Abstract:AIM: To establish the mice model of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), and observe the altered expression of some pro-angiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and its receptors(VEGFR1 and VEGFR2), and matrix metalloproteinase(MMP2 and MMP9)during the development of PDR.

METHODS:C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneal injected with STZ(55 mg/kg)for 5 consecutive days, and blood glucose concentrations were measured after 7d of the injection. The diabetic mice were further housed for 3, 4, 5mo respectively after the development of diabetes. Histological evaluation of retinas was performed. The retinal vessels were detected by immunofluorescence staining with the cluster of differentiation 31(CD31). The mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MMP2 and MMP9 in mice retinas was detected by Real-time PCR analysis.

RESULTS: Retinal histological observation and CD31 staining both demonstrate that there are more vessels in diabetic mice than in normal control mice at 5mo after the development of diabetes. As compared with normal control, the mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MMP2 and MMP9 are all increased in diabetic mice at 5mo after the development of diabetes.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PDR is occurred at 5mo after the development of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In addition, the mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MMP2 and MMP9 are all increased after the development of PDR.

Abstract:AIM: To find out the most common primary diseases of drug-induced keratoconjunctivitis.

METHODS: The clinical records of 18 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of drug-induced keratoconjunctivitis were retrospectively reviewed. Primary diseases, categories of induced-drugs, numbers of daily drops, characteristics of keratoconjunctivitis, treatment, epithelization period, and un-corrected visual acuity(UCVA)were studied. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Primary diseases included glaucoma(n=6), herpes simplex keratitis(n=6; two patients were post-surgery of cataract), herpes zoster keratitis(n=1), keratitis after corneal foreign body taken(n=1)and keratitis/corneal ulcer with unknown etiology(n=4). Mean number of drugs was 3.3±1.5 and the frequency was 9±3.9 times a day. Keratopathy was found in 16 cases, while conjunctival changes were found only in 3 cases(One patient got corneal and conjunctival changes simultaneously). Withdrawing the drugs, preservative-free lubricants or autologous serum, and topical low dose steroid drops were used for treatment. After a mean period of 7±2.8d, symptoms began to relieve. The mean epithelization period was 21±8.8d. Mean pretreatment and post-treatment UCVA was 0.15±0.13 and 0.43±0.27, respectively(P=0.003).

CONCLUSION: Viral keratitis and glaucoma are the most often events of drug-induced keratoconjunctivitis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber after cataract surgery for the heparin surface modified foldable hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens(HSM-IOL)by laser flare-cell meter.

METHODS: The test group consisted of 22 patients(22 eyes)in whom a HSM-IOL was implanted in the capsular bag(HSM-IOL group). There was one control group including 21 patients(21 eyes)who received a normal foldable hydrophilic acrylic IOL(uncoated IOL group). Anterior chamber flare and cell values were measured, using laser flare-cell meter preoperatively and 1, 7, 28d postoperatively.

RESULTS: In the HSM-IOL group, the flare and the cells values were significantly lower than those in the uncoated IOL group 1d and 7d postoperatively. Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in cells and the level of flare on the 28d postoperative.

CONCLUSION: HSM-IOL can decrease inflammation in early postoperative stage, compared with the uncoated IOL. The laser flare-cell meter provides a safe and objective technique for measuring inflammation in anterior chamber.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the efficacy of fixed combination of brinzolamide 1% and timolol 0.5%(FCBT)with apraclonidine 0.5%(APRA)in preventing intraocular pressure(IOP)elevations after neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet(Nd:YAG)laser posterior capsulotomy.

METHODS: This prospective randomized clinical study included 90 eyes of 90 consecutive patients who had Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification(PCO). Patients were randomized to receive APRA(n=45)or FCBT(n=45)at 1h before laser surgery. A masked observer measured IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometry before the procedure and at 1, 2, 3, 24h and 7d after laser treatment. IOP outcome measures were grouped into the following categories: post laser IOP elevation of 5 to <10 mm Hg, and post laser IOP elevation of 10 mm Hg or more. IOP elevation of <5 mm Hg was not considered a clinically significant change.

RESULTS:The mean IOP before surgery on the day of the procedure was 14.1±2.1 mm Hg in the APRA group and 13.2±2.1 mm Hg in the FCBT group. There was no statistically significant difference between the APRA and the FCBT groups of baseline IOPs measured(P=0.066). During the follow-up time, the mean IOP was lower in FCBT group, but this was not statistically significant. Six patients(13.3%)in APRA group and 4(8.9%)in FCBT group had IOP elevations of 5 to <10 mm Hg at least one postoperative IOP measurement. This difference was not statistically significant(P=0.243). IOP elevations of 10 mm Hg or more occurred in 3 eyes(6.7%)in the APRA group and 1 eyes(2.2%)in the FCBT group; this was not statistically significant(P=0.542).

CONCLUSION:Both of APRA and FCBT are effective for prevention and APRA is enough for most of routine cases. FCBT may be an option for the eyes those need more IOP reduction such as pre-existing glaucoma patients who are at higher risk for postoperative IOP elevations.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the localization and severity of dermatochalasis and accompanying pseudoptosis with age.

METHODS:One hundred and thirteen subjects with dermatochalasis were included in the study. Age, gender and body mass index(BMI)of the subjects were recorded. Palpebral fissure height(PFH)and marginal reflex distance(MRD)were measured in the primary position. The severity of dermatochalasis was assesed as Stage 1: behind eyelid margin(minimum 1 mm); Stage 2: inline with eyelid margin; Stage 3: before eyelid margin.

RESULTS: Mean age of the subjects were 52.7±8.6(range 32 to 74)y. Thirty-six cases(31.9%)were male and 77(68.1%)were female. The mean BMI was 30.3±4.7(range 21.5 to 36.6)kg/m², mean PFH was 10.7±1.6(range 7 to 15)mm, mean MRD was 3.8±1.2(range 1 to 5)mm. In 30(26.5%)of the subjects dermatochalasis was localized behind eyelid margin, in 38(33.6%)it was inline with eyelid margin and in 45(39.8%)it was before eyelid margin. There was pseudoptosis due to dermatochalasis in 50(44.2%)of the subjects. Age was significantly different in terms of dermatochalasis severity. Mean ages of subjects with dermatochalasis localization behind or inline with eyelid margin(50.3±6.6, 50.5±9.5y), were significantly lower than subjects with dermatochalasis localization before eyelid corner(56.0±8.2y). Mean age of subjects with pseudoptosis were significantly higher(56.3±8.3y), than subjects without it(49.8±7.8y). There was no BMI difference between the subjects in terms of dermatochalasis severity and presence of pseudoptosis.

CONCLUSION:Dermatochalasis localization, severity and frequency of pseudoptosis increase with age.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic effect of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α RNA interference on inhibiting experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).

METHODS:Different concentrations of PDGFR-α shRNA were blended with lip2000,and the final scale of PDGFR-α shRNA/lip2 000 complex was 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 respectively(the concentration of PDGFR-α shRNA was respectively 2μg, 3μg and 4μg).All the complexes were cultivated in human retinal pigment epithelium(HRPE)for 24h after transfection and then respectively injected 0.1mL to rabbit vitreous cavity.Forty healthy adult rabbits were seleceted in this study and randomly divided into colored balanced salt solution(BSS)group(N), comprising lipofectamine^TM2 000 HRPE cell dilution group(group A). The highest transduction efficiency of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0μmol/L containing PDGFR-α receptors shRNA, lipofectamine^TM2 000 of HRPE cell dilution were selected(respectively group B, C and D)with 8 eyes each, the right eyes as the experimental eye. The extent of PVR was observed by indirect ophthalmoscope; and slice staining situation was observed by immunohistochemistry.The fundus changes were observed by histopathology.

RESULTS:The highest transduction efficiency of PDGFR-αshRNA/lip2 000 ratio was 1:2.The extent of PVR, the histopathology changes and the immunohistochemistry of PDGFR-α in group B,C and group D were significantly lower than that in group A, while group D was much lower than those of group B and C.

CONCLUSION:PDGFR-αRNA interference could inhibit the formation of experimental PVR.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate relation between the phagocytic fuction of retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells and the signal transduction pathway of MERTK-Ras-extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase(MEK)-myosin light chain kinase(MLCK)-myosin.

