Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the quality of life of recruits after refractive surgery.

METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional study. Using the Quality of Life Impact of Refractive Correction(QIRC)questionnaire, the quality of life in 615 recruits underwent refractive surgery was evaluated. The overall score and each question score of QIRC were compared between subgroups of different strength of preoperative refractive error, postoperative interval, type of surgical procedure and postoperative recovery.

RESULTS: The mean overall QIRC score of recruits underwent refractive surgery was 49.15±7.89. Significant difference was found for strength of preoperative refractive error(F=4.16, P<0.05), with the low myopia group(50.67±7.59)had significantly better scores than those with high myopia(47.57±7.52, F=4.16, P<0.05). Recruits after a postoperative interval no more than 6mo(49.18±7.86)scored equally to those of more than 6mo(49.18±8.03). Recruits underwent surface ablation surgery scored lowest(46.68±6.09), but showed no significant difference when compared with all underwent refractive surgery(t=1.99, P>0.05). Scores of recruits underwent MK-LASIK, SBK, FS-LASIK, ReLEx flex or smile procedure showed no significant difference too. Recruits had adverse complaints postoperatively(45.85±6.66)scored lower when compared with all underwent refractive surgery(t=5.28, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The quality of life of recruits after refractive surgery was good except those with postoperative complications. Preoperative low myopia recruits had better quality of life than medium and high myopia ones.

Abstract:AIM: To validate Pentacam System and the Optical Quality Analysis System II(OQASII)serve as auxiliary tools to assess lens opacity and help select the optimal time for surgery.

METHODS: The patients with age-related cataract were recruited, patients who had any abnormality with cornea or fundus were excluded. Objective scatter index(OSI)and modulation transfer function(MTF)cut-off were acquired by the Optical Quality Analysis System II(OQASII)with dilated pupil after the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was obtained. The pupillary regional density of anterior cortex, lens nucleus, posterior cortex was measured via a Pentacam Scheimpflug System(Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between these parameters. Multiple linear regression relationships were analyzed between the regional lens densities and OSI, MTF, BCVA.

RESULTS:Sixty-nine patients(108 eyes)were studied. Both nuclear and cortical lens density were significantly correlated with the OSI, MTF cut-off and BCVA. The correlation between lens opacities(anterior cortex and nucleus)and OSI/MTF was stronger than that between lens opacities and BCVA. By analyzing multiple linear regressions, OSI had the largest relevance with all regional opacities while maximum density had larger relevance than average density in every parameter. Maximum nuclear density weighted most in both OSI and MTF equations, whereas average cortex density raised weight in MTF and BCVA equations.

CONCLUSION: Any local opacity in the lens, including anterior cortex, nucleus and posterior cortex, could impact both visual quality(VQ)and visual acuity(VA). Nuclear density had the most influence on OSI and MTF, followed by cortical opacity. OQAS II analyzer ought to be provided as an auxiliary pre-surgery tool for mixed cataract with cortical and nuclear opacities since OSI was discovered to be the most sensitive parameter to lens opacities.

Abstract:AIM: To compare long-term outcomes and recurrence rates of narrow versus wide inferior limbal conjunctival autograft transplants combined with Mitomycin C in primary pterygium surgery.

METHODS: This retrospective study included 146 consecutive patients(193 eyes)with primary pterygium. Ninety-one eyes had a narrow inferior limbal conjunctival autograft transplant(NI-LCAT)and 102 had a wide inferior limbal conjunctival autograft transplant(WI-LCAT)combined with Mitomycin C application. Outcome measures included recurrence rate, residual conjunctival bed status, and complications.

RESULTS: The recurrence rate in the NI-LCAT and WI-LCAT group was 3.3% and 4.9%, respectively(P=0.844). The grade of residual bed appearance in the NI-LCAT group was similar to the WI-LCAT group. Mild to moderate conjunctival scarring at the donor site was the most common complication in both groups(18.6% and 13.2% in NI-LCAT and WI-LCAT groups, respectively). There were no significant differences in the incidence of any other complications including subconjunctival epithelial cyst and granuloma at the recipient site between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the cumulative probabilities of success between the two groups were not statistically significantly different.

CONCLUSION: Both NI-LCAT and WI-LCAT combined with Mitomycin C in primary pterygium surgery have low recurrence rates. Compared with WI-LCAT, NI-LCAT technique is found to be less traumatic and an effective surgery in terms of preserving the superior and inferior conjunctiva.

Abstract:AIM: To determine the pattern of ocular morbidity among preschool children at urban area of Chittagong.

METHODS: A random cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity among preschool children in the urban area of Chittagong. Preschool children aged 4 to 6 years old in all 60 preschools were registered, interviewed and their eyes examined. All the data obtained was analyzed according to the sex, age, and causes of visual impairment and type of ocular diseases.

RESULTS: A total of 900 preschool children from 60 preschools were examined where boys were(52.6%)more than girls(47.4%). The age range of students varied from 4 to 6 years. The mean and median ages were 5.47±0.64. About 16.89% ocular morbidity was found among preschool going children and of these abnormalities 7.66% of children have Refractive error followed by Conjunctivitis 3.66%, Blepharitis 2.77%, Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction(NDO)1.66%, Infective conjunctivitis was 0.88%, Stye 0.33%, Chalazion 0.44%. Amblyopia was present in 1.11%, Strabismus in 0.77%, Development Cataract 0.11%, and Corneal Opacity in 0.33% cases which was a matter of concern.

CONCLUSION: Ocular morbidity among preschool children can be easily identified by ongoing eye screening programs and if treated timely to reduce the prevalence of ocular diereses and visual impairment. The present study shows uncorrected refractive errors as the main cause of visual disability in preschool children.

Abstract:The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and macro-vascular complications in diabetes suggests a pathogenic association between these conditions. Vascular endothelium has been identified as a main site of blood vessel injury in diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with systemic arterial stiffness and altered vascular endothelium function and structure. Retinal vasculature endothelium at the macula, arterio-venous crossings, and in the optic nerve at the lamina cribrosa region is reported to differ from the endothelium in the rest of the retinal blood vessels. The central retinal artery and vein are in close proximity in the optic nerve where they share a common adventitia; thus, increased arterial wall stiffness and thickness may affect blood flow in the neighboring central retinal vein in this region. Moreover, increased arterial stiffness in small arterial beds is associated with retinal venular widening; it suggests the possibility of central retinal artery compressing the central retinal vein at the lamina cribrosa, thereby compromising venular outflow in the retina of diabetic patients. Altered blood flow in the central retinal vein in the postlaminar region has been detected in patients who experience progression of diabetic retinopathy. Increased hydrostatic pressure in the central retinal vein may play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this review article is to emphasize this pathogenetic mechanism that has often been overlooked.

Abstract:The role of photopic negative response(PhNR)and pattern electroretinogram(PERG)was assessed as diagnostic indicator of glaucoma. Ten control subjects and 15 patients with early glaucoma underwent complete ophthalmological examination including visual acuity measurement, intraocular pressure(IOP)measurement, fundus examination and visual field examination. Pattern ERG and photopic full-field ERG were performed. Mean deviation(MD)and pattern standard deviation(PSD)means were significantly reduced in glaucoma group(P<0.001 and P<0.01). The amplitudes of PERG N95, PhNR, b-wave and the PhNR/b-wave ratio were significantly reduced(P<0.001). The rise in IOP resulted in reduction of PERG and PhNR amplitude.

Abstract:AIM: To filter glucose concentration and culture time of Wistar rat retinal vascular endothelial cells(RVEC)in high glucose model.

