Abstract:AIM:To study vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), pigment epithelium derived factor(PEDF)and hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)expression in retinal and serum in ozone-treated streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to determine the possible efficacy of ozone therapy for diabetic retinopathy(DR).

METHODS:Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Group A(n=10)received a normal diet, diabetic molding established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ(50mg/ml), then divided into three groups, group B without any intervene; and groups C and D given oxygen and ozone clyster treatment respectively, twice per week for 1mo. Retina and blood were taken under general anesthesia. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)methods were used to study retinal and serum VEGF, HIF-1α and PEDF expression.

RESULTS:VEGF occurred mostly in the inner layer of the retina; the difference of VEGF in the retina among each group has statistical difference(F=23.923; P=0.000); in which, group D closer to group A, but still has statistical difference(P<0.05); there is no difference between group B and C(P>0.05)except for no difference between group A and D(P>0.05), others as same result as retinal VEGF expression.HIF-1α expression decreased in ozone-treated rats(group D)compared with control group(P<0.05); the difference between group A and groups B and C was significant(P<0.05), and the difference between groups B and C with no statistical difference(P>0.05). Overall, PEDF expression was lower than VEGF and HIF-1α, and groups A and D showed more expression than groups B and C, but the differences were not significant(P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: Ozone administration can reduce the VEGF and HIF-1α expression and ozone may have potential uses in its treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification(phaco)parameters in micropulse phaco-tecnology with chamber stabilization environment(CASE)and increased control and efficiency(ICE)mode on central foveal thickness(CFT)changes after uneventful cataract surgery in normal and diabetic patients without retinopathy.

METHODS: In this prospective study a total of 120 patients consist of 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a diabetic group(DG)without retinopathy and 60 normal subjects as a control group(CG)who underwent uneventful phaco were evaluated. Intraoperative phacoemulsification parameters including phaco time(PT), and effective phaco time(EPT)were recorded. The CFT measurements were performed preoperatively, at 1 and 3mo postoperatively. The CFT differences were calculated in each exam.

RESULTS:The mean PT in DG was 1.40±0.43min and it was 1.44±0.32min in CG, the difference was not significant(P=0.85). The mean EPT was 20.12±8.82s and 19.24±9.02s in DG and CG respectively which was statistically insignificant(P=0.964). The mean preoperative CFT was 218.4±12.0 μm in DG and 222.1±16.6 μm in CG which was not statistically different(P=0.168). The mean increment of CFT in DG was 30.3±37.2 μm at 1mo postoperatively, while it was 13.1±12.5 μm in CG. Even the CFT increments were significant in both groups at 1mo postoperatively, it was statistically higher in DG than that of CG(P=0.001). The average CFT increment at 3mo postoperatively comparing to preoperative level was 12.5±12.4 μm and 4.6±9.7 μm in DG and CG respectively. The increment of CFT was significantly higher in DG than that of CG(P=0.00). But the comparison of the mean CFTs changes from postoperative 1mo and 3mo in both DG and CG, significant decrements were observed in each group(P=0.00 and P=0.03 respectively).

CONCLUSION: The significant increment of CFT following uneventful phaco. With the similar phaco parameters were observed in both normal and diabetic subjects. The CFT changes were higher in DG than that of CG but fortunately these were mostly subclinical and optic coherence tomography(OCT)based changes and regressed or disappeared after 3mo postoperatively therefore not require immediate treatment in both group.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the physiological asymmetry of retinal parameters with cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography(Cirrus HD-OCT)in healthy young adults.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study we included 146 normal young adults. Bilateral eyes retinal parameters such as retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head and macula were assessed with OCT and mean differences for all parameters were established by subtracting the values of left eye from the right eye parameters and evaluated by paired sample t-test. Interocular differences were evaluated and cut off points at 2.5^th and 97.5^th percentiles were produced. Retinal parameters were correlated. Effects of gender and blood pressure on retinal parameters were evaluated by regression analysis.

RESULTS:Average retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness was not statistically significant(+0.7 μm, P=0.09). Significant thickness was present in temporal quadrant(+2.51 μm, P=0.02), nasal quadrant(+2.50 μm, P=0.04), clock hours 2/10(+5.85 μm, P=0.002), 3/9(+3.20 μm, P=0.005), 11/1(+3.80 μm, P=0.024), average(-0.034 μm, P=0.013)and vertical cup-to-disc ratio(-0.028 μm, P=0.008), macular inner nasal quadrant(+7.76 μm, P=0.003)in right eyes. Superior quadrant was significantly thicker in left eyes(-2.40 μm, P=0.03). Cut-off values for average RNFL and macular thicknesses were 11.00 μm and 18.00 μm, respectively. Bilateral eyes have moderate interocular correlation(0.41-0.6)for retinal parameters and not correlated with gender and blood pressure(P<0.05 regression). The interocular differences in average RNFL and macular thickness of normal adults should not exceed 11 μm and 18 μm, respectively, if measured with Cirrus HD-OCT.

CONCLUSION: Asymmetry in retinal parameters exists in healthy eyes and provides valuable assessments in diagnosing retinopathies at early stage.

Abstract:AIM: To document the ophthalmological findings and visual outcomes for shaken baby syndrome(SBS)patients who had lens-sparing vitrectomy(LSV)for non-resolving premacular and vitreous hemorrhages obscuring the macula.

METHODS: A retrospective review and statistical analysis of ophthalmological and demographic data of patients admitted with SBS from 2010 to 2012 was done. Patients with premacular and vitreous hemorrhage obscuring the macula who underwent LSV were included as subjects. Paired samples t-test was used to compare means, categorical data was analysed using Fisher's exact test and Pearson Chi-squared test. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS: Thirty two subjects were recruited with a mean age of 5.09±1.96mo. Twenty one(65.6%)subjects had visual acuity of no light perception at presentation. Subjects with poorer initial visual acuity had larger pupil sizes(P=0.021)and most of them had neurosurgical intervention(P=0.027). The mean duration to perform LSV was 28.56±20.83d. Our vitrectomy complication rate was 4.26%. Post-operatively, 26(80%)subjects had vision of light perception or better, the spherical equivalent was significantly more myopic(P=0.001).

CONCLUSION: Prompt ophthalmological assessment is vital to ensure optimum visual rehabilitation in SBS patients. With low complication rates, early surgical intervention with LSV represents a promising option for non-resolving intraocular hemorrhages obscuring the macula in SBS.

Abstract:AIM:To study the outcomes of ReLEx^® small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)for correction of myopia or myopic astigmatism in terms of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, aberrations, and dry eye.

METHODS: In this prospective, non-randomized clinical study, done at Nethradhama Super Speciality Eye Hospital, a total of 600 eyes that met the inclusion criteria underwent a thorough preoperative examination, including corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), contrast sensitivity, aberrometry, and dry eye assessment. VisuMax femtosecond laser system was used to perform SMILE. Patients were followed up on 1, 15d and 3mo. Pre and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), CDVA, aberrations, dry eye, and contrast sensitivity during 3mo of follow-up were recorded. Data analysis was done with the help of a computer using SPSS for Windows Software(version 17.0, SPSS, Inc., New York, USA). A paired t-test was used to test the significance of difference between quantitative variables and Yate's Chi-square test for qualitative variables. P value less than 0.05 denoted a significant relationship.

RESULTS: The study enrolled 600 eyes of 305 patients, of which 10 patients underwent SMILE in 1 eye only due to anisometropia. At 3mo, 98.83% of eyes had attained a UCVA of 20/20 or better. No patient had a loss of CDVA, and 37 eyes(6.17%)showed a gain in 1 line in postoperative CDVA. Postoperative induction of coma and spherical aberrations was minimal. Contrast sensitivity reduced immediate postoperatively(P<0.001)but showed improvement by 3mo, especially at lower spatial frequencies(P=0.43, 0.47, 0.46)

CONCLUSION:Our results demonstrate the high refractive accuracy and safety of ReLEx^® SMILE for the treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Increase in postoperative dryness and aberrations, both accepted drawbacks of any corneal refractive surgery were observed, while decrease in contrast sensitivity was insignificant at lower spatial frequencies.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of recombinant canstatin proteins with different concentration on the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2(TIMP-2)in mice with corneal alkali burn.

METHODS: Sixty BALB/c mice were divided into three groups(experimental group A, experimental group B and control group C), 20 mice in every group and their corneas in the right eyes were burned with alkali(1mol/L NaOH). The experimental group A received recombinant canstatin proteins drops with 3μg/mL. The experimental group B received recombinant canstatin proteins drops with 5μg/mL and the control group C was treated with physiologic saline. At different time points(1, 3, 7 and 14 d)after alkali burns, the mice were killed and the growth of epithelial defect and corneal neovascularization(CNV)were observed with an operation microscope. The expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in cornea were measured by the Western blot technique, and the results were analyzed by enhanced chemiluminescent(ECL).

