases, lacrimal gland malfunction and a decrease in mucus secretion ofgoblet cells in all of the body. There were no significant differences between the impression cytology scores of patients with POAG, OHT and normal subjects.

Abstract:AIM:To determine whether inferior injections had a higher incidence of post-injection endophthalmitis than superior injections. The incidence of endophthalmitis is higher for inferior than superior trabeculectomy filtering blebs, possibly due to bacteria pooling in the inferior tear lake.

METHODS: A practice-wide database of endophthalmitis cases identified 5 occurring during the two-year study period. A retrospective review of 8 672 injections in 1 121 eyes of 909 patients treated during the same two-year study period was performed in order to assess the injection site location.

RESULTS: Five eyes developed presumed infectious endophthalmitis. Eighty percent of endophthalmitis cases were injected inferiorly, even though 84.6% of the total cohort was injected superiorly. The odds ratio of infection associated with inferior injection location is 22.1(P=0.006).

CONCLUSION:Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection is rare, occurring in only 0.025% of injections overall. Avoiding intravitreal injections in the inferior quadrants may further reduce the rate of endophthalmitis.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of different methods in managing punctual and canalicular stenosis as a complication of viral conjunctivitis.

METHODS: A retrospective cohort study, including 35 cases of punctal stenosis post-viral conjunctivitis. Cases were diagnosed clinically and treated after 4wk of complete remission from epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Patients were treated with mechanical dilatation, insertion of perforated silicon punctual plugs or the use of Mini-Monoka stent.

RESULTS: Six out of 35(17.14%)had a satisfactory outcome by punctal dilatation alone. Punctal dilatation with insertion of perforated punctal plugs was done in 20 cases(57.14%). Nine cases(25.71%)had punctal dilatation with Mini-Monoka tube insertion. Disease severity and the use of Mini-Monoka silicon tube did not correlate with bilateral eye involvement or involvement of both upper and lower punctum.

CONCLUSION: Management of punctal occlusion post viral conjunctivitis may be treated easily using perforated punctal plugs. Silicon intubation with Mini-Monoka might be needed to manage resistant cases.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the expression of miR-181 in the lens tissue of cataract and the regulating mechanism of miR-181 on apoptosis of human lens epithelial cell.

METHODS:Real time q-PCR was used to measure the expression of miR-181 in the anterior lens capsules of age-related cataract and human lens epithelial cell apoptosis model. miR-181 mimic and inhibitor were transfected using Lipofectamine 2 000 to regulate the expression of miR-181, and then Real time q-PCR was used to verify transfection efficiency. Flow cytometry was used to detect the change of cell apoptosis rate.

RESULTS: Compared with control group, the expression of miR-181 was significantly higher in both the anterior lens capsules of age-related cataract and human lens epithelial cell apoptosis model; the relative expression of miR-181 in lens epithelial cells transfected with miR-181 mimic was increased, whereas decreased in cells transfected with miR-181 inhibitor; the apoptosis rate of cells transfected with miR-181 mimic was increased, while reduced in miR-181 inhibitor group. Each result was statistically significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: High expression of miR-181 is detected in anterior lens capsule of age-related cataract. miR-181 might play a certain role in the pathogenesis of cataract via promoting human lens epithelial cell apoptosis. miR-181 probably becomes a new approach for the nonoperative treatment of cataract, but the concrete mechanism still needs to be further studied.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate theprotective effect of melatonin against hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage to human lens epithelial cells.

METHODS: Sub-culture human lens epithelial cells preprocessed with different concentrations of melatonin for 12h and then 100 μmol/L H₂O₂ for 24h. The impact of melatonin on H₂O₂-induced lens epithelial cell viability was detected by MTT assay, rate of apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry instrument and activity of apoptosis-related factors, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, were detected by colorimetric method.

RESULTS: MTT assay showed that melatonin had no effect on the activity of lens epithelial cells, and the drug can inhibit the decrease of H₂O₂-induced cell activity, as well as flow cytometry showed that melatonin can inhibit H₂O₂-induced apoptosis. In addition, melatonin can also reduce H₂O₂-induced Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activity in lens epithelial cells, and their activity decreased with effect of melatonin along with extending time.

CONCLUSION: Melatonin can obviously inhibit H₂O₂-induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells, which provide reliable experimental basis for drug on treatment of cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the expression of Acin1(apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer 1)in congenital cataract mouse retina during development and investigate the differences of retinal apoptosis and the connection of lens and retina development between congenital cataract mouse and normal mouse.

METHODS: There were congenital cataract mice(10 female and 5 male)and normal C57BL/6 mice(10 female and 5 male). One male and two female mice were fed in the same cage randomly. The young mice were divided into two groups: congenital cataract group and normal control group. Five young mice were treated each group on 1, 5, 9, 14, 17, 21, 26, 60d. The left eyes were fixed with 4% neutral formalin to detect ACIN1 protein by immunohistochemistry and retinas from right eyes were used to detect the mRNA expression of Acin1.

RESULTS: Acin1 had sustained expression in each group. ACIN1 protein gradually expressed from the ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer to the outer nuclear layer following retinal development. It mainly expressed on ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, but not neuroblastoma layer. ACIN1 protein positive cells on P1～P14d increased in normal control group, P17d reduced, after P21d positive cells of each layers decreased. The overall trend was similar in congenital cataract group with normal control group, P1～P14d positive cells count was lower than normal control group, P17-P21d positive cells were flat and higher than the normal control group. Compared with the same day of the two groups, the differences except for P17, P26, P60d were significant(P<0.05). The overall difference was statistically significant in congenital cataract group(F_cataract=295.07, P<0.01); in addition to P1 and P5, P17 and P21, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05)compared with each other in congenital cataract group. The overall difference was statistically significant in control group(F_normal=214.21, P<0.01); in addition to P1 and P5d, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05)compared with each other in control group. The expression of P17d in congenital cataract group was lower compared with that of P14d in control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Acin1 mRNA trends of two groups were similar with ACIN1 protein. Compared with the same day of the two groups, the difference was significant except for P17, P21, P60d(P<0.05). The overall difference was statistically significant in each other of the two groups(F_cataract=522.29, P<0.01; F_normal=472.05, P<0.01). The difference was statistically significant compared with each day in control group(P<0.05). Compared with all the rest of days except for P21 and P26d, the difference was statistically significant in congenital cataract group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Acin1 exist differential expression of time and space in mouse retina during development, congenital cataract crystal developmental disorder may affect the expression of Acin1 and retinal cell apoptosis and development.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the expressions and significances of endoplasmic reticulum stress related protein(BIP), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the retina of diabetic rats.

METHODS: Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were chosen and divided randomly into 6 groups: normal control 2mo(C2m, n=12), diabetes mellitus 2mo(D2m, n=12), normal control 4mo(C4m, n=12), diabetes mellitus 4mo(D4m, n=12), normal control 6mo(C6m, n=12)and diabetes mellitus 6mo(D6m, n=12). The diabetes mellitus mouse were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1mol/L streptozotocin(STZ, 65mg/kg). The expression of BIP, HIF-1α and VEGF in the retina were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. The location of BIP, HIF-1α and VEGF in epiretinal membranes were investigated by immunohistochemistry staining.

RESULTS: BIP were significantly increase than control groups in all DM groups with the course of diabetes(P<0.01). HIF-1α were detected higher than control groups in all DM groups(P< 0.05), but there was no statistical significance among treatment groups. VEGF in D4m and D6m groups were higher than control groups(P<0.05), and there was statistical significance between D4m and D6m groups. BIP can be detected in control groups a little, mainly in the inner limiting membrane and ganglion cell layers. HIF-1α cannot be detected in control groups, meanwhile it can be detected in all layers in DM. VEGF can be detected in control groups a little, it mainly be detected in inner nuclear layer, outer nuclear layer, around retinal vessel and ganglion cell layers in DM groups.

CONCLUSION:The expressions of BIP, HIF-1α and VEGF increase in the retina of diabetic rats than control groups with progressive of diabetes mellitus, both endoplasmic reticulum stress and HIF-1α signal path play important role in the progress of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effects of the prescription of reinforcing kidney, nourishing blood, improving eyesight on the oxidative stress model of ARPE-19 cells induced by acrolein.

METHODS: SD rats serum containing the prescription of reinforcing kidney, nourishing blood, improving eyesight and the content of distilled water in serum were prepared. The effects of the prescription and distilled water in serum at different concentration(2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%)on cell vitality was observed by cell counting kit(CCK-8)assay. the logarithmic phase of ARPE-19 cells were pretreated by different concentrations(1.25%, 2.5% and 5%)of the prescription serum and distilled water in serum for 24h. Then it was treated with 75μmol/L acrolein for 24h. Cell vitality was observed by CCK-8 assay. The change of cell nucleus was detected by DAPI staining.