METHODS: Cultured 3～5 passage RPE cells of C57BL/6 mouse were incubated with rod outer segments(ROS)suspension(containing ROS 1×10⁷ /ml)at 37℃, then cells were rinsed at different times(30,60,120,180,240min)to terminate the phagocytosis. The kinetics of phagocytosis was measured by double-fluorescent labeling. The activity levels of MERTK, Ras, MEK and MLCK at different incubation times were measured by Western Blot with antibodies of MERTK, Ras and phospho-antibodies of MEK and MLCK, respectively. To repeat the measurement of the phagpcytic kinetics and activity levels of MERTK, Ras, MEK and MLCK at different incubation times after interference to Ras and Mertk gene in RPE cells by plasmid transfection.

RESULTS: The phagocytic kinetics showed that the ingestion occurred at 30min of incubation. Ingested ROS by RPE cells increased until saturated at 180min. The protein levels of MERTK, Ras, MEK and MLCK in RPE cells increased during all the incubation periods compared with control group(P<0.05). After interference to Ras and MERTk gene in RPE cells by plasmid transfection, the protein levels of MERTK, Ras, MEK and MLCK and the quality of ingested ROS sustained at the lower levels during all the incubation periods, only a few ingested ROS were seen at 180 min. Compared with untransfected RPE cells, the protein levels of MERTK, Ras, MEK and MLCK and the quality of ingested ROS in siRas-RPE cells and siMERTK-RPE cells decreased distinctly at 120 min and 180 min during incubation(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Ras-MEK-MLCK-myosin signal pathway is the downstream of MERTK receptor in the phagocytic process of RPE cells from mice.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect and mechanism of chrysophanol for rat model with glaucoma.

METHODS:The glaucoma rat models were made by cauterization of three episcleral veins. Then the glaucoma rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was the untreated intraocular hypertension group. Group 2 was the low dose of chrysophanol group(25mg/kg). Group 3 was the high dose of chrysophanol group(50mg/kg), 15 rats in each group. The right eyes were the experiment eyes while the left were the control ones. After 6wk treatment, the mRNA and protein of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(PERK)and Rho kinase 1(ROCK-1)were determined in the retina.

RESULTS:The chrysophanol reduced intraocular pressure(IOP)of experiment eyes, which was significantly lower than that of control eyes(P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, the p-PERK protein increased significantly in the retina of glaucoma model group and chrysophanol increased the lever of p-PERK protein. The ROCK-1 protein level increased significantly in glaucoma group, it all decreased in these treatment groups, and it decreased significantly in high dose treatment group. Detected by TR-PCR, chrysophanol also could activate the mRNA of PERK and inhibited the mRNA expression of ROCK-1 in a rat model of glaucoma.

CONCLUSION:These results suggest that chrysophanol can reduce the IOP through the phosphorylation of PERK protein to regulate the PERK/ROCK signaling in glaucoma rat model.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein 6(BMP-6)on cellular morphology, proliferation and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells(ARPE-19)incubated in hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂).

METHODS:ARPE-19 cells were cultured conventionally and divided into four groups. One group was untreated as blank group, the other three groups were incubated in 75μm/L H₂O₂, 150ng/mLBMP-6 or75μm/L H₂O₂+150ng/mL BMP-6. All the groups were incubated for 3h, 6h, 9h and 12h. We tested the cell viabilitity by MTT. We used flow cytometry to test the cell cycle and cell apoptosis.

RESULTS:H₂O₂ significantly decreased the cell activity in time-dependent manner. The activity of cells with BMP-6+H₂O₂ was higher H₂O₂ group, and the differences between the two groups at 3h and 6h were significant(P<0.05). The observation on cellular morphology showed that the cell number decreased and the cell detachment after 6h incubated with H₂O₂, while the cells with BMP-6 were less cell detachment and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION:BMP-6 has protective effects on RPE cells from oxidative stress in certain extent.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate avasculopathy-evaluating method using fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR).

METHODS:OIR model was induced by exposure of mice from groups A and B(the retinopathy was known to be more severe in group B than that in group A by previous research)to high oxygen(75%)from postnatal day 7(P7)to P12(n=12 for each group)and returned to normal environment at P12. On P17, the mice from both groups were randomly assigned to accept FFA or high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-Dextran)perfusion combined with stretched preparation of retina(each method involved 6 pups from each group). The retinal non-perfused areas were quantified and compared by using image analysis software.

RESULTS: FFA combined with image analysis software was able to quantify the retinal non-perfused areas, which was comparable to the results analyzed by FITC-Dextran perfusion combined with stretched preparation of retina. No statistical difference was found between the results obtained by the two methods(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:FFA combined with image quantification analysis can be used in retinalvasculopathy evaluation in mouse OIR model.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the visual quality between patients with moderate or high myopia and myopic astigmatism(SE -3.00～-9.00D)after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)and laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).

METHODS: The prospective study was applied.Eighty four patients(168 eyes)were divided into two groups: 42 patients(84 eyes)with myopia underwent SMILE was group Ⅰ, 42 patients(84 eyes)with myopia underwent LASIK was groupⅡ. The myopia degree of the patients was -3.00～-8.00D and astigmatism was -0.25～-2.00D before treatments and they were followed for 6mo. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), spherical equivalent(SE), high order aberration(HOA), contrast sensitivity(CS)were compared and statistically analyzed at preoperatively, 1,3 and 6mo postoperatively.

RESULTS: All operations were successful without serious complications that damaged vision. The UCVA in group Ⅰwas higher than that in group Ⅱ, and the SE was lower than that in group Ⅱ postoperatively(P<0.05).The HOA in both groups increased compared with those preoperative(P<0.05), but the increase of spherical aberration(SA)in groupⅡ were significantly higher than that in groupⅠ(P<0.05). The CS at each spatial frequency in both groups decreased compared with those preoperative(P<0.05). At 3 and 6mo postoperatively, the CS in both groups was improved.

CONCLUSION: Moderate or high myopia and astigmatism can be effectively corrected by SMILE. Better visual acuity, more stable refractive state, less increase on SA, the recovery of CS and the improvement on visual quality, are the advantage of SMILE, but investigation with larger sample size and long term observation are needed.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy(DR)in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)lived in Wusu city Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

METHODS:Totally 3 465 patients with DM were studied, and the related factors such as patient's age, gender, region, race, diabetes duration, fasting blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure were analyzed.

RESULTS:Totally 1 079 patients(31.14%)were found with DR in 3 465 cases. The risk factors included the living region, diabetes duration, fasting blood sugar level and blood pressure(P<0.05).The age, gender, race and blood lipid were not risk factors for DR(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The living region, diabetes duration, fasting blood glucoselevel and blood pressure are risk factors for DR.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the risk factors and long-term changes of non-arteritis anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy(NAION).

METHODS:Three hundred and sixty cases of patients with NAION in our hospital from January 2010 to Juny 2015 were used as patients group and another 400 people undergoing health examination were used as control group. The clinical data was collected. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)was performed.

RESULTS:There were significant difference on gender, history of diabetes or hypertension, arteriosclerosis history, disc area, cup area, rim area, cup/disc area ratio, horizontal cup-disc ratio, vertical cup-disc ratio, FBG and TG of two groups(P<0.05). Male, with diabetes, history of hypertension, arteriosclerosis history, disc area, cup area, rim area, cup/disc area ratio, horizontal cup-disc ratio, vertical cup-disc ratio, FBG and TG were independent risk factors of NAION. Top, nasal, below temporal side and average global retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)of patients with NAION at 6,12 and 18mo after the onset were significantly lower than those of control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between patients with different disease course(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Male, with diabetes, history of hypertension, arteriosclerosis history, disc area, cup area, rim area, cup/disc area ratio, horizontal cup-disc ratio, vertical cup-disc ratio, FBG and TG are independent risk factors of NAION. Long-term damage of RNFL may not aggravate.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the prevalence and related factors of visual display terminal(VDT)syndrome in migrant workers caused by using smartphones.

METHODS: From January to October 2014, migrant workers who worked in 10 factories individually in Tangxia Town Dongguan City, were selected by systematic sampling. Every participant was asked to complete the visual display terminal questionnaire and acepted accommodative amplitude determination, tear-film break up time, corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer I text and so on. The data was analyzed by the SPSS 19.0 software.

RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty-nine people were enrolled(246 males, 223 females). Among them, 384 cases(206 males and 178 females)were diagnosed as the VDT syndrome, the prevalence rate was 81.9%. Compared the prevalence rate in different gender in 40～<50 groups and 50～<60 group, the differences were statistically significant. The difference of gender was not statistically significant in the other age groups. Patients with VDT syndrome considered that watching the video was the most important use of smartphones, preferred accounted in 181 people(43.1%). People without VDT syndrome thought that communicating through WeChat, QQ and some other chat tools was the most important usage, preferred accounted in 33 people(38.8%). The prevalence of visual fatigue in patients with VDT syndrome was 83.9%(322/384). One hundred and ninety-six patients(60.9%)had accommodative amplitude reduction. The 267 patients(69.5%)with VDT syndrome were identified with dry eye. The difference of watching smartphones in bed between people with or without VDT syndrome was not statistically significant. While on reading novels, watching videos, being in dark and shaking space, having daily sport, getting interval in using, the differences were statistically significant. Daily sport and interval were the protective factors for VDT syndrome, the others were risk factors for VDT syndrome.