RESULTS: The areas of epithelial defect and corneal neovasularization significantly reduced in mice treated with recombinant canstatin proteins compared to mice treated with physiologic saline at 3, 7 and 14d after alkali-induced injury( all P<0.01); the neovasularization was suppressed and the area of CNV was less than that in control group C(all P<0.01). Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of MMP-2 in experimental group A and B were significantly lower than that in control group C(P<0.01)and the expressions of TIMP-2 in experimental group A and B were significantly higher(P<0.01); the level of MMP-2 in experimental group B were lower than that in experimental group A on day 14(P<0.05), while the level of TIMP-2 in experimental group B were significantly higher than that in experimental group A on day 7 and day 14(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Recombinant canstatin proteins may suppress the expression of MMP-2, upregulate the expression of TIMP-2 in cornea cells and the infiltrated inflammatory cells, lower the rapid resolution of cornea and ulceration, and play a vital role in the remodeling of alkali treated cornea in mice.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of Eaf2 gene knockout on cataract in mice induced by ultraviolet irradiation.

METHODS:Fifteen wild type mice were used as the control group, and 10 Eaf2 KO mice were used as the experimental group. The 14-week mice were taken as the research objects in the two groups. So the subgroups were: WT -nonUV, WT -UV, Eaf2 KO-nonUV and Eaf2 KO-UV, a total of 4 groups. Observe the lens of mice in vivo with slit lamp microscope, grade the lens opacity with Lens Opacities Classification System II(LOCSII). Then the mice were sacrificed by breaking the neck, the lens were removed and were observed by dark field microscopy. According to the captured images, the proportion of cataract region was analyzed using Image J software. The data of the two groups were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: The results detected by the two methods were similar. In WT-UV group and Eaf2 KO-UV group, the degree of lens opacity was significantly higher than those of WT-nonUV group and Eaf2 KO-nonUV group. The lens opacity of WT-UV group was significantly higher than that in Eaf2 KO-UV group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Ultraviolet radiation can lead to the formation of cataract in mice. Eaf2 protein can promote the formation of cataract in mice caused by ultraviolet.

Abstract:AIM:To detect the protective effect of curcumin for retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in adult rabbits with acute intraocular hypertension.

METHODS: Twenty-four adult rabbits were divided randomly into normal control group, model group and curcumin group. Except normal control group, the rabbit model with acute ocular hypertension was established by increasing intraocular pressure through anterior chamber infusion. After the establishment of the model, rabbits in curcumin group were injected intravitreally with curcumin(0.1mg/0.1mL)for 7d. Rabbits in mdodel group were injected with physiological saline replaced of the same volume curcumin. The oculars in normal control group without any treatments were acquired directly. The levels of Thy-1 in RGCs were detected by immunohistochemistry. The density of RGCs was counted too.

RESULTS: Thy-1 expressed in the RGCs in normal control group and curcumin group had no significant difference(P>0.05).While the difference between model group and normal control group on Thy-1 expression was statistically significant(P<0.05). The density of RGCs in curcumin group, normal control group and model group were 20.3±2.7, 21.5±1.8 and 15.1±2.3 cells/HP.

CONCLUSION: In this study on curcumin in adult rabbits with acute ocular hypertension, curcumin can increase the expression of Thy-1, which shows that it can partly reduce the injury of RGCs in rabbits with acute intraocular hypertension and curcumin may be able to protect the retina under certain situation.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the relationship of carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ gene polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma genetic susceptibility.

METHODS:From January 2012 to December 2014, 50 cases in our hospital for treatment of primary open angle glaucoma(study group)and 50 cases in outpatient department of our hospital for health examination(control group)were tested. The conventional elbow venous blood was taken. The use of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and restriction fragment length polymorphism test were used to detect the characteristics of carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ gene polymorphism.

RESULTS:The locus site of rs3758078 and rs10504813 of the two groups were in line with Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium law(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium).The results displayed in rs10504813 site, the difference of genotype frequencies between the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05). But the difference in allele frequencies between the two groups was statistical significance(P<0.05). The differences of locus genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups in rs3758078 had no statistical significance(P>0.05). After the carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ polymorphism haplotype analysis in the two groups, TAC(Tracking area code of cell served by neighbor Enb)haplotype carriers appeared lawer risk of primary open-angle glaucoma.

CONCLUSION:There is certain relation between the polymorphism and the risk of carbonic anhydrase primary open-angle glaucoma, and rs3758078 locus balance may be the main reason for low risk; TAC haplotype carriers appear lower risk of primary open angle glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the short-term effectiveness of orthokeratology(ortho-k)on controlling low-to-moderate myopic in Chinese children.

METHODS: There were 271 subjects(271 eyes)enrolled in this study. In total, there were 141 cases aged 9.43±1.10 in the ortho-k group and the spherical equivalent refractive errors(SER)were -2.74±1.15D. The patients were examined at 1, 7, 30, and 90d after they started wearing the ortho-k lenses. There were 130 cases aged 9.37±1.00 enrolled in the control group, with the SER -2.88±1.39D, and the examinations occurred at 6, 12mo after they started wearing single-vision spectacles. Myopic progression was estimated from changes of axial length in both groups. The chi-square test, independent samples t-tests, paired t-tests, Spearman analysis were used to compare the data of the two groups.

RESULTS: The axial elongation was 0.27±0.17mm in the ortho-k group after 1a which was significantly longer than that before wearing(P<0.01); the axial elongation was 0.38±0.13mm in the control groups(P<0.01); the difference on axial elongation between the two groups was statistically significant and the increase of axial length of the ortho-k group was significant less by 28.9% than that of the control group(P<0.01, by independent samples t-test). There was significant negative correlation between axial elongation and initial age in both groups during the one-year period(ortho-k group: r_s=-0.309, P<0.01; control group: r_s=-0.472,P<0.01). The percentages of younger subjects(aged 7.0～9.4)with fast myopic progression(>0.36mm in 1a)were 38% in the ortho-k group and 76.5% in the control group, respectively; whereas those of the older group(aged 9.4～12.0)were lower, reaching 24.3% and 12.9% in the ortho-k and control groups. In patients with SER 5.00～6.00D, the axial elongation in ortho-k group was 57.1% lower than that in control group.

CONCLUSION: Ortho-k lens is effective to control myopic progression in children with low-to-moderate myopia. In particular, it reduces the percentage of younger children with fast progression and has a better effect of controlling myopic progression with higher degrees of myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To detect the related biochemical indicators of the Uygur and Han patients with diabetic retinopathy,to judge progression of diabetic retinopathy and evaluate the relation between ethnic and progression. So as to give a more accurate guide for regional clinical treatment, early detection, early prevention, reduce concurrency disease and improve quality of life.

METHODS:One hundred and twenty patients with diabetic retinopathy aged 38～70 were diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography, including 60 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR), 30 Uygur and Han respectively(devided into Uygur group 1, Han group 1); 60 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), 30 Uygur and Han respectively(devided into Uygur group 2, Han group 2). All patients were detected for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), serum total bilirubin(TBIL), fibrinogen(FIB), D-dimer(DD)indicators using fasting blood.

RESULTS:Regardless of ethnic, NPDR group and PDR group were significant differences in the four indicators; there was no significant difference between the Han and the Uygur group on the hs-CRP. But for the TBIL, FIB and DD, it was significantly different between the two ethnical groups, and it was more obvious in Uygur group.

CONCLUSION:Diabetic retinopathy generally was more severe in Xinjiang Uygur groups, more attention should be paid in clinical practice.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the tear film stability and dry eye after two types of cataract extractions by Oculus Keratograph.

METHODS:Eighty-eight eyes in 67 patients with age related cataract were included in the study. Forty-six eyes in 35 patients underwent phacoemulsification(Phaco)combined with intraocular lens implantation as Phaco group,while 42 eyes in 32 patients underwent non-phacoemulsification small incision extra-capsular cataract extraction(ECCE)combined with intraocular lens implantation as ECCE group. The first non-invasive tear break-up time(fNIBUT),the average non-invasive tear break-up time(aNIBUT),the tear meniscus height(TMH)and the proportion of "dry eye" diagnosised in tear film stability grades before operations and at 1d,1 and 3mo after operations were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS:The fNIBUT, aNIBUT, TMH in Phaco group were higher than those in ECCE group,while the proportion of dry eye in Phaco group were lower than that in ECCE group at 1d postoperatively. The aNIBUT in Phaco group was still higher than that in ECCE group at 1mo postoperatively. The differences on these indicators between two groups were not statistically significant at 3mo postoperatively. Compared with that preoperatively, aNIBUT was reduced at 1d postoperatively, TMH was reduced at 1d and 1mo postoperatively, while the ratio of patients with abnormal TMH was increased 1mo postoperatively in Phaco group. The aNIBUT and TMH were reduced at 1d and 1mo postoperatively, the ratio of patients with abnormal TMH was increased at 1d and 3mo postoperatively, while the proportion of dry eye was increased at 1d and 1mo postoperatively in ECCE group.