METHODS: Primary culture of RVEC of Wistar rats with 1-3d of birth,Ⅷ factor antibody immunohistochemistry to identify the cells; Establishment 0mmol/L glucose as a control group(group C), at different concentrations of glucose intervention in turn divided into 10mmol/L(group A), 15mmol/L(group B), 25mmol/L(group D), 35mmol/L(group F), MTT assay was used to detect cell OD values of each group and each group was detected by flow cytometry apoptosis rate were at three time points: 24,48,72h。

RESULTS: RVEC purity was 94%. Effect of different concentrations of glucose in Wistar rat RVEC by MTT assay: after 24h culture, OD value of experimental group decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant(F=0.42, P=0.7411); after 48h culture, OD value of the difference between the groups was statistically significant(F=45.2, P=0.000), pairwise comparison between the five groups, except among groups A, B, C group no difference was not statistically significant external(Q_48AB=44.0427, Q_48AC=36.4701, Q_48BC=27.7953, all P> 0.05), the remaining pairwise comparisons were statistically significant difference between groups(Q_48CD=11.0715, Q_48AD=14.0794, Q_48AF=12.2964, Q_48BD=23.4698, Q_48BF=12.7016, Q_48DF=10.2013, all P<0.05; Q_48CF=6.4701, P<0.01). After 72h culture, OD value of each group compared to the difference was statistically significant(F=37.46, P=0.000), pairwise comparisons among five groups, the same A, B, C no difference among the three groups was not statistically significant(Q_72AB=27.7338, Q_72AC=25.0054, Q_72BC=33.3797, all P>0.05), the rest of the group differences were statistically significant(Q_72AD=13.4793, Q_72BD=12.7546, both P<0.05; Q_72CD=7.3743, Q_72CF=8.3465, Q_72AF=4.7455, Q_72BF=3.9471, Q_72DF=3.2649, all P<0.01). Effect of different concentrations of glucose on RVEC apoptosis rate: after 24h culture, Differences between groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05). After 48h culture, pairwise comparison among five groups, Q_48AB=31.1704, Q_48AC=33.5947, Q_48BC=29.3968, Q_48AD=30.4097, Q_48BD=28.8164, both P>0.05; Q_48CD=12.5032, Q_48AF=11.7531, Q_48BF=14.1076, Q_48DF=13.9372, both P<0.05; Q_48CF=7.0953, P<0.01. After 72h culture, pairwise comparison among five groups, Q_72AB=26.3392, Q_72AC=24.9142, Q_72BC=30.2976, both P>0.05, the rest of the group differences were statistically significant(where Q_72AD=14.1983, Q_72BD=12.9356, both P<0.05; Q_72CD=6.8752, Q_72CF=7.6745, Q_72AF=5.0545, Q_72BF=4.0741, Q_72DF=3.8876, both P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Best glucose concentration and the time is 25 mmol/L and 48h, for RVEC high sugar model.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of hypoxia on the expression of NOX4 in cultured human RPE cells in vitro.

METHODS:Human RPE cells were cultured and passaged, and 3-6 generation cells were used in the experiment. The experiment was divided into normoxia control group and hypoxia group. The human RPE cells in normoxia control group were routinely cultured. The culture medium containing 200μmol/L CoCl₂ was used to establish the hypoxia model of human RPE cells cultured in vitro for 0,4,6,8,12 and 24h, and the RPE cells cultured normoxia were as controls. The effects of different time of hypoxia on the expression of NOX4 were identified by Immunofluorescence staining and Western-blot assay.

RESULTS:RPE cells grew well in the control group and hypoxia group. The morphology was spindle. The morphology and arrangement of cells in hypoxia group had no significant change compared with the control group. Immunofluorescence staining showed that there was a small amount of NOX4 expression in the RPE cells of the normoxia control group. Cytoplasm showed green fluorescence while the nucleus was blue. The expression of NOX4 increased after hypoxia, and continued until the late stage of hypoxia. Western-bolt results showed that the expression level of NOX4 under hypoxic conditions in RPE cells increased significantly, and is proportional to the hypoxia time, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: NADPH oxidase 4 in normal human RPE cells have a small amount of expression, hypoxia can significantly increase the expression of NOX4, and is proportional to the time. It suggests that NADPH oxidase may play an important role in the formation of choroidal neovascularization.

Abstract:AIM: To study the femtosecond small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)intraoperative appear opaque bubble layer(OBL)group and the control group visual quality whether there are differences.

METHODS: A prospective cohort study were enrolled from Jun. to Sep.2015 in 116 cases of refractive surgery center of PLA included 116 eye hospital for SMILE patients. Intraoperative OBL were divided into OBL group(51 eyes)and control group(65 eyes). The best corrected visual acuity on the follow-up of OBL group and control group before and after operation on 1,3 and 6mo after the operation best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), modulation transfer function cut off frequency(MTF_cutoff), Strehl ratio(SR), objective scattering index(OSI)and total higher-order aberrations(RMSH), vertical coma(C7), horizontal coma(C8)and spherical aberration(C12)differences in visual quality index.

RESULTS:Fixed in the preoperative and postoperative each time point to compare the differences of BCVA between OBL group and control group were not statistically significant(P>0.05), OBL group and control group of BCVA in each time point comparison between 3mo and 6mo respectively compared with the preoperative difference was statistically significant(P<0.05), the two groups BCVA after 3mo and 6mo were significantly better than preoperative. OBL group and control group in SR, MTF_cutoff, OSI, C7, C12, RMSH were statistically significant different at each time point 6 index(P<0.05), and C8 had no statistical difference at each time(P>0.05). There was statistical significance of RMSH index in 1mo after operation in OBL group and control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: There is no significant effect on the quality of recovery after surgery, and the effect of OBL on the visual quality of patients during the SMILE operation is small.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of 2.2mm micro incision phacoemulsification.

METHODS: From January 2015 to February 2016, 93 cases with 112 eyes who underwent cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation in our hospital, were selected and randomly divided into micro incision group(47 cases 52 eyes)and traditional incision group(46 cases 60 eyes),micro incision group underwent 2.2mm coaxial micro incision, traditional incision group underwent 3.2mm incision. We observed average phacoemulsification energy(AVE), effective phacoemulsification time(EPT), corneal endothelial cell count of the two groups.

RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative corneal endothelial cells of two groups showed no significant difference(P>0.05). The loss rate of corneal endothelial cells in the micro incision group and the traditional incision group were(12.09±4.14)% and(13.24±5.44)%, and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Micro incision group AVE was(10.01±3.21)%, significantly lower than that of the traditional incision group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in EPT between the two groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference on the preoperative and postoperative naked eye LogMAR vision between the micro incision group and the traditional incision group(P>0.05). The micro incision group postoperative 1wk, 1 and 3mo astigmatism were 0.47±0.12, 0.40±0.10 and 0.36±0.12, which was significantly less than that of the traditional incision group(P<0.05). No serious complications were found in the two groups intraoperatively and postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: The new surgery 2.2mm micro incision phacoemulsification can effectively save ultrasonic energy, reduce surgical astigmatism, and is conducive to improve the visual quality. Its damage to corneal endothelial cells is similar to traditional incisions.

Abstract:AIM: To study changes of tear film after femtosecond assistant laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).

METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 150 patients(300 eyes)selected in our hospital from June 2014 to June 2016 to and followed up for 3mo. The dry eye symptoms, break-up time(BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test and fluorescein staining(FL)scores were observed preoperatively, 1wk, 1, 2, 3mo after operations.

RESULTS:(1)dry eye symptom score: there was no significant difference between scores before operations and 3mo after operations(P=0.863); there were significant differences between scores before operations with 1wk, 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.001, 0.002, 0.002); there was no significant difference between scores at 1wk and 1mo after operations(P=0.799); there were significant differences between scores at 1wk after operations with 2,3mo after operations(P=0.004).(2)BUT: there was no significant difference between scores before operations and 3mo after operations(P=0.625); there were significant differences between scores before operations with 1wk, 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.029, 0.017, 0.002); there was no significant difference between scores at 1wk and 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.827, 0.672); there was no significant differences between scores at 1 and 2mo after operations(P=0.423); there were significant differences between scores at 3mo after operations with 1wk, 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.001、0.023、0.026).(3)FL:there was no significant difference between scores before operations and 3mo after operations(P=0.521); there were significant differences between scores before operations with 1wk, 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.001, 0.019, 0.026).(4)SⅠt: there was no significant difference between scores before operations and 3mo after operations(P=0.749); there were significant differences between scores before operations with 1wk, 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.000, 0.002, 0.006); there were no significant differences between scores at 1wk and 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.364, 0.424); there were significant differences between scores at 3mo after operations with 1wk, 1, 2mo after operations(P=0.012, 0.023, 0.029). Multivariate analysis showed that myopia time after operations, preoperative intraocular pressure, axial length, preoperative BCVA and cutting ratio were risk factors for the recovery of visual acuity.

