Abstract:AIM: To analyse visual modifications such as amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence(NPC)reopsis and near phoria associated with asthenopic symptoms after 3D viewing at varying distances.

METHODS: A prospective study. Thirty young adults were randomly selected. Each individual was exposed to 3D viewing thrice in a day for a fixed distance and the distance was varied on three consecutive days. Same video of equal duration and different screen sizes were used for every distance. Cyclic 3D mode of K-multimedia(KM)player was used for projecting the 3D video. Different variables like stereopsis, amplitude of accommodation, near point of accommodation, near phoria and asthenopic symptoms were recorded immediately after 3D video viewing. Stereopsis was measured with “Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek” or “Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research”(TNO test), amplitude of accommodation and NPC were measured using RAF ruler, near phoria was measured using prism bar and a closed ended sample questionnaire was used to know the occurrence of asthenopic symptoms. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test etc. Qualitative data was analyzed using Chi-square test.

RESULTS: For every distance of 40 cm, 3 m and 6 m, amplitude of accommodation was significantly reduced by 0.66 D, 1.12 D and 1.44 D. NPC got significantly receded by 0.63 cm, 0.93 cm and 1.23 cm, and the near phoria was significantly increased by 0.87, and 2.2 prism dioptres(PD)base-in respectively. It was found that most of the subjects got pain around the eyes, headache and irritation for each viewing distance. This study also revealed that 3D video viewing in theaters may increase the symptoms of headache, watering and irritation. Symptoms like headache, watering, fatigue, irritation and nausea may increase considerably at home environment and symptoms such as headache and watering may cause significant discomfort by 3D viewing using a laptop.

CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in amplitude of accommodation, NPC, near phoria and asthenopic symptoms before and after viewing a 3D video and also at three viewing distances. There was a predominant occurrence of asthenopic symptoms after 3D video viewing at different distances.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the use of the instruments' built-in normative databases, the sensitivities of time-domain optical coherence tomography(Stratus OCT)and spectral-domain OCT(Spectralis OCT)in the detection of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)defects in patients with glaucoma.

METHODS: Fifty-two eyes of 35 patients with open angle glaucoma were included. A total of 69 hemiretinas with photographically identified RFNL defects were analyzed using the fast RNFL scan of Stratus OCT and the circle scan in Spectralis OCT. The OCT parameters were evaluated at 5% and 1% abnormality levels using the instruments' built-in normative databases. The diagnostic sensitivity of each parameter was compared between the two devices.

RESULTS: The Spectralis OCT detected RNFL defects within each quadrant more frequently than the Stratus OCT at both the 5%(79.7% vs 63.8%, P=0.01)and 1%(56.5% vs 40.6%, P=0.01)abnormality levels. At the 1% abnormality level, the sensitivity was significantly higher in the standard sector of Spectralis OCT than in the clock-hour sector of the Stratus OCT(68.1% vs 39.1%, P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: Using the instruments' built-in normative databases, the diagnostic sensitivity of the Spectralis OCT parameters was higher than that of the Stratus OCT parameters for detecting glaucomatous RNFL defects.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the level of serum Vitamin D in patients with exfoliation syndrome(XFS)and exfoliative glaucoma(XFG)with that in control subjects.

METHODS: Serum levels of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D(Vitamin D)were measured using liquid chromatography. Variables like age, sex and medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease were reported.

RESULTS: This study included a total of 55 patients with XFS/XFG and 60 control subjects. Patients with XFS/XFG were significantly older than control subjects(mean age: 71.8y vs 67.5y, P=0.002). Gender distribution was similar. The prevalence rates of diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease were not significantly different between the two groups. The mean of Vitamin D was 14.7 ng/mL for patients with XFS/XFG and 14.9 ng/mL for control subjects with no significant difference. Although Vitamin D level was lower in the XFS/XFG group but multivariate analysis did not show significant difference in Vitamin D deficiency between the two groups after adjusting for age, gender, and medical conditions.

CONCLUSION: The outcomes of our study are different from those in the literature. Vitamin D levels were low in both the XFS/XFG group and the control group being lower in the first one but that difference was not statistically significant. XFS and Vitamin D deficiency share common associations with certain systemic diseases. Further studies with larger numbers are needed to elaborate more on these associations and to support further the controversial literature.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of stereoscopic 3D(S3D)technology as a visual training system in children with amblyopia.

METHODS: Totally 30 children, aged 4-16 years old, 18 with ametropic amblyopia(AMA), and 12 with anisometropic amblyopia(ANA)were recruited in this study. A binocular 3D shutter glasses technology visual training system was used for training trials. Each training time lasted 1h, and the number of training trials totaled 33(mean±SD: 32±8)times on average, per-person. Before and after each training trial, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of each eye, range of fusion by synoptophore, as well as near and distance stereopsis acuity by Yan Shaoming random-dot test and synoptophore respectively was measured.

RESULTS: A significant difference was found pre- and post treatment in BCVA in both kinds of amblyopia studied. Significant improvement was also found in fusion range and stereopsis acuity. The improvement of fusion range and stereopsis recovery could be seen in ANA than in AMA patients. The near stereopsis acuity recovery in ANA group might more easily to regain stereoacuity at near than in AMA group.

CONCLUSION: S3D display vision training systems are indicated for the recovery of stereoacuity in children with amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis on ocular blood flow in diabetic retinopathy rats.

METHODS: A total of 90 SD rats were randomly divided into control group(n=30), model group(n=30)and intervention group(n=30). Rats in the model group and intervention group were fed with high glucose and high fat diet and injected with streptozotocin(40mg/kg)in order to construct DR model rats, while rats in the control group were fed with basic diet and injected with the same amount of normal saline. After 4wk, the rats in the intervention group were injected with Rhodiola sachalinensis injection(10mL, one per day), while rats in the control group and the model group were injected with normal saline. The course of intervention treatment was 4wk. The ocular blood flow in rats was detected by laser doppler flowmetry, the apoptosis of retinal cells in rats was detected by TUNEL method, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)and glutamate/aspartate transporter(GLAST)in retina of rats was detected by RT-PCR method and Western blot method.

RESULTS: The whole blood viscosity, whole blood high shear viscosity, low shear blood viscosity and erythrocyte sedimentation of rats in the model group and intervention group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.01), while the indexes of intervention group were lower than that of model group(P<0.01). The PSV and EDC of rats in the model group and intervention group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.01), and the RI was higher than that in control group(P<0.01). The PSV and EDC in the intervention group were higher than those in the model group(P<0.01), and RI was lower than that in the model group(P<0.01). The apoptosis rate of retinal cells of model group and intervention group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.01), that in the intervention group was lower than that in the model group(P<0.01). The expression of VEGF and GFAP in retina tissue of model group and intervention group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.01), and the expression of GLAST was lower than that in the control group(P<0.01). The expression of VEGF and GFAP in the intervention group was lower than that in the model group(P<0.01), and the expression of GLAST was higher than that in the model group(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Rhodiola sachalinensis injection can significantly improve the ocular blood flow in diabetic retinopathy rats, reduce the apoptosis of retinal cells in rats, down regulate the expression of VEGF and GFAP, and up regulate the expression of GLAST.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6(TRAF6)on proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of retinoblastoma Y79 cells.

METHODS: The Y79 cells were divided into three groups: blank control group, negative control group and TRAF6 siRNA group. After TRAF6 siRNA transfection, the levels of TRAF6 mRNA and protein in Y79 cells were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was employed to detect changes in cell cycle and apoptosis. Cell invasiveness was detected by the Transwell method.

RESULTS: Expression of TRAF6 mRNA and protein in the TRAF6 siRNA group significantly decreased compared with the negative and blank control groups. Following the silencing of TRAF6, cell proliferation was inhibited and the apoptosis rate increased; the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase; the number of cells in S phase was reduced, while the invasion ability of cancer cells decreased.

CONCLUSION: Silencing TRAF6 may inhibit the proliferation of Y79 cells, promote cell apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and decrease the invasive ability. Thus, TRAF6 may be a potential target in therapy for retinoblastoma.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the natural course and adverse event of branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO)rat model induced by laser photochemical method.

METHODS: Thirty SD(Sprague Dawley)rats were administrated Bangladesh via tail vein. Then 532nm laser(80mW, 100μm and 100ms)was performed on retinal vein secondary bifurcation of bitamporal optic disk for 50 spots. Electroretinogram(ERG), fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), optical coherence tomography(OCT)and fundus(fluorescein)photograph were applied on 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21d after BRVO model constructed. Two rats were sacrificed, respectively, on 1, 5 and 21d after photocoagulation to carry on HE(Hematoxylin-Eosin stain)and VEGF-α(vascular endothelial growth factor-α)immumohistochemical staining.