CONCLUSION:ECCE has more negative effects on the tear film stability than Phaco, which causes longer dry eye according to the Oculus Keratograph.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly worldwide. AMD is classified as either neovascular(wet)or non-neovascular(dry). The dysfunction and loss of retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells is regarded as the main pathological changes of AMD. The recent development of regenerative medicine has witnessed RPE cell-replacement therapy as a new approach to treat AMD, resulting in obvious visual improvement in various studies. However, there are still many problems and challenges that remain unsolved, including graft rejection. This review introduces subretinal immune environment under both normal and AMD condition, putting emphasis on immune response to allogeneic RPE. Lastly, strategies to prevent graft rejection are discussed.

Abstract:Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome(ICE syndrome)is one of the relatively rare clinical ocular diseases, of which pathogenesis is not clear. The symptoms are complicated, and the risk of blindness is very high. Patients often see a doctor due to glaucoma, visual loss, eye pain and abnormalities of the iris. Until recently there is not any ideal method to treat the syndrome. In clinical practice, doctors only have to treat the complications of this disease, using medicine or surgeries. This article will review the recent literature on the treatment of ICE syndrome, at the same time to identify the disease prone to misdiagnosis, to provide help for the treatment of ICE syndrome.

Abstract:Beta B₂-crystallin is the most abundant crystallin in the β-family, which plays an important role in the maintenance of the lens transparency and refraction. The abnormal of beta B₂-crystallin may be associated with the formation of various types of cataract. In recent years, the mechanism of cataract which caused by the related mutations of CRYBB₂ gene is becoming a hot spot of research. This article summarized the structure, function and mutation of beta B₂-crystallin and its relations with various types of cataract.

Abstract:The retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)is composed of a monolayer of cuboidal cells lying between the retinal photoreceptor and the Bruch's membrane of the choroids. The normality in morphology and function of RPE is essential for photoreceptor. RPE cells have the functions of selectively transporting nutrition, metabolic end products, ions and excess water, expressing and secreting various growth factors, involved in visual cycle, maintaining the blood-retinal barrier and phagocytosis of shed outer segments of photoreceptor cells. The blood-retinal barrier is indispensable for the maintaince of the retina homeostasis, so the dysfunction of the RPE cells contributes to variety of intraocular neovascular diease. This article reviews the roles of RPE in normal structure, secreting growth factors, maintaining the blood-retinal barrier and anti-angiogenesis.

Abstract:There is the strong epidemiologic evidence of gender-specific difference for the incidence of the same ophthalmic disorder recently. Physiologic, behavioral, environmental and hereditary factors may contribute to these differences, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. This paper gives a brief review of research progress on epidemiologic feature and mechanism of the common ophthalmic disorders, including cataract, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, and hereditary ocular disorders.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the changes on higher-order aberrations(HOA)after three different corneal refractive surgeries, including laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK), femtosecond LASIK(FS-LASIK)and femtosecond lenticule extraction(FLEx).

METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five patients(245 eyes)from June 2014 to March 2015 in refractive surgery center of our hospital were recruited. There were 38 patients(74 eyes)underwent LASIK, 42 patients(83 eyes)underwent FS-LASIK, and 45 patients(88 eyes)underwent FLEx. The higher-order aberrations were measured preoperatively, at 1mo after surgeries with iTrace. The repeated measure of ANOVA was used to analyze the changes on higher-order aberrations among the groups.

RESULTS: Compared to the preoperative corneal higher-order aberrations, vertical coma aberration, horizontal coma aberration and spherical aberration, there were significantly differences in the three groups postoperatively(P=0.002, <0.01, <0.01, <0.01), which meant the three different surgeries effected the higher-order aberrations. Among these three different groups, we found that there were no significantly difference on total HOA, horizontal coma aberration and spherical aberrations(P>0.05). But it showed difference on vertical coma aberration(F=3.943,P=0.021). By multiple comparisons, there were statistical significance on vertical coma aberration between FLEx group and the other two.

CONCLUSION: The postoperative corneal higher-order aberrations all in creased in three groups. Due to the large incision in FLEx, the corneal aberration is still increased after surgeries. And the FLEx does not show a certain advantage yet.

Abstract:AIM:To explore laser photocoagulation with cataract surgery for improvement of visual acuity and macular edema in patients with cataract and diabetic macular edema.

METHODS:A total of 60 patients(72 eyes)from January 2014 to July 2015 in our hospital were selected, which all were diagnosed as cataract with diabetic macular edema. According to a random number table method, the patients were divided into observation group and control group, 30 cases(36 eyes)in each group. The observation group was treated with combination therapy of laser photocoagulation before cataract surgeries, while the control group with the combination therapy of laser photocoagulation after cataract surgeries. At 2mo after surgeries, some routine examination, such as visual acuity, fundus examination after mydriasis, slit lamp examination, optical coherence tomography(OCT)examination, fluorescence angiography examination(FFA)for retinal blood vessels were applied in all the patients.

RESULTS:The visual acuity of the observation group and the control group before treatments was not significantly different(P>0.05). At 2mo after treatments, the visual inspection showed that compared with the visual acuity before treatment, the visual acuity of the two groups were both significantly improved(P<0.05); besides, the visual acuity of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group after treatments, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The macular thickness of the observation group and the control group before treatments was not significantly different(P>0.05). At 2mo after treatments, compared with those before treatments, the macular thickness of two groups were both significantly improved(P<0.05); besides, the macular thickness of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The laser photocoagulation before cataract surgery for patients with cataract and diabetic macular edema can significantly improve their visual acuity and macular thickness.

Abstract:AIM:To study and analyze the relation of interleukins and trace elements in tears and serum with cataract,in order to provide evidence for the prevention,control,diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS:Sixty-seven patients with cataract in our hospital from June 2014 to April 2015 were selected as observation group,67 healthy persons at the same ages who were for physical examination in our hospital were selected as control group. Then interleukins and trace elements in tears and serum of the two groups were detected and compared. Then those detected indexes of observation group with different onset time and disease stages were compared,and the relation of detected indexes in tears and serim with cataract were analyzed by logistic analysis.

RESULTS:The lever of interleukins in tears and serum of observation group were all higher than those of control group,while lever of the trace elements were all lower than those of control group; and the detected indexes of patients with different stages of cataract had obvious differences(all P<0.05). But the detected results of patients with different onset time had no obvious differences(all P>0.05).The relation of the detected indexes in tears and serum with cataract were close by the logistic analysis.

CONCLUSION:The interleukins and trace elements in tears and serum of patients with cataract show abnormal state,and the differences between the indexes of patients with different disease stages are obvious. The relation between the detected indexes and disease are close.

Abstract:AIM:To research clinical effect of two manual chopping methods for small incision extracapsular cataract extraction.

METHODS: We observed 143 cases(184 eyes)with grade Ⅳ or higher taken the small incision cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Patients were given randomly knifed chopping with closed hook(92 eyes)or double knifed chopping(92 eyes). The intra-operative posterior capsule rupture was observed and compared. At 1d, 1wk and 1mo postoperatively, visual acuity, corneal edema and corneal astigmatism were observed and analyzed.

RESULTS:There were 10 eyes in patients accepting knifed chopping with closed hook with intra-operative posterior capsule rupture and 1 eye in patients accepting double knifed chopping. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. The visual acuity of patients accepting knifed chopping with closed hook(92 eyes)at 1d postoperatively was 0.380±0.105, and that of patients accepting double knifed chopping(92 eyes)was 0.420±0.095; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. The visual acuity of patients accepting knifed chopping with closed hook(84 eyes)at 1wk postoperatively was 0.480±0.123, and that of patients accepting double knifed chopping(86 eyes)was 0.520±0.085; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. The visual acuity of patients accepting knifed chopping with closed hook(60 eyes)at 1mo postoperatively was 0.610±0.083, and that of patients accepting double knifed chopping(52 eyes)was 0.643±0.072; the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. The differences on corneal edema and corneal astigmatism between the two methods at 1d, 1wk and 1mo postoperatively were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION:The application of knifed chopping with closed hook and double knifed chopping in small incision extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation can effectively treat with cataract with grade Ⅳ or higher. The most important difference is on the capsular rupture which causes the different recover periods after the two operations. There was no significant difference on postoperative corneal edema and astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinical effect of goniosynechialysis assisting the treatment of angle closure glaucoma with cataract.