CONCLUSION:The main factors for VDT syndrome in the migrant workers are reading novels, watching videos, being in dark and shaking space, poor sport and less interval. To get rid of the bad habits in using smartphones, do more sport, take more intervals, moisten the ocular surface are expected to prevent VDT syndrome.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the leading causes of senile irreversible blindness. The oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species(ROS), as a risk factor of AMD, plays a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. Manganese superoxide dismutase(MnSOD), as one of the first line antioxidant enzymes, could be expressed in retina cells.It has been demonstrated that MnSOD is correlated with AMD and has been confirmed in animals, cellular level, and patients. This article reviewed the recent literatures on the research and progress of the relation between MnSOD and AMD.

Abstract:Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a kind of refractory glaucoma. Its etiology is mainly composed of various kinds of eye diseases causing retinal ischemia, hypoxia, leading to increased formation of VEGF. In recent years, anti-VEGF drugs as one of NVG treatments, has become a current research hotspot, and opened up a new path for NVG treatment. With the wide application of anti-VEGF drug in ophthalmology, treatments for NVG have entered a new field. This article is based on the anti-VEGF drugs in the domestic and abroad used for NVG, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical treatments of NVG.

Abstract:Premacula hemorrhage can cause a sudden and dramatic loss of central vision. In some patients with premacula hemorrhage, the hemorrhage can be spontaneously resorbed, but in a slow-processing manner, and the toxic metabolites of resorbing process eventually cause permanent vision loss. Vitrectomy can effectively remove hemorrhage and improve vision. But its potential problematic complications and relatively high medical cost hinder the clinical application. Thus several non-vitrectomy techniques have gained attentions due to quickly vision recovering on treatment of premacula hemorrhage. In this article, we introduced and reviewed notable researches of non-vitrectomy techniques in recent years and their clinical applications.

Abstract:Postoperative endophthalmitis is the most serious complications of ophthalmic surgeries. Conjunctival sac disinfection is currently recognized as an effectively important way to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis. At present, there are some disinfectants has been used in clinic or in the researches:mercury agent, gentamicin, povidone iodine and acid electrolytic water. All kinds of disinfectants play the role of disinfection by different ways. Povidone iodine is the most widely used conjunctival sac disinfectant. Mercurial and gentamicin have been rarely used because they pollute the environment, are easy to cause drug resistant bacteria, localized side reactions and so on. The acid electrolyte water is not used in clinic at present. With the popularization and development of the ophthalmic surgeries, the ophthalmologists have become more and more concerned about the postoperative eye comfort, the research and application of conjunctival sac disinfectant in the future will continue to be updated and developed.

Abstract:Light is the basis of visual signal generated. Poor lighting phenomenon has an important influence on the refractive state of the eye development. With the trend of younger age of myopia onset, light in visual environment has become an important link of the occurrence and development of myopia. Light intensity, frequency, period rhythm and different wavelengths of light have a close relation with the occurrence and development of myopia. This article reviewed research progress on relation between the above parameters of light and myopia progression.

Abstract:Endothelin-1(ET-1)is a vasoactive peptide containing 21 amino acids.It is currently considered as the most powerful vasoconstrictor. It not only plays a strong role in the contraction of blood vessels, but also can promote the inflammation. Besides its effects for cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestion, nervous, reproduction, endocrine system, it also plays a very important role in ophthalmologic blinding diseases. For example, ET-1 in eye mainly distributed in the choroid and it has a relation with cataract development, increased intraocular pressure of glaucoma and optic nerve damage. ET- 1 has certain effect on the maintenance of micro vascular homeostasis in diabetic retinopathy(DR)and its diagnosis; in non-arteritis anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, the level of ET-1 concentration is consistent with the severity of the lesion. On condition judgment for diseases and prognosis evaluation, it has certain clinical significance. With the study of the mechanism of ET-1 in these diseases, the prevention and treatment of ophthalmologic diseases will gain great benefit in the future.

Abstract:AIM:To study the changes of tear film and ocular surface after clear corneal incision phacoemulsification with different incision sizes.

METHODS:Ninety patients(90 eyes)from May 2013 to May 2014 in our hospital were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Forty-five patients(45 eyes)in group A: coaxial 2.2mm micro-incision phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation; forty-five patients(45 eyes)in group B: the conventional coaxial 3.0mm small incision phacoemulsification cataract extraction and IOL implantation. The dry eye symptom(DES)score, break up time(BUT), Schirmer's Ⅰ test(SⅠt)and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS)score were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively.

RESULTS: At 10, 20 and 30d postoperatively, the DES score in two groups increased, the DES score of group B was significantly higher than those of group A and the differences were statistically significant(t=-9.501, -10.070,-7.961; all P<0.05). The BUT in two groups decreased after operations, and the BUT of group B was significantly lower than those of group A, the differences were statistically significant(t=3.110, 4.477, 4.331; all P<0.05). The SIt in two groups increased after operations, the SⅠt of group B was significantly higher than those of group A and the differences were statistically significant(t=-6.288, -4.012, -3.277; all P<0.05). The CFS score in two groups increased after operations, the CFS score of group B was significantly higher than those of group A and the differences were statistically significant(t=-11.672, -5.851, -4.677; all P<0.05). At 90d postoperatively, compared with the preoperative data, the DES score, BUT, SⅠt and CFS score in group A showed no statistically significant differences(t=1.290, 0.606, 0.559, 0.178; P>0.05). The DES score, BUT, SIt and CFS score in group B showed statistically significant differences(t=7.321, 4.071, 3.620, 4.214; all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Ocular surface has less damage and tear film has little influence at early stage after the coaxial 2.2mm micro incision phacoemulsmcation, compared with the conventional coaxial 3.0mm incision phacoemulsification surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To observe clinical effects of phacoemulsification cataract surgery and small incision cataract extraction surgery under low magnification compensation depth.

METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 869 cases(1 258 eyes)underwent cataract surgeries were taken, including 247 cases(432 eyes)with phacoemulsification, and 622 cases(826 eyes)with small incision cataract surgery. The patients' visual acuity, corneal endothelial counting, corneal edema and complications were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS:There was no significant difference between the two groups at postoperatively 1wk, 1mo on visual recovery and at 1d postoperatively on corneal edema(P>0.05). The loss of corneal endothelial after small incision cataract surgery was slightly better than that after the phacoemulsification(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:When the depth of surgical microscopes in the primary hospital is not clear enough, small incision extracapsular cataract extraction surgery and phacoemulsification will still be carried out under the low magnification compensation depth.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relation between vision function index and falls-related factors in patients with age-related cataract.

METHODS:Ninety-six patients with age-related cataract were interviewed using a seven-item visual function questionnaire(VF-7), then classified into poor, moderate, or good visual function group. The differences of the three groups on visual acuity, balance and mobility function, cognition, depressive symptoms, self-reported fear of falling were analyzed.

RESULTS:The patients in poor visual function group had older age, tendency to depression, was more afraid of falling, compared with groups with higher score in VF-7, and they had worse visual acuity, performed worse on all balance and mobility tests.

CONCLUSION:Poor visual function is related to worse visual acuity, weaker balance and mobility performance in patients with age-related cataract. The VF-7, as a simple and convenient self-reported method, can be used as a falling risk monitoring in patients with age-related cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the influence of glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels on macular retinal thickness after phacoemulsification in diabetic patients.

METHODS: one hundred and twenty one patients(160 eyes)underwent phacoemulsification were divided into normal control group(40 patients with 50 eyes)and diabetic group(81 cases with 110 eyes).The patients in the diabetic group was divided into two subgroups, low HbA1c group(HbA1c≤7.0%)and high HbA1c group(HbA1c>7.0%). All patients underwent optical coherence tomography(OCT)before and 1mo after cataract surgery to check foveal retinal thickness and total macular volume. The relation between HbA1c levels and macular retinal thickness was analyzed.