RESULTS: There were three rats died, three rats with severe retinal detachment for excessive bleeding, one rat with retinal sunken, and one rat with cataract. FFA and fundus(fluorescein)photograph showed that the successful BRVO rat model was 73%(22/30). It was found that the near-end photocoagulation vein became coarse, far-end became diminution on 1d and the photocoagulation vein total recanalization was on 3-7d. ERG showed the amplification of b wave(dark-adaptation 3.0 response)decreased to 0.694±0.042 of control eyes and on 5-7d decreased to rock bottom about 0.487±0.064 of control eyes. Then it increased all the time to 0.708±0.0465 of control eyes on 21d. OCT and HE staining found that retinal ganglion cells and outer nuclear layer became edema on 1d in vivo and in vitro. It was observed that the thickness of retina on photocoagulation vein(0μm or 250μm)decreased from 5d and there were 3-4 layer cells in ONL on 21d. The expression of VEGF-α at injured site were significantly more than control eyes on 1d and there were no significant difference on 5d; But the expression of VEGF-α were slightly less than control eyes on 21d.

CONCLUSION: Photochemical method was a feasible method to establish BRVO rat model. The evolution and development of the BRVO model could partly mimic human BRVO phenomenon. At the same time, it should be improved to increase the successful model rate.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of phototherapeutic keratectomy(PTK)on rabbit bacterial corneal ulcer model and explore the clinical potential of this method.

METHODS: Totally 48 eyes from all the 24 New Zealand rabbits were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and bacterial corneal ulcer model was established successfully. At 1d after inoculation, 48 eyes were given levofloxacin eye drops when corneal ulcer was confirmed. Then slit lamp inspection and optical coherence tomography(OCT)were performed to measure the central corneal ulcer depth. All the rabbits right eyes were treated with PTK, as an observation group, left eyes were not treated as a control group. The eye section were observed by slit lamp and central thickness of corneal ulcer was measured by OCT at 3 and 7d after this operation. Rabbits were sacrificed and the cornea was removed for pathological section 7d later.

RESULTS: The corneal ulcers in both groups had a tendency to heal, showing a decrease in ulcer area and smoothness of the surface. There was no significant difference in the depth of corneal ulcer between the observation group and the control group before PTK(t=0.706, P=0.484). The difference between the two groups of eyes at 3 and 7d after PTK was obviously(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: PTK can effectively cure rabbit Staphylococcus aureus corneal ulcer and promote ulcer wound healing, which may be used for clinical treatment of patients with bacterial corneal lesions.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the concentration of RBP4 and IL-6 in vitreous of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS: A total of 65 patients(66 eyes)were enrolled in Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from February 2017 to July 2017 with the informed consent. The patients were divided into PDR group(23 cases)and NPDR group(16 cases). Twenty-six patients without diabetic mellitus(DM)served as control group. The demography was matched among the groups, but the course of DM, the blood glucose level and the HbA1c level were elevated in the PDR group and the NPDR group(all P<0.05). Vitreous samples were collected during the procedure of vitrectomy. RBP4, IL-6, TNF-α concentrations in vitreous specimens were detected by ELISA. The differences of vitreous RBP4, IL-6 and TNF-α in various groups were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, respectively. The correlations between RBP4 and IL-6, TNF-α were calculated by Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS: The concentration of RBP4 in PDR group, the NPDR group and control group were 13.68±2.66, 11.03±1.12, 10.45±1.17μg/mL, and the concentration of IL-6 were 56.0±10.27, 20.92±5.77, 10.26±1.91pg/mL. RBP4 and IL-6 concentrations were elevated in PDR group compared with NPDR group and control group, with significant difference among three groups(F=12.135, 161.167; P<0.01). IL-6 concentrations in vitreous increased in the NPDR group in comparison with control group(P<0.05). RBP4 concentrations had no significant difference between the NPDR group and the group(P>0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was significant positive between RBP4 concentration and IL-6 concentration(r=0.606, P=0.001).

CONCLUSION: RBP4 is probability involved in the inflammation pathogenesis of PDR. These results indicate that RBP4 could be a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of PDR.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between high temperature essential factor A-1(HTRA1)polymorphism and genetic susceptibility of wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in Han population.

METHODS: Totally 201 patients of wet AMD in Han population were selected from May 2014 to January 2017 in our hospital as disease group, and 201 healthy persons of Han were selected as health group. Blood samples of peripheral vein were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. HTRA1 polymorphism loci were detected, and the rs11200638 and rs2248799 loci of HTRA1 gene were detected by Sequenom mass spectrometry platform. Then the relationship between HTRA1 polymorphism and genetic susceptibility of wet AMD were analyzed.

RESULTS: The grade distributions of the genotype of the rs11200638 and rs2248799 loci in the two groups subjects had significant differences(P<0.01), and the frequencies of AA and TT in the disease group were respectively 51.2% and 57.7%, of which the health group were respectively 20.9% and 28.4%, and the former were significantly higher than the latter, with significant differences(P<0.01). The frequencies of risk allele A of rs11200638 loci and risk allele T of rs2248799 loci in the disease group were respectively 69.7% and 73.6%, of which the health group respectively were 45.8% and 52.5%, and the former were significantly higher than the latter, with significant differences(P<0.01). The OR values of rs11200638 genotype AA and AG were respectively 5.36 and 3.45, which were the risk factors of wet AMD(P<0.01). The OR values of rs2248799 genotype TT and TC were respectively 2.36 and 1.98, which were the risk factors of wet AMD(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The rs11200638 and rs2248799 polymorphisms of HTRA1 gene are associated with the incidence of wet AMD, and the genotype AA and TT are closely related to the risk of wet AMD in Han population, of which the higher frequencies can increase the risk of wet AMD.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss and evaluate how different types of strabismus impact on the recovery of distance and near stereoacuity after strabismus surgery.

METHODS:We selected 72 cases of strabismus who were treated in our hospital. They were divided into four groups: Group 1 as constant non-accommodative esotropia; Group 2 as intermittent exotropia; Group 3 as constant exotropia; Group 4 as exotropia V sign with inferior oblique hyperfunction. The distance stereoacuity were examined by synoptophore and the near stereoacuity was examined by Shaoming Yan's stereogram. Above examination data was collected and recorded before surgery, 7d, 1, 3, and 6mo after surgery.

RESULTS: The 72 patients' distance and near stereoacuity were significantly improved after their surgery, compared with their previous binocular vision. The improvement showed statistical significant(P<0.05). The recovery of Group 2's distance and near stereoacuity had been proved superior to that of Group 1, Group 3, and Group 4. The changes in the distance and near stereoacuity of Group 2 were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in the distance and near stereoacuity of Group 1, Group 3, and Group 4 after the surgeries(P>0.05). The damage of distance stereoacuity(0 cases)was more severe than the damage of near stereoacuity(19 cases, 26%). After the surgeries, near stereoacuity's(51 cases, 71%)recovery was significantly superior to the distance stereoacuity's recovery(17 cases, 24%). At 1mo after the surgeries, the improvement of distance and near stereoacuity was most obvious.

CONCLUSION:Postoperative recovery of distance and near stereoacuity varies as per strabismus type. Intermittent exotropia's patients show the best recovery of distance and near stereoacuity after the surgeries. The clinical results on the recovery of distance and near stereoacuity after surgery for constant non-accommodative esotropia, constant exotropia and exotropia V sign with inferior oblique hyperfunction are consistent. As the distance stereoacuity of the patients with strabismus has more severe damage, the recovery of near stereoacuity is superior to that of distance stereoacuity.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the curative effect of Chinese medicine physiotherapy combined with tropicamide eye drops to treat pseudomyopia in children and adolescent.

METHODS: We collected randomized controlled trials from CNKI, CBM, Wanfang database, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library in 2000-2015, and the improved Jadad scale was used to evaluate the methodology of the literature, and the data was extracted. The Review Manager 5.3 statistical software was used for meta analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 5 articles were included in the analysis, with a total sample size of 836 cases. The curative effect of experimental group on pseudomyopia was better than that of control group, and the differences are statistically significant(Z=6.39, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Compared with topiramine eye drops alone, combined with traditional Chinese medicine therapy for treating pseudomyopia in children and adolescent is more effective, and is safe and reliable.