METHODS: A total of 68 consecutive patients diagnosed as angle closure glaucoma combined with cataract from February 2012 to February 2014 were divided randomly into experiment and control groups, each with 34 cases. The patients in control group received glaucoma-cataract combined operation, and the patients in experiment group received phacoemulsification assisted by goniosynechialysis. Then the clinical effect and complications of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS: The visual acuity and intraocular pressure(IOP)before treatments in the two groups were not statistically different(P>0.05). The visual acuity was higher and IOP were lower in the two groups after treatments and in experiment group they were more significantly improved than those of control group(P<0.05). The central anterior chamber depth and chamber angle width before treatments in the two groups were not statistically different(P>0.05). They were both higher in the two groups after treatments and in experiment group they were more significantly improved than those of control group(P<0.05). The complications, including corneal swelling, shallow anterior chamber, iris fibrous exudation, conjunctival bleb leakage and secondary cataract in experiment group was significantly less(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The goniosynechialysis assisting the treatment of angle closure glaucoma with cataract is effective, safe with less complication, which deserves promotion.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the outcome and surgical techniques of phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis in eyes with acute primary angle closure glaucoma(APACG)and cataract.

METHODS: Sixty-seven patients(67 eyes)with APACG accompanied with cataract were treated with phacoemulsification from July 2012 to July 2014 in Zhongshan People's Hospital. Before operations, reducing intraocular press(IOP)sufficiently and relieving corneal edema were given to all patients. During the operations, goniosynechialysis were performed sufficiently. All patients were examined for visual acuity, IOP, number of anti-glaucoma drugs and range of opened anterior chamber preoperatively and at 3mo postoperatively. Data of anterior segment included central anterior chamber depth(CACD), anterior chamber volume(ACV), pupil diameter(PD)and others were detected by Pentacam and anterior segment ocular coherence tomography(AS-OCT).

RESULTS: The visual acuity improved from 0.87±0.09 preoperatively to 0.23±0.08 postoperatively and the difference was statistically significant(t=4.086, P<0.01).Mean IOP decreased from 32.31±4.70mmHg preoperatively to 17.57±4.13mmHg postoperatively(t=20.266, P<0.01). CACD measurements increased from 1.89±0.22mm preoperatively to 3.43±0.39mm postoperatively(t=24.266, P<0.01). ACV increased from 78.24±8.96mm³ preoperatively to 148.65±17.85mm³ postoperatively(t=51.583, P<0.01). The range of opened anterior chamber increased from 105.9°±10.81°preoperatively to 320.7°±35.77°postoperatively(t=46.677,P<0.01). The number of anti-glaucoma drugs decreased from 3.05±0.40 preoperatively to 0.47±0.13 postoperatively(t=10.166, P<0.01). PD before and after phacoemulsification were 3.14±1.28mm and 3.07±1.18mm respectively, which showed no statistical difference(t=1.157, P=0.247). Posterior capsule rupture occurred in 1 eye. Anterior fibrinous membrane of intraocular lens occurred in 2 eyes.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis can reduce IOP effectively and improve the stenosis of anterior segment, which is an useful treatment for patients with APACG and cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation to treat glaucoma with different angle-closure range, which may provide a better way to treat the angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS:There were 47 cases(54 eyes)with angle-closure glaucoma, and all of them underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. According to the range of goniosynechia, these patients were divided into three groups:the eyes with the range of goniosynechia≤1/2 were group A(13 eyes); the eyes with 1/23/4 were group C(23 eyes). We observed the status of anterior chamber angle and the intraocular pressure(IOP)of the three groups at 2wk after operations.

RESULTS:Compared to the preoperative condition, the IOP of the three groups at 2wk after operations decreased significantly. The IOP reductions of group B and C were more significant than that of group A, and the differences were significant(P<0.05). The adhered peripheral iris range of the 3 groups significantly reduced after operations. There were 13 eyes in group A with angles reopened, and the opened rate was 100%; there were 14 eyes in group B with angles reopened, and the opened rate was 78%; there were 16 eyes in group C with angles reopened, and the opened rate was 70%. The differences among the three groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were only 3 eyes in group C with recurred glaucoma after treatments, the recurrence rate was 13%, and compared to the other two groups, the difference was statistically significance(P<0.05). No complications occured in group A; 3 eyes with corneal edema and 2 eyes with goniosynechia >3/4 appeared in group B; in group C, there were 5 eyes with goniosynechia>3/4, 1 eye with disappeared anterior chamber, 3 eyes with corneal edema, 1 eye with choroidal hemorrhage. The differences of postoperative complication rate among the three groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). The rates of recurred goniosynechia in group B and C were higher than that of the group A, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:For patients with angle closure glaucoma who have mild to moderate goniosynechia, phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation is an effective way. After operations, their closed anterior angle reopened. But to the patients with severe adhesions, there are more complications after operations, especially the glaucoma may reoccur.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze ocular surface changes induced by topical intraocular-press(IOP)-lowering medication in primary glaucoma patients after antiglaucoma surgery.

METHODS:A case control study. Patients with primary glaucoma(primary angle-closure glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma)who were treated by a topical IOP-lowering medication containing benzalkonium chloride(BAK)were enrolled. According to either accepted antiglaucoma surgery or not, patients were divided into group with surgery and group without surgery, indicators of ocular surface disease(OSD)were compared between the two groups. Main indicators for outcomes included tear film break-up time(TFBUT)and fluorescein staining of the cornea(punctate keratitis).

RESULTS:This study collected 39 primary glaucoma cases(72 eyes), in which there were 9 cases(14 eyes)in group with surgery and 30 cases(58 eyes)in group without surgery. There were 78% of the cases in group with surgery suffering from the OSD and 67% in group without surgery. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. In group with surgery, TFBUT abnormal rate was 50% and 14% of the cases with punctate keratitis. In group without surgery, the rates were 54% and 5% respectively, and there were no statistical differences between the two groups on the two indicators.

CONCLUSION:The probability of ocular surface damage in primary glaucoma patients with topical IOP-lowering medication to control IOP after antiglaucoma surgery is similar to that in primary glaucoma patients with topical IOP-lowering medication only.

Abstract:AIM: To study curative effect of Ranibizumab with Ex-PRESS drainage device for neovascular glaucoma.

METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2014 in our hospital, 51 cases(62 eyes)with neovascular glaucoma were enrolled as the research objects. Under the unified enrolling criteria and measuring methods, according to the actual clinical situation and combined with the doctor's judgment, the patients were divided into control group with 23 cases(28 eyes)and observation group with 28 cases(34 eyes). The patients in observation group received the injection of ranibizumab combined the Ex-PRESS drainage device implantation. The patients in control group were only given the Ex-PRESS drainage device implantation. The vision, intraocular pressure(IOP)before and after treatments were compared as well as the outcomes and incidences of adverse reactions of the two groups.

RESULTS: Before treatments, IOP of the two groups did not have statistically significant different(P>0.05). After treatments, IOP of the two groups were significantly lower, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05), and the IOP of the observation group at 1, 4wk after treatments were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Before treatments, the visual acuity of the two groups did not have statistically significant difference(P>0.05). After treatments, the visual acuity of the control group improved in 2 cases(3 eyes), didn't change in 18 cases(22 eyes), and declined in 3 cases(3 eyes). While the visual acuity of observation group improved in 12 cases(12 eyes), didn't change in 15 cases(21 eyes), and declined in 1 case(1 eye). The distribution of the visual acuity of the two groups was significantly different(P<0.05). The effective rate of observation group was 85.3%, and that of control group was 60.7%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). In the observation group, there were 4 cases(4 eyes)with hyphema, 2 cases(2 eyes)with decompensation of corneal endothelial function and the incidence of postoperative complications was 18%. In the control group, there were 3 cases(3 eyes)with corneal edema and the incidence of postoperative complications was 11%. There was no statistically significant difference on the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: For patients with neovascular glaucoma, the injection of ranibizumab combined with the Ex-PRESS the drainage device implantation can effectively reduce IOP, improve visual function in patients with impaired visual function or delay the recession of visual function, with outstanding curative effect, high security features and is worthy of clinical application.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the correlation of visual acuity and central macular morphology in patients with different types of diabetic macular edema(DME).

METHODS: Presented study was single-center, uncontrolled retrospective clinical study. Sixty-two patients(103 eyes)with DME were included. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was evaluated using early treatment diabetic retinopathy study(ETDRS)vision test chart. All patients were examined by non-contact tonometer, slit lamp, indirect ophthalmoscope, and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA). Central subfield mean thickness(CSMT)in the macular area of diameter 1mm was measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT).And in the same time the integrity of inner segments/ outer segments(IS/OS)and external limiting membrane(ELM)reflecting light strip of 350μm center horizontal scanning line was investigated by OCT. BCVA and CSMT in different types of DME patients were analyzed using Kruskal- Wallis test. BCVA and CSMT between the two-two groups in different types of DME patients were analyzed using Nemenyi test, and multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relative factors of BCVA.