RESULTS: Foveal retinal thickness before and at 1mo after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes were thicker, compared with normal control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Foveal retinal thickness and total macular volume before and at 1mo after surgery in high HbA1c group were thicker than those in low HbA1c group, and differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Foveal retinal thickness before and at 1mo after surgery in low HbA1c group was thicker than those in normal control group, but the differences was not statistically significant(P>0.05). HbA1c and preoperative foveal retinal thickness(r=0.254,P<0.01), preoperative total macular volume(r=0.276, P<0.01), postoperative foveal retinal thickness(r=0.349, P<0.01), postoperative total macular volume(r=0.286, P<0.01)were positively correlated.

CONCLUSION: HbA1c and diabetic macular thickness after cataract surgery were positively correlated. If preoperative HbA1c is higher than 7.0% in diabetic patients with cataract, macular thickness should be actively followed up and giuen timely intervention, in order to protect visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety on phacoemulsification and small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery, providing better options for the treatment of cataract.

METHODS:The selected 98 patients(98 eyes)with age-related cataract were divided into treatment group and control group, according to different operative procedures, 49 patients(49 eyes)in each group. Patients in treatment group accepted phacoemulsification. Patients in control group were treated with small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Visual acuity, average value of corneal, astigmatism before and after surgeries, operation time and complications were analyzed.

RESULTS:The difference on corneal astigmatism between the 2 groups at 3mo after surgeries was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The visual acuity and corneal astigmatism at other time points after surgeries were better that those before surgeries, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The operation time, visual acuity, corneal astigmatism and complications of the 2 groups at different time points after surgeries had no statistically significant differences(P>0.05). If the hardness of lens nucleus was at grade Ⅰ～Ⅲ, the corneal endothelial cells counting of the 2 groups had no statistically significant differences(P>0.05). If the hardness of lens nucleus was at grade Ⅳ～Ⅴ, the corneal endothelial cells counting of the 2 groups had statistically significant differences(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Compared with phacoemulsification, the clinical application of small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery has equivalent effect. But to select the proper operation by the hardness of lens nucleus can improve the clinical efficacy.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the efficacy of the coaxial micro incision 2.2mm and 2.8mm in the phacoemulsification.

METHODS:The selected 362 patients(362 eyes)with age-related cataract were randomly divided into 2.2mm group(211 cases with 211 eyes)and 2.8mm group(151 cases with 151 eyes)in our hospital from July 2014 to March 2015.The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), refractive state and corneal endothelium counting were recorded preoperatively. The ultrasonic energy and ultrasonic emulsification time during operations were also recorded. The UCVA, BCVA, refractive state were recorded postoperatively at 1d, 1wk, 1mo and corneal endothelium counting was also recorded at 1wk and 1mo after operations.

RESULTS:The UCVA and BCVA were significantly improved compared with those preoperative in both groups. At 1wk postoperatively, the UCVA of 2.2mm group was significantly better compared with that of 2.8mm group(P<0.05). The corneal astigmatism in the 2.2mm group was less than that in the 2.8mm group at 1wk postoperatively(P<0.05). The corneal endothelium counting of the two groups decreased in different degrees postoperatively, but there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). There were no statistical difference between the two groups on the ultrasonic energy and the ultrasonic emulsification time either(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:With less injury, quicker recovery, better postoperative UCVA, small incision, coaxial 2.2mm micro incision phacoemulsification is a operation worth promotion.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab at perioperative period of compound trabeculectomy on iris neovascularization, intraocular pressure(IOP)for patients with neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS:Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, compound trabeculectomy and panretinal photocoagulation were given to 38 patients(38 eyes)with neovascular glaucoma, which could not be controlled by drugs, from January 2013 to January 2014 in Anyang Eye Hospital. Iris neovascularization, IOP and changes of visual acuity were observed before and after treatments. The patients were followed up for 6mo after treatments.

RESULTS: Seven days after intravitreal injection, 36 cases(94.74%)had complete regression of iris neovascularization. Two cases(5.26%)had regression of small blood vessels in the iris, a little thick blood vessels were remained. At 1mo after compound trabeculectomy, iris neovascularization in all patients were subsided; at 3mo after treatments, the iris neovascularization in 8 patients(21.05%)were performed again, and accepted intravitreal injection of ranibizumab again. Six months after the first treatments, all patients showed no iris neovascularization. The mean IOP before injection was 42.82±10.29mmHg. At 5d after the drug injection was 39.13±9.71mmHg. Before and after the drug injection, change of IOP was not statistically significant(q=2.65, P>0.05). At 1wk,1,3 and 6mo after compound trabeculectomy, IOP was 10.53±1.81mmHg, 10.11±1.73mmHg, 11.29±2.49mmHg, 12.58±3.01mmHg,which decreased significantly(q=23.15,23.46,22.61,21.68, all P<0.01)compared with that before injection. Compared with the IOP at 5d after compound trabeculectomy, the IOP at 1wk,1,3 and 6mo decreased significantly(q=20.51,20.81,19.96,19.04, all P<0.01). The success rate of compound trabeculectomy was 73.68%. Followed up for 6 mo, visual acuity in 24 cases(63.16%)improved and in 14 cases(36.84%)remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab at perioperative period of compound trabeculectomy can effectively improve the success rate of the surgeries and reduce risk of complications, and the effect is certainly safe.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect and safety of Ranibizumab intravitreal injection combined with laser photocoagulation in treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retina vein occlusion(BRVO).

METHODS:Forty-four patients(44 eyes)with macular edema secondary to BRVO were enrolled. Patients received intravitreal injection of ranibizumab(0.05mL/0.5mg)and laser photocoagulation(ranibizumab group)or laser photocoagulation alone(control group). Patients in ranibizumab group were given laser photocoagulation at 1mo after intravitreal injection. Then ranibizumab was given again if needed. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), slitlamp examination, fundus examination, non-contact tonometer examination and fundus fluorescein angiography were taken. All patients were followed up for 6mo. We analyzed the changes on BCVA,central macular thickness(CMT)before and 1,4,12 and 24wk after treatments, and related complications were recorded.

RESULTS:Outcomes are significantly better in ranibizumab group with reduced retinal thickness and improved visual acuity. In ranibizumab group, both visual acuity and CMT values were significantly better than those before treatments(visual acuity:t=5.781,7.496,7.341,7.836, all P=0.000; CMT:t=9.784,11.893,11.573,11.437, all P=0.000).In control group, the improvement on visual acuity was not significantly better than that before treatment at 1wk(t=2.130,P=0.053); while the improvement on visual acuity was significantly better at 4,12 and 24wk(t=3.524,6.429,6.922,P=0.04,0.000,0.000).The improvements on visual acuity after treatments in ranibizumab group were significantly better than those in control group at 1,4,12 and 24wk(t=2.604,3.223,3.303,3.296,P=0.015,0.03,0.04,0.03).CMT values after treatments in ranibizumab group were significantly better than those in contral group at 1,4,12 and 24wk(t=43.231,50.504,56.074,38.103,all P=0.000).No severe ocular and systematic side effect was found.

CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab combined with laser photocoagulation was effective and safe for macular edema secondary to BRVO.

Abstract:AIM:To retrospectively analyze clinical effect of laser therapy combined with or without Ranibizumab for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS:From August 2009 to February 2015, the data of 33 PDR patients(66 eyes)with only neovascular vessels(including the nipple or retina)without proliferative fiber membrane from retinal or vitreous hemorrhage was recorded and followed-up. Treatment 1: the pan-retinal laser photocoagulation by several times in 1mo were completed; treatment 2: patients were given intravitreal injection of ranibizumab at first, 5d later laser photocoagulation by several times, and the pan-retinal laser photocoagulation was completed in 1mo. All patients before and after laser treatment 1, 2, 3wk, 1, 2 and 3mo were followed-up on visual acuity(VA), intraocular pressure(IOP), fundus examination, type B ultrasound etc.

RESULTS:In the 33 patients with PDR, there were 16 males(32 eyes), 17 females(34 eyes), and aged 23～65 years old. The 18 patients(36 eyes)treated with treatment 1,had 10 eyes(28%)with VA<0.3, 20 eyes(56%)with VA 0.3～0.6, 6 eyes(17%)with VA 0.8～1.0; vitreous hemorrhage happened in 22 eyes(61%)during the treatments; macular edema happened or became worse in 10 eyes(28%). The 15 patients(30 eyes)treated with treatment 2,had 9 eyes(30%)with VA<0.3, 15 eyes(50%)with VA 0.3～0.6, 6 eyes(20%)with VA 0.8～1.0; vitreous hemorrhage happened in 6 eyes(20%)during the treatments; macular edema happened or became worse in 4 eyes(13%). The VA and other aspects between the two groups before treatments had no significant differences(P<0.05).After the two kinds of treatments, the difference on VA between the two groups was statistically significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab before laser photocoagulation can reduce the risk of complications, such as vitreous hemorrhage and macular edema. This treatment is an effective way for PDR patients with only neovascular vessels and without proliferative fiber membrane from retinal or vitreous hemorrhage, which can reduce the risk of complications, such as vitreous hemorrhage and macular edema, reduce the injury for patients' VA and improve the compliance in patients.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze and discuss the clinical effects of intravitreal ranibizumab for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

METHODS:The selected 120 patients(120 eyes)with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy from May 2012 to May 2015 in our hospital were divided into observation group and control group, according to the condition of the disease and the patients' will, 60 cases(60 eyes)in each group. The patients in two groups underwent preoperative ultrasound examination, ultrasound biomicroscopy, fundus photography, tonometry examination and some other ophthalmologic examination. All patients underwent vitrectomy. On this basis, patients in the observation group accepted injection of ranibizumab. The control group only accepted vitrectomy.