RESULTS: 2.5% and 5% serum had no effect on cell viability(P>0.05), while 10%, 20%, 40% serum could inhibit cell viability(P<0.05). CCK-8 results showed that 2.5% and 5% the prescription of reinforcing kidney, nourishing blood, improving eyesight serum was better than distilled water in serum(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The prescription of reinforcing kidney, nourishing blood, improving eyesight has the protective effect on ARPE-19 cell damage induced by acrolein.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate and observe the efficacy of silicon oil(SO), perfluoropropane(C₃F₈)and balanced salt solution(BSS)that can be used as tamponade during vitrectomy to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)complicated with vitreous hemorrhage(VH).

METHODS: Studied retrospectively on 74 eyes of 60 patients who underwent vitrectomy surgery with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage in our hospital during June 2008 and June 2014. Based on repeated prior examines on fundus details and the vitrectomy tamponades were chosen.All the patients had been followed up at least 3mo. Depending on different tamponades,the paitents were nonrandomized in three groups and contrasted as visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP)and complications respectively.

RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference among these three groups in preoperative eyesight(P<0.05). Moreover,the preoperative eyesight was statistically different between SO and BSS(P<0.05), and difference for the rest being not remarkable(P>0.05). The difference being statistically difference in the postoperative vision among these three groups(P<0.05). The further analysis showed that the paired-comparisons were statistically significant difference between SO and BSS(P<0.05), while the rest two groups of comparison were non-respectively(P>0.05). The preoperative visual function was in contrast to the postoperative(P<0.05). The IOP before surgery was not statistically significant difference(P>0.05). However,the difference among three groups being statistically in the postoperative vision(P<0.05), in addition,the difference existed in each group through pairwise comparison(P<0.05). The occurence rate of complications after surgery in this survey was 47%, the SO group was 50%, the C₃F₈ was 56%, the BSS group was 44%.

CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy is a safe and effective treatment that can help patients who have diabetic vitreous hemorrhage obtain better visual improvement. Because of the physicochemical properties and different conditions, there still has complications after surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of the method of vitrectomy combined with posterior sclera reinforcement for retinal detachment due to macular hole in high myopia.

METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2013, in 45 eyes of 45 high myopic patients with retinal detachment due to macular hole, 28 eyes were in group A of vitrectomy with posterior sclera reinforcement and 17 eyes were in group B of vitrectomy. Preoperative examinations included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, indirect ophthalmoscopy and OCT were performed. In follow-up 6 to 12mo, postoperative examinations of visual acuity, OCT were performed and effects of retinal reattachment and macular hole closure were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS:(1)Postoperative examinations: visual acuity was 1.19±0.39 in group A and 1.51±0.34 in group B. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).(2)The retinal reattachment rate was 100% in group A and 88.24% in group B. There was no statistical significance between them(P>0.05).(3)The macular hole closure rate was 82% in group A and 53% in group B. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The treatment of vitrectomy with posterior sclera reinforcement is safe and feasible, which could improve visual acuity and increase the rate of macular hole closure in treating retinal detachment due to macular hole in high myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the quantitative changes of anterior segment by Pentacam anterior segment system and to evaluate the safety and effectiveness after implantable collamer lens(ICL)implantation for high myopia.

METHODS:Twenty-one patients with 39 eyes were implanted ICL in our hospital from September 2011 to February 2013. The follow-up was 6～12mo. Central anterior chamber depth(ACD), anterior chamber angle(ACA), anterior chamber volume(ACV)were measured by Pentacam preoperatively, 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. The distance between crystal lens and IOL(ICL-vault)were measured at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. Preoperative uncollected visual activity(pre-UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(post-UCVA)and intraocular pressure(IOP)were recorded. The paired t-test was used to access the data preoperatively and postoperatively in the statistical way by using SPSS 18.0 statistical software.

RESULTS: Preoperatively, at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively, ACD were 3.27±0.22, 3.02±0.33, 2.98±0.31, and 2.98±0.32mm. ACA were(40.39±5.40)°,(26.70±4.47)°,(26.96±4.48)°, and(26.95±4.45)°. ACV were 207.74±25.43, 122.87±17.58, 128.05±17.84, and 128.64±17.50mm³, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative data in ACD, ACA, ACV(P<0.05). The distances between crystal lens and IOL(ICL-vault)were 0.49±0.13, 0.46±0.13, and 0.46±0.14 at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. There were statistically significant difference between 1wk and the others(P<0.05). There were statistically significant different between the preoperative BCVA and postoperative BCVA(P<0.05). There was no contact between IOL and the crystal len. The anterior chamber angle was all open. There were no serious complications such as cataract, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, etc.

CONCLUSION:ACD, ACA, ACV by Pentacam anterior segment system are found to be decreased after the operation, but there is still a relative safe distance between IOL and the crystal len. ICL implantation is a safe, efficacy method in correcting high myopia, but the long-term effects will require further observation.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effect of iris location guided sub-bowman keratomileusis(SBK)and iris location guided thin-flap laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)for extremely high myopia treatment.

METHODS:Iris location guided SBK was performed in 64 eyes of 32 patients with extremely high myopia and 42 eyes of 84 patients were received iris location guided thin-flap LASIK. All the patients' spherical refraction was -9.00D～-11.00D and the age was 22～35 years. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), refraction, split-lamp examination, topography examination, central corneal stroma thickness, thickness of central corneal flap, thickness of peripheral corneal flap and complication was examined in these patients and follow-up was 6mo.

RESULTS: At 6mo after surgery, 93.8% of the patients received iris location guided SBK and 92.9% received iris location guided thin-flap LASIK achieved a UCVA better than 20/20. There was no significant difference between two groups. Refraction between ±0.5D was 89.1% of SBK group and 84.5% of LASIK group. There was no significant difference. Corneal rear surface height of SBK was 0.046±0.012μm and LASIK was 0.056±0.015μm. Thickness of corneal stroma after surgery was 328.6±14.7μm in SBK group, while it was 301.2±21.6μm in LASIK group and there was significant difference(t=3.127, P=0.001). BUT was 11.38±4.02s and 17.81±4.89s in SBK and LASIK group respectively, with no statistical difference. There was no serious complication in two groups.

CONCLUTION: Both iris location guided SBK and thin-flap LASIK are effective for extremely high myopia, but SBK is safer and more predictive than thin-flap LASIK.

Abstract:Choroidal neovascularization is the primary pathogenesis of neovascularage-related macular degeneration(nAMD), and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in neovascularization has been widely recognized. Currently, drugs target different targets of VEGF have been widely used in the treatment of nAMD. As a subtype of VEGF, placental growth factor(PIGF)has synergistic effects with VEGF-A on promoting angiogenesis, stimulating the migration of endothelial cell proliferation and mediating immune inflammatory response. There is no expression of PIGF in mature blood vessels so PIGF hashigh specificity. In this paper, the role of PIGF in the pathogenesis and treatment of nAMD is reviewed.

Abstract:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)is a kind of adult stem cells mainly enriched in bone marrow, which possesses multiple differentiation potential and can differentiate into trans-germinal layer. It is easy for BMSC to be isolated and cultured, which has the ability of repairing various tissues with efficient proliferation and expression. BMSC could be used as seed cell for the transplantation therapy of retinal disease because of its properties of immunoregulation and neurotrophin secretion. This review focuses on research progress on retinal protection of BMSCs.

Abstract:Silent information regulator protein 1(SIRT1)is a kind of histone deacetylases class III on which cell metabolism coenzyme NAD⁺ is dependent. By the transcriptional regulation, it participates in the regulation of gene transcription, energy metabolism and cell aging process, which can prolong the lifespan of organisms and delay the development of various age-related diseases and has attracted much attention in the field of anti-aging research. In recent years, studies have shown that SIRT1 occupies an important position in the pathogenesis of many ophthalmic diseases, especially in ocular surface diseases, glaucoma, cataracts, uveitis, and ocular fundus diseases, etc. There is a possibility that the promotion of SIRT1 activity would be the new drug target of ophthalmic therapy. The paper will review studies on SIRT1 and ophthalmic diseases.

Abstract:As a globally recognized irreversible blindness disease, glaucoma can lead to pathological intraocular hypertension, loss of optic ganglion cells and axonal progressive, more and more deep optic cup, and the expanded visual field defect. Various researches show that excitatory amino acid toxicity, oxidative damage, apoptosis, intracellular Ca²⁺overloading etc., pathogenic factors are all involved in the occurrence and development of glaucoma. Now, a variety of clinical drugs and operation treatment are applied to control the glaucoma progress. Further more, there are many new drugs and methods in the process of development. This is an article on the current anti-glaucoma drugs.