RESULTS: In the 103 eyes, 47 eyes(45.6%)were focal DME, 35 eyes(34.0%)were diffuse DME, 6 eyes(5.8%)were ischemic DME and 15 eyes(14.6%)were proliferative DME. The difference of mean BCVA(H=69.167, P<0.01)and mean CSMT(H=57.113, P<0.01)in different types of DME patients was statistically significant. Comparison of BCVA and CSMT between the two-two groups showed statistically significant difference in focal DME and diffuse DME(BCVA:χ²=14.982,P<0.01; CSMT:χ²=14.537,P<0.01), focal DME and ischemic DME(BCVA:χ²=15.596,P<0.01; CSMT:χ²=15.393,P<0.01), focal DME and proliferative DME(BCVA:χ²=16.567,P<0.01; CSMT:χ²=15.687,P<0.01), diffuse DME and ischemic DME(BCVA:χ²=12.974、P=0.008; CSMT:χ²=13.999,P<0.01). By multiple lineal regression analysis, CSMT, the integrity of IS/OS and ELM reflecting light strip of 350μm center horizontal scanning line, the course of disease and the type of DME correlated to BCVA(r=-0.064,-0.207,-0.082 and -0.160, respectively, P<0.05). The glycosylated hemoglobin, intraocular pressure, age and sex were not associated to BCVA(r=-0.885, -2.522, -1.504, and-0.595, respectively, P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: There are statistically significant differences on macular morphology and vision function among different types of DME patients.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relation between degree of retinal neovascularization and axial length in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR).

METHODS:One hundred and forty-six cases(189 eyes)with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)from December 2012 to January 2015 in our hospital were chosen as the observation group. The patients were received routine eye examination. PDR at stage Ⅳ, Ⅴ or Ⅵ was divided through the fundus fluorescence angiography. At the same time, 146 cases(292 eyes)with diabetes without retinopathy were randomly chosen as the control group. The ocular axial length of the two groups was recorded.

RESULTS:The ocular axial length of observation group was 22.03±0.92mm, while that of the control group was 24.14±0.78mm, and the difference was statistically significant(t=7.272, P=0.024). In the observation group, the degree of retinal neovascularization was lighter when the ocular axial length was longer. There was negative correlation between degree of retinal neovascularization and axial length.

CONCLUSION:Longer axial length has a protective effect for DR in clinical work. Ocular axial length measurement can guide clinical work for predicting diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the correlation between systemic complications and diabetic retinopathy in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS: Seven hundred and two hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes were included. All patients were divided into two groups according to with or without retinopathy: NDR group and DR group. DR group was divided into group non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)and group proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR). The relation between DR and other complications of diabetes, including diabetic macrovascular complications, diabetic nephropathy(DN), diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN), peripheral vascular disease of diabetes mellitus(PVD), diabetic foot(DF), diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA), was analyzed.

RESULTS: The development of DR was related to hypertension, hyperlipemia, carotid atherosclerosis and plaque, lower extremity arteriosclerosis and plaque, DN, DPN, DF and PVD. PDR was closely associated with hypertension and DPN.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DR increased in the diabetic patients with systemic complications, especially, the increase of prevalence of PDR in the patients with hypertension and DPN. Vascular endothelial injury and microcirculatory disturbance are the common pathologic base for DR and other complications. Therefore, it is important to carry out the regular fundus examination in the diabetic patients, especially in those with systemic complication, in order to decrease the rate of blindness.

Abstract:AIM: To compare curative effect of autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation with grafts having different longitude widths for pterygium.

METHODS: A total of 182 patients(252 eyes)with initial pterygium accepted pterygium resection combined with corneal limbal stem cell transplantation, all of which were divided into two groups according to longitude width of conjunctival graft during the operations. When performing stem cell transplantation, patients with conjunctival grafts being taken out with longitude widths by 3mm had been classified into small graft group(n=86, 110 eyes), while those with longitude widths by 5mm had been classified into large graft group(n=96, 142 eyes). We observed and statistically analyzed the recurrence rates of the two groups at 1, 6, 12 and 24mo after operations during follow-up period.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference of recurrence rate between the small graft group and large graft group in early phase(1～12mo)after transplantation(P>0.05), while there was statistically significant difference in long term(24mo)after transplantation(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Conjunctival graft with larger size of longitude width is in favor of reducing the long term recurrence risk after pterygium resection combined with autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of rigid gas permeable lenses(RGP)for the difference of spherical equivalent(△_SE)and the difference of axial length(△_AL)in children with non-amblyopia anisometropia.

METHODS:In department of optometry in our hospital, 95 children 190 eyes aged from 6～12 year-old with hyperopic refractive error, of whom the difference of spherical equivalent between two eyes was 1D≤△_SE<2.0D and whose corrected vision was different, but the corrected visual acuity of either right eye or left eye was within the normal range of children with the same age, which meant the difference was non-amblyopia. The patients were randomly divided into two groups:48 cases in group A, in which group the eye with stronger diopter(poorer eye sight eye)wore RGP, the other eye without wearing lenses; 47 cases in group B, in which group children did not wear lenses as a control group. Cyclopentanone with 1% concentration was used to mydriasis, then spherical equivalent(SE)refraction was calculated, the axial length(AL)was measured, and follow-up lasted for 1.5a. The △_SE and △_AL of the two groups were calculated and analyzed statistically.

RESULTS:The △_SE between two eyes of group A was less than that of group B, and the difference was statistically significant(F=18.508,P=0.002<0.05); the △_AL between two eyes of group A was less than that of group B, the difference was statistically significant(F=1116.765,P=0.000<0.05).

CONCLUSION:In children with non-amblyopia anisometropia, RGP is very necessary to correct the vision of higher-dioptry eye. And it can significantly reduce the binocular refraction, correct anisometropia, avoid visual function abnormalities caused by anisometropia and so on.

Abstract:AIM:To explore and study the effect of cover adjustment on binocular visual function in children with anisometropic amblyopia.

METHODS: Forty-five children with anisometropic amblyopia of our hospital from July 2014 to April 2015 were as the study group, and treated by cover adjustment. Then 40 cases of healthy volunteers were selected as the blank control group. The binocular visual function of the subjects was observed.

RESULTS: Before treatments, at 1 and 3mo after treatments, the positive rates of binocular fusion were respectively 62%, 76% and 87%, which at 3mo after treatments was significantly higher than that before treatments(P <0.05). But the difference between that Before treatments and 1mo after treatments was not significant(P>0.05). Before treatments, at 1 and 3mo after treatments the numbers of children whose stereo visions were 3000 "～801" were respectively 26,13 and 2, and the numbers of children whose stereo visions were 800 "～401" were respectively 12,13 and 6; the numbers of children whose stereo visions were 400 "～101" were respectively 7,15 and 25; the numbers of children whose stereo visions were≤100" were respectively 0,4 and 12. Far apart from the point of rupture and the convergence function in the study group after treatments were improved and significantly higher than those in the control group(both P<0.05); the rupture points, fuzzy points of close out and convergence function were significantly higher than those before treatments(all P<0.05). The rupture points, fuzzy points of part out were higher than those of control group, while the convergence function was lower(all P<0.05).After treatments, the amplitude and sensitivity of both eyes in the study group were significantly higher than those before treatments(all P<0.01); the amplitude of both eyes was significantly lower than that in the control group P<0.01, and the sensitivity of both eyes had no difference with that in the control group(P>0.05). After cover adjustment treatment, the lag of binocular regulation significantly decreased than that before treatments(P <0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). In the study group(45 cases with 90 eyes)52 eyes were cured, 24 eyes improved, 14 eyes ineffective; the total effective rate was 84%.

CONCLUSION: Cover adjustment has some improvement effect on binocular visual function in children with anisometropic amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the prevalence and distribution of cataract among adults aged 50 or older in Foshan area.

METHODS:Cluster sampling method was used in 4 539 inhabitants aged 50 or older in urban and rural of Foshan city from January 2014 to June 2015.All individuals were received visual acuity and eye examination, including slit lamp examination, fundus examination, automatic optometry and intraocular pressure examination.

RESULTS:There were 641 patients with cataract among the 4 539 adults and the prevalence of cataract was 14.12%. The prevalence of cataract grew as the adults became older(P<0.05).The difference of prevalence between rural and urban people was statistically significant(P<0.05).But difference between male and female was not significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Cataract is the most common eye disease that leads to blindness and severe visual impairment among adults aged 50 or older in the area.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the influencing factors for the degree of myopia in the primary and middle school students in Pudong district of Shanghai.

METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3 295 students in Pudong district from September to October in 2014. These students had been given vision examination and finished a questionnaire survey. Data of the survey was analyzed with rank-sum test and ordinal logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: Single factor analysis showed that there was statistical relation on degree of myopia with the grade, myopia in parents. Although there was no statistical difference between the genders, degree of myopia was different between boys and girls in different grades. There was no statistical relation on degree of myopia with time used on playing computer and mobile phone, outdoor activity time, establishment of refractive development file or monophagia. Ordinal regression analysis showed that there were statistical differences on grade, myopia in parents, establishment of refractive development file, time used on playing computer and mobile phone, frequence of wearing glasses and how to realize myopia.