RESULTS:The effective rate of observation group was 80.0%, that of the control group was 61.7%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). IOP of the observation group was 14.96±3.53mmHg, LogMAR BCVA was 0.82±0.21 after treatments. IOP of the control group was 15.04±3.84mmHg, LogMAR BCVA was 1.05±0.22. There was no significant difference on IOP between the two groups(P>0.05). LogMAR BCVA of the two groups were different compared with those before the treatment and the difference of observation group was more significant(P <0.05). There were significant differences in the two groups after the treatment on concentration of inflammatory cytokines,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy is significant, worthy of promotion.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the difference of ocular surface between Resight non-contact wide-angle lens and conventional corneal contact lens in the patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)after phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation and vitrectomy.

METHODS: A retrospective cases-controlled study was designed.Ninety-six patients(96 eyes)with PDR and cataract were included in this study from January 2014 to December 2014 in Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.The 48 cases(48 eyes)in experiment group were treated with Resight non-contact wide-angle lens,the 48 cases(48 eyes)in control group with conventional corneal contact lens. Corneal thickness(CT), Schirmer's test(SⅠt),breaking-up time(BUT)and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS)were taken before operations and at 1d,1wk and 1mo after operations.

RESULTS: All indicators of the two groups had no significant differences preoperatively. Significant differences were found on CT value between the experiment group and control group as well as among 4 time points(F_time=748.355,P=0.000; F_group=27.196,P=0.000). The CT value of the control group increased obviously after surgeries, the differences were significant compared with preoperative(P<0.05). The SⅠt of the two groups among the 4 points were significantly different(F_time =571.094,P=0.000). The SⅠt of the two groups at 1d and 1wk were significantly different compared with those preoperative(P<0.05). The SⅠt of the two groups at 1mo postoperatively recovered to the same level as before surgeries. The BUT value between the two groups as well as among 4 time points were significantly different(F_time=843.122,P=0.000; F_group=24.664,P=0.000). The BUT decreased after surgeries and the differences were significant, compared with those before surgeries(P<0.05). The CFS value between the two groups as well as among 4 time points were significantly different(F_time =312.093,P=0.000; F_group=16.232,P=0.000). The CFS value after surgeries was higher than those before surgeries and the differences were significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Resight non-contact wide-angle lens has little influence on the ocular surface in the patients with PDR after phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation and vitrectomy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the safety and effectiveness of 25G micro-incision vitrectomy on vitreous hemorrhage.

METHODS:A retrospective review of 200 patients(208 eyes)who were diagnosed as vitreous hemorrhage through the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),intraocular pressure(IOP),examination of slit lamp, examination of the ocular fundus and B-mode ultrasongography from January 2012 to June 2014 was taken. All patients were treated by 25G micro-incision vitrectomy. At 1wk,1,3 and 6 mo after the surgeries, the BCVA was retrospectively observed. The changes of IOP, inflammatory reaction and the ocular fundus were observed.

RESULTS: The BCVA was light perception in 16 eyes, hand moving in 82 eyes,finger counting in 49 eyes, 0.01～0.09 in 38 eyes,0.1～0.2 in 23 eyes pre-operatively. At 6mo after operations,the BCVA were hand moving in 1 eyes, finger counting in 2 eyes,0.01～0.09 in 31 eyes, 0.1～0.2 in 29 eyes,>0.2 in 145 eyes. The BCVA of all patients kept stable or increased after operations and the difference before and after the operation was statistically significant(Z=-4.128, P=0.000). The pre-operative mean IOP was 15.29±3.62mmHg. The mean IOP was 13.67±4.93mmHg at 6mo after operations. There were 96 eyes(46.2%)due to diabetic retinopathy,37 eyes(17.8%)due to branch retinal vein obstruction,9 eyes(4.3%)due to central retinal vein obstruction,13 eyes(6.25%)due to retinal periphlebitis,13 eyes(6.25%)due to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV),5 eyes(2.4%)due to large retinal aneurys,19 eyes(9.1%)due to retinal hole,16 eyes(7.7%)due to Terson syndrome. Phacoemulcification was performed for 23 eyes(11.1%)during operations. There were 145 eyes(69.7%)with perfusion fluid,21 eyes(10.1%)with C₃F₈ gas tamponade,17 eyes(8.2%)with air tamponade,25 eyes(12.0%)with silicone oil tamponade. There were 12 eyes(5.8%)with transient hypotony, 8 eyes(3.8%)with increased IOP, 19 eyes(9.1%)with inflammation in anterior chamber, and 10 eyes(4.8%)with vitreous hemorrhage after the surgery. There were no ocular or systemic adverse events observed in other patients.

CONCLUSION: The 25G micro-incision vitrectomy is an effective and safe treatment for the patients with vitreous hemorrhage because of small injury, short operation time, quick recovery.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for high myopia on the stereopsis. To evaluate the implantation of implantable contact lens from the highest form of visual angle.

METHODS:Fourty-six patients(92 eyes)with high myopia were included from January to December 2014. The average age of patients was 26.13±3.37(19～32)years, and 20 males(43%)and 26 females(57%)were observed. Analysis the stereopsis of these patients before and after the implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens.

RESULTS:The mean spherical equivalent of all the eyes was 10.02±2.71D before and -0.02±0.25D after surgeries. There was significant difference on the spherical equivalent(t=14.062, P=0.000).There were 6 patients with the blind of near stereopsis, the near stereopsis of the rest patients were 637.50±462.08arcsec before the surgeries and there were none with the blind of near stereopsis after surgeries. The near stereopsis of all the patients were 126.09±165.78arcsec after surgeries. There were 12 patients with the blind of far stereopsis, the far stereopsis of the rest patients were 400.59±257.00arcsec before the surgeries. After surgeries there were 2 patients with the blind of far stereopsis, the far stereopsis of the rest patients were 152.73±111.65arcsec. There were both significant differences on the near stereopsis(Z=-5.725, P=0.000)and the far stereopsis(Z=-4.976,P=0.000)before and after surgeries.

CONCLUSION:Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation not only correct the ametropic of the high myopia, but also improve the visual acuity and the stereopsis.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical characteristics and distribution of pathogens in patients with fungal keratitis and to provide evidence for diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

METHODS:The clinical data of 98 cases(98 eyes)with fungal keratitis from January 2012 to July 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS:The main cause for fungal keratitis was corneal injury by plants. The inappropriate use of contact lenses and glucocorticoids therapy were the next cause. Almost all of the patients had hyphae moss, pseudopodia, immune ring, and satellite signs. A few of patients had endothelial plaque and anterior chamber empyema. The majority pathogens of fungal keratitis was Fusarium spp(73.5%),followed by Aspergillus spp(13.2%),Candida spp(9.2%)and others(4.1%).Sixty-five patients(65 eyes)treated with 5% natamycin were cured. The condition of 15 patients was improved. Eighteen patients were invalid, in which 13 patients became better and 5 patients became worse after voriconazole was added into the therapy, leading to amniotic membrance cover in 3 patients and eyeball removal in 2 patients at last.

CONCLUSION:Fusarium genus is the predominant pathogen for fungal keratitis in Jingzhou. Natamycin can be used as the preferred drug for the prevention and treatment for fungal keratitis. The clinicians should pay attention to the fungal keratitis, in order to early diagnosis and timely treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the changes of postoperative dry eye and tear-film after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(femto LASIK)or sub-Bowman's keratomileusis(SBK).

METHODS:Two hundred and twenty patients(440 eyes)accepted the refractive surgery from January to September 2013 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Two hundred and fifty-two eyes in 126 patients were performed with femto-LASIK, and 188 eyes in 94 cases were performed with SBK. The changes on corneal fluorescence staining(FL), tear film break-up time(BUT), and Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt)were obtained preoperatively, 1, 3 and 6mo postoperatively.