CONCLUSION: Dry eye occurred after femtosecond laser LASIKE, but generally last short period and symptoms were slight. Within 3mo after the operations, patients can recover the level close to the preoperative. Its mechanism is related to various factors. At the same time, the tear film function gives guidance for postoperative medication.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the changes of dry eye and tear film stability after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)or femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK).

METHODS: Sixty cases(120 eyes)accepted refractive surgery from January to June 2015 was retrospectively analyzed, in which 30 cases(60 eyes)were performed SMILE(SMILE group), 30 cases(60 eyes)were performed FS-LASIK(FS-LASIK group).The symptoms of dry eye, corneal fluorescein staining(FL), Schirmer Ⅰtest(SⅠt), tear break-up time(BUT)were observed and compared preoperatively, 1wk, 1,3 and 6mo postoperatively.

RESULTS: The score of symptoms of dry eye in SMILE group were 0.36±0.48, 0.15±0.36, and 0.95±0.59, 0.36±0.60 in FS-LASIK group at postoperative 1wk and 1mo, the difference was statistically significant, respectively(t=-5.885, P<0.01; t=-2.370,P=0.019). The score of FL in SMILE group were 1.13±0.72, 0.68±0.50, and 1.85±0.79, 1.38±0.55 in FS-LASIK group at postoperative 1wk and 1mo, the difference was statistically significant, respectively(t=-5.149, P<0.01; t=-7.232, P<0.01). The SⅠt in SMILE group were 13.11±1.93, 13.81±1.61, 14.45±1.51, and 8.76±1.36, 10.60±2.08, 11.85±2.42mm/5min in FS-LASIK group at postoperative 1wk,1mo and 3mo, the difference was statistically significant, respectively(t=14.228, P<0.01; t=9.459, P<0.01; t=7.042, P<0.01). The BUT in SMILE group were 11.15±1.71s, 12.15±1.69s, 12.51±1.83s, and 8.55±1.19s, 9.68±1.40s, 10.93±1.90s in FS-LASIK group at postoperative 1wk,1mo and 3mo, the difference was statistically significant, respectively(t=9.622,P<0.01; t=8.669,P<0.01; t=4.637,P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: SMILE is more comfortable compared to FS-LASIK with smaller incision, faster corneal recovery and slighter postoperative dry eye sensation.

Abstract:AIM:To review the efficacy of SMILE and femtosecond laser-guided LASIK(FS-LASIK)in correction of myopia.

METHODS:The PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciVerse, WanFang Data and CNKI databases were searched for Meta-analysis of literature comparing FS-LASIK and SMILE outcomes.

RESULTS:A total of 5 literatures met the inclusion criteria of this study, a total of 689 cases(999 eyes). Meta-analysis showed: SMILE and FS-LASEK myopia treatment effectiveness \〖OR=0.83, 95%CI=(0.52, 1.33)\〗, predictability \〖OR=0.54, 95%CI=(0.22, 1.29)\〗 and security \〖OR=1.10, 95%CI(0.80, 1.51)\〗 no statistically significant difference.

CONCLUSION:SMILE and FS-LASIK correction of myopia is safe, effective, have good vision correction effect. However, due to the low quality of the included studies and the instability of the statistical results, the above conclusions need to be further validated by more rigorous randomized controlled trials.

Abstract:Corneal diseases caused by limbal stem cell deficiency are common in ophthalmology outpatients. Limbal stem cell transplantation has become a hot spot in the treatment of these diseases. According to limbal stem cell deficiency or not and its degree, we choose different cell therapy. Therefore, identification of limbal stem cell deficiency is an important reference for transplant surgery selection, which also could lay a solid foundation for the follow-up transplantation experiment. Here we mainly summarize some research advancement of identifying limbal stem cell deficiency methods.

Abstract:As the continuous improvement and development of cataract surgery technology and intraocular lens(IOL), patients with postoperative visual quality requirements are no longer confined to "see", but is durable and comfortable to "see". Aberration is the important factors affecting postoperative visual quality. It includes low-order aberrations and higher-order aberrations. Low-order aberration can be corrected easily, but high-order aberration is more difficult to correct, and the higher order, the more difficulty to correct. Studies have showed that high order aberrations increase with age not only including spherical aberration, but also coma. But the change is far less than the spherical aberration, and other higher-order aberrations are close to zero. So spherical aberration becomes key area of high-order aberration attention and research in ophthalmology. Conventional spherical IOL has positive spherical aberration. It can not correct positive corneal spherical aberration of human eyes. In order to correct the positive corneal spherical aberration, the aspherical IOLs which design with zero or negative spherical aberration have been produced, studies have shown that it can obtain better postoperative visual quality than traditional spherical IOL, but how to comprehensively evaluate different spherical aberration aspherical IOL eye vision quality and how to choose it individually are the problems need to solve right now. For the best corrected spherical aberration of IOL eyes is uncertain, studies found that the amount of positive spherical aberration general approach to obtain a better visual quality, and can increase the depth of focus, which can increase far and near vision. In this paper, we will summarize the research progress on individual choice of aspheric IOL, to provide clinical basis about how to choose it individually for clinicians.

Abstract:Intraocular lens(IOL)refractive prediction of cataract surgery in high myopes is more inaccuracy compared to that of the routine cataract surgery. It is particularly important that how to measure biology accurately and choose the correct intraocular lens calculation formula. We summarized and analyzed postoperative refractive prediction deviation, the constants in the formula application and ocular axial length adjusting method in high myopia cataract surgery. In this review, lens diopter prediction standard formula(Holladay 1, SRK / T, Hoffer Q and Haigis)and the fourth generation of lens formula were contrasted, which could provide valuable reference for clinical applications.

Abstract:Glaucoma is an ophthalmic disease with common characteristics of progressive and diagnostic optic nerve damage. In previous studies, intraocular hypertension is recognized as the main risk factor which causes the optic nerve damage. Besides, the anomaly of optic blood flow regulation caused by carotid artery stenosis, and hypoxia-ischemia caused by hypoperfusion of optic nerve blood flow, are also considered as one of the pathogenesises of glaucoma. Researches show that carotid artery anomaly plays a quite significant role during the development of glaucoma. This paper is going to summarize the correlation research of glaucoma and carotid artery.

Abstract:Retinal vein occlusion is the most common retinal vascular disease. Macular edema and retinal ischemia is the main cause of vision loss. The occurrence and development of retinal vein occlusion is the pathophysiological process many factors involve in. With the progress of cytobiology and molecular biologytechnology, detecting the levels of cytokines have become an important aspect in the study of retinal vein occlusion. The article illustrates cytokines associated with retinal vein occlusion and mentions the prospectsin the future.

Abstract:With the rapid development of the plateau economy and the increasing human activity on plateau, the plateau related diseases turned into a focus of social and medical attention, but it is also the main constraint on the development of plateau. High altitude retinopathy(HAR)as a kind of high altitude disease, showed mainly retinal vascular congestion, tortuosity, retinal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage. The early effect of HAR showed a temporary visual impairment, long-term effect were irreversible visual impairment and eye complications. The prevention is the key point for HAR, so early diagnosis and timely treatment critical for a good prognosis. The technology of visual electrophysiological examination plays an important role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prognosis, evaluation of therapeutic effect and objective assessment of the visual function, with its unique advantage. Electroretinogram(ERG)is an important part of the visual electrophysiology. As an objective examination method of retinal function, not only can ERG find the early changes of retinal function at high altitude, especially those without any clinical symptoms of HAR, but also ERG can dynamically observe the development and therapeutic effects of HAR.

Abstract:Choroidalosteoma is a rare ossifying tumor typically diagnosed in young women.Despite its being nature, visual acuity can be affected in these patients due to lesion enlargement, decalcification, choroidal neovascularization(CNV). Therefore, early diagnosis and effective treatment are the key factors affecting outcome.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the uncorrected visual acuity after implantation of spherical astigmatism intraocular lens(IOL)and aspheric astigmatism intraocular lens in cataract surgery of patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism.