Abstract:With the increasingly higher prevalence of myopia in children, more and more attention has been paid on the prevention and control of childhood myopia. As a non-surgical method for correcting myopia and meanwhile slowing its progression, orthokeratology is now widely used around the world. Multiple clinical studies have revealed that orthokeratology is an effective and crucial way in controlling childhood myopic progression. However, the myopia controlling efficacy differs greatly among individuals. Many factors have been reported to have potential influences in the process of myopia control of orthokeratology in children and these factors were reviewed in this article.

Abstract:Orthokeratology can change the shape of the cornea and control the growth of the eye axis through the special design of its inverse geometry, which has achieved significant clinical effect on adolescent myopia correction. Thus, it has been highly praised by the experts at home and abroad and widely used. Recent studies show that orthokeratology can control the myopia anisometropia and improve the binocular vision in myopic. This article introduces the latest research progress on the effect and mechanism of orthokeratology control myopia, the treatment of anisometropia, the influence of ocular accommodation parameters and improvement of the binocular vision.

Abstract:Keratoconus is an ophthalmopathy that has high morbidity and is likely to cause blindness. The currently available therapeutic options for keratoconus mainly include wearing rigid gas permeable(RGP)contact lenses, corneal cross linking, and keratoplasty, etc., which, however, require high treatment cost and long-term medicinal treatment with indefinite therapeutic effect. Intracorneal lens implantation has emerged as a new technique for the treatment of keratoconus, which attempts to implant a lens of certain power into the corneal interlayer, so as to allow the visual acuity to recover quickly while treating keratoconus. This paper reviews the advances and the development prospect of intracorneal lens implantation.

Abstract:microRNA is specifically expressed in ocular tissues and plays a unique role in ocular tissues. microRNA-155 regulates a variety of signaling pathways, affects the expression of the corresponding protein, then leads to the morphology and function abnormality of cells and tissue. The mechanism of primary open angle glaucoma is not yet clear. It is considered that the morphology and function abnormality of trabecular meshwork is the main cause of the increasing intraocular pressure. The effect of microRNA-155 on primary open angle glaucoma can provide a new direction for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of primary open angle glaucoma.

Abstract:Glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness in China. The higher the intraocular pressure, the severer the optic nerve injury. Lowering the intraocular pressure is the main treatment of delaying the progression in glaucoma optic nerve damage, and surgery is the chief strategy of lowering the intraocular pressure. At present, the device implantation has become more and more popular among different types of surgical treatment of glaucoma due to its safety, efficacy, fewer complications. This article introduces briefly the new device implantation--XEN gel stent drainage device.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common and serious microvascular complications of diabetes. In foreign countries, DR is the leading cause of blindness in the working age group(20-64 years). In China, the incidence of DR and the rate of blindness increase year by year, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life. Previous studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy were mainly focused on the microvascular; in recent years, with the deepening of researches, more and more scholars believe that DR is no longer simply a kind of microangiopathy, but is also accompanied by retinal neurodegeneration. However, studies on the pathogenesis of microvascular disease and neurodegenerative changes of diabetic retinopathy in the literature domestic and abroad are mostly single. This article reviews the relationship between microvascular disease and neurodegenerative changes in diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:Consecutive exotropia is not uncommon in clinical practice, but the domestic researches on the disease and its risk factors are rare. This article aims to summarize the risk factors of consecutive exotropia after surgery of esotropia and to discuss the treatment of consecutive exotropia so as to provide references for identifying risk factors for consecutive exotropia before operation, and to reduce the incidence of overcorrection, in order to guide the surgical design of esotropia and diagnosis as well as treatment of consecutive exotropia.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the changes of corneal endothelial cells and tear film in diabetic cataract patients after operation.

METHODS: Totally 88 patients(88 eyes)with diabetic cataract(study group)treated in our hospital from June 2016 to June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, and 100 patients(100 eyes)with senile cataract(control group)were selected. Patients of two groups underwent phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation and followed up for 3mo. The corneal endothelial cell density, endothelial cell coefficient of variation and hexagonal cell proportion were measured by TOPCON SP - 3000P non-contact corneal endothelial tester before and after operation in two groups. The tear break-up time(BUT), basal tear secretion test(SⅠt)and corneal fluorescein test(FL)in two groups were observed.

RESULTS: There was no difference in corneal endothelial cell density between the two groups before treatment and 7d after treatment(P>0.05). The corneal endothelial cell density in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group(3mo after treatment)(P<0.05). The density of corneal endothelial cells decreased significantly in two groups at each time points after treatment(P<0.05). The variation coefficient of corneal endothelial cells showed significant difference between groups at 7d and 3mo after treatment(P<0.05). The variation coefficient levels of corneal endothelial cells in both groups increased after treatment(P<0.05). The ratio of hexagonal cells decreased after treatment(P<0.05), and the ratio of hexagonal cells at 7d and 3mo after treatment in study group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no difference in BUT, SⅠt and FL between the two groups(P>0.05). BUT and FL between the two groups at 7d after treatment had no significant difference(P>0.05), while the SⅠt of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). BUT and SⅠt of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group at 3mo after treatment(P<0.05), with no difference in FL between the two groups(P>0.05). After treatment, BUT, SⅠt and FL were improved in the two groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification has some damage to corneal endothelial cells and destroys the stability of tear film, corneal endothelial cells are damaged more severely and recover slowly after operation especially in diabetic cataract patients.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the biometric parameters before and after cataract surgeries of the cataract eyes with high myopia, and to provide reference for the calculation of intraocular lens diopter for cataract eyes with high myopia.

METHODS: Totally 152 cataract eyes with high myopia were selected. All the axial lengths were equal to or more than 26mm. The preoperative axial length, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, and lens thickness were measured before cataract surgery, and also the corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth were measured 3mo after cataract surgery. The relationships between the parameters were analyzed, and the postoperative anterior chamber depth was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS: The correlation between the preoperative axial length and preoperative corneal curvature, lens thickness was positive separately(r=0.236, r=0.216; P<0.05). There was no correlation between preoperative axial length and preoperative anterior chamber depth(P>0.05). And there was no correlation between preoperative anterior chamber depth and preoperative corneal curvature(P>0.05). There was negative correlation between preoperative anterior chamber depth and preoperative lens thickness(r=-0.513, P<0.05). And there was positive correlation between postoperative anterior chamber depth and preoperative axial length, preoperative anterior chamber depth, preoperative corneal curvature and postoperative corneal curvature separately(r=0.374, r=0.364, r=0.333, r=0.356; P<0.05). There was no correlation between postoperative anterior chamber depth and preoperative lens thickness(P>0.05). The multiple linear regression equation was: postoperative anterior chamber depth = -2.592 + 0.091 × preoperative axial length +0.078 × preoperative corneal curvature +0.491 × preoperative anterior chamber depth.

CONCLUSION: By measuring the preoperative axial length, corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth, the postoperative anterior chamber depth can be calculated by using the postoperative anterior chamber depth multiple regression equation, so as to provide a reference for the calculation formula of intraocular lens diopter of cataract patients with high myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To explore relation of diabetes mellitus with intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome(IFIS)during phacoemulsification.

METHODS: Thirty patients with IFIS who underwent phacoemulsification were enrolled as IFIS group. The patients in whom IFIS did not appear were as the control group. The baseline data of two groups were collected. The risk factors of IFIS in phacoemulsification were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. The forecasting indicators of IFIS were analyzed by ROC curve.

RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes(Exp(B)=1.514, 95% CI: 0.842-5.281\〗, fast plasma glucose(FPG)\〖Exp(B)=1.958, 95% CI: 1.163-11.728\〗, HbA1c \〖Exp(B)=2.044, 95% CI: 1.409-14.620\〗 and the history of application of α-1 receptor antagonists \〖Exp(B)=1.791,95% CI: 1.128-10.752\〗 were independent risk factors for IFIS in cataract phacoemulsification. The AUC of FPG predicting IFIS was 0.645. And The AUC of HbA1c predicting IFIS was 0.767. The sensitivity of FPG ≥7.0mmol/L predicting IFIS was 0.849, the specificity was 0.241. The sensitivity HbA1c> 9.0% predicticting IFIS, was 0.733, specificity was 0.600.