Abstract:Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI)is a common clinical disease, and the producing mechanism is still in research. Experimental and clinical research in recent years have showed that the mechanism of RIRI and oxygen free radicals, gene regulation, calcium overload, inflammatory cytokines and other factors are closely related. In this article, we summarized the current situation that the scholars at home and abroad study traditional Chinese medicine extract of prevention and treatment of RIRI.

Abstract:Acute retinal necrosis syndrome(ARN)is a serious eye disease, which caused by Herpes virus mostly, with unknown pathogenesis. Because of the aggressive progression, treatment of ARN is difficult, and the blindness rate is extremely high. Current treatment strategies are the combination of the drug therapy and the operative treatment. Drugs commonly used are antiviral drugs, glucocorticoids, and antiplatelet drugs, and the operative treatment includes laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy.

Abstract:The choroidal vasculature provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina, and is responsible for maintaining the highly metabolically active photoreceptor cells. The normal structure and function of its vascular system is very important for the retina. So it is more meaningful to observe the choroid morphology for tracking pathological changes in diabetic retinopathy. With the application of the high resolution optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)enhanced depth imaging technology can be used to measure the choroidal thickness quantitatively, which provides a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the research and progress of choroidal thickness on diabetic retinopathy by OCT are summarized as follows.

Abstract:Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of tear film and ocular surface, and it can result in discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability and potential damage of ocular surface,accompanied by hyper osmolarity of tears and ocular surface inflammation. Inflammation is the key factor to dry eye. Many kinds of immune cells and inflammatory factors are involved in the occurrence and development of dry eye syndrome. Cell apoptosis, nerve dysregulation, disorders of sex hormones also play an important role in pathologic process of dry eye. Recently, while illustrating the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of dry eye has been made some progress, there is still no single standard. The possible mechanisms of ocular surface inflammation and tear dysfunction of dry eye were reviewed in this article.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis(PCCC)combined with anterior vitrectomy in preventing posterior capsule opacification of congenital cataract surgery.

METHODS: Postoperative clinical follow-up data of 82 cases(87 eyes)with congenital cataract treated in Eye Center of our hospital from January 2011 to August 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the surgical control group(38 cases, 40 eyes, recieved phacoemulsification + PCCC)and the study group(44 cases, 47 eyes, accepted phacoemulsification + PCCC + anterior vitrectomy). The incidence of central optic axis opaque and postoperative visual acuity distribution were recorded at 1a follow-up. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.

RESULTS: The rate of central optic axis opaque grade 0 in control group was 37.5%, compared to 76.6% in study groups. The opacity distribution ratio of grade 1,2,3 and 4 in study group were lower than that of control group, and the central optic axis opacity distribution ratio in study group was significantly better than that of control group(P<0.05). The 19 eyes(47.5%)of visual acuity testing ≤0.5 in control group, was higher than the 7 eyes(14.89%)of that in the study group, The 21 eyes(52.5%)of visual acuity testing >0.5 in control group was lower than the 40 eyes(85.11%)of that in study group. The visual acuity between two groups has statistical significance difference after 1a follow-up(P<0.05), and the visual acuity in study group was significantly better than that in the control group. The postoperative intraocular pressure at 1mo and 1a follow-up was lower than before operation in two groups(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between two groups in intraocular pressure(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Combination of phacoemulsification, PCCC and anterior vitrectomy presents reliable clinical effects on postoperative central optic axis opacity distribution ratio and visual acuity, and it should be adopted to prevent the occurrence of posterior capsule opacification.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the relationship of early-life and childhood exposures and age-related cataract(ARC), and provide a scientific evidence for early preventing, treating and detecting ARC.

METHODS: A hospital-based case control study was conducted from April 2011 to October 2012.A total of 360 cases(360 eyes)aged 41～60 years old for cataract extraction and 360 frequency-matched controls in the same hospital for various not related to ARC were included in the study. A structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic characteristics, early-life and childhood exposures was used. The risk factors of ARC were estimated with unconditioned logistic regression models.

RESULTS:Early gestational age at birth sooner and lower birth weight was significantly associated with the risk of ARC(OR=1.152,95%CI:1.029～2.235,P=0.024; OR=1.374, 95%CI:1.156～2.581,P=0.037,respectively). The maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes(OR=1.587, 95%CI:1.177～2.915,P=0.019),gestational diabetes(OR=1.763,95%CI:1.375～2.367,P=0.004), preeclampsia(OR=1.581, 95%CI: 1.139～1.996,P=0.021), and pregnancy induced hypertension(OR=1.517, 95%CI:1.032～1.963,P=0.024)could make the risk of ARC increased. Of the factors affecting the period of children, only shorter height relative to peers and overweight at age 10 were significantly associated with the risk of ARC(OR=1.329, 95%CI:1.072～2.351,P=0.038; OR=2.302, 95%CI:1.323～3.196,P=0.011, respectively).

CONCLUSION:Early gestational age at birth, low birth weight, the maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension, and shorter height and overweight relative to peers, at age 10 were risk factors of ARC. But lasted long large and prospective studies are needed to insure early risk factors for ARC in the Chinese population.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect and safety of 1.8mm coaxial microincision phacoemulsification-trabeculetomy with ultra-thin intraocular lens(IOL)implants for treating glaucoma complicated with cataract, and to compare with the traditional 3.0mm small phacoemulsification-trabeculetomy with foldable IOL implantion.

METHODS: In this prospective study, 36 patients(36 eyes)with glaucoma and cataract in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regian People's Hospital were collected and randomly divided into 2 groups. For the small incision group: 18 cases(18 eyes)underwent 3.0mm coaxial incision phacoemulsification-trabeculetomy with foldable IOL implantion; In th microincision group: 18 cases(18 eyes)underwent 1.8mm microincision phacoemulsification-trabeculetomy with ultra-thin IOL implantion. The two groups were recorded for 1wk, 1 and 3mo of visual acuity, corneal endothelial cell density, surgically induced astigmatism, intraocular pressure(IOP), filtering bleb and complications. Pearson's Chi-square test ande t-test were used to determine differences between the two groups.

RESULTS: At 1wk postoperatively, visual acuity in the microincision group was better than that of small incision group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). At 1 and 3mo, the difference in corrected visual acuity between the 2 groups had no significant difference(P>0.05). At 1wk, 1 and 3mo, there was a significant different between the 2 groups in surgically induced astigmetism(P<0.05). At 1wk postoperatively, there was a significant difference in corneal endothelial cells density between 2 groups(P<0.05). But there were no significant difference at 1 and 3mo(P>0.05). IOP reduced after surgy(microincision group: 15.26±3.12mmHg, small incision group: 14.57±2.86mmHg), there was no significant difference between the 2 groups(P>0.05). There was no significant different between the 2 groups in blebs(P>0.05). Neither iris injury, posterior capsule rupture nor anterior chamber bleeding complications was found in any groups.

CONCLUSION: TBy compared with traditional 3.0mm coaxial small incision phacoemulsification-trabeculectomy with foldable IOL implantion, 1.8mm microincision phacoemulsification-trabeculectomy withe ultra-thin IOL implantion can effectively reduce the astigmatism operation. This operation is safe, effective, convenient surgy for treating cataract and glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relationship of susceptibility of primary angle-closure glaucoma with glutathione S-transferase T1(GSTT1)and M1(GSTM1)polymorphisms.

METHODS: Totally,300 cases were collected from primary angle-closure glaucoma patients and 300 health volunteers were served as control group. The observation group were divided into chronic and acute primary angle-closure glaucoma groups, then multiplex PCR technology was used to detect the genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1.

RESULTS:The distribution frequencies of GSTT1-null genotype were 54.3%, while it was 54.0% in the control group, statistically no significance between control group and observation group(χ²=0.053, P>0.05); The frequency GSTT1-null genotype in chronic group of primary angle-closure glaucoma was 54.9%, while it was 48.6% in the acute group of primary angle-closure glaucoma, statistically no significance between control group and acute group(χ²=0.064, P>0.05), and chronic group(χ²=0.037, P>0.05); The distribution frequencies of GSTM1-null genotype was 59.0%, while it was 55.7% in the control group, statistically no significance between control group and observation group(χ²=0.013, P>0.05); The distribution frequencies of GSTM1-null genotype was 62.3% and 58.1% in acute and chronic group of primary angle-closure glaucoma patients respectively. Acute group of primary angle-closure glaucoma has no significant compared with control group(χ²=0.005, P>0.05), Chronic group of primary angle-closure glaucoma had no significant compared with control group(χ²=0.047, P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:No statistic significance relationship is found between primary angle-closure glaucom patients and the null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 susceptibility.

Abstract:AIM: To compare clinical efficacy between Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and trabeculectomy in patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).

METHODS: This retrospective study included 58 eyes from 45 patients with primary open angle glaucoma. And 32 eyes underwent penetrating trabeculectomy(group A), while 26 eyes were performed Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation(group B). Intraocular pressure(IOP), best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), visual field and post-operative complications were observed between these two groups.