METHODS: Fifty-seven eyes of 44 patients were divided into two groups according to Toric intraocular lens types: spherical group with 23 patients(27 eyes), aspheric group with 21 patients(30 eyes). Uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA)preoperatively and at postoperative 1d, preoperative corneal astigmatism, intraocular lens type and spherical equivalent, IOL cylinder axis position were recorded. We compared the two groups of uncorrected distance logMAR visual acuity visual differences at preoperative and postoperative 1d and calculated the proportion of patients with UDVA over 0.4 at postoperative 1d, then divided patients into two layers in accordance with astigmatism degree with less than 2.0D as low astigmatism layer and more than 2.0D as high astigmatism layer and compared the improving effect of two groups of postoperative UDVA according to the preoperative corneal astigmatism.

RESULTS: In spherical and aspheric group, the rate of patients at postoperative 1d with UDVA better than 0.4 were 92.6% and 93.3%, which were significantly increased compared with preoperative 14.8% and 13.3% respectively. The LogMAR UDVA of two groups at postoperative 1d compared with preoperative were significantly improved, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). There was no significant difference in LogMAR UDVA at preoperative and postoperative 1d between two groups(P>0.05). Within every astigmatism layer, there was no statistical significance between two intraocular lens in improved degree of the postoperative UDVA(P>0.05); the LogMAR UDVA of every group at postoperative 1d compared with its preoperative were significantly improved, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). Within every group, the difference of improving effect of postoperative UDVA between different preoperative astigmatism had no statistical significance(P>0.05); the LogMAR UDVA of every layer at postoperative 1d compared with its preoperative were significantly improved, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Spherical and aspheric Toric IOL implantation can both effectively improve the UDVA in cataract surgery of patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism. But in terms of improving the UDVA, aspheric Toric intraocular lens is not better than that of spherical.

Abstract:AIM: To analysis the feasibility of selectively targeting +0.1μm total spherical aberration by personalized aspheric intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS:Seventy-four cases(82 eyes)were randomly divided into experimental and control group, the corneal spherical aberration with 6mm pupil diameter was measured with Pentacam before surgery. Patients in experimental group received TecnisZCB00, Hoya60AD and ADAPT-AO, three different aspheric intraocular lenses, and the principle as the total spherical aberration close to +0.1μm. Patients in control group received ADAPT-AO aspheric intraocular lens. The uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, corneal spherical aberration and total spherical aberration were measured after 3mo.

RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference in the uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity between the two groups(t=0.817, 0.343, P>0.05). The comparison of corneal spherical aberration of the two groups showed no statistical significance before and after surgery(t=0.688, 0.592, P>0.05). The difference of total ocular aberrations were statistically significant between two groups(t=5.408,P<0.05). In the experimental group, there were no significant difference in total ocular aberrations among the different intraocular lens group between preoperative predictive value and postoperative value(t=1.943, 2.033, 0.032, P>0.05). The prediction error of total ocular aberrations were positively correlated with the preoperative corneal spherical aberration(r=0.834, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The personalized aspheric intraocular lens implantation based on preoperative corneal spherical aberration is feasible. This method can reduce postoperative total ocular aberrations and make the aberrations close to the predictive value.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the genetic variation of CYP1B1(Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B polypeptide 1)gene in Primary Congenital Glaucoma(PCG)patients.

METHODS: CYP1B1 gene hot mutation area were screened in 20 PCG patients using high resolution melting(HRM)method. The result was verified by direct sequencing.

RESULTS: Mutations variation g.6767C>T(p.D449D)was detected in 2 PCG patients and g.2527C>G(p.R48G)was found in 1 patient. The two mutations ware detected from 1 patient, simultaneously.

CONCLUSION: HRM can be used for screening PCG patients with high sensitive and high specific.The variation of g.6767C>T(p.D449D)and g.2527C>G(p.R48G)may cause PCG, and two kinds of mutations may lead to more serious PCG.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with goniosynechialysis for angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed. A total of 215 patients with angle-closure glaucoma associated with cataract who underwent treatment in department of ophthalmology of our hospital from Jul.1, 2014 to May 30, 2016 were recruited in this study. All patients' preoperative intraocular pressures were ≥21 mmHg. The cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with goniosynechialysis were performed. The intraocular pressure(IOP), visual acuity, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle before and after surgical procedures were measured and analyzed. All patients were followed for at least 6mo(mean 13.8±6.9mo; range: 6-25mo).

RESULTS: The mean IOP decreased significantly, falling from 20.4±8.1 mmHg to 13.5±3.3mmHg(P<0.05). During the postoperative follow-up, all patients' IOP lower than 21mmHg. Visual acuity and anterior chamber depth increased significantly as well. No significant reduction in corneal endothelial cell count was observed. In addition, there was no serious complications observed in all patients.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with goniosynechialysis for angle-closure glaucoma can achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy. It also has high safety.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the influences of composite trabeculectomy for incidence of postoperative shallow anterior chamber, surgical success rate and functional filtering bleb formation rate in patients with glaucoma.

METHODS:Totally 58 patients(64 eyes)with glaucoma who were treated in our hospital from May 2013 to May 2015 were selected. These patients were divided into composite trabeculectomy group(composite group, 28 patients with 32 eyes)and traditional trabeculectomy group(conventional group, 30 patients with 32 eyes)based on a random number table, the incidence of postoperative shallow anterior chamber, success rates and functional bleb formation rates, incidences of concurrent disease of the two groups were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS:The incidence of postoperative anterior chamber of the composite group(6%, 2/32)was significantly lower than that of the conventional group(22%, 7/32; P<0.05). The intraocular pressure(IOP)was significantly lower than that of the conventional group(P<0.05). The success rate of the composite group(88%, 28/32)was significantly higher than that of the conventional group(44%, 14/32)(P<0.05). The functional bleb formation rate of the composite group(91%, 29/32)was significantly higher than that of the conventional group(69%, 22/32, P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate of the composite group(9%, 3/32)was significantly lower than that of the conventional group(25%, 8/32, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Composite trabeculectomy can more effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative shallow anterior chamber, and improve the success rate of functional bleb formation and reduce the complications rate in glaucoma patients than traditional trabeculectomy, it is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate selection of surgical methods for traumatic angle recession glaucoma.

METHODS:. A total of 94 patients 94 eyes with traumatic angle recession glaucoma were selected from Feb. 2014 to Jun. 2015 in our hospital. The preoperative intraocular pressure <30mmHg, angle recession range ≤ 180 degrees, and optic disc C/D≥ 0.6 patient received normal trabecular resection(A group, n=63); Preoperative intraocular pressure ≥30 mmHg, ≤39mmHg, angle recession range >180 degrees, optic disc C/D 0.6 ～ 0.8 patients received composite trabecular resection(B group, n=24). Preoperative intraocular pressure >39mmHg to 50mmHg, angle recession range > 180 degrees, optic disc C/D in 0.8 to 1.0 patients received glaucoma drainage valve implantation(C group, n=7), observed patients preoperative and postoperative 12mo the intraocular pressure, visual acuity, effective filtering bleb and complications.

RESULTS: A group, B group and C group postoperative intraocular pressure were 14.31±1.17mmHg, 15.04±1.20mmHg and 15.10±2.10mmHg, compared with the preoperative decreased significantly(P<0.05). Three groups postoperative intraocular pressure difference had no statistical significance(P>0.05). The proportion of postoperative visual acuity improvement in A group, B group and C group were 90%, 83% and 86%, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The percentage of effective filtration bleb in A group, B group and C group were 92%, 92% and 86%, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). A group, B group and C group postoperative visual field score compared with the preoperative decreased(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: According to the patient's angle recession range and intraocular pressure choose different surgical treatment, can effectively reduce the intraocular pressure, improve the patient's visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the treatment of plateau Conbercept age-related macular degeneration(AMD)effect.

METHODS: A total of 70 cases(80 eyes)with plateau AMD were selected from Jan.2014 to Jan.2016 in our hospital. All the patients were randomly divided into observation group of 35 cases(42 eyes)and the control group of 35 cases(38 eyes)respectively. Conbercept and intravitreal triamcinolone injection were done in two groups. The clinical efficacy, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), macular central fovea thickness(CRT), intraocular pressure(IOP)and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS: The total efficiency of treatment in the observation group(95%)was significantly higher than that of control group(79%)(P<0.05). BCVA of 3mo after the treatment, the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group. CRT, IOP was significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.05). In observation group, the adverse reaction rate of 6%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group of 26%(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Conbercept in the treatment of plateau area AMD patients have stable efficacy. It can effectively improve the visual acuity and CRT. The adverse reactions were less.