CONCLUSION: The occurrence of IFIS in phacoemulsification is related to the history of of diabetes, FPG, HbA1c and application of α-1 receptor antagonist. The preoperative measure HbA1c has a good predictive value of IFIS.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of intravitreal injection of Conbercept combined with trabeculectomy and panretinal photocoagulation for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: The clinical data of 90 patients with NVG treated in our hospital from June 2014 to June 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 42 patients treated with trabeculectomy and panretinal photocoagulation enrolled as the control group. On the basis of this, 48 patients who received intravitreal injection of conbercept 5-7d preoperatively were enrolled as observation group. The best corrected visual acuity(standard logarithmic visual acuity), intraocular pressure and the regression of neovascularization were observed and compared before treatment, and 1wk, 1, 3, and 6mo post treatment. Then the clinical efficacy and postoperative complications were observed and recorded.

RESULTS: The difference of visual acuity of the two groups was significant before and after treatment, and the best corrected visual acuity of observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 1mo after the operation(P<0.05), no difference was found at 1wk, 3 and 6mo post treatment(P>0.05). The pre- and postoperative intraocular pressure of the two groups showed significant difference, and the intraocular pressure of the observation group was significantly lower than the control group at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo post treatment(P<0.05). The cure rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(77% vs 64%), with statistical significance(P<0.05). The incidence of anterior chamber hemorrhage and shallow anterior chamber in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05), with no difference in the incidence of macular degeneration(P>0.05). Moreover, the recurrence rate of neovascularization in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 6mo after operation(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The intravitreal injection of conbercept 5-7d before panretinal photocoagulation can significantly reduce intraocular pressure, improve the visual acuity for the treatment of NVG, which also has a higher comprehensive cure rate.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between adrenergic receptor(AR)R389G gene polymorphism and changes in intraocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).

METHODS: We selected 100 patients with newly diagnosed POAG from January 2015 to February 2017 in our hospital. The patient's intraocular pressure was measured at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00 daily and the mean value was calculated. Patients with mean intraocular pressure ≥30mmHg were included in Group A(44 patients), patients with mean intraocular pressure <30mmHg were treated as Group B(56 patients). The clinical data of two groups of patients were compared, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between β1AR R389G gene polymorphism and changes in intraocular pressure in patients with POAG.

RESULTS: The frequency of GG genotype in Group A(27.3%)was significantly higher than that in Group B(8.9%)(P<0.05). The allele G frequency was significantly higher in Group A(40.9%)than in Group B(18.8%), with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). By multivariate Logistic regression analysis, increased systolic blood pressure and increased frequency of β1AR R389G allele were independent risk factors for increased intraocular pressure in POAG patients(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The β1AR R389G gene polymorphism is closely related to POAG and is an independent risk factor for increased intraocular pressure in patients with POAG.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the efficacy of EX-PRESS combined with amniotic membrane implantation for open angle glaucoma.

METHODS: The data of 43 eyes of 43 patients with open angle glaucoma were enrolled from January 2014 to January 2017. The patients were randomly divided into amniotic group and mitomycin(MMC)group. All cases received EX-PRESS combined with amniotic membrane implantation(amniotic group)or with intraoperative application of mitomycin(MMC group). The early postoperative anterior chamber formation, filtering bleb, intraocular pressure(IOP)and complications were analyzed.

RESULTS: The intraocular pressure of the two groups were significantly lower at 1wk, 1 and 6mo after operation than those before operation(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the best corrected visual acuity in the two groups at 1wk after operation compared with before operation(P>0.05). At 1 and 6mo postoperatively, the rate of functional bleb formation was 91% and 73% in amniotic group, and they were 90% and 86% in MMC group, respectively, the difference between the groups were not statistically significant(all P>0.05). At 1 and 6mo postoperatively, the total success rate was 95%, 86% in amniotic group, and they were 95%, 90% in MMC group, respectively, the difference between the groups were not statistically significant(all P>0.05). At 1wk postoperatively, the incidence of shallow anterior chamber was 9% in amniotic group and 33% in the MMC group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). At 1mo postoperatively, the incidence of bleb leakage was 5% in amniotic group and 29% in MMC group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). At the end of follow-up, there were 4 eyes of thin-wall bleb in MMC group and no cases in amniotic group.

CONCLUSION: EX-PRESS combined with amniotic membrane implantation for open angle glaucoma is good on lowering intraocular pressure with less complications than the combination of MMC.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the effect of calcium dobesilate combined with hypoglycemics for patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR)and cataract, and the influence on microcirculation of eye fundus, hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)level.

METHODS: Totally 98 DR patients with cataract(126 eyes)from January 2013 to December 2015 in our hospital were selected as the research objects, and were divided into two groups randomly(treatment group: 64 eyes in 49 patients, control group: 62 eyes in 49 patients). The control group was treated with acarbose tablet and metformin, while treatment group was treated with calcium dobesilate additionally. The clinical effect, the glycemic control effect, serum HIF-1α and VEGF level, eye function and fundus microcirculation of two groups after 12mo were compared.

RESULTS: After 12mo, the total effective rates of two groups were 87.5%, 61.3% respectively, which indicated significantly difference(P<0.05); the vision of treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05). Two groups' blood glucose level decreased significantly, and no significant difference between two groups(P>0.05). After 1-month treatment, the plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index, erythrocyte deformability index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hematocrit in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). The PSV and EDV of the posterior ciliary artery and central artery in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05), and RI was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). After 12-month treatment, the HIF-1α level of two groups were 35.90±11.36mmol/L, 46.75±12.08mmol/L respectively; the VEGF of two groups level were 89.72±13.61mmol/L, 110.30±16.74mmol/L, respectively, the treatment group's HIF-1α level and VEGF were significantly lower than control group(P<0.05), and both decreased significantly after treatment(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Calcium dobesilate combined with hypoglycemics can effectively increase the clinical effect in the treatment of retinopathy diabetic cataract, effectively control blood glucose, improve microcirculation of eye fundus, decrease HIF-1α, VEGF level, inhibit angiogenesis.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the change of retinal thickness and choroidal thickness in patients with diabetic macular edema or retinal vein occlusion-macular edema after intravitreal Ranibizumab injection using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT), and to identify determinants for the change of different types of macular edema.

METHODS: Patients were recruited from March 2016 to July 2017 diagnosed with diabetic macular edema or retinal vein occlusion-macular edema. Subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)and central retinal thickness(CRT)of all eyes were measured by SD-OCT preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6mo after operation. The change of retinal thickness and choroidal thickness after intravitreal ranibizumab injection for macular edema caused by different diseases were evaluated. Moreover, the potential determinants were studied about the change of retinal thickness and choroidal thickness.

RESULTS: Thirty-six eyes of 36 patents with macular edema were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injection. After the intravitreal ranibizumab injection, the CRT and SFCT decreased, when compared with the CRT and SFCT preoperative. There was a significant difference in the change of CRT and SFCT in different time points of following-up(F_CRT=40.876, P_CRT<0.001; F_SFCT=46.319, P_SFCT<0.001). In diabetic macular edema group, the change of SFCT was associated with the preoperative SFCT, and the change of CRT was correlated with preoperative CRT and the fast blood glucose level. In retinal vein occlusion-macular edema group, the change of SFCT was associated with the preoperative SFCT, the change of CRT was associated with preoperative CRT, the obstructive positions and the onset time of disease.

CONCLUSION: Reduction of choroidal thickness and retinal thickness in macular edema caused by different diseases can be detected with SD-OCT after intravitreal injections of ranibizumab. The reduction of choroidal thickness was correlated with the preoperative choroidal thickness. In diabetic macular edema eyes, the reduction of retinal thickness was correlated with preoperative CRT and the fast blood glucose level. Whereas, in retinal vein occlusion-macular edema eyes, the reduction of retinal thickness was correlated with the preoperative CRT, the obstructive positions and the onset time.

Abstract:AIM: To study the influence of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab combined with photon dynamic treatment(PDT)in the treatment of central serous choroiretinopathy(CSC).

METHODS:We selected 82 CSC patients treated in the hospital between February 2012 and April 2015, who were diagnosed by optical coherence tomography(OCT)and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and all got the disease monocularly, and divided them into two groups called control group(n=35)and research group(n=47)by different methods, the patients of control group were treated by PDT method, while the patients of research group were treated by vitreous bevacizumab injection combined with PDT. Then compare the number of treatment times, the rate of flat pigment epithelial detachment(PED), macular subretinal fluid absorption, OCT indexes such as volume of the macular central hub, average thickness of central macular with diameter of 6mm and thickness of central macular region below 1mm range, the difference of corrected vision and clinical efficacy of two groups before and after the treatment.