RESULTS:(1)IOP: the IOP of post-operation in group A were(13.56±4.91),(14.47±4.03),(17.56±5.74),(18.25±5.49),(18.13±4.24),(19.68±4.55)mm Hg at 2d, 1, and 2wk, 1, 3 and 6mo respectively; and that were(13.58±4.16),(16.00±4.83),(18.00±5.05),(19.42±5.41),(18.42±3.37),(20.00±5.37)mm Hg in group B. There was no statistically significant difference in IOP between the two groups(P>0.05).(2)BCVA: the number of visual acuity decreased eyes, with 6mo follow-up, was 7(22%)in group A; and that was 5 in group B(19%). There was no statistically significant difference in vision loss postoperatively between the two groups(χ²=0.061, P>0.05).(3)Visual field: with 6mo follow-up, there were 13 eyes(41%)which had constricted visual field in group A, while those were 10 eyes(38%)in group B; the difference of visual field loss between the two groups was not statistically significant(χ²=0.028, P>0.05).(4)Complications: six-month follow-up after operation, there were 4 eyes with shallow anterior chamber, 4 eyes with complicated cataract and 1 eyes with Descemet's membrane detachment in group A, while that was 1 eyes with shallow anterior chamber and 1 eyes with complicated cataract in group B; there was statistically significant difference in the rate of complications between the two groups(χ²=4.144, P<0.05).(5)Surgical success rate: six month after operation, the completed success rate was 37%(12 eyes)in group A, and that was 35%(9 eyes)in group B. The partial success rate was 19%(6 eyes)and 15%(4 eyes)in group A and group B respectively. The difference of success rates between the two groups was not statistically significant(χ²=0.225, P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Both Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and trabeculectomy are effective methods for the treatment of POAG. The clinical efficacy was no difference between the two methods. However, compared with trabeculectomy, Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation was safer and had fewer complications.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the artificial tears on the tear film of diabetic patients with dry eye preoperatively, and the influence on the tear film's fuctional after phacoemulsification.

METHODS: Fifty-four diabetic patients with dry eye(60 eyes)were followed up before phacoemulsification. Preoperatively, group A(30 eyes in 28 cases)was treated with Hydroxyl Indican eye drops and group B(30 eyes in 26 cases)was not treated. Postoperatively, both group A and B were treated with Tobramycin Dexamethasone eye drops, Oprah Winfrey Ibuprofen eye drops and Hydroxyl Indican eye drops. Dry eye symptoms, break up time(BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test(S Ⅰ t), fluorescein stain test(FI)were measured at 3d preoperatively, and 1, 7, 30, 90d postoperatively.

RESULTS: At 3d preoperatively, there was no statistical differences between the two groups for dry eye symptoms, BUT, SⅠt, FI(P>0.05). At 1 and 7d postoperatively, there were significant statistical differents between the two groups for dry eye symptoms(P<0.05). And dry eye symptoms scores of group A were less than that of group B. At 1, 7, 30d postoperatively, BUT was longer, FL was less, SIt was increased in group A, with significant statistical differences(all P<0.05). At 90d postoperatively, two groups of dry eye symptoms, BUT, SⅠt, FI had no statistical significance(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Using artificial tears before phacoemulsification can improve symptoms of the diabetic patients with dry eye and accelerate the recovery of the tear film.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate repeatability and accuracy of a latest Keratograph for evaluating the tear film stability and to compare its measurements with that of traditional examination methods.

METHODS: The results of noninvasive tear film break-up time(NI-BUT)including the first tear film break-up time(BUT-f)and the average tear film break-up time(BUT-ave)were measured by Keratograph. The repeatability of the measurements was evaluated by coefficient of variation(CV)and intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC). Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare NI-BUT with fluorescein tear film break-up time(FBUT)to confirm the correlation between NI-BUT and FBUT, Schirmer I test values. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate consistency.

RESULTS: The study recruited 48 subjects(48 eyes)(mean age 38.7±15.2 years). The CV and ICC of BUT-f were respectively 12.6% and 0.95, those of BUT-ave were 9.8% and 0.96. The value of BUT-f was lower than that of FBUT. The difference had statistical significance(6.16±2.46s vs 7.46±1.92s, P<0.01). There was significant positive correlation between NI-BUT and FBUT, Schirmer I test values(P<0.01). The scope of 95% limits of agreement(LoA)was 4.46s in BUT-f and FBUT, while the scope of LoA was 3.64s in BUT-ave and FBUT.

CONCLUSION: Keratograph can provide NI-BUT data that has a better repeatability and reliability, which has great application prospects in diagnosis and treatment of dry eye and refractive corneal surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Pranoprofen on tear dynamic abnormity induced by conjunctivochalasis(CCh).

METHODS: Seventy cases(70 eyes)whose the main symptoms was epiphora induced by CCh were divided into Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ in 3 groups according to Zhang's grading standards, meanwhile, all the patients were treated with the eye drops of Pranoprofen for 2wk. After that, the curative effect of each group was analyzed before and after treatments according to the symptoms, dye disappearance test, bitter taste test and tear break-up time.

RESULTS: After 2wk treatment of Pranoprofen, the symptom of patients at grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ improved obviously grade Ⅲ improved more, grade Ⅳ did little. The positive rate of dye disappearance was the highest in grade Ⅱ, the second in grade Ⅲ, and the third in grade Ⅳ. There was significant difference among the 3 groups(P<0.05). The time of bitter taste test was shortened(P<0.05)and the tear break-up time was prolonged(P<0.05)in grade Ⅱ after treatment, however, the time of those in grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ had not changed than before(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Pranoprofen has good effects on tear dynamic abnormity induced by grade Ⅱ of cch.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the incidence, characteristics and related risk factors of high intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy(PPV).

METHODS: Totally, 146 patients(146 eyes)undergone PPV in our hospital were selected. Age, gender, eye, course and operation time of patients were compared, in order to understand the incidence rate and characteristics of high intraocular pressure. Primary diseases, intraoperative treatment methods and intraocular tamponade type were compare, in order to analyze the related risk factors of high intraocular pressure.

RESULTS: Forty-seven patients occurred high intraocular pressure after operation, the incidence rate was 32.2%. There was no significant difference in age, gender, eye, course and operation time(P>0.05). The incidence rate in diabetic patients with simple vitreous hemorrhage and with tractional retinal detachment were 21.1% and 57.6%, respectively(P<0.05). The incidence rate in retinal detachment with PVR below grade C2 and above C2 were 19.0% and 43.8%, respectively(P<0.05). The incidence rate in ocular trauma with vitreous hemorrhage and with intraocular foreign bodies were 25.0% and 70.0%, respectively(P<0.05). The incidence rate of patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation was 50.8%, significantly higher than patients without treated with panretinal photocoagulation(P<0.05). The incidence rate of patients treated with part panretinal photocoagulation was 29.5%, higher than patients without treated with panretinal photocoagulation, but there was no statistical difference(P>0.05). The incidence rate of using silicone oil, C₃F₈ and simple ventilation were 59.7%, 34.5% and 14.5%, respectively(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: After vitrectomy intraocular hypertension incidence and preoperative, intraoperative treatment of primary disease is closely related to factors such as the way and intraocular tamponade.

Abstract:AIM: To study the relationship between blood lead level and abnormal eye blinking in children.

METHODS: The patients with chief complaint of frequent eye blinking, whose diagnosis of abnormal eye blinking, were randomized to experimental group. The patients in this group carried out vision and the slit-lamp examination, detected corneal fluorescein staining and tear break-up time, and improved the level of blood lead and trace elements examination. The patients in control group with chief complaint of health physical examination in our hospital, excepted of blood lead level, the other body check results were normal and were divided into boys group and girls group according to the gender. The changes of the experimental group and control group in blood lead level were compared.

RESULTS: Totally 371 cases(male: 295 cases; female: 76 cases)with mean age was 6.56±2.41 years and 6.08±2.82 years respectively were in experimental groupe. In control group, there were 300 cases(male: 186 cases; female: 114 cases)with mean age was 6.99±3.01 years and 6.56±2.80 years respectively. The average of blood lead level of boys in experimental group was 63.82±24.56μg/L and 53.98±15.42μg/L in control group. The average of blood lead level in experimental group was higher than that in control group. The difference between of the two group was statistically significant(χ²=16.96, P<0.01). The average of blood lead level of girls in experimental group was 56.96±16.69μg/L and 48.18±12.35μg/L in control group. There was no difference between of the two group(χ²=5.77, P=0.56). In control group, the average of blood lead level with <3 years, 3～6 years and >6 years children were 48.73±11.67μg/L, 51.39±14.87μg/L,52.98±14.45μg/L respectively. In expirement group, the results were 56.57±17.89μg/L, 59.92±18.46μg/L and 67.00±32.55μg/L in <3, 3～6 and >6 children, respectively. There was no significant difference with <3 years(χ²=3.54, P=0.17). The difference with 3～6 years and >6 years children were statistically significant(χ²=9.62, P=0.008)and(χ²=19.22, P=0.000)respectively. The blood lead level were divided into three grades: <50μg/L, 50～100μg/L, >100μg/L, and relative risk(RR)were 0.65, 1.22, and 10.11 respectively.