CONCLUSION: Grade and myopia in parents were the risk factors for degree of myopia. Ophthalmologists should strengthen the health education on myopia, advise to establish refractive development file as early as possible, monitor regularly for focus groups and control myopia progression actively.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the visual status and risk factors of elementary and middle school students in urban area of Chenzhou in order to provide evidence for vision protection.

METHODS: Visual acuity was examined in 11 286 students that were selected by multistage sampling. Influencing factors were investigated by questionnaire. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associations.

RESULTS: In the elementary and middle school students, the hypopsia rate was 47.50% in Chenzhou; hypopsia rate in the elementary school was 34.01%, the rate in junior school was 62.10%; the main type of hypopsia was myopia(70.01%); myopia rate in pupils was 22.57%, myopia rate in junior middle school students was 48.84%.The main risk factors for myopia were: age, grade, parents with myopia, long homework time, reading more than 1h continuously, long time watching videos and obesity. Protective factors were: recessing out of classrooms and outdoor activities.

CONCLUSION: Hypopsia in youth is the result of genetic and environmental factors. Early protections, forming good visual habits will help protect children's vision.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effects and safety of femtosecond laser-assisted endothelial keratoplasty in bullous keratopathy.

METHODS:It was a retrospective case series study. Fifteen consecutive patients(16 eyes)with bullous keratopathy at Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command underwent Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty whose donor grafts were dissected by a femtosecond laser from March 2013 to February 2014.The corneal irritation symptoms and the attachment of endothelial grafts were evaluated during the 12mo follow-up period. Clinical data of the best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, anterior segment optical coherence tomography and endothelial cell count were reviewed.

RESULTS: The surgical procedures for all the cases were successful and no intraoperative complication developed. The corneal irritation symptoms began relieving on 1d postoperatively and fully recovered in 3wk and never relapsed during the follow-up period. The grafts were well attached to the host except for one dislocation(6%)which was relocated and well attached afterward. Fluid leakage between the local graft-host interface occurred in three eyes(19%)and absorbed spontaneously in 3wk.At postoperative 1mo, the corneal epithelium became smooth and the edema of corneal stroma dissolved. The central corneal thickness thinned out from preoperative 811±137.55μm to postoperative 638±86.51μm. During the follow-up period, acute rejection and graft endothelial decompensation was observed in one eye(6%)respectively. At the final follow-up, endothelial cell density was 1 687±507cells/mm².

CONCLUSION:The femtosecond laser-assisted Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty is a safe and effective technique for corneal endothelial decompensation, which may yield thin individualized grafts efficiently and precisely.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the method to calculate intraocular lens(IOL)power after corneal refractive surgery.

METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted. Fourteen patients(23 eyes)with age-related cataract after corneal refractive surgery were treated in our hospital from March 2013 to June 2015. Patients were divided into LASIK group(laser in situ keratomileusis, 9 cases with 15 eyes)and RK group(radial keratotomy, 5 cases with 8 eyes). Corneal curvature values of the lowest point in central 2.5mm were measured by corneal topography, which were used in SRK-T formula. Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation was performed with the target refraction was between -1.0～-1.5D. The patients were followed up for uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and refractive statuses at 3mo after the operations. The predictive error of the calculation formula were calculated and compared to Shammas formula and Barrett True K formula from www.iolcalc.org respectively. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using independent-samples t test.

RESULTS:The UCVA(LogMAR)of LASIK group and RK group were 0.15±0.11,0.21±0.16 respectively, refractive status were -0.43±1.04,-1.52±1.01D and the predictive errors of the SRK-T were -0.71±0.80,0.43±0.99 at 3mo after operations. There was significant differences(P<0.05)between these two groups at all the three indicators, and those of the LASIK group were better, compared to those of RK group. The predictive errors of our observed method were better than those of the Shammas and Barrett True K formula, but there were no significant difference.

CONCLUSION:Our results imply that using our observed method, the postoperatively predictive errors are mild myopia, which can be applied for determination of IOL power for cataract patients who received corneal refractive surgery. And it can improve accuracy of the intraocular lens power calculation for cataract patients with corneal myopic refractive surgery, especially for patients with LASIK.

Abstract:AIM: To study the relation between corneal epithelium Langerhans cells(LCs)and pathological changes of nerve fibers in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in order to further analyze the pathogenesis and find the possible role of immune mechanism in this process.

METHODS: We selected 60 patients with diabetic neuropathy and 32 healthy controls to observe the morphology, number and length of corneal nerve fibers, corneal central sensation and the cell density of LCs to analyze the correlation of the two.

RESULTS: The number, length and the number of branches of corneal nerve fibers obvious declined in the patients with diabetic neuropathy. The curling degree of nerve fiber of diabetes group was obviously increased. The density of LCs at corneal central and peripheral areas in patients with diabetic neuropathy significantly increased compared to those of normal control group(P<0.05). The correlation analysis results showed that there were linear correlation between LCs and nerve fiber density(r =0.461, P=0.011), LCs and nerve fiber length(r=0.519, P=0.002). And corneal central sensation decreased obviously in patients with diabetic neuropathy compared to that in normal control(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: In patients with diabetic neuropathy, the nerve fibers are significantly impaired, corneal sensation decreases and number of LCs significantly increases, which suggests that the changes might be mediated by the immune mechanism.

Abstract:AIM:To detect the causative mutation for congenital coralliform cataracts in a Chinese family.

METHODS:Peripheral blood samples were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. We chose four candidate genes associated with congenital coralliform cataract including GJA3,GJA8,CRYGC and CRYGD. After genomic polymerase chain reaction(PCR)performed, we sequenced the coding exons and their flanking intronic sequences of four candidate genes.

RESULTS:We ascertained a three-generation Chinese family with autosomal dominant coralliform congenital cataracts. Mutation screenings were performed for all four candidate genes, and a heterozygous variant, c.70C>A,was identified in exon 2 of CRYGD.

CONCLUSION:Our result demonstrates that a heterozygous mutation of CRYGD is responsible for the autosomal dominant congenital coralliform cataract in a three-generation Chinese pedigree.

Abstract:AIM: To observe and discuss the clinical application and effect of anterior vitrectomy in phacoemulsification for the treatment of vitreous prolapse caused by posterior capsular rupture or suspensory ligament transection.

METHODS:Retrospective analysis of 28 cases(35 eyes)with cataract in whom vitreous prolapse caused by posterior capsular rupture or suspensory ligament transection occurred in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and anterior vitrectomy were performed was conducted.

RESULTS:Anterior vitrectomy for timely and accurate treatment for vitreous prolapse caused by posterior capsular rupture or suspensory ligament transection occurred in phacoemulsification was satisfied.

CONCLUSION: Anterior vitrectomy has good curative effect for vitreous prolapse caused by posterior capsular rupture or suspensory ligament transection occurred in phacoemulsification and is effective with less severe complications.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the clinical results of cyclophotocoagulation followed by other anti-glaucoma surgeries in the treatment of refractory glaucoma.

METHODS:The clinical data of 30 patients(30 eyes)with refractory glaucoma were retrospectively analyzed from January 2013 to July 2014 in Beijing Huade Hospital, including 12 females and 18 males, with an average age of 56 years. Among the 30 eyes, there were 2 eyes with acute angle-closure glaucoma, 4 eyes with over mature cataract, 6 eye with intumescent cataract, 5 eyes with neovascular glaucoma,9 eyes with hard-to-controlled glaucoma even after surgeries,4 eyes with secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy. Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation was applied to all patients as the primary choice. If the intraocular pressure(IOP)was not well controlled, a secondary anti-glaucoma surgery was applied.

RESULTS:During the follow-up period, all of the 30 eyes had satisfactory results, with no complications during or after the operations. The average pre-operative IOP was 62.79±5.59mmHg, which dropped to 32.84±8.16mmHg at 1wk after cyclophotocoagulation. Six of 30 eyes had totally normal IOP, the rest 24 cases underwent another anti-glaucoma operation, after which the IOP decreased to a normal range and in which no complication occurred.

CONCLUSION:In the treatment of refractory glaucoma, applying cyclophotocoagulation first to control the IOP can greatly reduce risk of complications during the secondary surgeries. According to their original categories, further anti-glaucoma surgery can reduce the IOP to a safe and effective range.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of Ex-PRESS glaucoma drainage device with adjustable suture for primary open angle glaucoma.

METHODS:The clinical data of 23 patients(including 29 eyes)from January 2013 to May 2015 who were diagnosed as primary open angle glaucoma were analyzed retrospectively. These patients who were 23～42 years old with the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)from 50cm/finger count to 0.5 and the intraocular pressure(IOP)16～52mmHg did not respond well after using IOP-lowering drugs. After being treated with Ex-PRESS glaucoma drainage device associated with adjustable suture, the BCVA,IOP and the formation of filtering blebs were observed, while ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM )was used to observe whether the Ex-PRESS drainage device filterable passage was open or not.