RESULTS: There were 32 eyes which were treated once, and 3 eyes which were treated twice in the control group, the average treatment times was 1.25±0.20; however, there were 9 eyes which were treated three times, 10 eyes twice, 28 eyes once, the average treatment number was 1.48±0.22, the treatment times of two groups had no statistical difference(t=1.209, P>0.05). On the other hand, 13 eyes' PED(37%)was flat in the control group, 22 eyes(63%)which macular retinal subepithelial serous absorption; 30 eyes' PED(64%)was flat in the research group, 17 eyes(36%)which macular retinal subepithelial serous absorption. The rate of flat PED and macular retinal subepithelial serous absorption of two groups had obvious statistical difference(P<0.05). The OCT indexes such as volume of the macular central hub, average thickness of central macular with diameter of 6mm and thickness of central macular region bellow 1mm of two groups had no statistical difference before the treatment(P>0.05), in contrast these OCT indexes were all much lower than control group after the treatment, and the results had obvious statistical difference(P<0.05). Besides, these OCT indexes after treatment were all much lower than that of two groups before treatment respectively, and it also had obvious statistical difference(P<0.05). After 1-month's treatment, the LogMAR corrected vision of two groups had no statistical difference(P>0.05). While the LogMAR corrected vision of research groups had statistical difference with control group after 3mo and 6mo(P<0.05). There were 6 invalid cases, 15 improvement cases, 8 excellence cases and 6 healing cases in the control group; the total effective rate of control group was 83%. While there were 3 invalid cases, 8 improvement cases, 20 excellence cases, 16 healing cases in the research group, the total effective rate of research group was 94%. The effective rate of two groups had obvious statistical difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: In the treatment of chronic CSC with PED patients, the method of vitreous bevacizumab injection combined with low dose PDT has better effect on PED flat, promoting macular subretinal serous absorption, reducing macular thickness and improving visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the risk factors for pregnancy induced hypertension retinopathy, and analyze its influence on maternal and child pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS: A total of 100 patients with gestational hypertension who met the requirements of screening were selected, they were divided into two groups, without retinal lesion group(n=29)and retinopathy group(n=71). The age, course of disease, gestational age, blood pressure, proteinuria and hematocrit in two groups were investigated. The risk factors were detected by single factor analysis, and then the study on independent risk factors were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. At the same time, their influence on maternal and child pregnancy outcomes were investigated.

RESULTS: The single factor analysis showed that except for age, the differences in the course of disease, gestational age, blood pressure, proteinuria and hematocrit were statistically significant(P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the course of disease, blood pressure, proteinuria and hematocrit were the risk factors of retinopathy, gestational age was a protective factor. Compared with the group without retinopathy, the incidence of preterm birth, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, perinatal death in the patients with retinopathy significantly increased, and the difference were statistically significant(P<0.01), and there was a certain correlation between the extent of increase and the grade of retinopathy.

CONCLUSION: Course of disease, blood pressure, proteinuria and hematocrit of patients with the hypertension of pregnancy are the risk factors of retinopathy, retinopathy has a serious adverse effect on maternal and child pregnancy outcomes.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the changes and effects of orthokeratology on corneal morphology.

METHODS: Totally 90 patients were treated with orthokeratology from January 2015 to December 2016. They were divided into observation group(overnight wearing)and control group(daytime wearing), 45 cases(90 eyes)in each. The central corneal thickness, corneal curvature,spherical equivalent(SE), uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)of both groups were compared before and after wearing orthokeratology lens for 1wk, 1, 3, and 6mo.

RESULTS: The central corneal thickness of two groups before wearing glasses was significantly higher than that of the cornea after wearing glasses 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo(all P<0.05); the central corneal thickness of the observation group at 1, 3 and 6mo after wearing glasses was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). The corneal curvature values of the two groups before wearing glasses were significantly higher than that of the cornea after wearing for 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo(all P<0.05). The corneal curvature of observation group at 6mo was significantly lower than that of the control group(40.0±0.5D vs 41.3±0.9D, P<0.05). The staining rate of corneal epithelium was observed at 3mo after wearing glasses. The positive rate of epithelial staining was 49%(44/90)in the observation group and 29%(26/90)in the comparison group; the grade 0, grade 1 accounted for the majority of the two groups. With the orthokeratology lens wearing longer, the SE level of two groups showed a downward trend. The spherical equivalent of observation group at 6mo was significantly lower than that of the control group(-0.42±0.20D vs -0.52±0.19D, P<0.05). The UCVA value of two groups after wearing glasses significantly increased than that before wearing glasses(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Wearing orthokeratology lens can reduce myopia degree. Wearing it overnight has the better outcome than wearing in the daytime.

Abstract:AIM: To study and compare the influence situation of corneal flap made by microkeratome and femtosecond laser for the vision and corneal flap thickness in patients.

METHODS: Totally 120 patients(240 eyes)with myopic refractive surgery in our hospital from June 2014 to May 2015 were randomly divided into Group A(microkeratome group)with 60 cases(120 eyes)and Group B(femtosecond laser group)with 60 cases(120 eyes). Then the vision situation and corneal flap thickness indexes of two groups at different time after the treatment were compared.

RESULTS: The vision situation between the two groups at different time after the treatment all had no significant differences(all P>0.05), while the corneal flap thickness related indexes of Group B at different time after the treatment were all better than those of Group A(all P<0.05). The evaluation indexes of two groups after the treatment all had significant differences(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The indexes of corneal flap made by femtosecond laser are better than those of microkeratome, and the influence of two methods for the vision is no obvious.

Abstract:AIM:To comparatively analyze the effect of wavefront aberration or corneal topography guided laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)on the visual quality in patients with myopia after surgery.

METHODS: During the period of January 2016 to January 2017, 100 patients(a total of 200 affected eyes)with myopia in our hospital were selected as the subjects, and they were randomly divided into Group A and Group B with 50 cases in each group. Before surgery, the eyes were examined and LASIK was performed. During surgery, the corneal stroma of eyes in Group A was cut individually according to the results of wavefront aberration examination while the individual cutting in Group B was performed according to the data of corneal topography. The visual acuity and visual quality were compared between the two groups after surgery.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference of the visual acuity between the two groups before surgery(P>0.05). The Log MAR uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), Log MAR BCVA and diopter were significantly improved at 6mo after surgery(P<0.05), and the diopter of Group A at 6mo after surgery was lower than that of Group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference of contrast sensitivity(CS)between the two groups before surgery(P>0.05). But CS of different optotypes in two groups at 3mo after surgery were all better than those before surgery(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in CS under the bright and non-glare condition at 3mo after surgery(P>0.05). However, CS of Group A under bright glare, dark with glare and dark without glare states were significantly better than those of Group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference of detection results of wavefront aberrations between the two groups before surgery(P>0.05). At 3mo after surgery, the total aberrations, total higher-order aberrations, comatic aberrations and spherical aberrations significantly increased in two groups(P<0.05), and the increase in Group A was obviously lower than that in Group B(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Both of wavefront aberration and corneal topography guided individualized excimer surgery can significantly improve the visual acuity of patients with myopia, but the former has more advantages in improving the visual quality.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of orthokeratology on stereopsis, accommodation parameters and ocular biological parameters in myopic patients.

METHODS: The clinical data of 65 patients(130 eyes)with myopia in our hospital from January 2016 to May 2017 were analyzed and they were divided into high myopia group, moderate myopia group and slight myopia group. The changes of stereopsis, accommodation parameters and ocular biological parameters were compared between the myopic patients before and after the operation.

RESULTS: The difference of distant vision, stereo acuity, accommodation range and accommodation sensitivity between the three groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The uncorrected visual acuity, the degree of spherical equivalent and the diopter of cylindrical power in the myopic eyes were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were not different compared with before treatment(P>0.05). After treatment, the corneal curvature was lower and axial length were higher than those before treatment, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Orthokeratology can obviously improve the distance and near vision and stereoscopic vision function of myopic patients, which may slow the increase of axis and reduce the corneal curvature.

Abstract:AIM: To compare corneal curvature and astigmatism values identified with OPD-Scan Ⅲ, IOL Master, Pentacam and KR-8900 in cataract patients and to evaluate the consistencies and differences.

METHODS: In this prospective clinical trial, 45 cataract patients(86 eyes), received treatment at the Department of Ophthalmology in our hospital from April 2017 to June 2017, underwent corneal parameters measurements with four instruments: OPD-Scan Ⅲ, Pentacam, IOL Master, and KR-8900. Measurements included corneal curvature(K₁, K₂, K_m)and astigmatism parameters. The results were assessed using the paired samples t tests, Pearson coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots.