CONCLUSION: Blood lead level of experimental group is higher than that of control group. The relationship between blood lead level and abnormal eye blinking in children is positive correlation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops and acupoint massage alone or combination of both on video display terminal(VDT)asthenopia.

METHODS: Totally, 224 patients with VDT asthenopia were randomly divided into eye drops group(n=56)received the intervention by Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops, acupoint massage group(n=56)received the intervention by acupoint massage around the eyes, and combination group(n=56)received the intervention by combination of both and control group received the intervention by ocular hygiene instruction. The effect was evaluated after 4wk. The symptoms curative effect index, tear film break-up time(BUT), Schirmer I test(SIt)and corneal fluorescein staining score were as the indexes of evaluation.

RESULTS: The symptoms curative effect index of combination group(78.96±5.29)% was higher than that of eye drops group(69.55±6.23)% and acupoint massage group(71.15±6.41)%, which of after both groups was higher than that of control group(33.01±4.26)%(P<0.01). The main effects of Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops and acupoint massage and its interations for the curative effect index were statistically significant(P<0.01). BUT and SIt of after intervention in eye drops group were significantly higher than that of before intervention, acupoint massage group and combination group(P<0.05); After intervention, BUT of combination group was higher than that of eye drops group, acupoint massage group and control group; SIt of control group was lower than that of eye drops group, acupoint massage group and combination group.

CONCLUSION: Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops and acupoint massage could improve symptoms and ocular physiology in patient with VDT asthenopia, and the effects of the combinative use of both are synergistic.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effects of different position of clear corneal incision of cataract surgery on visual function and quality of life.

METHODS: In this study, 126 cases(126 eyes)in our hospital from April 2013 to April 2014 were selected, who were accepted the transparent corneal incision phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in treatment of senile cataract patients. With digital method were divided into observation group and control group with 63 cases in each group, included the observation group selected the maximum refractive power of the cornea radial axial transparent angle incision, and the control group in the temporal clear corneal incision, compared the two groups of patients with postoperative visual function(VF)and quality of life(QOL), and made statistics of uncorrected visual acuity.

RESULTS: In the observation group, postoperative visual function and the scores of quality of life were 80.3±5.63 and 80.9±0.79, was significantly higher than the control group(74.9±5.24)and(76.5±0.76). And the postoperative uncorrected visual acuity of patients in the observation group was less than that of the control group, while ≤1.0 of patients than that in the control group. There was statistically significantdifference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Transparent cornea in cataract surgery to choose the largest cornea diopter longitude as incision can effectively improve the therapeutic effect, especially on the visual function of patients and to improve the quality of life.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate age-related cataract and its postoperative dominant eye changes and visual quality of patients.

METHODS: Totally 102 patients(204 eyes)with age-related cataract in our hospital from January 2013 to November 2014 were selected, and according to preoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were divided into two groups, in which the both eyes BCVA difference ≥2 lines(78 cases, 156 eyes)was group A, and both eyes BCVA difference ≤1 line(24 cases, 48 eyes)was group B. Dominant eyes were detected preoperatively and at postoperative 1 and 3mo. Contrast sensitivity and investigated visual satisfaction were tested.

RESULTS: Preoperative dominant eye corrected visual acuity was 0.34 ± 0.11, significantly higher than that of the non-dominant eye(0.15 ± 0.09), and there was statistically significant difference(P<0.05); At postoperative 1 and 3mo,between corrected visual acuity difference dominant eyes and the non-dominant eyes was not statistically significant(P>0.05); At postoperative 3mo, 17 cases in the group A had dominant eye changes, and change rate was 21.79%(17/78). At postoperative 3mo, the dominant eye change rate in the group B was 20.83%(5/24), and there was no statistical significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). The dominant eye change group and non-change groups patients with different spatial frequency contrast sensitivity test showed no statistical significance(P>0.05), Postoperative 3mo after operationvisual satisfaction questionnaire display, score of group A was(91.35±10.26)points, score of group B was(90.15±9.75)points(P>0.05), the dominant eye change group score was(90.08±9.77)points, score non-change group was(91.43±10.22)points(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The dominant eye changes exist in postoperative eyes with age-related cataract, but there is no effect on visual quality.

Abstract:AIM: To study the correlation between monocular mild myopic juvenile myopia degree and dominant eye.

METHODS: Totally 158 patients with juvenile monocularly mild myopia in our hospital from December 2012 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed, and cylindrical mirror astigmatism was used for spherical equivalent conversion. On the basis of the myopic degree, they were divided into three groups, 30 cases in group A(-0.25～-0.75D), 92 cases in B group(-1.0～-2.0D), 36 cases in group C(-2.25～-3.0D). The card hole method was selected to measure dominant eye for subjectsat nearly 33cm and 5m. After glasses correction of ametropia, the far and near dominant eyes were received measurement again.

RESULTS: The monocular mild myopia of dominant eye was compared with the non-dominant eye adjustment function, and there was no significant difference(P>0.05). The dominant eye, non-dominant eye mean diopter and other correlations of eyes in the three groups were compared, and there was no significant difference(P>0.05). The dominant eye of three groups at 5m was compared, and there was significant difference(P<0.05). The dominant eye of three groups at 33cm was compared, and there was significant difference(P<0.05). Dominant eye at different visual distance was compared, and there was significant difference(P<0.05). Monocular uncorrected eye was compared with dominant eye mild afte myopia glassesr, and there was significant difference(P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The formation of myopic anisometropia is related to the degree of clearly seeing objects, although glasses correction can improve the clarity and visual, but affect the choice of the dominant eye, because the myopic anisometropia appears most early in the dominant eye, therefore optician correction stage, which should be taken into consideration, and avoid the severity of the adolescent myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the influence factors of orthokeratology controlling development of juvenile myopia.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 86 cases(169 eyes)who performed orthokeratology from November 2012 to November 2013 in our hospital was carried out. Ater 2a treatment, diopter increased > -0.25D as invalid control group(54 eyes), diopter increased ≤ -0.25D as effective control group(115 eyes). The difference of various factors between two groups were compared.

RESULTS: Univariate comparison showed that the two groups had no statistical significance(P>0.05)in terms of gender, whether wear glasses in the past, anterior corneal diameter before treatment, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure and anterior chamber depth. However, the two groups had statistical significance(P<0.05)in the terms of age, dioptre before trement, corneal curvature, and axial length basis. Logistic regression analysis showed that foundation axial length, age and corneal curvature were in line with regression model(P<0.05), these were independent factors that orthokeratology lens control juvenile myopia development.

CONCLUSION: Independent factors affecting orthokeratology control juvenile myopia development is foundation axial length, age and corneal curvature. For juvenile patients, the longer of foundation axial length, the longer the age, the greater the curvature of cornea, orthokeratology can better control the myopia's development.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes of corneal topography and astigmatism et al with various duration of closing eyes and sleep; and study the impact of closing eye and sleep causing physiological hypoxia on corneal topography.

METHODS: Sixteen volunteers were selected(32 eyes), 22-33(26.19 ± 3.95)years old, without refractive errors and other eye diseases, as well as never wearing corneal contact lens, including 10 male eyes and 22 female eyes. The main parameters received corneal simulation K value, corneal astigmatism, corneal irregular measure(CIM)and the shape factor(SF)by Zeiss corneal topographer. They were measured before and after closed eyes 10, 20, 30, 60, 120min; before sleep and after over 6h sleep, they were detected immediately as soon as they opened eyes after 10, 20, 60, 120min.

RESULTS: During closing eyes, there were no statistical significance on the changes of corneal topography, corneal astigmatism, and SF. After opening eyes and over 6h sleep, there were no statistical significance on the changes of corneal topography, corneal astigmatism, CIM, and SF.

CONCLUSION: Closing eyes and sleep don't injure the cornea substantially, so corneal topography and corneal astigmatism don't mainly change.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical application of simply performing phacoemulsification or combining intravitreal Ranibizumab injection in the treatment of cataract combined with diabetic retinopathy.

METHODS: Forty-six patients(46 eyes)were recruited in this study. All of the patients were non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy without significant macular edema. They were randomly divided into two groups, the control group simply performed phacoemulsification, while the study group performed intravitreal Ranibizumab injection and phacoemulsification. Observation of indicators included the condition of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure, macular retinal thickness and complication at preoperative and postoperative 1, 6mo.