RESULTS:There were significant difference between femo-LASIK and SBK on FL at 1mo postoperatively(P<0.05), and no significant differences at 3 and 6mo postoperatively(P>0.05). At 1wk and 1mo postoperatively, the differences on BUT between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05), and no significant differences at 3 and 6mo postoperatively(P>0.05). At 1wk,1 and 3mo postoperatively, the differences on SⅠt between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference at 6mo postoperatively on SⅠt between the two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Both patients treated by femto-LASIK or SBK have dry eye after surgeries in early stage.However, tear-film function in femto-LASIK group recovers faster than that in SBK group.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effects of Bigbag and Rayner620H intraocular lens in cataract surgeries in high myopia patients.

METHODS:Seventy-seven patients(128 eyes)were treated by phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation from January 2014 to March 2015 in our hospital. Thirty-nine patients(65 eyes)were treated with Bigbag intraocular lens, 38 cases(63 eyes)were treated with Rayner620H. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)distribution, the actual refractive value, the difference between predictive refractive value and actual refractive value and complications were measured and recorded in the two groups at 1mo after surgeries.

RESULTS:The difference between the two groups on BCVA are statistically significant(P<0.05), compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The differences between predictive refractive value and actual refractive value of the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The numbers of patients with shadow fluttering, posterior capsule opacification and wrinkling in Bigbag group were less than those in the Rayner620H group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The effect of Bigbag intraocular lens for patients with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation is good, and it can reduce the risk of complications.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect and safety of implantable collamer lens(ICL/TICL)for correctiong high myopia.

METHODS:The 160 cases with 310 eyes accepted ICL/TICL from October 2010 to June 2014 in our hospital were involved in the study. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), refractive state, intraocular pressure(IOP), corneal endothelial counting and complications were analyzed.

RESULTS:The visual acuity and refractive error were significantly improved and the improvement remained stable. The postoperative UCVA was >0.8 in 86% eyes. No decline of BCVA was observed with 11% increased by 1 line and 68% increased ≥2 lines. The actual refractive state of 96% eyes was ±1.00D around the expected degree. The IOP in 14 eyes increased, but was below 28mmHg at 1h after surgeries. One eye was performed intraocular lens implantation and lens extraction after the lens injury. There were 1 eye with rotation, 3 retinal detachments, and 1 macular hemorrhage after surgeries.

CONCLUSION: ICL/TICL implantation to correct high myopia is effective and safe with high satisfaction, and is worthy of promotion. Its long-term complications need further observation.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab for macular edema after cataract surgeries, providing clinical reference for the safety and efficacy of treatments.

METHODS:Ninety-two patients(92 eyes)diagnosed as macular edema were chosen for the study in the department of ophthalmology from March 2012 to March 2014 in our hospital. They were divided into two groups according to different intravitreal injection drugs, the triamcinolone acetonide group with 44 cases(44 eyes)and the bevacizumab group with 48 cases(48 eyes). They were followed up for 9mo after surgeries, and the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), the mean central retinal thickness, macular capillary angiographic results and intraocular pressure(IOP)were compared between the two groups at the same time points.

RESULTS:The BCVA of the two groups were both improved postoperatively, but there was no significant differences between the groups in the followed up for 9mo(P>0.05). By repeated measures analysis of variance, there was no significant difference on the central retinal macular thickness between the two groups(P>0.05). The differences on the central retinal macular thickness between the preoperative and each time point postoperative in the triamcinolone acetonide group were statistically significant(t=9.16,8.27,5.44,5.87,4.62, P<0.05), and the central retinal thickness at each time point postoperative was lower than that preoperative in the bevacizumab group, and the differences were statistically significant(t=8.11,5.12,4.16,3.27,2.88, P<0.05).Seven patients had increased IOP in the triamcinolone acetonide group, and became glaucoma, but there was no ocular abnormalities in the bevacizumab group.

CONCLUSION:Triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab can improve visual acuity and capillary leakage in patients with macular edema, but bevacizumab which can not cause increased IOP, can prevent other complications, with more security.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of different corneal incisions on corneal astigmatism and visual acuity in patients treated by cataract surgeries and to improve the visual quality after cataract surgeries.

METHODS:Totally 96 patients with cataract who were going to take phacoemulsification and intracular lens(IOL)implantation were selected.They were randomly divided into group A and group B, 48 patients(48 eyes)in each group and both were comparability. Patients in group A were treated with corneal incision on the temporal side if the right eye was the affected one, or on the nasal side if the left eye was affected. Patients in group B were treated with axial corneal incisions on the radial direction determined by the maximum curvature of the cornea.

RESULTS:The difference of visual acuity between two groups at 1wk, 1,3mo after surgeries was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Corneal astigmatism of group A at 1wk and 1mo after surgeries were 4.03±0.41, 3.72±0.35D, respectively, and those of group B were 2.96±0.38, 1.29±0.15D, which were increased compared to those before surgeries. The post-operative corneal astigmatism of group A were significant higher than those of group B(P<0.05). At 3mo after surgeries, the difference of corneal astigmatism between the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The most common axis of the two groups preoperatively was astigmatism against the rule. At 1wk after surgeries, astigmatism with the rule increased, and the difference of astigmatism with the rule before and after surgeries was significant(P<0.05). The astigmatism with the rule decreased, astigmatism against the rule increased at 1 and 3mo after surgeries, which approximated that before surgeries. The differences of astigmatic axis between the two groups at different time points were not significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The transparent corneal phacoemulsification incision in the cornea astigmatism maximum radial direction can effectively reduce early postoperative astigmatism, but has little effect on long-term corneal astigmatism and visual acuity. If the conditions permit, doctors can create the corneal incision this way. But considering the increased complexity of the surgery, this is little meaningful.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze and discuss the effect of phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation on the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS:Eighty patients with angle-closure glaucoma in our hospital were selected. The therapeutic plans were determined by the patients and the clinical symptoms. They were divided into observation group(n=40)and control group(n=40). Patients in observation group were treated by micro incision phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation(blue light filtering aspheric intraoeular lens-AcrySof IQ IOL). Patients in control group were treated by compound trabeculectomy.

RESULTS:The visual acuity of observation group was 0.71±0.17 after treatments, intraocular pressure(IOP)was 9.98±3.23mmHg. Visual acuity of the control group was 0.46±0.16, IOP was 14.1±3.83mmHg. Visual acuity and IOP of observation group were statistically significant than those of control group(t=6.77,5.21 respectively, P<0.05).The postoperative complication rate was 8% in observation group, the control group was 12%. All patients recovered well after treatments for the complications. The difference of complication rate between the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation is effective on the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma, and does not increase the complication risk, which deserves clinical promotion.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis for chronic angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

METHODS:Fifty eyes in 50 patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma and cataract, but without complications underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation, combined with goniosynechialysis. All patients were followed up for 3mo. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP), anterior chamber depth and angle were recorded and compared between pre-operation and post-operation. The results were showed by means plus or subtracting deviation standard. The BCVA, IOP, anterior chamber depth and angle were analysed by t test.

RESULTS:The best corrected visual acuity at 3mo after operations was significantly higher than that before operations(t=8.76, P=0.001). The IOP at 3mo after operations was 15.63±3.11mmHg and was significantly lower than that(45.12±5.30mmHg)before operations(t=6.27, P=0.000). The anterior chamber depth at 3mo after operations was 3.57±0.02mm, and was significantly deeper than that(1.43±0.25mm)before operations(t=8.16, P=0.001). Compared with preoperative anterior chamber angle, those after operations were wider(Z=-4.432,P=0.000; Z=-2.432,P=0.016; Z=-4.379,P=0.000; Z=-4.538,P=0.000).

CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis is safe and effective for chronic angle-closure glaucoma with cataract, which can control IOP and improve the visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the value of preoperative OCT on evaluating the visual acuity after operations in patients with idiopathic macular epiretinal membranes(IMEM).

METHODS:Eighty patients(81 eyes)were divided into complete and incomplete group by the conditions of preoperative OCT examination showed retinal layers. All the patients were given vitrectomy and macular membrane peeling, 12wk after operations all patients were examined again. The results were compared.