Abstract:AIM:To guide clinical prevention for the occurrence of diabetic retinopayhy(DR)by researching the correlation between renal function and the occurrence of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS:In this study, 295 cases were included. According to the fundus situation we divided all the cases into DR group and non-DR group. The relevant indicators of the renal function of patients in the two groups was comparatively analyzed.

RESULTS:Compared with those of non-DR group, 24h urinary protein(24h-UPr), urinary albumin / creatinine ratio(ACR), serum creatinine(Scr), blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and serum uric acid(UA)of DR group were significant higher. The creatinine clearance rate(CCR), glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)in non-DR group had no difference with those of DR group.

CONCLUSION:There has a correlation between 24h-UPr, ACR, Scr, BUN, UA and DR patients with DM, while the CCR and eGFR were not correlated with the occurrence of DR in patients with DM.

Abstract:AIM: To analysis clinical significance of the nitric oxide(NO), endothelin-1(ET-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in diabetic retinopathy(DR).

METHODS: Totally 150 patients with diabetic retinopathy from April 2014 to April 2016 were selected, divided into non-retinopathy group(50 cases)and non-proliferative retinopathy group(50 cases)and the proliferative retinopathy group(50 cases), accordinged to the fluorescein fundus angiography, and 50 healthy volunteers as control group. Four kinds of endothelial function indicators, NO, ET-1, ICAM -1 and VEGF levels, were compared among the four groups.

RESULTS: In PDR group, the levels of the four indicators were highest, then in NDR group, NPDR group, those in the control group was the lowest(all P<0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of VEGF were the best(0.97 and 0.80), the positive/negative predictive value were 0.89/0.94, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 4.83/0.04, Youden index was 0.76, the ROC curve area was 0.83(P<0.01), the threshold was 237.82 pg/mL. Sensitivity and specificity of ET-1 were the second(0.93 and 0.80), the positive/negative predictive value were 0.93/0.80, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 4.65/0.09 respectively, Youden index was 0.73, the ROC curve area was 0.74(P<0.01), the threshold was 13.45ng/L. Sensitivity and specificity of NO were 0.86 and 0.40, the positive/negative predictive value were 0.81/0.50, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 1.45/0.33 respectively, Youden index was 0.27, the ROC curve area was 0.68(P<0.01), the threshold was 59.42μmol/L. Sensitivity and specific of ICAM-1 were 0.87 and 0.36, the positive/negative predictive value were 0.80/0.47, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 1.35/0.23 respectively, Youden index was 0.23, the ROC curve area was 0.64(P<0.01), the threshold was 250.23μg/L.

CONCLUSION: At early stages of DR, vascular endothelial function has begun to change, in which VEGF and ET-1 has an important reference value for the early diagnosis of DR.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of vitrectomy combined with intravitreal Conbercept injection for 11 polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)associated with vitreous hemorrhage patients.

METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 11 patients(7 males and 4 females, 11 eyes)who were first diagnosed with vitreous hemorrhage between Feb. 2014 and Jul. 2015 in our hospital. These patients aged 65 to 79 years(mean 69.5±9.0y). The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was light perception in 1 eye, hand moving in 7 eyes, counting finger in 3 eyes. Vitrectomy combined with cataract extraction were operated in all 11 patients, which all patients were given gas tamponade. Three patients were diagnosed as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy through fundus fluorescence angiography(FFA)and Indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)before vitrectomy(8 eyes were diagnosed as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after vitrectomy 1mo). Eleven patients were treated with an intravitreal Conbercept injection, received intravitreal injection of Conbercept(0.5mg, 0.05 mL)once a month for 3 consecutive months. If disease progressed or recurred during follow- up, the patients were re-injected with Conbercept. All the patients completed 12mo of follow-up after the first intravitreal Conbercept injection. The examination of the ocular fundus, B-ultrasound, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)were performed before vitrectomy, 1mo after vitrectomy and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12mo the first intravitreal Conbercept injection in 11 patients.

RESULTS: At 12mo of follow-up, the fundus examination revealed that the retinal deep and superficial hemorrhage of 11 patients were completely absorbed, which the subretinal orange-red lesions were still visible in 5 patients. B-ultrasound revealed that subretinal hemorrhage of 11 patients were also completely absorbed. The best corrected visual acuity of 11 patients were significantly improved, but metamorphopsia were still existence in 3 patients. The optical coherence tomography revealed that macular central retinal thickness were significantly decreased, but serous retinal pigment epithelium detachment were still existence in 6 patients.

CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy is effective for the treatment and definite diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy associated with vitreous hemorrhage patients. Vitrectomy combined with intravitreal Conbercept can facilitate the absorption of hemorrhage and exudates, relieve edema of the retina, promote the regression of the polyps and increase the patients' visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To explore treatment and prevention strategies for complications of phacoemulsification in senile patients with cataract and high myopia.

METHODS: Cases were retrospectively analyzed. We selected 90 cases(134 eyes), in which 39 cases(68 eyes)were males, 51 cases(66 eyes)were females, average age were 62.7±7.2. The average axial length 29.54±1.54(27-32)mm. Corrected visual acuity was finger count to 0.5. All patients were followed for 6mo. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination were observed at 1, 3d, 1, 3 and 6mo. Fundus examination was taken too, if necessary.

RESULTS: In the selected 90 patients(134 eyes), posterior capsular rupture occurred in 7 eyes(5.2%), including vitreous loss in 4 eyes(3.0%), lens subluxation in 2 eyes(1.5%), total dislocation in 1 eye(0.7%). Transient high intraocular pressure occurred in 9 eyes(6.7%), corneal edema in 17 eyes(12.7%), retinal detachment in 1 eye(0.7%), which were given symptomatic treatment actively and postoperative visual acuity became better than before. All patients were followed up for 6mo and 37 eyes(27.6%)went for doctor, because of decreased vision, posterior capsule opacification and treated through posterior capsular dissection with Nd: YAG laser. No suprachoroidad expulsive hemorrhage, iridial injury, pupil distortion, endophthalmitis and other serious complications occurred.

CONCLUSION: For senile patients with cataract and high myopia, it is better to take operations as early as possible, full preoperative examination, standardized operation and be alert to intraoperative and postoperative complications, which could bring patents better outcomes.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of esculin and digitalis glycosides eye drops in the treatment of teenagers' apparent fatigue caused by ametropia.

METHODS: A total of 60 cases of teenagers' patients with apparent fatigue caused by ametropia were randomly divided into 2 groups according to visual fatigue, the control group(n=30 cases)was treated with the same batch of placebo, and the observation group(n=30 cases)was treated with esculin and digitalis glycosides eye drops, two groups were treated for 6mo. The clinical efficacy of the two groups, the comfort score and refraction test results of the two groups before and after treatment, and adverse reactions were compared.

RESULTS: The total efficiency of the observation group(97%)was significantly higher than that of the control group(33%)(P<0.05). The comfort score of two groups before treatment showed no significant difference(P>0.05), the comfort score of the control group had no obvious improvement after treatment(P>0.05), and the comfort score of the observation group after treatment significantly increased more than that of before treatment and control group after treatment(P<0.05). The refractive examination results of left and right eye in two groups before treatment showed no significant difference(P>0.05), the refractive examination results of left and right eye in the control group after treatment showed no obvious improvement(P>0.05), and the refractive examination results of left and right eye in the observation group after treatment significantly improved than those of before treatment and control group after treatment(P<0.05). The adverse reaction of arrhythmia, gastrointestinal reaction, nerve neurosis incidence in the observation group(17%)had no significant difference with the control group(10%)(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The treatment of esculin and digitalis glycosides eye drops for teenagers' apparent fatigue caused by ametropia has a significant effect, less adverse reactions.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle in the treatment of children's dissociated vertical deviation(DVD).