RESULTS:BCVA and macular retinal thickness of patients in two groups had no differences in the preoperative and postoperative 1mo. At postoperative 6mo, the BCVA of the study group was better than that in the control group, while its macular retinal thickness was thinner than that in the control group(P<0.05). The ratio of macular edema(central macular thickness was >60μm than that in control group)was 13.0% eyes in the study group which was significantly lower than the control group(47.8%; P=0.033). The complications was no significant differences in two groups and neither occurred severe complications.

CONCLUSION:Intravitreal Ranibizumab injection can reduce the development of macular edema and improve the BCVA after phacoemulsification.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical effect between small-incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification.

METHODS: Totally 93 patients(124 eyes)with age-related cataract who received treatment in Mar 2010 and Feb 2013 were dicided into 2 groups randomly. Forty-two patients(59 eyes)in group small-incision cataract surgery(SICS)were treated by SICS, while other 51 patients(65 eyes)in group Phaco were treated by phacoemulsification. And then, postoperative visual acuity, corneal astigmatism, surgically induced astigmatism(SIA)and intraoperative and postoperative complications were contrasted between groups.

RESULTS: After 1d and 1wk of postoperation, there were 38 eyes(64.4%)and 41 eyes(69.5%)having a better visual acuity of 0.5 in the SICS group, while there were 29 eyes(44.6%)and 32 eyes(49.2%)in the Phaco group. The vision of SICS group was better than that of Phcao group(χ²=4.877, 5.242, P<0.05). On postoperative 1 and 3mo, with acuity of 0.5 or better, eye numbers showed no statistically significant differences between two groups(χ²=0.005, 0.085, P>0.05). The average corneal astigmatism used analysis of repeatedly measuring designing variance: Comparing the corneal astigmatism in intra-groups at different times, it was statistically significant(F=25.624, P<0.05), and had a tendency to decrease with time. However, there was no statistical significance for corneal astigmatism between groups(F=0.986, P>0.05). The coneal astigmatism of each group was higher at 1wk after the surgery than that of preoperation, and the contrast had statistical sigenficence(t=2.906, 2.427, P<0.05). The Phaco group with SIA was lower than the SICS group at 1wk and 1mo after the surgery(t=-4.628, 2.770, P<005). It had no statistical significance in SIA by comparing with the two groups at 3mo after the surgery(t=0.754, P>0.05). There were statistical differences in SIA at different time both by intra-group comparison and group comparison(F=26.37, P<0.05, F=14.29, P<0.05). The comparison of posterior capsule rupture, the postoperative corneal edema and anterior chamber pigment membrane reaction in two groups showed no statistical significance.

CONCLUSION: Our research shows that small-incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification had similar effect in the treatment of cataract. Phacoemulsification is not the only surgery option for the best treatment effect. Small-incision cataract surgery can be popularized in basic-level hospitals, achieving the effect similar to phacoemulsification.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the anti-inflammatory effects with lotrprednol-tobramycin and tobramysin-dexamethasone eyedrops after phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: In this prospective, comparative, randomized controlled trial, patients with senile cataract who underwent phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation in our hospital from January 2014 to October 2014 were enrolled, which were randomly divided into two groups. Patients were given lotrprednol-tobramycin(LE/T group)and dexamethasone-tobramysin(D/T group)eyedrops respectively. Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure, malnutrition inflammation score, bruggrmann comfort scale were observed.

RESULTS:A total of 143 eyes of 143 cases were enrolled, of them 81 cases were in the LE/T group and 62 in the D/T group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in malnutrition inflammation score and bruggrmann comfort scale. The average intraocular pressure was 16.5±3.1mmHg in D/T group after 14d postoperation, which was obviously higher than LE/T group(14.7±3.7mmHg, P=0.004). After 14d postoperation, the intraocular pressure of 2 cases were >21mmHg, which were back to normal after drug withdrawal.

CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory effects lotrprednol-tobramycin and tobramysin-dexamethasone eyedrops are similar after phacoemulsification. However, lotrprednol-tobramycin has little influence in intraocular pressure, and more safety.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the outcome and safety of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation treatment in uncontrolled primary congenital glaucoma(PCG).

METHODS:Twenty-two eyes in 22 children with uncontrolled PCG were reviewed retrospectively and underwent Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation treatment from January 2011 to December 2014. Main checking index included intraocular pressure(IOP)before and after operation, corneal diameter and complications.

RESULTS: Preoperative mean age was 3.74±2.24y, and 2.59±1.78y apart from the last operation. Postoperative average IOP was 35.22±6.36mmHg. Average corneal diameter was 12.79±0.75mm. Mitomycin C(0.3-0.5mg/mL)was used in all operations for 3-5min. Glaucoma valves were implanted in the temporal or nose above the equator sclera. Postoperative IOP was 11.4±4.45mmHg at 1wk, and 16.73±7.23mmHg after 12mo. As IOP<21mmHg for success criteria, IOP of 16 eyes(73%)were controlled after 12mo. Preoperative 6 cases had shallow anterior chamber, recovered spontaneously. No serious complication was recorded, such as rejection of glaucoma valve, endoophthalmitis and corneal decompensation.

CONCLUSION: Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in uncontrolled PCG is a safe and viable treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical curative effect of intravitreal Bevacizumab injection combined duplex technique in treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS:Totally 25 eyes of 25 patients with NVG who underwent intravitreal Bevacizumab injection of 1.0mg(0.05mL), after the regression of iris neovascularization, 5 eyes with anterior chamber paracentesis fluid auxiliary controlled intraocular pressure. After 2wk, patients were treated by trabeculectomy and phacomulsification(9 eyes were implanted intraocular lens). The changes and complications of intraocular pressure, visual acuity, corneas and neovessels were observed after surgery, and followed up 12mo.

RESULTS:After injection Bevacizumab in 25 eyes, iris neovascularization of 20 eyes subsided in 3～5d, and 5 eyes subsided in 7d. After controlling intraocular pressure, count of the corneal endothelial cell were 1 629±226mm², and none suffered decompensation of corneal endothelium after two-surgery of trabeculectomy and phacomulsification. After followed up 12mo, intraocular pressure of 20 eyes were controlled in normal range; 2 eyes could control in normal range after treated by a kind of anti-glaucoma medicine and 3 eyes was 34～38mmHg after treated by anti-glaucoma medicine. 9 eyes had improved vision after implanted intraocular lens.

CONCLUSION:Intravitreal Bevacizumab injection can subside iris and anterior chamber angle neovascularization effectively in a short time and reduce intraocular pressure. It can also reduce the risk of bleeding during operation or after operation. Intravitreal Bevacizumab injection combined with two-surgery of trabeculectomy and phacomulsification can treat neovascular glaucoma effectively.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the long-term effects of laser peripheral iridectomy(LPI)and trabeculectomy in treating early chronic angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS: Ninety-eight patients(102 eyes)with early chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma were randomly divided into two groups. Group A of 50 patients(54 eyes)was treated with LPI and group B of 48 patients(48 eyes)with trabeculectomy. After 3-8y of follow-up observation, comparison would be made from the perspectives of postoperative eyesight, intraocular pressure, anterior chamber angle, visual field and cup/disc ratio(C/D).

RESULTS: In group A, 24 eyes with eyesight declining, 22 eyes with theintraocular pressure >21mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa), 21 eyes with chamber angle synechia >180°, 21 eyes with visual field narrowed, 21 eyes with C/D ratio enlarged. The results of group B for the same items were 10, 5, 4, 4, 4 eyes respectively. The comparative difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Good effects will be achieved for early-stage chronic angle-closure glaucoma with surgical method.Trabeculectomy is obviously better than LPI for the long-term effects.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of the intravitreal Ranibizumab(IVR)combined with retinal photocoagulation for the neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: Clinical data of 30 patients with the neovascular glaucoma(36 eyes)in our hospital from Ocuober 2012 to Sepember 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. All eyes accepted the photocoagulation 7d after IVR(0.05mL/1.25mg). Visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), the degradation of iris neovascularization and complications were observed and compared statistically before treatment and 1wk, 1, 3mo after treatment.

RESULTS: The new vessels on the iris and the angle of anterior chamber regressed completely in all eyes 5d after IVR, the mean time was 3.7±1.4d. The differences were statistically significant when compared IOP(18.2±2.1, 16.8±3.1, 17.2±2.4mmHg,)at 1wk, 1, 3mo postoperatively with 30.5±3.6mmHg preoperatively. The visual acuity of all the eyes was stable and rose slightly.

CONCLUSION: IVB combined with retinal photocoagulation can make the new vessels on the iris and the angle of anterior chamber regression and to lower the IOP. No serious complications were observed after treatment. It is a new security and effective method for neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the result of ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)who need to perform pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)to explore the value of clinical application of UBM at preoperation.