RESULTS: The difference of K₁ value measured by OPD-Scan Ⅲ and IOL Master was significant(P<0.001). Significant differences were also found in K₂ and K_m values between OPD-Scan Ⅲ and Pentacam or IOL Master(P<0.05), while others had noncomparable results(P>0.05). All biometry measurements revealed good liner correlation(r=0.408-0.980, P<0.001). The Bland-Altman showed that the corneal curvature and astigmatism vectors examined by OPD-Scan Ⅲ and all other devices had non-comparable results, except for the comparison of K₁, K₂ and K_m measured by OPD-Scan Ⅲ and KR-8900.

CONCLUSION: OPD-Scan Ⅲ and KR-8900 can be interchangeable for the measurements of corneal curvature, while the others are not directly interchangeable. The astigmatic results obtained from OPD-Scan Ⅲ are not completely interchangeable with KR-8900, IOL Master or Pentacam.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical value of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness, optic disc parameters and macular thickness by optical coherence tomography(OCT)in early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).

METHODS: Sixty-five patients(eighty-five eyes)were selected as a study group and fifty-two normal people(seventy-eight eyes)were selected as a control group. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic disc parameters, including cup/disc(C/D)rate, cup area(CA), cup volume(CV), disc area(DA), rim area(RA)and rim volume(RV), and macular thickness were detected by Cirrus HD-OCT. The data were compared and analyzed.

RESULTS: The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness of superior, inferior, temple, nasal and average in the study group were all significantly thinner than those of the control group(P<0.001). The cup area, cup volume and cup/disc ratio in the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.001); while the rim area and rim volume in the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.001). But the disc area was not significantly different between two groups(P>0.05). The macular thickness of superior, inferior, temple and nasal in the study group were all significantly thinner than those of the control group(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: OCT can detect the change of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic disc parameters and macular thickness, it is helpful for early diagnosis of POAG.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT)measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness in early diagnosis of primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG).

METHODS:Totally 100 patients(174 eyes)with PACG treated in our hospital from April 2015 to April 2017 were selected and divided the into early stage group(30 cases, 50 eyes), mild stage group(45 cases, 78 eyes)and late stage group(25 cases, 46 eyes)according the degree of the visual field defect. At the same time, 30 patients(60 eyes)with matched age and sex were included into control group and received routine examination. The OCT was used to check the average RNFL thickness, and the visual field was examined by automatic vision method. The correlation between RNFL thickness and mean defect(MD)was analyzed, then the thickness of RNFL in the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants of each group were measured.

RESULTS: The difference of mean RNFL thickness between the four groups was statistically significant, the RNFL thickness in control group was significantly higher than that of the PACG group, and the early stage group was significantly higher than the mild stage group and the late stage group, while the mild stage group was significantly higher than the late stage group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference of visual field MD between the four groups was statistically significant, the visual field MD in control group was significantly lower than that of the PACG group, and the early group was significantly lower than the mild stage group and the late stage group, while the mild stage group was significantly lower than the late stage group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The thickness of RNFL in the early stage group, the mild stage group and the late stage group was negatively correlated with visual field MD(r=-0.546, r=-0.654, r=-0.864, P<0.05). There was no correlation between the RNFL thickness and the visual field MD in the control group(r=-0.075, P=0.321). The thickness of RNFL in the superior and inferior part of PACG group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The thickness of the nasal and temporal RNFL in the mild stage group and the late stage group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the nasal and temporal RNFL between the early stage group and the control group(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: RNFL of PACG patients is gradually thinning with the exacerbations; RNFL is negatively correlated with visual field MD, and RNFL is able to objectively reflect the degree of PACG optic nerve damage. The detection of the superior and inferior RNFL thickness had a certain value in the early diagnosis of PACG.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the value of 24-hour intraocular pressure(IOP)monitoring in suspected glaucoma patients.

METHODS: Totally 48 suspected glaucoma(96 eyes)were selected for 24-hour IOP monitoring by using Accupen tonometer(24-3000)and non-contact tonometer(NCT, CT-80A)from 9:30 to 7:30 next day(once in 2h). During 07:30 to 21:30, patients were measured in sitting position, while during 23:30 to 05:30 in both sitting and supine position.

RESULTS: A morning peak of IOP was shown at 7:30 in traditional position by using two measures with 22.05±3.608mmHg of NCT and 19.79±4.147mmHg of Accupen tonometer. The peak IOP in habitual position appeared in 5:30 with 21.64±4.814mmHg. The lowest IOP occurred in both position at 21:30 with 15.73±3.649mmHg. Both positions showed IOP trend of going up at night and then declining in the morning.

CONCLUSION: The peak IOP in suspected glaucoma occurs mostly at early morning. Supine IOP of sleeping time is higher than that of sitting position.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the effect of intravitreal injection of Conbercept before pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)on complications and visual recovery in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS: Totally 94 patients with PDR(monocular onset)were randomly divided into the experimental group(n=47)and the control group(n=47). All patients were treated by PPV. The experimental group was treated with intravitreal injection of conbercept at 5-7d before PPV while the control group was not given the intervention. The surgical time, surgical procedures, complications and visual recovery in the two groups were observed and statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: The operating time of PPV for the experimental group was significantly shorter than that for the control group(72.33±15.71min vs 91.06±19.29min, P<0.05). The incidence rates of intraoperative electric coagulation hemostasis, iatrogenic breaks and hemorrhage of new vessels in the experimental group(4%, 2% and 6%)were significantly lower than those in the control group(19%, 15% and 26%; P<0.05). The mean Log Mar acuity BCVA and the macular thickness decreased significantly of the two groups at 3mo and 6mo after surgery(P<0.05). The improvement effect in the experimental group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The intravitreal injection of conbercept before PPV has a positive effect on reducing the incidence of intraoperative complications and promoting postoperative visual recovery in patients with PDR.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the efficacy of one initial intravitreal Conbercept injection(IVR)followed by pro re nata(PRN)dosing with that of three initial monthly IVR followed by PRN dosing in patients with macular edema(ME)after branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO).

METHODS: The clinical data of 35 cases were retrospectively analyzed; 20 received one initial IVR injection(1+PRN group)and 15 cases received 3-monthly IVRs(3+PRN). Both groups were followed monthly for 12mo. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and the macular central retinal thickness(CMT)on optical coherence tomography were evaluated before and after treatment, and the BCVA results were converted to the LogMAR visual acuity.

RESULTS: The mean LogMAR BCVA and CMT, respectively, improved from 0.58±0.21 to 0.34±0.18 and from 561±65μm to 252±69μm in the “1+PRN” group(P<0.05)and from 0.64±0.21 to 0.29±0.13 and from 585±87μm to 242±56μm in the “3+PRN” group(P>0.05). During the study period, the mean total number of injections was significantly smaller in the “1+PRN” group than in the “3+PRN” group(2.3±1.2 and 4.1±1.1, respectively, P<0.05). No serious complications related to the IVB injections developed in either group.

CONCLUSION: The two methods are both safe and effective for the treatment of BRVO combined with ME.

Abstract:AIM: To observe and compare the changes of foveal retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH)by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT).

METHODS: Totally 150 patients(289 eyes)diagnosed with pregnancy-induced hypertension were identified by fundus examination and EDI-OCT after mydriasis. The patients were divided into four groups for the Duke-Elder class: P1(vasospasm), P2(angiosclerosis), P3(retinopathy), and control group P0(normal fundus). The average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in each quadrant, foveal retinal and choroidal thickness were measured by EDI-OCT respectively.

RESULTS: There were 36(72 eyes, 24.9%)of 150 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension had no retinal changes, and 114(217 eyes, 75.1%)of 150 cases identified by clinical examinations as having retinal findings. The retinal and choroidal thickness varied with different stages of fundus changes. The RNFL thickness of central subfield(CSF), the foveal retina and choroid were significantly higher in angiosclerosis stage than that in normal fundus group(P<0.05). The RNFL from each area, the foveal retina and choroid were all thicker in retinopathy stage than the other three groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: EDI-OCT is one important tool for the study of fundus changes in PIH. Findings in the morphology changes of retina and choroid with the help of EDI-OCT may indicate more about retinal microcirculation changes caused by pregnancy-induced hypertension in depth.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal Conbercept combined with retinal photocoagulation in treating diabetic retinopathy(DR)with diabetic macular edema(DME).