RESULTS:Preoperative OCT revealed that the improved degree of visual acuity after operations in incomplete group in which the outer retinal structure was not complete was better than that in complete group in which the outer retinal structure was complete before operations. The average LogMAR BCVA of incomplete group improved from 0.81±0.42 to 0.45±0.27. The visual acuity of complete group didn't show significant change after operations. The average LogMAR BCVA of complete group improved from 0.41±0.19 to 0.35±0.22. The visual acuity of all patients after operations were improved to a certain extent. The average postoperative LogMAR BCVA was 0.42±0.14. The average central fovea thickness(CFT)became 387.08±108.35μm. The above projects had significant differences after statistical analysis(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Preoperative OCT in patients with IMEM has the value to predict postoperative visual acuity, and has optimistic clinical effect on whether or not to choose the operation.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of Nd:YAG laser on vitreous floaters.

METHODS:According to the criteria of the study,the 35 eyes of 35 patients with floaters determined by slitlamp with front mirror and type B ultrasound scan were enrolled.The Nd:YAG laser was used to destroy the vitreous floaters in order to make them easier to be absorbed. The changes of vitreous floaters, visual acuity, IOP, the results of slitlamp examination, type B ultrasound scan and complications were observed before and after the treatments several times.

RESULTS:There were 11 eyes with high or moderate myopia in the 35 eyes. In all patients,the spotted vision improved respectively 2h after the laser procedure.After Nd:YAG laser treatment,the spotted vision disappeared in 3 eyes(9%)within 24h,and in 11 eyes(31%)within 7d, and in 27 eyes(77%)within 30 d, and the effective rate was 77% after 30d.The second laser treatment performed 7d after the first laser treatment in 2 eyes(6%).There was no significant difference on efficacy between patients with low myopia and with high or moderate myopia. The treatment effect in patients with low myopia was better than that in patients with moderate or high myopia 30d after treatments(P<0.05). No complication occured in or after the treatments.

CONCLUSION:The Nd:YAG laser can destroy the vitreous floaters, make them easier to be absorbed and obviously improve the visual acuity, which is a effective way to treat vitreous floaters. Careful case selection may decrease the complication risk.

Abstract:AIM: To study the reliability of visual electrophysiological examination(pattern visual evoked potentials, P-VEP),visual field,fundus photography and optical coherence tomography(OCT)to patients with optic neuritis.

METHODS: Visualelectrophysiological examination, visual field, fundus photography and OCT were used in 75 cases(103 eyes). The results of the positive rate of P-VEP, visual field examination,fundus photography and OCT were used to analyze the correlation.

RESULTS: In 75 cases(103 eyes), the P-VEP successfully acquired positive case images in 78 eyes(75.7%), no obvious abnormal in 25 eyes(24.3%). Fundus photography successfully acquired positive case images in 89 eyes(86.4%), no obvious abnormal in 14 eyes(13.6%). Visual field examination successfully acquired positive case images in 85 eyes(82.5%), no obvious abnormal in 18 eyes(17.5%). OCT successfully acquired positive case images in 97 eyes(94.2%), no obvious abnormal in 6 eyes(5.8%).

CONCLUSION: Visual electrophysiological detection, visual field examination, fundus photography and OCT can predict the visual acuity in patients with optic neuritis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate clinical efficacy of loratadine and diclofenac sodium eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis and to improve the outcomes of patients with allergic conjunctivitis.

METHODS: The selected 154 patients(158 eyes)with allergic conjunctivitis were randomly divided into control group and observation group, 77 patients(79 eyes )in each group. Patients in control group were treated with loratadine. Patients in observation group were treated with diclofenac sodium eye drops besides loratadine. Scores on symptoms and physical signs of two groups were compared and clinical efficacy of two group was evaluated and compared.

RESULTS: Before treatments, the scores on symptoms and physical signs of two groups were not significantly different(P>0.05). After treatments,the scores of observation group on eye itching, tearing, photophobia, burning sensation and foreign body sensation were respectively 1.03±0.10, 0.83±0.10, 0.62±0.06, 0.80±0.05 and 1.10±0.09score. The scores on conjunctival congestion and edema, secretions, nipple-like follicular on palpebral conjunctiva, limbus change, corneal epithelial changes as well as eyelid and periocular edema of observation group were respectively 0.95±0.08,0.63±0.05,1.32±0.13,0.67±0.06,0.72±0.06, 0.55±0.04score.All the aspects mentioned above were lower in observation group than in control group and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The effective rate and total effective rate of control group were 30.48% and 68.4% respectively, those of observation group were 50.6% and 86.1%, the differences of the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Systemic treatment of loratadine combined with local treatment of diclofenac sodium eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis can relieve the clinical signs and symptoms better, make the treatment more effective with easy drug administration, which is an effective treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical effect of pterygium excision combined with autologous conjunctiva graft containing corneal limbal stem cells to seal the clearance between conjunctiva and Tenon capsule for the treatment of pterygium.

METHODS:Totally 128 eyes of 110 cases underwent pterygium excision with the operation mentioned above. The recovery of corneal epithelium and the recurrence of pterygium were observed after surgeries.

RESULTS:The cases were followed up for 12 or 24mo and the pterygium recurrence rate was 2.3% and 3.9% respectively. Corneal epithelium recovered within 2～3d. There were not any complications.

CONCLUSION:Pterygium excision combined with autologous conjunctiva graft containing corneal limbal stem cells to seal the clearance between conjunctiva and Tenon capsule has reliable curative effect and the autologous grafts can be easily obtained. This method can significantly reduce recurrence of pterygium and make the appearance and position of lacrimal caruncles normal. It can decrease postoperative inflammation and improve postoperative recovery. It is an ideal method for pterygium treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and characteristics of silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation and epidural catheter for repairing the traumatic lacrimal rupture.

METHODS:Retrospective case study. Sixty-two cases(62 eyes)with traumatic lacrimal rupture were involved in the study from January 2009 to December 2013. Thirty-two cases(32 eyes)were treated with silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation, 30 cases(30 eyes)with epidural catheter. All cases were underwent anastomosis surgery successfully after having searched for the broken ends of canaliculus by operation microscope. The operation time, postoperative reaction, efficacy, complications and so on were retrospectively analyzed between two methods.

RESULTS:The operation time of silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation group was 55～120(85.17±15.05)min and epidural catheter group was 30～70(49.83±10.71)min. Four cases(12.5%)in silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation group happened postoperative anastomotic inflammation in 1wk and 24 cases(80%)happened in epidural catheter group. Thirty-one cases(97%)in silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation group and 26 case(87%)in epidural catheter group were anastomosed successfully 1wk after the stents was removed. At 6mo after surgeries, in silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation group, 2 cases(6%)were accompanied by lower eyelid ectropion and 1 case(3%)were accompanied by lacrimal puncta laceration. And in epidural catheter group, 10 cases(33%)were accompanied by lower eyelid ectropion and 5 case(17%)were accompanied by lacrimal puncta laceration.

CONCLUSION:A good result can be obtained by using the silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation and epidural catheter for repairing the traumatic lacrimal rupture. But in silicone tube double-passage annular lacrimal intubation group, postoperative reaction is lighter and complications can be less. In epidural catheter group, postoperative reaction is heavy and complications are more.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect and safety of mitomycin C(MMC)applied to nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for chronic dacryocystitis.

METHODS:Selecting 297 patients(328 eyes)who were diagnosed as chronic dacryocystitis from July 2012 to June 2015 in our hospital, in which 266 patients were monocular and 31 were binocular. And then dividing them into two groups, 166 patients(166 eyes)in treatment group,and there were 162 patients(162 eyes)in control group. If the patient was binocular, each eye was selected in treatment group or control group randomly. The surgical procedures of nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy combined with nasolacrimal duct stent placement, were used in both groups, and MMC with the concentration of 0.2mg/mL was applied topically to the treatment group, while the control group was treated without MMC. All cases were followed up for 3 to 36mo, observed for clinical effect and safety.

RESULTS:One hundred and twenty-one eyes were cured, 37 were improved and 8 were failed in the treatment group of 166 eyes, total effective rate was 95.18%. While in the control group, 103 eyes were cured, 36 were improved and 23 were failed in 162 eyes, total effective rate was 85.80%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: MMC applied to nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for chronic dacryocystitis allows less tissue injury, effectively reduces cicatricial adhesion and hyperplasia of granulation tissue after operations on nasal cavity and enhance the success rate of the operations, which is a simple, safe and effective treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of laser therapy combined with disposable lacrimal recanalization catheter(RS model)or dilating lacrimal drainage tube(nasolacrimal canal)for lacrimal duct obstruction in different parts.