METHODS: Patients who underwent PPV for RRD in our hospital from January to December 2014 were selected. The preoperative results of UBM were recorded and the positive findings of UBM were analyzed, the value of preoperative application of UBM was investigated.

RESULTS:Totally 356 cases(357 eyes)of patients with RRD were received PPV. All patients were examined by UBM, 122 eyes(34.17%)were positive, 56 eyes were ciliochoroidal detachment, 28 eyes were narrow anterior chamber angle, 6 eyes were chamber angle-closure, 28 eyes were ciliary body cyst, 4 eyes were iris cyst, 11 eyes were anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 1 eye was retinal cyst. There were 12 eyes existing two lesions at the same times. In this study, patients with choroidal detachment was detected by UBM in 56 eyes, the positive rate was 15.7%, while 25 eyes was detected by B-ultrasonography, the positive was 7.0%. The difference was statistical significant(χ²=13.382, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The patients with RRD have underwent PPV for the condition of illness, preoperative UBM can be examined to detect the condition of anterior chamber angle, iris, ciliary and anterior choroid, which is significant for comprehensively understanding the preoperative condition of patients, estimating the difficulty of the operation, and guiding operation and the postoperative follow-up.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the related risk factors of retinopathy in pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome(PIHS).

METHODS:Two hundred and sixty-two cases with the PIHS retinal lesions were selected, and the correlation between PIHS stage, age, body mass, albuminuria, mean arterial blood pressure, hematocrit value and retinopathy in PIHS were observed.

RESULTS: Retinal stage increased with the increase of the grade of PIHS(χ²_regression=52.13, P<0.05); there was no statistical significance between age and retinopathy(χ²_regression=6.52, P>0.05); the greater body mass was, the higher the degree of retinopathy was(χ²_regression=22.97, P<0.05); albuminuria was associated with retinopathy(χ²_regression=40.16, P<0.05); the degree of retinopathy increased with the increase of mean arterial blood pressure(χ²_regression=44.38, P<0.05); the degree of retinopathy increased with the increase of hematocrit value(χ²_regression=52.73, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: PIHS stage, body mass, albuminuria, mean arterial blood pressure, hematocrit value are the related risk factors of retinopathy in PIHS.

Abstract:AIM: To examine choroidal thickness and its relationship with axial length and spherical equivalent by spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)in patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization(mCNV).

METHODS: We prospectively recruited 30 cases of mCNV in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from October 2010 to December 2014. SD-OCT was used to measure choroidal thickness subfoveally and at 1.5mm superiorly, inferiorly, nasally and temporally(SFCT, SCT_1.5mm, ICT_1.5mm, NCT_1.5mm, TCT_1.5mm). Paired t-test was conducted to assess the difference of spherical equivalent, axial length and choroidal thickness between mCNV group and controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between spherical equivalent, axial length, choroidal thickness and mCNV.

RESULTS: The difference of spherical equivalent and axial length between mCNV group and controls was not significant(P>0.05). Inferior was decreased in mCNV group compared with controls(140.85±33.46μm vs 168.95±45.36μm). The difference was significant(P=0.008). Logistic regression demonstrated that decreased choroidal thickness(ICT_1.5mm)at inferior location was associated with mCNV(OR=2.12; 95%CI 1.35～3.28; P=0.02).

CONCLUSION: The decrease of ICT_1.5MM may be one of the risk factors of mCNV.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the sensitive parameters of the anterior chamber changes with Pentacam anterior segment analysis system before and after laser peripheral iridectomy(LPI)in primary angle-closure suspetive(PACS).

METHODS: Sixty eyes of 33 PACS patients were enrolled in this study. Pentacam examination was performed before and 1d after LPI to measure the central anterior chamber depth(CACD), the peripheral anterior chamber depth(PACD), the anterior chamber volume(ACV)and the peripheral anterior chamber angle(ACA). Statistical analysis used paired t test.

RESULTS: There was no statistical significance on the changes of ACD. PACD and ACV increased significantly between before and 1d after LPI. ACA was widened from(22.26°±5.18°)to(26.42°±5.20°), which were increased significantly between before and 1d after LPI.

CONCLUSION: LPI can deepen the PACD and increase the ACV in PACS. PACD and ACV are the sensitive parameters of the anterior chamber changes with Pentacam anterior segment analysis system.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze and study the changes of intraocular pressure(IOP), visual field and P-ERG on patients with big cup/disk(C/D)in 24h.

METHODS: A total of 120 cases(240 eyes)diagnosed with big C/D(C/D>0.3)were divided into group A(C/D<0.6, 67 cases, 114 eyes)and group B(C/D≥0.6, 73 cases, 126 eyes). Forty cases(80 eyes)with small C/D(C/D≤0.3)were chosen as control group. All cases underwent 24h IOP examination, vision examination of 30-2 SITA-standard static threshold and pattern electroretinogram(P-ERG)examination. The differences between the examination indexes of the three groups were analyzed.

RESULTS: There was no significant statistical difference in the 24h average IOP(P>0.05)among the three groups, while the amplitudes had significant statistical differences(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the IOP amplitudes of group B were obviously higher, and the difference was of statistical significance(P<0.05). In terms of static threshold visual fields, the mean deviations(MD)and pattern standard deviations(PSD)of the three groups had significant statistical differences(P<0.05). Comparison between every two groups: compared with the control group, the MD and the PSD were significantly increased in group B, and the difference was of statistical significance(P<0.05); while there was no significant statistical difference in group A(P>0.05); Compared with group A, the MD and the PSD were significantly higher in group B, and the difference was of statistical significance(P<0.05). In terms of P-ERG examination, there was no significant statistical difference in P50's latent periods among the three groups(P>0.05), but there were significant statistical differences in amplitudes(P<0.05). Comparison between every two groups: compared with the control group, the P50's amplitude was significantly decreased in group B, and the difference was of statistical significance(P<0.05), while there was no significant statistical difference in group A(P>0.05); Compared with group A, the P50's amplitude of group B was significantly lower, and the difference was of statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: When the patients' C/D is no less than 0.6, there are obvious changes of 24h IOP, static threshold visual field and P-ERG's P50 wave. For patients with big C/D, a single IOP examination is far from sufficient, so an in-depth visual function examination should be performed. Meanwhile, it's feasible to regard C/D 0.6 as a screening criterion for suspected glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the situations of different surgical methods on dry eyes in patients with pterygium excision combined transplantation.

METHODS: Seventy-eight cases ofpterygium patients(81 eyes)were randomly divided into three groups. Group A underwent pterygium excision combined large autologous conjunctival flap transplantation; group B underwent pterygium excision combined with small conjunctival flap; group C underwent pterygium excision combined with small conjunctival flap with autologous limbal stem cell. Repair of postoperative corneal epithelium, 1, 3mo preoperation and postoperation tear film break up time(BUT)and questionnaire of ocular surface disease index(OSDI)were observed among three groups, which caused the situation of dry eyes by pterygium and pterygium excision were evaluated.

RESULTS: BUT: Group A was shorter than that in groups B and C at 15d postoperation(P<0.05); at 1mo postoperation, group A was no statistical difference with groups B and C(P>0.05). Postoperative dry eye ratio of group A was higher than that in groups B and C at 1mo postoperation(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference between group B and group C(P>0.05), but group C showed lower postoperative dry eye ratio. Corneal epithelium recover time of group A was longer than that in groups B and C(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference between group B and group C(P>0.05), but group C showed a tendency to be shorter recover time.

CONCLUSION: Pterygium excision combined with small conjunctival flap and autologous limbal stem cell shows guickly corneal epithelium recover and low dry eye ratio and deserve to recommended.

Abstract:AIM:To estimate the clinical significance of the microculture of humor and vitreous and vancomycin intraocular injection in treatment of suppurative endophthalmitis associated with intraocular foreign bodies.

METHODS: Totally 65 patients with penetrating eye trauma and retained intraocular foreign bodies in emergency operation and intraocular injection from January 2012 to September 2014 were regarded as the study group, another 62 patients with penetrating eye trauma and retained intraocular foreign bodies in emergency operation without intraocular injection before August 2011 were regarded as the control group. Aqueous humor and vitreous humor were taken from each patient of the study group and the control group for bacteria and fungus cultivation. The study group was treated with 1mg vancomycin intraocular injection after operation, while the control group was not.

RESULTS: The incidence of endophthalmitis in the control group was 16%(10 cases), while in the study group was 3%(2 cases), with significant difference between two groups(x²=6.32, P<0.05). The aqueous humor germiculture in both groups was in low positive rates, the study group was 3%(2 cases)and the control group was 2%(1 case), with no difference between two groups(P>0.05). The positive rate of vitreous humor germiculture in study group was 14%(9 cases), and the incidence of endophthalmitis was 3%. The positive rate of vitreous humor germiculture in control group was 11%(7 cases)and the incidence of endophthalmitis was 16%, with significant differences between two groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intraocular foreign bodies treated with emergency operation and vancomycin intraocular injections can decrease the incidence of suppurative endophthalmitis and have a good vision prognosis for the second stage of operation.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the eye complications in the cases of acute chlorine gas poisoning.