METHODS: Prospective case study. Totally 48 patients(80 eyes)diagnosed as DR with DME randomized to combined group and laser group. Among them, there were 4 patients with 5 eyes in the moderate stage of non-proliferative DR(NPDR), 38 patients with 65 eyes in the severe stage of NPDR, and 6 cases with 10 eyes in the stage of proliferative DR(PDR). Intravitreal conbercept(IVC)and pan retinal photocoagulation(PRP)were performed in the combined group; the macular grid pattern laser photocoagulation and PRP were performed in the laser group. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),central macular thickness(CMT)and laser energy were tested at baseline and repeated at 1wk, 1, 3, 6, and 12mo after PRP.

RESULTS: Repeated measures showed an effect of treatment in combined group. Combined group induced increased BCVA at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after PRP, and remained stable in 6 and 12mo after PRP. Laser group induced increased BCVA at 1 and 3mo after PRP, and remained stable in 1wk, 6 and 12mo after PRP. Combined group induced decreased CMT at 1wk, 1 and 3mo post PRP, and remained stable in 6 and 12mo after PRP. Laser group induced decreased CMT at 1 and 3mo after PRP, and remained stable in 1wk, 6 and 12mo post PRP. There was no laser spot fusion was observed in the two groups during the follow-up. Laser energy in the combined group was lower than that in the laser group. No complications were observed during the follow-up.

CONCLUSION: IVC and retinal photocoagulation significantly improves visual and anatomic outcomes in patients with DR complicated with DME. Long-term efficacy remains to be seen.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the choroidal thickness changes in macular area and facular area of patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR)after panretinal photocoagulation(PRP).

METHODS: Totally 40 cases(78 eyes)of DR patients with PRP in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2017 were selected, and optical coherence tomography(OCT)was conducted for preoperative and postoperative choroidal thickness in macular area and facular area.

RESULTS: At 1mo after PRP, the subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT), nasal choroidal thickness(NCT), the temporal choroidal thickness(TCT), superior choroidal thickness(SCT), inferior choroidal thickness(ICT)were sharply higher than those before operation, the difference was statistically significant(t=2.016, t=2.017, t=2.001, t=2.264, t=2.229; P<0.05). SFCT, NCT, TCT, SCT and ICT at postoperative 3mo sharply decreased when compared to those before operation, showing statistical significance(t=2.048, t=2.051, t=2.092, t=2.010, t=2.273; P<0.05). Postoperative baseline level average choroidal thickness in facular area of 227.6±44.9μm was evidently higher than that at postoperative 1mo(207.1±41.6μm), the difference had statistical points(t=2.118, P<0.05). The mean thickness at postoperative 3mo(206.5±41.3μm)was apparently lower than the baseline level mean choroidal thickness 227.6±44.9μm, the difference showed statistical significance(t=2.188, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The choroid thickness at macular region rises obviously for short term after PRP, while that in facula area reduces markedly, which shows choroidal blood flow redistribution after operation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the value of optical coherence tomography(OCT)in maculopathy of high myopia.

METHODS: Totally 50 patients(50 affected eyes)with high myopia who were admitted to our hospital during the period from June 2016 to May 2017 were prospectively enrolled in the observation group, and 50 normal healthy people(50 eyes)were selected as the control group at the same time. All subjects completed the conventional ophthalmic examination and OCT after admission. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, diopter, eye axis, macular thickness and morphological changes were recorded, and detection of maculopathy of high myopia by different examination methods was statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: Conventional ophthalmic examination showed that the macular region was normal in 37 eyes and abnormal in 13 eyes(26%)while OCT showed that it was normal in 12 eyes and abnormal in 38 eyes(76%)in the observation group. The rate of maculopathy detected by OCT was higher than that by conventional ophthalmologic examination, with a significant difference(P<0.05). The rates of subretinal or choroidal neovascularization and macular epiretinal membrane detected by OCT were higher than those by conventional ophthalmologic examination, with significant differences(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of normal results between conventional ophthalmologic examination and OCT in the control group(P>0.05). The intraocular pressure, diopter and axial length of patients with high myopia and maculopathy were higher/longer than those of the control group, the BVCA was worse than that of the control group, the thickness of retinal macular region, thickness of nerves above and below the optic disc, thickness of optic nerves on the bitamporal and nasal sides of the optic disc were lower than those of the control group, with significant differences(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: OCT can quantitatively determine the thickness of nerve fiber layer around the retina in patients with high myopia, and clearly display the characteristics of maculopathy, which can provide reliable quantitative data for the diagnosis of maculopathy of high myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)complicated with retinopathy.

METHODS: Totally 121 cases of SLE patients treated in our hospital from February 2015 to February 2017 were selected, including 30 cases with retinopathy(observation group)and 91 cases without retinopathy(control group), the clinical manifestations and laboratory examination results of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS: In the observation group, there were 6 patients with bilateral retinopathy and 24 patients with monocular retinopathy. Cotton retinal exudation, retinal vascular occlusion and retinal hemorrhage lesions were common, accounted for 33%, 25% and 19%. The incidence of skin rash, skin vasculitis and Raynaud's phenomenon in the observation group were 63%, 47% and 37%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). There were no significant difference in the incidence of mucosal ulcer, arthritis, neuropsychiatric symptoms and pleurisy between the observation group and the control group(P>0.05). The positive rate of anti ds-DNA in the observation group was 63%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). The observation group and the control group urine protein ≥3+, anti Sm antibody positive and rRNP positive and antiphospholipid antibody percentage differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). The SLEDAI score of the observation group was 20.14(9, 30)points, which was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). The modified BenEzra score of the observation group was 10.04±3.15, and was positively correlated with the SLEDAI score(r_s=0.706, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: SLE with fundus retinopathy patients mainly manifest as cotton wool spots, retinal vascular occlusion and retinal hemorrhage; rashes, vasculitis, Raynaud's phenomenon, and anti ds-DNA antibodies are common in SLE patients with retinopathy. The modified BenEzra score plays an important role in the evaluation of SLE disease activity and retinal vascular lesions.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the changes of corneal cytology of patients with different degrees of xerophthalmia of the types of deficient aqueous production and over evaporation with confocal microscopy.

METHODS: Retrospective case series was adopted with three-dimensional corneal topography and anterior segment analysis system(Sirius system). A total of 33 typical dry eye patients(total 65 eyes)with deficient aqueous production and 28 typical dry eye patients(total 55 eyes)with over evaporation were selected from optical center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from December 2016 to June 2017, which were grading according to dry eye degrees. The corneal epithelial cell(surface epithelial cell, pterygoid epithelial cell, basal epithelial cell), Langerhans cell(dendritic cell), stroma(deep stromal layer and superficial stromal layer), the density and form of endothelial cells were observed and analyzed with the confocal microscope.

RESULTS: Confocal microscope showed that the number of corneal epithelial cells decreased with the increasing of dry eye severity in patients with tear deficiency and evaporative. The results were statistically significant(P<0.01). The sizes of each layer of corneal epithelium cells were uneven, and the arrangement was irregular. The diameter of corneal sub-epithelial nerve fiber of deficient aqueous production dry eye became thinner with irregular arrangement. With the increase in severity of dry eye, the degree of curvature and branches gradually increased. The activation degree of Langerhans cells of evaporative dry eye was directly proportional to the severity of dry eye(P<0.01). There was no significant changes in the number of superficial stromal cells in the two types of dry eye(P>0.05). The number of deep stromal cells in the two types of dry eye had no relations with the severity of dry eye(P>0.05). There was no significant changes in the number of corneal endothelial cells in the two types of dry eye(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The Sirius system can be used for non-contact and non-invasive examination and classification. And there is changes of the density and morphology in each layers of cornea cells of two types of dry eye with the confocal microscope.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the changes of wavefront aberrations in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR)and with different degrees of dry eye and to explore the reasons of visual quality decline in them.

METHODS: We randomly selected 40 eyes in our hospital for treatment with DR and varying degrees of dry eye, and 40 eyes of normal control group. Topcon KR-1W visual quality analyzer was used to record the mean square the total high order corneal aberration, spherical aberration, comatic aberration and trefoil aberration of cornea with pupil diameters of 4mm and 6mm. Analysis of variance were used to compare the wavefront aberrations and the aberration values in the control group and in patients with diabetic retinopathy and with different degrees of dry eye.