RESULTS:The mean BCVA was 0.06～0.5 postoperatively; the mean IOP was 10±3mmHg at 1wk after treatments, which decreased significantly compared to that before treatments(P<0.05). Postoperative complications included 1 eye with shallow anterior chamber and 1 eye with anterior chamber hyphema on the second day after operation. The formation of filtering blebs in all the patients(29 eyes)were achieved successfully after disconnecting dermal sutures within 1wk postoperatively, except 1 eye of which filtering bleb was muffled at 3mo postoperatively. After examined by UBM, it was found that there was high density and hyper echoic obstruction,but no visible sclerotic filterable passage. The filterable passages in other 28 eyes were unobstructed by UBM examination.

CONCLUSION: Ex-PRESS glaucoma drainage device with adjustable suture for primary open-angle glaucoma is considered safe and effective. It is obvious that this clinical therapeutic technique is an ideal method with a low incidence of intraoperative risk and postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the short-term efficacy of domestic and imported prostaglandins(PGs)for patients first diagnosed as primary open angle glaucoma.

METHODS: This study was a prospective positive drug control trial and 338 patients diagnosed as primary open angle glaucoma at the first time. According to patients' wills, they were divided into the experiment group(181 cases)and the control group(157 cases). Domestic latanoprost eye drops with 0.05g/L was used for 3mo in the experimental group while imported travoprost eye drops with 0.04g/L was used in the control group for 3mo. All patients were typically treated at 21:00 every day within a 3mo period. Intraocular pressure(IOP)was measured before treatments and post treatments at 1, 2 and 3mo respectively, in each group.

RESULTS: For the experimental group, IOP was 28.32±5.72, 21.84±4.63, 19.53±4.04 and 18.15±3.35mmHg before treatments and post treatments at 1,2 and 3mo respectively, showing a significant difference among various time points(F=370.019,P=0.000),and the IOPs were markedly lower post treatments than those before treatments(all P<0.01). For the control group, IOP was 27.6±5.14, 21.91±5.22,19.80±4.26 and 18.76±3.46mmHg before treatments and post treatments at 1,2 and 3mo respectively, showing a significant difference among various time points(F=306.052,P=0.000),and the IOP were markedly lower post treatments than those before treatments(all P<0.01). The difference of IOP level was not significant at post-treatment 1, 2 and 3mo respectively between two groups(P=0.144,0.456, 0.051).

CONCLUSION: Domestic latanoprost eye drops can reduce IOP effectively, with a suitable price, and it can be used as a first choice for primary open angle glaucoma patients in the basic-level hospitals.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)for the patients with mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR).

METHODS: Randomized controlled study. A total of 80 patients(150 eyes)with mild or moderate NPDR were divided into two groups: the control group(39 patients with 72 eyes)and the treatment group(41 patients with 78 eyes). Patients in the control group were given 100mg enteric-coated aspirin tablets, orally, once per day. Based on the above treatment, the treated group was added with GBT 2mL, orally, three times per day. Patients were followed up for 6mo, and the overall curative effect, visual acuity, visual field mean defect, the result of fundus fluorescein angiography, serum lipid levels, platelet aggregation rate and platelet adhesion rate were measured and evaluated.

RESULTS: After treatments, the total effective rate in the treatment group was 75.6% and significantly higher than that(58.7%)in the control group(Z=2.6002, P=0.0047). Compared with the control group, the treatment group was found to have higher visual acuity and less visual field mean defect significantly(t=-2.01,P=0.0477; t=4.06,P=0.0001); the numbers of retinal micro-aneurysms and areas of retinal hemorrhage significantly decreased(t=7.86,P<0.01; t=3.13,P=0.0024); the serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in treatment group significantly decreased, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased(t=2.25,P=0.0270; t=3.41,P=0.0010; t=3.34,P=0.0013; t=3.76,P=0.0003; t=-3.30,P=0.0014); platelet aggregation rate and platelet adhesion rate were significantly lower(t=4.31,P<0.01; t=4.93,P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The results show that GBT for treatment of mild and moderate NPDR has a definite effect.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the efficacy of the corneal limbus stem cell transplantation on treating amniotic membrane dissolving after pterygium resection with amniotic membrane transplantation.

METHODS: One hundred and twenty-four patients(135 eyes)with amniotic membrane dissolving after pterygium resection and amniotic membrane transplantation were randomly divided into groups A, B and C. In group A, 36 cases(38 eyes)took the conservative treatment. In group B, 42 cases(45 eyes)accepted amniotic membrane transplantation again. In group C, 46 cases(52 eyes)were performed corneal limbal stem cell transplantation. Postoperative follow-up periods were 6～18mo.

RESULTS:Twenty-four eyes in group A were recurred and the recurrence rate was 63.2%. Seven eyes in group B were recurred and the recurrence rate was 15. 6%. Two eyes in group C were recurred and the recurrence rate was 3.8%. The differences on recurrence rate between group A and group B, between group B and group C were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation is an effective treatment for amniotic membrane dissolving after pterygium resection with amniotic membrane transplantation.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of orbital fracture reconstruction on the vision and eye movement function and analyze the optimizing measure for the surgery.

METHODS: Thirty seven patients with monocular orbital fracture and treated by fracture retroconstruction and tamponade were analyzed restropectively. The exophthalmos degree, vision and eye movement function of all patients before and after treatments were detected.

RESULTS: All patients were performed the surgery successfully, and the wound was in primary healing, without infection, rejection or the other untoward effects. At 6mo after surgeries, the clinical cure rate of exophthalmos was 59.5%, and the other 40.5% was under correction. The diplopia degree before and after treatments had statistical difference(Z=45.167, P<0.05); the clinical cure rates at 1, 3 and 6mo after treatments were 46%, 65% and 78% respectively and the improved rates were 84%, 89% and 95%. The eye movement disorder degree before and after treatments had statistical difference(Z=48.847, P<0.05); the clinical cure rates at 1, 3 and 6mo after treatments were 51%, 68% and 84% and the improve rates were 86%, 89% and 97% respectively.

CONCLUSION: Orbital fracture reconstruction can improve diplopia and eye movement disorder effectively. Assessing disease accurately, mastering surgical time, surgical approach and choosing suitable filling material are all basic guarantees for successful operations.

Abstract:AIM:To measure the thickness of the normal levator palpebrae muscle by using ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)and to provide clinical guidance for the surgical treatment of blephamptosis.

METHODS:Seventy-five cases(150 eyes)with normal levator palpebrae muscle were collected in our hospital. The normal levator palpebrae muscle was categorized into youth group(aged 20～39), middle-aged group(aged 40～59)and older group(aged >60), 25 cases with 50 eyes in every group. The number of male was 30(60 eyes)and the number of female was 45(90 eyes).UBM was applied to measure the thickness of levator palpebrae muscle of each eye. The results were analyzed statistically and to see if the thickness might be effected by age or gender.

RESULTS:The mean thickness of levator palpebrae muscle in youth group, middle-aged group and older group were 0.833±0.054, 0.723±0.021 and 0.644±0.037mm respectively. The mean thickness was 0.748±0.100mm in females and 0.734±0.078mm in males. By one-way ANOVA, the thicknesses of levator palpebrae muscle among the three different groups were different, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). There was no significant difference on the thickness of the levator muscle between gender.

CONCLUSION:UBM is a covenient,non-invasive test which can be used to measure the thickness of the levator palpebrae muscle. The levator palpebrae muscle becomes thinner gradually as aging, even without senile blepharoptosis, and the gender has nothing to do with the thicknesses of levator palpebrae muscle.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of using microscope to find the broken end of lacrimal canalicular and annular-intubation during traumatic lacrimal-canaliculi anastomosis.

METHODS:In 52 cases(52 eyes)with traumatic canaliculi laceration from March 2010 to December 2014, microscopy was used to find the broken end of lacrimal canalicular and annular-intubation implantation was performed during anastomosis. At 2～3mo after the surgeries, annular tubes were pulled out and patients were followed up for 3～12mo.

RESULTS:In all the 52 cases, 47 cases were cured, 3 cases were improved, and 2 cases were not healed. The 2 not-healed patients were cured after treated by laser.

CONCLUSION:The application of the annular-intubation for canaliculi laceration under the microscope is simple and the curative effect is reliable, besides, the the patients' appearance and normal work were not affected when the annular-tube was reserved. And it can reduce the incidence of eyelid deformity. Generally, it's a good methord for canaliculi laceration.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the reason of visual fatigue in Inner Mongolian in order to provide the epidemiological data for the prevention and treatment of asthenopia.

METHODS:This was a retrospective case-controlled study. From January 2011 to December 2014, all the clinical data of 3 502 patients who were diagnosed as asthenopia aged 7～50 was analyzed. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the age:(1)7～20 years old: 712 cases;(2)21～30 years old: 603 cases;(3)31～40 years old:694 cases;(4)41～50 years old:1 493 cases. The patients were examed for the conditions of anterior and posterior segment, Schirmer Ⅰ test, break-up time, computer optometry, subjective refraction, horizontal convergence and divergence, distance and near phoria, near point of convergence, accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, accommodative facility, relative accommodation, amplitude of accommodation and accommodative response. The causes for asthenopia were analyzed by Kruskal-wallis H test first, then comparisons among groups were conducted by Nemenyi test.