METHODS: A retrospective review of 121 cases of acute chlorine gas poising with eye irritation, dry eye and other eye complications in Linyi People's Hospital from February 2009 to February 2013 was performed.

RESULTS: Among 121 patients, 117 cases(about 96.7%)had complications of eye irritation and conjunctival and corneal epithelial damage, and the ocular surface damage was aggravated with the increasing level of chlorine gas poisoning. After 3, 6mo being discharged, 32 and 7 patients respectively occurred dry eye among 115 patients followed up. One mild chlorine poisoning patient, during the hormonotherapy of pulmonary complication, complicated with bullous retinal detachment, of which symptoms and physical signs had been improved after stopping hormonotherapy and adding drugs facilitating fluid absorption. One severe chlorine poisoning patient with loss of consciousness during the treatment, had corneal ulcer and after ulcer being healed with drug and conjunctival flap covering surgery, was left permanent leukoma cornea.

CONCLUSION: Acute chlorine poisoning can cause corneal and conjunctival epithelial damage and dry eye. Ocular complications like bullous retinal detachment associated with hormone application should be paid more attention to in the hormonotherapy. For some patients with severe poisoning, the therapy of corneal and conjunctival epitheliums should be taken seriously in case of irreparable damage in rescuing patient's life.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the differences in accommodative lag of different stimulation between the adolescent myopes who wore rigid gas permeable contact lens(RGPCL)and spectacles for one year.

METHODS: Totally 85 myopes between 10-16y were enrolled in the study. Every subject was examined with the visual function test, medical optometry, corneal topography and ocular health check etc. of eyes. According to the above measurements and the compliance of children and their parents, 41 subjects were selected to wear RGPCL, 44 subjects were chosen to wear spectacles. Based on maximum plus to maximum visual acuity(MPMVA), accommodative lag was determined by dynamic retinoscopy method in two groups. The subjects were examined once every 3mo, accommodative lag was measured again using the same method for comparative analysis after one year. Wearing a year later, myopia progression of the two groups was measured and compared.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups of initial accommodative lag(P>0.05). After wearing one year, there was also no significant difference between the accommodative lag examined and the initial lag in RGPCL group(P>0.05), the results demonstrate significant difference between the accommodative lag examined after wearing one year and the initial lag in spectacles group(P<0.05). One year later, the differences were significant in accommodative lag between RGPCL and spectacles wearers stimulated by 2D, 3D and 4D(P<0.05), and the accommodative lag increased with increasing stimulation in both groups. After wearing a year, the myopia progression of RGPCL group was less than spectacles wearers, and the differences were significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: After wearing RGPCL and spectacles one year in high accommodative stimulus, there is an obviously decreased in accommodative lag in RGPCL group, which suggests that RGPCL can control the progression of myopia in adolescents. The accommodative lag of the two groups increase obviously with increasing stimulation, which suggest that the adolescents need keeping good habits of reading.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effects of excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy(PTK)assisted by anterior segment optical coherence tomography(OCT)in the treatment of corneal anterior diseases.

METHODS: There were 28 eyes of 15 patients who were diagnosed as corneal anterior diseases, on which excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy was performed from September 2012 to September 2013. The patients were checked up by anterior segment OCT before operation forauxiliarily judging types and depths of the disease to direct setting parameters such as cutting depths and diameters etc. in PTK. Follow-up of 6mo were included in this study. They were observed cornea condition, uncorrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent and haze at 6, 15d, and 1, 2, 3 and 6mo post-operatively.

RESULTS: At postoperation, corneal condition of all patients were impoved more or less, that is, the outbreak was under control, or seizure frequency decreased obviously. There were no statistic differences between preoperation and postoperation on the changes of uncorrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent and haze(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: In patients with corneal anterior diseases, excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy assisted by anterior segment OCT in the treatment of corneal anterior diseases can get rid of the lesion effectively and accurately and receive better treatment effect. But it is necessary to control the cutting depth avoiding postoperative hyperopia.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the reason of corneal epithelial implantation and ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK), and summarize the treatment experiences.

METHODS: The clinical data of postoperative corneal epithelial ingrowth on 18 cases(30 eyes)from 1 256 cases(2 256 eyes)after LASIK were retrospectively analyzed in our hospital from January 2008 to December 2012. After the treatment of all eyes, patients' general visual quality scores before and after treatment were analyzed.

RESULTS: There were 18 cases(30 eyes)with corneal epithelial implantation and ingrowth after LASIK, and the incidence rate was 1.3%. In the 18 cases(30 eyes), there were 12 eyes corneal flap epithelial ingrowth caused by postoperative trauma, 12 eyes caused by multiple corneal flap flush, 2 eyes caused by intraoperative irregular corneal flap, and nothing special for 4 eyes. The classification of corneal epithelial ingrowth of 30 eyes: grade Ⅰ, 11 cases(18 eyes); grade Ⅱ, 4 cases(8 eyes); grade Ⅲ, 3 cases(4 eyes). Grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ were treated with TobraDex eye drops and intraocular pressure lowering drug. Grade Ⅲ firstly were treated by drugs, otherwise by surgery if it didn't improve. After treatment, 8 cases(13 eyes)epithelial ingrowth disappeared from 11 cases(18 eyes), 3 cases(5 eyes)implanted epithelial tumor shrank in grade I; epithelial implantation of 2 cases(4 eyes)in grade Ⅱ disappeared, implantation degree of 2 cases(4 eyes)reduced to grade Ⅰ; 2 cases(2 eyes)in grade Ⅲ had 0.5～1mm wide flap edge shallow gray ribbon 1 mm inside the limbus, visual acuity was 0.8～1.2, 1 case(2 eyes)treated with curettage corneal epithelial implantation and endophytic epithelium hadn't relapsed in the follow-up. After the treatment, 18 cases of corneal epithelial ingrowth got lower visual quality scores than those before therapy(Hc=10.511, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Operation standardized, postoperative early detection and aggressive treatment are important for prevention and treatment of complications after LASIK.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effects and security of posterior chamber implantable Collamer lens(ICL)implantation in patients with extreme highly myopia.

METHODS:In this study, 18 patients(32 eyes)with extreme highly myopic patients who had undergone posterior chamber ICLs implantation from July 2010 to July 2013 were evaluated. Diopter -10.5～19.0D, and astigmia -0.5～4.5DC. Changes in intraocular pressure(IOP), refraction, visual acuity and corneal endothelium, anterior chamber depth, iris, high arch, lens were noted at 1d, 1wk, 1, 3mo and 1a after surgery respectively, and follow-up was of 1a.

RESULTS: Before surgery, the uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)were 0.01～0.05, and the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity(BSCVA)were 0.4～1.0. One month after surgery, the UCVA were 0.5～1.2. The mean vault were 547±222 μm(95%CI 442～672μm)and 528±268 μm(95%CI 354～635μm)for 1mo and 1a, respectively(P=0.81), and there was no significant difference. Anterior subcapsular opacities in 1 eye, mild and transient increase in IOP in 3 eyes, and chronic pigment dispersion in 2 eyes were observed. There was no serious complication.

CONCLUSION: Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation is an effective and safe method for correcting patients with extreme highly myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the use of rigid gas permeable(RGP)contact lens, and its clinical effect and safety in the treatment of adult high and special type ametropia.

METHODS: Totally 110 cases(185 eyes)of Ophthalmology Center fitting of RGP from January 2010 to December 2012 were retrospective analyzed. According to the refractive error types, patients were divided into high myopia astigmatism group( 49 cases, 92 eyes), 36 cases(64 eyes)of keratoconus group, special ametropia group(25 cases, 29 eyes). Corrected visual acuity differences, adverse reactions of different temporal acuity and conventional frame in the three group were observed after wearing RGP.

RESULTS:After wearred RGP, corrected visual acuity of high myopic astigmatism group was 4.94±0.16, keratoconus group was 4.98±0.15, and special ametropia group was 4.87±0.19; they were significantly better than wearing frame mirror 4.86±0.23, 4.79±0.22, 4.61±0.27 and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). After 3 and 6mo of wearing RGP, patients eyesight after RGP was better than that of wearing frame glasses(P<0.05). As the astigmatism group, keratoconus group, special ametropia group wearing RGP, visual acuity after distribution were obviously better than the case when wearing frame glasses(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Wearring RGP can correct adult high and special type ametropia than ordinary frame glasses, which avoid the occurence of dry eye, foreign body sensation, and easy fatigue. It is worthy of clinical application.