METHODS: A total of 60 children(60 eyes)with DVD were selected in our hospital from Mar.2014 to Mar.2016. All the families of the children master the study plan truthfully and signed the informed consent. They were divided into control group(treated with rectus recession)and observation group(treated with anterior transposition of the inferior oblique)by using random sampling method, 30 for each group, compared for clinical curative effect.

RESULTS: The total efficiency of the observation group was 90%, the incidence of complications was 10%, these of the control group was 77% and 20%, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05); ocular symptoms, corneal surface asymmetry index in the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique for children is effective and safe.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the related factors and solutions of early high intraocular pressure(IOP)after intraocular lens(IOL)implantation in cataract phacoemulsification.

METHODS:This retrospective cases series collected 658 patients(726 eyes)after IOL implantation in cataract phacoemulsification from Jan.2014 to Jan.2016 in the Second People's Hospital of Beihai.

RESULTS:High postoperative IOP happened in 38 eyes(5.2%), and the range was from 21mmHg to 55mmHg. Most of them happened between 6h to 24h after surgery. The main causes of high IOP were 24 eyes of viscoelastic residue(63.2%), 9 eyes of uveitis(23.7%), 2 eyes of hyphema(5.3%), 2 eyes of residual cortex(5.3%)and 1 eye of pouch blockage syndrome(2.6%). All cases were controlled under 21mmHg after 3d treating with drugs, anti-inflammatory and anterior chamber tapping. YAG laser therapy was performed in 1 eye of pouch blockage syndrome.

CONCLUSION: Viscoelastic residue and inflammation were the main causes of high postoperative IOP in phacoemulsification. With comprehensive preoperative evaluation, surgical skills improvement and effective response, the high postoperative IOP would be effectively prevented as well as the recovery of visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To study phacoemulsification with capsular tension ring implantation in the treatment of lens subluxation in value.

METHODS:Retrospective analysis was performed on 39 patients(40 eyes)who were treated with phacoemulsification in our hospital from Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2015. All patients were implanted the capsular tension ring at the same time, and the patients were followed up for 6 months, to observe the changes of visual acuity, the position of the lens and the occurrence of complications before and after operation.

RESULTS: At follow-up 6mo after operation, the intraocular lens was kept normal. Preoperative visual acuity(<0.1)had 19 eyes(48%), 0.1 to 0.3 range, and 21 eyes(52%); 6mo after surgery, patients with 0.1 to 0.3 range of vision in 14 eyes(35%)was significantly lower than preoperative; 0.4 to 0.6 range of vision in 25 eyes(63%)was significantly higher than that before surgery; 1 patients(1 eyes)visual acuity 0.8. A total of 13 eyes(33%)surgical complications, including 9 eyes(23%)had corneal edema, 2 eyes(5%)had high intraocular pressure, 2 eyes(5%)appeared prolapse of vitreous body.

CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of subluxated lens treated with cataract phacoemulsification and capsular tension ring implantation is reliable and safety.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation on anterior chamber depth and chamber angle width and so on.

METHODS: A total of 74 cases(89 eyes)with cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation were selected from Jun. 2015 to May. 2016 in our hospital, measured preoperative and postoperative 3mo intraocular pressure, central anterior chamber depth(ACD), angle open distance(AOD500)and anterior chamber angle(ACA500).

RESULTS: Patients postoperative 3mo the intraocular pressure was 11.34±2.38mmHg, which was lower than that preoperative(P<0.05). Patients postoperative 3mo ACD was 4.01±0.30mm, was significantly thicker than preoperative(P<0.05). Patients postoperative 3mo AOD500 and ACA500 were 0.915±0.223 mm and 41.71°±6.55°, were significantly higher than preoperative, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Intraocular pressure was negatively correlated with ACD, AOD500 and ACA500(r=-0.239, -0.211 and -0.252, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation can reduce the intraocular pressure, increase the depth of anterior chamber and the width of chamber angle, so as to play a positive role inaqueous humor circulation.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the surgery clinical curative effect and application value of phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

METHODS: Totally 98 patients(130 eyes)with primary angle-closure glaucoma and cataract were divided into observation group and control group by random number method, 65 eyes in each group. Control group were treated with peripheral iris resection surgery, observation group with phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation. Curative effect of two groups were recorded.

RESULTS: Intraocular pressure(IOP)of observation group was 14.11±1.97mmHg at 7d after operations, 14.01±1.65mmHg at 1mo after operations, 14.16±1.45mmHg at 3mo, those of control group were 17.46±2.31mmHg, 17.15±2.27mmHg, 17.03±2.18mmHg, and the differences were significant(P<0.05). Visual acuity and anterior chamber depth of observation group were 0.73±0.11 and 4.58±0.85mm after operations, those of control group were 0.60±0.07 and 4.01±0.51mm, and the differences were significant(P<0.05). The complication incidence of observation group was 4.6%, that of control group was 15.4%, and the differences were significant(P<0.05). Visual field defect of observation group was -19.78±4.65dB, that of control group was -16.13±3.03dB, and the differences were significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract is reliable, less postoperative complications, safe, effective and worthy to be promoted.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of intravitreal injection of Conbercept combined with extra-panretinal photocoagulation for neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: Sixteen eyes of 16 NVG patients in our hospital were treated with intravitreal injection of conbercept 1.0mg, combined with extra-panretinal photocoagulation. Changes of visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), iris neovascular vessels and complications were observed before and after operation.

RESULTS: At the final follow-up, iris neovascular vessels disappeared in all patients. There was statistically significant difference on IOP between before and after operation(P<0.05). The visual acuity was improved in 2 eyes, was stable in 12 eyes and was decreased in 2 eyes. There was no statistically significant difference on visual acuity between before and after operation(P>0.05). There were no entophthalmia, retinal detachment and other serious complications after our operation.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of conbercept combined with extra-panretinal photocoagulation is effective for neovascular glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To observe clinical effect of cyclodialysis suture surgery guided by intraoperative three-mirror lens.

METHODS: Ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)and three-mirror lens were taken before operations. Three-mirror lens was used to confirm the position and range of the cyclodialysis and to guide the operations. All the 16 patients(16 eyes)received this operation.

RESULTS: All patients were observed for 3-6mo. The best corrected visual acuity was 0.1 to 0.8; intraocular pressure returned to 11-21mmHg; anterior chamber, pupil, fundus changes returned to normal.

CONCLUSION: It is effective and safe to treat cyclodialysis with suture guided by intraoperative three-mirror lens.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the related factors affecting the prognosis of central serous retinopathy(CSC).

METHODS: A total of 75 patients with CSC were selected in our hospital from Jan.2013 to Jan.2015 as the object of study. The clinical data of patients were retrospectively analyzed, and fundus fluorescence angiography for patients. The cause of the related factors of poor prognosis in patients were analyzed.

RESULTS: A total of 46 cases of patients 92 eyes, 61% with good prognosis, 29 cases(58 eyes)of poor prognosis, accounting for 39%. Comparison of good prognosis and poor prognosis of patients in the number of sex, age, there was no significant difference(P>0.05). In terms of course of disease, the leakage type, from the point of leakage, leakage area comparisons, the difference is statistically significant(P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that age, duration of disease, type of leakage, distance of leakage point and leakage area were the risk factors for poor prognosis of CSC(P<0.05). Course of disease, the type of leakage, leakage location, leakage area were positively correlated with the poor prognosis of CSC(r=0.367,0.269, 0.518, 0.325, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: There are many factors that lead to poor prognosis of CSC, the area, location, type and course of leakage are the risk factors of CSC prognosis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of combination therapy and calcium dobesilate treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR), and staging study.

METHODS: A total of 235 patients(430 eyes)with diabetic retinopathy meeting the criteria from Jan.2014 to May 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group according to the admission time. One hundred and ten cases(216 eyes)in the observation group were arranged to Compound Xueshuantong Capsule(a traditional Chinese medicine)with Calcium Dobesilate therapy, 125 cases(214 eyes)in the control group were arranged with Calcium Dobesilate treatment. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and retinal conditions were used to assess the clinical efficacy in two groups.

RESULTS: The total effective rate was 90.3% in observation group(195 eyes / 216 eyes), which was significantly higher than control group 72.9%(156 eye / 214 eyes)(P<0.05). The significant efficiency was 22.2%(48 eyes/216 eyes)in observation group, which was significantly higher than control group 16.4%(35 eyes/214 eyes)(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy clinical curative effect is remarkable.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the interocular symmetry of retinal ganglion cell complex(GCC)parameters by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in healthy middle-young age population.

METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study. Fifty-three subjects and 106 eyes were enrolled to compare the bilateral axial length(AL), full retina thickness(FRT), outer retina thickness(ORT), mean macular GCC thickness, focal loss volume(FLV)and global loss volume(GLV). And to evaluate the correlation between the interocular differences of GCC, FLV and GLV(△GCC, △FLV and △GLV)to age, gender, the interocular differences of AL and FRT(△AL and △FRT).

RESULTS: There were no significant interocular difference revealed by pared-samples t tests in all the parameters(P>0.05)except AL(t=2.241, P=0.029).△FRT had positive correlation to △GCC(r=0.321, P=0.019)while negative correlation to △GLV(r=-0.356, P=0.009).

CONCLUSION: Interocular symmetry of GCC parameters was observed in healthy middle-young age subjects, which did not change with the variation of age, gender and interocular differences of AL.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinical characteristics of retinal hole patients with vitreous opacity as initial symptom.

METHODS:Clinical data of sixty eyes from sixty patients who came to our hospital with an initial symptom of vitreous floaters from June 2015 to June 2016 were retrospective studied. A diagnosis of retinal hole was made in all the patients by the eye B ultrasonic, dilated eye examination and optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS: No history of trauma or other eye diseases were identified in all the 60 cases. The patients were aged from 18 to 69 years old, and 48 of them were over 40. The number of the retinal holes ranged from one to four per eye. Twelve eyes(20%)of the patients had more than one hole, and retinal holes of 10(17%)patients were found in two different locations, with the size of the holes ranging from 1/6 to 2 PD. The holes in 39 eyes(65%)were found in the superior temporal retina, and the holes in 18 eyes(30%)were found in the inferior temporal retina. The shape of the holes was circle in 46 eyes(77%). B ultrasound revealed that all the 60 eyes showed different degrees of vitreous opacity, among which 48 eyes(80%)complicated with posterior vitreous detachment, and 24 eyes of them also suffered from a high degree of myopia.

CONCLUSION: Retinal hole with initial symptom of vitreous opacity was mostly diagnosed in elderly people. A detailed retinal examination of each patient who experiences vitreous floaters should be done. B ultrasonic and dilated eye examinations can make diagnosis clearly. OCT examination can serve as a supportive evidence to facilitate the diagnosis of retinal hole.

Abstract:AIM: To understand the risk factors of dry eye for people under age 40 to reduce the incidence of dry eye, provide a theoretical basis for reducing the harm of dry eye.

METHODS:A total of 440 patients aged below 40 were selected from Apr. to Sep.2015 in Shanxi Eye Hospital for the study. After obtaining the informed consent of the patient, they underwent face to face interviews with questionnaires to obtain relevant information. The tear break-up time, Schirmer I test, corneal fluorescein staining were measured and recorded. A total of 259 dry eye patients were pathological group, and the remaining 181 cases were the control group. A case control study was used.

RESULTS: Four hundred and forty cases included 205 male(46.6%)and 235 female(53.4%)patients diagnosed 259 cases(58.9%)with dry eye. The result of Logistic regression analysis revealed that refractive errors(OR=4.582, 95%CI=2.789-7.562), daily reading and writing time more than 4h(OR=1.380, 95%CI=1.111-1.715), non-standard reading and writing posture(OR=4.202, 95%CI=2.531-6.977), wearing contact lenses(OR=3.374, 95%CI=1.837-6.196), combination of ophthalmic(OR=3.749, 95%CI=1.608-8.740), rhinitis(OR=2.244, 95%CI=1.412-4.410), conjunctivitis(OR=3.971, 95%CI=2.005-7.866), LASIK surgery(OR=4.494, 95%CI=0.988-20.447), neighborhood within 1 km has pollution building(OR=3.039, 95%CI=1.185-7.796)were risk factors for dry eye.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ophthalmology clinic under the age of 40 in patients with dry eye is far higher than the general prevalence. The results indicate that people's bad habits, behavior and environmental pollution are risk factors for dry eye.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the application of traditional examinations and optical coherence tomography analysis in diagnosis of dry eye who are suffered from lupus nephritis. The correlation between traditional examinations and optical coherence tomography were analyzed.

METHODS: We included 27 cases(54 eyes)with lupus nephritis and the same number of normal subjects as control group. Subjective symptom scores, Schirmer Ⅰ test, break-up time(BUT), fluorescein staining, optical coherence tomography(OCT)measurement of tear meniscus height and tear meniscus area were carried out for both groups.

RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group(35%), the lupus nephritis group(59%)shows a higher prevalence of subjective symptom, less lacrimal secretion(P<0.01), shorter BUT(P<0.01), a higher positive rate of FL staining(LN 63%, control group 30%), lower tear meniscus heigt(P=0.002)and smaller tear meniscus area(P=0.028). The incidence of dry eye is significantly higher in lupus nephritis group. The value of tear meniscus height had positive correlation with SⅠt(P=0.012)or BUT(P=0.002)results. The value of tear meniscus area had positive correlation with SⅠt(P=0.023)or BUT(P=0.004)results.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dry eye is higher in lupus nephritis than normal people. We should examining and giving treatment in time in order to relive eye discomfort. As a simplicity of operator, high-efficiency, accurate examination method, OCT will be of value to diagnosis of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the changes of tear film after laser assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)with corneal flap created by femtosecond laser with preoperative artificial tears intervention. In the meantime, to analyze the main clinical characteristics of dry eye.

METHODS: The 434 myopic patients(859 eyes)who underwent femtosecond laser surgery from Jul.2014 to Jul.2015 were enrolled in the study after 6mo follow-up. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they dropt artificial tears in preoperative. The patients of group one didn't drop artificial tears(408 eyes of 205 patients), group two dropt artificial tears in preoperative(451 eyes of 229 patients). To record and analyze the consequence of the dry eye symptom score, tear break-up time(BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test, corneal fluorescein staining's changes and correlative factors respectively in preoperative, the first week in postoperative, and the first month, the third month and the sixth month after surgery.

RESULTS:Dry eye symptom score: there were significant differences(P<0.05)between the first week and the first month in postoperative, while no significance(P>0.05)in the third and the sixth month between 2 groups. There existed significant differences in that of the first week and the first month after surgery compared with the preoperative level, in spite of no such significant differences existed in that of the third and the sixth month compared with the preoperative level. BUT: there were significant differences(P<0.05)in the first week, the first month and the third month between 2 groups, while no such obvious differences(P>0.05)in the sixth month. There existed significant differences in that of the first week, the first month and the third month compared with the preoperative level, while no such significant difference in that of the sixth month compared with the preoperative level. Schirmer Ⅰ test: there existed obvious differences(P<0.05)in that of the first week and the first month in postoperative between 2 groups, while no such obvious differences(P>0.05)in the third and the sixth month. There existed significant differences in that of the first week and the first month compared with the preoperative level. While no such significant difference existed in that of the third and the sixth month compared with the preoperative level. Corneal fluorescein staining: There existed obvious differences(P<0.05)in the first week, the first month and the third month after surgery between 2 groups. While no such obvious differences(P>0.05)existed in the sixth month between 2 groups. There existed significant differences in that of the first week and the first month compared with the preoperative level. While no such significant difference existed in that of the third month and the sixth month compared with the preoperative level.

CONCLUSION:The function of tear film is decreased in early postoperative by LASIK. However, the patients' tear film with preoperative artificial tears intervention recover much faster than the patients who do not use the artificial tears.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the epidemiological features for patients with eye trauma admitted from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2015 in our hospital.

METHODS: The clinical data about 546 hospitalized patients with eye trauma treated from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2015 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed. The clinical data included the patient's gender, age, occupation, injured eye, injury types, injury-causing objects, post-processing treatment, etc.