RESULTS:The causes for asthenopia were eye-related diseases(49.37%), ametropia(23.36%), accommodation and convergence function problem(21.70%), disorders of extraocular muscles function(5.57%). Kruskal-wallis H test showed significant differences on the prevalence of asthenopia caused by different reasons of the four groups(P<0.05). Nemenyi test showed that the difference was significant on disorders of extraocular muscles function and eye-related diseases among the four groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The causes of asthenopia are eye-related diseases, ametropia, accommodation and convergence function problem and disorders of extraocular muscles function.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical features and evaluate the surgical effect for sensory strabismus.

METHODS: Clinical data of 178 patients with sensory strabismus that we treated from January 2012 to June 2013 were collected, including type of strabismus, cause of vision loss, degree distribution of strabismus. The ocular alignments and diplopia after surgery were observed.

RESULTS: Among the 178 patients with sensory strabismus, 123 cases(69.1%)had sensory exotropia and 55(30.9%)had sensory esotropia, 109 patients had anisometropic amblyopia. The mean preoperative exotropia deviation of the 123 patients with sensory exotropia was 69.32^△. In the 123 patients, 78 were complicated with vertical deviation. The mean preoperative esotropia deviation of the 55 patients with sensory esotropia was 56.45^△. In the 55 patients, 26 were complicated with vertical deviation. Six patients suffered from diplopia but diplopia disappeared within 2wk after surgeries. The operation was designed to overcorrect the sensory exotropia and undercorrect the esotropia both about 10^△. The postoperative ocular position was considered alignment if the position was ±10^△. All patients were performed surgeries.For patients with large-angle of sensory strabismus over 60^△, super maximal rectus resection and rectus recession operation were chosen. The follow-up time was 1a. The operations were successful in 138 patients in the all 178 patient who experienced surgeries.

CONCLUSION: The most common type of sensory strabismus was exotropia, and the most common cause of strabismus was anisometropic amblyopia. The angels of sensory strabismus were usually large, and often complicated with vertical strabismus. Sensory strabismus surgery can improve the appearance and the life quality of the patients.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the influence of electronic products on myopia in preschool and school aged children, and the development regularities of myopia, to formulate reasonable guidelines for using eyes healthily, and lay a solid foundation for the prevention and control work.

METHODS: This retrospective analysis enrolled 900 3～12 years old children from outpatients department, and all of them were established individualized archives, recording: uncorrected visual acuity, optometry, slit lamp, ophthalmoscopy, strabismus inspection results; recording eye usage condition on TVs, computers, mobile phones, iPad, homework, extra-curricular books. Statistical analyze the refractive status of each age group, the use of electronic products of different age groups and their correlation with refractive status.

RESULTS: The number of preschool children with normal uncorrected visual acuity was more than that of early school-age children, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); the numbers of preschool children with abnormal visual acuity were different at various age groups and the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05); the number of children aged 7～12(early school aged children)with myopia was more than that of children aged 3～6(preschool children)and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The stacking usage of electronic products in 6 and 10 years old children was the most. Logistic regression model showed that the time for playing phone, computer and iPad were risk factors for the occurrence of myopia.

CONCLUSION: For preschool children, it is necessary to conduct early screening, health guidance, the establishment of personalized medical records and one-to-one personalized guidance; it is also needed to avoid the arduous learning task with the stacking usage of eyes, to fight for myopia and to control the development of myopia. Therefore, to reduce the use of electronic products has become a topic worthy of further study.

Abstract:AIM:To observe and study the comprehensive application effect of hydrochloric cyclopentolate eye drops in the mydriasis test and optometry for children with hyperopia.

METHODS:Eighty-four children with hyperopia who were intervened with mydriasis test and optometry in our hospital from February 2014 to March 2015 were selected as the research object,and they were intervened with mydriasis test and optometry by tropicamide or hydrochloric cyclopentolate eye drops. The diopter, pupil diameter and residual regulation before administration and at different time after administration of the two methods were compared,and the detected results of the two groups with different severity degree were compared too.

RESULTS:The diopter, pupil diameter and residual regulation before administration of the two eye drops had no significant differences(all P>0.05),while the residual regulation after using hydrochloric cyclopentolate eye drops at 20, 40, 60min and 24h were all smaller than those after using tropicamide(all P<0.05). The pupil diameter after using the two methods at 60min had no significant differences(P>0.05). The pupil diameter of the two groups at 48h after administration both had no significant differences to those before administration(all P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The comprehensive application effect of hydrochloric cyclopentolate eye drops in the mydriasis test and optometry of children with hyperopia is better,and its paralysis effect for ciliaris is obvious.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the morphology and immune phenotypic characteristics of lymphoma from ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(OAML).

METHODS: The characteristics of morphology, cytology and immune phenotype of the lymphoma were observed by light microscope and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: Twenty-nine cases(33 eyes)with lymphoma including 23 cases(24 eyes)in phase Ⅰ and 6 cases(9 eyes)in phase Ⅱ. Small lymphocytes tumor cells were observed and took predominant place in all cases. The tumor cells, almost had the same size, diffused in the tissues, and the nuclei was almost round with dyed deep, while the cytoplasm was less with dyed pale. There were 29 cases with CD20(+)and CD79a(+), 2 cases with CD5(+)and 3 cases with CD43(+); CD45RO, CyclinD1, CD10 and CD23 were found negative in all cases.

CONCLUSION: Infiltration of small lymphocytes-like tumor cells is main type that we found in the lymphoma from MALT, with a few center-cell-like cells and mononuclear cells scattered. Plasma cells and Russell, Dutcher bodies are seen in some cases. The typical immune phenotype of lymphoma from OAML is CD20(+), CD10(-), CD5(-),CD23(-)and CyclinD1(-). Some cases have CD5(+)expression, which may be a signal of bad outcomes of OAML.

Abstract:AIM: To understand the common conditions of visual impairment, including strabismus, optic atrophy and others in cerebral palsy children and their relation with the classification of cerebral palsy.

METHODS: Totally 265 children with cerebral palsy underwent routine ophthalmologic examination, including the position of eye and eye movement, nystagmus, anterior segment by slit lamp and direct ophthalmoscope examination.

RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-five children included 95 females and 170 males; 173 children with spasticity, 28 children with dyskinetic, 43 children with atonia, 18 children with mixed type and 3 children with ataxia. The visual impairments of the enrolled children were strabismus, congenital cataract, optic atrophy and others. There were 127 children(47.9%)with visual dysfunction, including 79 males and 48 females. There were 110 children with strabismus(41.5%),including 46 children(41.8%)with esotropia,54 children(49.1%)with exotropia, 10 children(9.1%)with vertical strabismus; 18 children with nystagmus; 3 children(6 eyes)with congenital cataract; 42 children(76 eyes, 15.8%)with optic atrophy, including 8 cases were monocular, 25 males with 46 eyes and 17 females with 30 eyes.

CONCLUSION: Different types of visual impairments often happen in children with cerebral palsy. Because child patients cannot express efficiently, they can't be found and treated in time. Vision dysfunction seriously affects systemic rehabilitation and the quality of life. Therefore early ocular examination and remedy are necessary for cerebral palsy children, which can improve their quality of life and social adaptability.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the relation between the position shift of intraocular lenses(IOL)and the change of refraction, after phacoemulcification with IOL implantation.

METHODS: This study analyzed the anterior chamber depth, the change of the refraction, the distant vision and the near vision in 102 eyes of 102 patients at 1, 3, 6mo and 2a after phacoemulcification and monofocal one-piece foldable IOL implantation. The position shift of IOL detected by anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)was observed too. All of the patients were followed up for 24±3.8mo.

RESULTS: The distant vision of the 102 eyes after cataract surgery and IOL implantation at 1, 3, 6mo and 2a were 0.78±0.13,0.75±0.14,0.72±0.12,0.72±0.10 respectively. The near vision were 0.38±0.12,0.41±0.13,0.46±0.12,0.47±0.10. The anterior chamber depth after surgerces were 3.75±0.16, 3.69±0.13, 3.61±0.12, 3.62±0.11mm. And the refractive degree was -0.47±0.26,-0.65±0.28,-0.93±0.24,-0.95±0.20. The position of the IOL was forward in the AS-OCT with time. The differences of the four indicators at 1, 3 and 6mo postoperatively were significant by multiple comparison(P<0.05),while the difference was not significant between those at 6mo and 2a.

CONCLUSION: The movement of IOL in eyes after cataract surgery leads to the reduction of the distance vision and the increase of the near vision, which were stabilized at 6mo after surgeries.