RESULTS: For 4mm and 6mm pupil diameters, nondiabetic retinopathy(NDR)with dry eye group, the nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)with dry eye group and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)dry eye group had significantly increased tHOA, coma and trefoil compared with the contrast group(P<0.01), and PDR dry eye group were significantly higher than NDR with dry eye group and NPDR with dry eye group in tHOA, spherical aberration(SA), coma and trefoil(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Dry eye of diabetic retinopathy with different degrees is closely related to the increase of wavefront aberration. Increased wavefront aberration may be one of the reasons to reduced visual quality in patients with diabetic retinopathy and with dry eye, and provide the basis for the decline of visual function of diabetic patients with dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinic efficacy of 1g/L anthocyanin eye-patch for mild and moderate dry eye.

METHODS: In this prospective and multicenter study, a total of 320 cases(640 eyes)with mild and moderate dry eye were enrolled from 8 Aier Eye Hospitals in Changsha, Chongqing, Wuhan and so on from October 2016 to April 2017. The patients were assigned to eye patch group(160 cases)and artificial tears group(160 cases)based on random number table. The patients in eye-patch group used 1g/L of anthocyanin eye-patch for more than 6h during night sleep, while the patients in artificial tears group used polyvinyl alcohol eye drops for 4 times per day. The evaluation of symptoms and signs were conducted on 1d before the treatment and 14d after the treatment. The evaluation of symptoms adopted the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI), while the observation of signs included tear secretion test(Schirmer Ⅰ test, SⅠt), first noninvasive tear breakup time(NITBUTf)as well as average noninvasive tear breakup time(NITBUTav)measured by Oculus ocular surface analyser.

RESULTS: OSDI score, NITBUTf and NITBUTav in the two groups after treatment were significantly improved compared with that before treatment, and the difference had a statistical significance(P<0.05). While the difference of SⅠt in the two groups before and after treatment had no statistical significance(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in OSDI score, NITBUTf, NITBUTav and SⅠt between the two groups after treatment(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The 1g/L anthocyanin eye-patch has similar efficacy with artificial tears for mild and moderate dry eye, which can effectively improve the symptoms and tear film stability.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the difference of non-invasive tear film break-up time(NIBUT)by Keratograph 5M before and after forced eye opening in healthy individuals.

METHODS: Prospective case self-control study. Forty normal volunteers(79 eyes)were enrolled. Tear film images were captured, non-invasive first tear film break-up time(NIBUT_f), non-invasive average tear film break-up time(NIBUT_av)and dry eye level were measured by Keratograph 5M automatically before and after forced eye opening in each subject. For the first time, we checked the left eye after the right eye, and the second time checked the right eye after the left eye.

RESULTS: The average of NIBUT_f and NIBUT_av were 9.18±5.52s, 11.74±5.59s respectively and percentage of every level of dry eye were 43%, 37%, 20% respectively before forced eye opening. The average of NIBUT_f and NIBUT_av were 8.91±5.54s, 11.76±5.58s and percentage of dry eye at different levels were 35%, 48%, 16% respectively after forced eye opening. There was no significant difference on NIBUT and dry eye level by Oculus keratograph 5M in normal subjects(t=0.37, P=0.72; t=-0.038, P=0.97; Z=-0.42, P=0.68).

CONCLUSION: There is no influence on NIBUT and dry eye level by detected Keratograph 5M before and after forced eye opening in healthy subjects.

Abstract:AIM: To research the expressions of B-cell lymphoma gene 2(Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X-protein(Bax)and Ki67(proliferating cell marker)in the primary pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva, to explore the pathogenesis of pterygium.

METHODS: Thirty pterygium were surgically removed and 5 normal bulbar conjunctivas were also obtained. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with Bcl-2, Bax, Ki67.

RESULTS: The mean positive expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Ki67 in the primary pterygium was 14.73%, 7.00% and 12.73%, respectively 4.00%, 6.00% and 0 in normal conjunctiva group. The expression of Bcl-2 and Ki67 in the head of primary pterygium was higher than that of neck and body.

CONCLUSION: Bcl-2 and Ki67 have highly expressions in the primary pterygium, the expressions in the head of primary pterygium is the highest, the expressions in normal bulbar conjunctiva is low or no. There is no significant difference in the expression of Bax in the primary pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva. Apoptosis imbalance and abnormal proliferation of cells may be one of the mechanisms for the occurrence and development of the primary pterygium.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of implantable collamer lens(ICL)-V4c implantation in the correction for high myopia.

METHODS: This retrospective analysis collected twenty-five patients(43 eyes)with high myopia treated with ICL/TICL implantation from September to December 2016 at Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital. Routine ophthalmic examinations were performed. The patients were followed 3mo to monitor uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), refractive error, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell count, contrast sensitivity and scores for Quality of Life Impact of Refractive Correction Questionnaire(QIRC). Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures ANOVA, LSD-t test and paired-samples T test.

RESULTS: Postoperative UCVA and BCVA were significantly higher than before surgery(all P<0.01). Postoperative spherical mirrors at all time points were lower than before surgery(all P<0.01), and there was no significant difference between the different time point postoperative(all P>0.05). The safety index in 3mo postoperatively was 1.38±0.24 and the effective index was 1.22±0.15. There was no statistical difference in intraocular pressure between preoperative and postoperative time points(F=1.464, P=0.215). There was no statistical difference in endothelial cell density at 3mo after surgery compared to preoperative(t=-0.544, P=0.586). The postoperative Log contrast sensitivity(LogCS)of 12.0 cycles per degree(c/d)and 18.0 c/d were significantly higher compared to the preoperative(F=4.347, P=0.010; F=4.539, P=0.005; respectively), but other(the postoperative LogCS of 3.0 c/d and 6.0 c/d)differences were statistically insignificant(F=1.094, P=0.354; F=1.325, P=0.271; respectively). There was no significant difference in the amount of change in the QIRC scores between preoperative and postoperative(F=2.669, P=0.094).

CONCLUSION: ICL V4c implantation is a safe and effective method for the correction of high myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effectiveness and safety of orthokeratology(OK)in juvenile myopia patients.

METHODS: In this study, 160 myopia adolescents(320 eyes)treated in our hospital from January 2014 to August 2015 were retrospectively analyzed and followed up. The corneal and conjunctival complications were recorded and analyzed after continuous wearing OK for 2a.The thickness of thinnest central corneal and the parameters of corneal endothelium were measured by specular microscopy after wearing for 6mo, 1 and 2a. Then the diopter, axial length, and uncorrected visual acuity were compared between the two groups before and after the visual acuity correction.

RESULTS: All affected eyes consisted of 98 eyes with Ⅰ-Ⅱ corneal fluorescence stain, 18 eyes with Ⅲ-Ⅳ corneal fluorescence stain, 16 eyes with corneal indentation, 15 eyes with visual abnormality, 10 eyes with conjunctival hyperemia, 8 eyes with aseptic conjunctiva, 8 cases with allergic conjunctivitis, which achieved remission after symptomatic intervention. The corneal endothelial cell density, corneal thickness, corneal endothelium average cell area, corneal endothelium coefficient of variation, corneal endothelium hexagonal cell ratio, anterior corneal surface curvature ratio of horizontal(HK)and vertical curvature(VK)were not statistically significant before and after wearing for 6mo, 1, and 2a(P>0.05). The uncorrected visual acuity increased significantly, and the diopter decreased significantly after their wearing(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in axial length after wearing OK lens for 6mo, 1, and 2a(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The orthokeratology lenses can significantly increase uncorrected visual acuity and improve refractive power for juvenile myopia without severe corneal or conjunctival complications occurred, which has little influence on corneal endothelial cells and corneal thickness with a certain degree of safety.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the ocular surface condition among exotropia patients of different age groups by Oculus anterior segment analyzer.

METHODS: The ocular surface condition of 66 patients with extropia were examined by Oculus anterior segment analyzer, including tear meniscus height, tear meniscus height after irritation, redness index, non-invasive break-up time(BUT), average BUT. Three groups were divided according to age: 2-7 years, 8-18 years and 19-46 years.

RESULTS: BUT, temporal conjunctival redness index, temporal ciliary redness index, nasal ciliary redness index of 2-7 years group were statistically different to those of 8-18 years group and 19-46 years group. There were no statistically differentiations between redness index at different areas in each group and no statistically differentiations in redness index between dominant eye and nondominant eye(P>0.05). Redness index showed a positive lineal correlation with age.

CONCLUSION: Patients are combined with dry eye and unstable tear firm beside strabismus before surgery. Ocular surface assessment should be paid attention to in preschool children in order to prevent complications around operation. Ocular surface data of children with different ages needs to be screened and collected in China.