RESULTS: For 546 cases, there were 402 male cases(73.6%)and 144 female cases(26.4%). At the different age groups, there were 210 cases aged from 31 to 50(38.5%), 152 cases aged from 21 to 30(27.8%). In view of different occupations, 196 cases were migrant workers(35.9%), followed by 152 cases of workers(27.8%)and 78 cases of students(14.3%). In view of the injury causes, 282 cases(51.6%)were caused by accidents followed by 83 fighting and brawling cases(15.2%). In view of injury types, the major types included blunt ocular trauma, perforating wound and rupture; there were 194 cases with blunt ocular trauma(35.5%), 142 cases with perforating wound(26.0%)and 61 cases with rupture(11.2%). For 546 cases, there were 178 cases with SAS≥50 scores(32.6%)including 154 cases with mild anxiety(28.2%), 18 cases with moderate anxiety(3.3%)and 6 cases with severe anxiety(1.1%).

CONCLUSION: In the most cases, the eye trauma can be prevented. According to the patient's gender, age, occupation and injury causes, it is possible to strengthen the health education, popularize the safety knowledge, improve the safety facilities and working environment so as to prevent the accidents of eye trauma.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the characteristics of conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)in the diagnosis of benign and malignant orbital tumors and to discuss the diagnostic value.

METHODS: Thirty-five patients diagnosed as orbital tumors were selected from May 2011 to Jan. 2014 in Shenyang the Fourth Hospital of People. Conventional ultrasound and CEUS were used to analyze the morphologies, the tumor echo and the color doppler characteristics of the orbital tumors. SonoLiver software was used to analyze the ultrasonic imaging data and the parameters of the ultrasonic imaging.

RESULTS: The conventional ultrasound and CEUS showed that in 35 patients diagnosed as orbital tumors, 27 cases were benign and 8 cases were malignant. Compared with post-operation pathology diagnose, the coincidence rate of was 91%(32/35). Ultrasound contrast parameters showed that the rising time(RT)and the mean transit time(mTT)in the malignant group was lower than in the benign group(P<0.05). The peak time(TTP)in the benign group and the malignant group was the same(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The application of ultrasound combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound can increased the coincidence rate in the diagnosis of benign and malignant orbital tumors and it is benefit for the per-operation qualitation diagnosis.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the accuracy and smooth degree of the matrix surface of the corneal donor in the laser ablation of the femtosecond laser.

METHODS: The FS200 laser cut 5 eye bank donors to get 5 anterior lamellar discs(ALD)and the corresponding 5 posterior lamellar discs(PLD). The thickness of PLD was not less than 150μm. The laser frequency was 200KHz. The lamellar cut energy was 1.2μJ and the trephination cut energy was 1.2μJ. The thickness of PLD, the histological changes of corneas(HE staining)and the degree of surface roughness under scanning electron microscope were recorded.

RESULTS: The corneal thickness before cutting was 534±24μm. The preset posterior lamellar corneal thickness was 199±7μm. The obtaining posterior lamellar thickness was 196±40 μm(Z=-0.13, P=0.89). With HE staining, the corneal cutting surface was slightly rough. Under the scanning electron microscopy, the smoothness score of the anterior lamellar stromal surface was 1.2±0.4, the posterior lamellar stromal surface smoothness score was 2.4±0.5(Z=-2.12, P=0.03).

CONCLUSION: The precision of deep corneal stroma cutting made by FS200 femtosecond laser is good. The cutting surface of the ALD is smoother than that of the PLD.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the correlation among the difference in the diopter, axial length and the choroidal thickness interocular difference in anisometropia

METHODS: A retrospective serial cases analysis was performed. Sixty-six anisometropia patients who accepted measurement of choroidal thickness and axial length were recruited in First People's Hospital of Xiantao from Sep.2015 to May 2016. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the difference of diopter. Group 1: the difference of diopter <1.00D, 13 males and 9 females, aged 7-14 years old. Group 2: the difference of diopter >1.00D and <2.50D, 12 males and 10 females, aged 7-16 years old. Group 3: the difference of diopter >2.50D and <5.0D, 12 males and 10 females, aged 7-18 years old.

RESULTS: The difference of diopter and subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)showed statistically significant difference between 3 groups. In group 1, the difference of diopter showed no significant correlation with the difference of axial length and SFCT(r=0.192, P=0.396; r=0.182, P=0.418). In group 2, the difference of diopter showed positive correlation with the difference of axial length(r=0.582, P<0.01), and SFCT(r=0.658, P<0.01). In group 3, the difference of diopter showed positive correlation with the difference of axial length(r=0.912, P<0.01), and SFCT(r=0.967, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The diopter, axial length and SFCT of two eyes show statistically significant difference in different extent anisometropia. The greater the extent of anisometropia, the stronger the correction of SFCT and diopter.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the correlation between Meibomian gland dysfunction and the incidence of diffuse lamellar keratitis(DLK)by giving Meibomian gland dysfunction patients femtosecond laser assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)operations and observing the occurrence of DLK clinically after operations.

METHODS: Selected 200 patients(396 eyes)who received femtosecond laser LASIK operations in Myopia Treatment Center from January 2015 to October 2015 and divided them into two groups for observation. Group A was the experimental group(MGD group)with 100 meibomian gland dysfunction patients(197 eyes). Group B was the control group(non- MGD group)with 100 patients(199 eyes)without meibomian gland dysfunction. There were no significant differences in age and gender in the two groups. Meibomian gland orifice obstruction, quality and quantity of meibomian gland secretions and palpebral margin anomalies were observed before operations and the occurrence and severity of DLK were observed on 1, 3d and 1wk after operations by using slit lamp-microscopy.

RESULTS: In MGD group, among the 100 patients(197 eyes), 15 patients(18 eyes)had DLK. The occurrence rate was 9.1%. In the 100 patients(199 eyes), 3 patients had DLK. The occurrence rate was 1.5%. The occurrence rate of DLK in MGD group was significantly higher than that in non-MGD group. There were statistically significant difference(P<0.05)in the incidence of DLK between the MGD group and non- MGD group.

CONCLUSION: The result of analysis indicated that MGD may be a potential risk factor for the occurrence of DLK after the femtosecond laser LASIK operation.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the mechanism and therapeutic effects of posterior scleral reinforcement operation in the treatment of pathological myopia.

METHODS: A total of 54 cases(86 eyes)with posterior scleral reinforcement operation in the treatment of pathological myopia were retrospectively analyzed. The preoperative and postoperative ocular axial length, refraction, visual acuity and complications were observed, and the treatment experience was summarized.

RESULTS:Patients were followed up for 2y, ocular axial length, refraction, and visual acuity, after 1, 3 and 6mo compared with the preoperative, there was statistical significance. After 1, 2y of ocular axial length and refraction compared with the preoperative, there was no significant postoperative corrected visual acuity compared with the preoperative, the difference was not statistically significant, no serious complications occurred.

CONCLUSION: Posterior scleral reinforcement operation surgery can effectively prevent and cure the progression of pathological myopia. It is an effective and safe operation method.

Abstract:AIM: To analysis of intermittent exotropia patients parting mechanism, the effects of position control.

METHODS: A total of 50 patients with intermittent exotropia underwent strabismus surgery treatment were selected in our hospital from Jun.2014 to Jul.2014 as the research object. On the basis of all patients according to the close and distant strabismus degree difference were divided into basic 24 cases(visual far and near vision angle of oblique angle of the basic equal or differ 15 delta)or less, separation type to 17 cases(depending on the far angle acuity nearly 15 delta squint angle), set less than 9 cases(near vision acuity visual far angle of squint angle 15 delta)three groups, the eye position control ability was compared between the four methods, which were 6m(as far), 33cm as the standard(visual), the outdoor visual standard, and the 1h covering test.

RESULTS: The basic model of intermittent exotropia patients at 6m mark, at 33cm, watching outdoor logo, 1h cover test of four kinds test results respectively(55.10±1.62),(45.32±1.21),(64.85±1.77),(68.33±1.66)PD, separation of a strength type test results for the intermittent exotropia patients(50.23±1.88),(67.46±1.17),(76.95±1.64),(78.15±1.56)PD, inadequate collection type test results for the intermittent exotropia patients(50.98±1.29),(33.48±1.40),(43.65±1.49),(54.64±1.12)PD, differences between groups with statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Patients with intermittent exotropia parting to eye position control ability significantly influences relationship, determine the classification will help to improve the effects of strabismus surgery, which should be paid attention during clinical attention.