METHODS:Form January 2011 to December 2013 in our hospital, 548 patients(657 eyes)with lacrimal duct obstruction were selected. In these patients, 236 patients(298 eyes)with canalicular(or lacrimal duct)obstruction undergone KTP laser combined with RS model disposable lacrimal recanalization catheter; 312 patients(359 eyes)with nasolacrimal duct obstruction undergone KTP laser therapy combined with dilating lacrimal drainage tube. The irrigation of lacrimal passage was sustained. The ducts were removed at 3mo after operations. The condition of lacrimal passage irrigating and the self-reported epiphora at 3mo after tubes removed were taken as evaluating standard.

RESULTS:There were 248 eyes with canalicular(or lacrimal duct)obstruction treated by KTP laser combined with RS duct cured, 33 eyes becoming better, 17 eyes ineffective; there were 301 eyes with nasolacrimal duct obstruction treated by KTP laser combined with dilating lacrimal drainage tube cured, 19 eyes becoming better, 39 eyes ineffective. The total efficiency rate was 91.5%.

CONCLUSION:Patients with lacrimal passage obstruction should be treated with individualized therapy. Laser therapy combined with different silicone tube implantation for lacrimal duct obstruction in different parts is effective and can be used as the preferred method for patient with lacrimal passage obstruction in primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect and safety of endoscopic common canaliculus opening operation for lacrimal sac anastomotic occlusion, in order to guide the clinical application.

METHODS:Retrospective clinical study. Sixty-six patients(70 eyes)with lacrimal sac anastomotic occlusion were selected as the research subjects. All patients were treated by endoscopic common canaliculus opening operation. The post-operation follow-up lasted for 3～24mo. Subjective feelings of patients were recorded through the collection of clinical data, out-patient follow-up and telephone follow-up. The operation effect and complications were observed, as well as the effect of treatment on complications. Meanwhile, the data was analyzed for evaluating the clinical efficacy of endoscopic common canaliculus opening operation.

RESULTS:Epiphora was disappeared or obviously improved in 68 eyes(97%), with lacrimal irrigating fluently and no obstacle. The post-operative complications included:51 eyes(73%)with foreign body sensation in inner canthus, 22 eyes(31%)with foreign body sensation in the nose occasionally, 4 eyes(6%)with granulation tissue proliferation at the opening of common canaliculus, 16 eyes(23%)with localized congestion of the bulbar conjunctiva, and 3 eyes(4%)with lacrimal drainage tube out.

CONCLUSION: Endoscopic common canaliculus opening operation can treat the lacrimal sac anastomotic occlusion. This operation is characterized by high success rate, less complications, safe and efficient, and it is worth clinical promotion.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the location of the obstruction and the condition of mucosa in the patients who suffered from the lacrimal duct obstruction diseases(LDOD)through lacrimal endoscopy.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 244 patients(275 eyes)from Department of Ophthalmology in Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from June 1^st 2010 to June 1^st 2012 were taken. All the patients were examined by lacrimal endoscopy and the results we observed were analyzed.

RESULTS:The age of the patients was 9～82(average 41.3)year old. There were 210 females with 230 eyes(83.6%)and 34 males with 45 eyes(16.4%); gender of eyes: 102 cases(41.8%)were left eyes, 111 cases(45.5%)were right eyes and 31 cases(12.7%)were binocular( in the 31 cases, the eye with more severe epiphora and pyorrhea was examined ). In all the 244 patients with 275 eyes, there were 2 eyes in 2 cases(0.7%)with the upper canaliculus obstructions, 13 eyes in 13 cases(4.7%)the lower canaliculus obstructions, 22 eyes in 19 cases(8%)with the general lacrimal passage obstructions, 186 eyes in 164 cases(67.6%)with the nasolacrimal duct obstructions, 52 eyes in 46 cases(18.9%)with combined parts obstructions. The mucosa conditions of each lacrimal passage were different, for example, hyperemia, hemorrhage, fibrous membranes, and cicatrisation and so on. But hyperemia was the most common at ones lacrimal canaliculus and lacrimal sac, and fibrous membrane was the most common one at nasolacrimal duct..

CONCLUSION: We can observe the obstructive locations and mucosa condition of the lacrimal passage through lacrimal endoscopy, and it plays an important role in the examination and further treatment of the LDOD.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical efficay and patients' satisfaction of layered suture and conventional suture contrastively in lower eyelid trichiasis correction operation.

METHODS:Sixty-nine patients(138 eyes)with congenital lower eyelid trichiasis in our hospital from June 2014 to January 2015 were treated with skin-orbicularis resection. According to the different incision suture,69 patients were divided into two groups, observation group(35 patients with 70 eyes)and control group(34 patients with 68 eyes). Patients in observation group accepted layered suture,those in control group accepted conventional suture. The follow up lasted for 6mo for all patients. The efficacy and patients' satisfaction for surgery were evaluated at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. We compare the changes between the groups by χ² test and Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS:At 1wk,1 and 6mo postoperatively,the cure rate of observation group was 98.57%, the rate of patients' satisfaction were 68.12%,97.10%,98.55% respectively. The cure rate of control group was 98.53%, the rate of patients' satisfaction were 14.93%,56.72%,88.06%. Cure rates had no significant difference at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively between the two groups(P>0.05). The rates of patients' satisfaction had significant differences at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively(P<0.05). Patients' satisfaction of the observation group was stable at 1wk postoperatively, that of the control group was improved obviously during the follow-ups.

CONCLUSION:On the treatment for congenital lower eyelid trichiasis, layered suture not only cure trichiasis, but also significantly improve the patients' satisfaction at early state after surgeries.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of pranoprofen and sodium hyaluronate for dry eye, and to provide the reference for clinical treatment of dry eye.

METHODS: From January 2012 to January 2015 inour hospital, 106 patients with dry eye were tested and observed. In accordance with the number table, patients were divided into observation group and control group, 53 patients in the control group using conventional treatment plus single sodium hyaluronate eye drops, observation group using pranoprofen combined sodium hyaluronate eye drops, besides conventional treatment. Clinical outcomes between the two groups before and after treatments, dry eye score, fluorescein staining score, Schirmer I test and tear film break up time(BUT)were observed and analyzed.

RESULTS:The effective rates of the two groups were 94.3%(50/53)and 84.9%(45/53). Dry eye score of observation group before and after treatment were 3.24±0.52 and 0.32±0.06points, those of the control group were 3.26±0.48 and 0.75±0.24points. BUT of the experimental group before and after treatments were 5.67±3.052 and 12.95±2.865s, those of the control group were 6.23±2.985 and 9.85±2.714s.The differences between the two groups on the indicators above were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The combination of pranoprofen and sodium hyaluronate for the treatment of dry eye is effective, with high security and water holding capacity, which can improve the symptoms of dry eye and the patients' life quality.

Abstract:AIM:To measure fundamental secretion of tears in young and middle-aged people with Han nationality in Xi'an, and the fundamental secretion of tears in the same samples after they inhabited in 4 300 meter region for 1mo, in order to provide the foundation for further research on prevention and interventions of dry eye in crowd from plain to high altitude region.

METHODS:The 43 normal volunteers with 86 eyes were conducted with the Schirmer test to hang the test paper at 1/3 eyelid margin. The length of stained test paper was measured after 5min. After 1mo the volunteers lived in high altitude region, the same test was conducted binocularly.

RESULTS:The length of stained test paper in young and middle-aged people with Han nationality was 14.21±3.32mm in Xi'an. And then significantly increased to 20.10±6.62mm after 1mo they lived in high altitudes region.

CONCLUSION:There is significant difference of fundamental secretion of tears between the people in Xi'an and those in other areas. Also there is significant difference of fundamental secretion of tears in people before and after living in Plateau.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the refractive state and explore the epidemiologic feature of children with ametropic amblyopia.

METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed 708 children(1 416 eyes)with amblyopia from January 2012 to December 2013 in Special Department of Strabismus and Amblyopic and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology in our hospital, who were diagnosed as ametropic amblyopia and accepted centrally comprehensive training. The refractive state were given epidemiologic analyze.

RESULTS: In the 708 cases(1 416 eyes), there were 190 eyes with hyperopia(13.42%),612 eyes with hyperopia astigmatism(43.22%),18 eyes with myopia(1.27%),134 eyes with myopia astigmatism(9.46%),462 eyes with mixed astigmatism(32.63%). The distributions of refractive state in children at different age were different, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Amblyopia caused by refrative error were mostly mild and moderate(1 276 eyes,90.11%),while the hyperopic astigmatism was predominate in children with severe amblyopia(82 eyes, 5.79%). The astigmatism was mainly with the rule(1 046 eyes, 86.59%).

CONCLUSION: Hyperopia ametropia and mixed astigmatism are the main types of refractive errors in amblyopia children. The level of amblyopia is related to refractive state and astigmatism axial.