Abstract:AIM: To observe the hyaloid artery remnants in the eyes of premature infants.

METHODS: This retrospective study recruited premature infants who consecutively attended the Tongji Hospital for retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)screening from May 2018 to November 2018. The binocular indirect ophthalmoscope was used for examination.

RESULTS: In total, 60 cases were pulled for data analysis. The cases were categorized as having the following condition: hyaloid artery remnants positive(49 cases)or hyaloid artery remnants negative(11 cases). It was showed that the remnants positive group had significant lower gestational age and birth weight than those of the negative group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in gender, labor presentation and ROP between the two groups(P>0.05). The hyaloid artery remnants completely regressed in all the follow-up cases. The range of disappearing time of hyaloid artery remnants was 37-44wk of corrected gestational age.

CONCLUSION: The hyaloid artery remnants in preterm infants are most likely to be physiological residues. Younger or lower weight premature infants will have higher positive detection rates of hyaloid artery remnants. It seems like co-existence with ROP has no significant association with the detection of hyaloid artery remnants. When the corrected gestational age extends over 43wk, if the hyaloid artery remnants don't regress, there is a possibility of pathological changes, and appropriate interventions should be selected according to the severity of the lesions.

Abstract:AIM:To find out the pathogenesis of dry eye disease(DED)and the possible mechanisms of available effective treatments.

METHOD:Here we employed a non-targeted technology, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), to investigate metabolic characterizations for tear samples from 18 patients with DED upon drug or acupuncture treatment.

RESULTS:A total of 190 named metabolites were identified, which presented so far the broadest tear metabolome. Further analysis indicated a significantly distinct metabolomics profile among all patients, but very subtle metabolic differences upon drug or acupuncture treatment. On one hand, only six significantly changed metabolites were determined after drug treatment, five of which including inosine, monopalmitin, urate, propionylcarnitine, and nicotinamide were all increased and involved in inflammatory responses. On the other hand, merely four metabolites including alanine, serine, and homoserine were found to be significantly different. Further pathway analysis of those six and four significantly changed metabolites revealed that only one pathway, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was significantly influenced in acupuncture-treated patients, which were highly associated with the cause of the disease. The results here indicated acupuncture treatment may address the cause rather than the symptoms for dry eye disease, displaying partially better compared with drug treatment.

CONCLUSION: Collectively, this work extended our understanding on the key regulatory elements or pathways involved in the potential mechanisms of available effective treatments, and would be useful for providing novel potential targets and therapeutic strategies for DED.

Abstract:AIM: To explore single centre results of sutureless intrascleral fixation of single-piece posterior chamber intraocular lens(IOL).

METHODS: In this prospective study, 50 aphakia cases were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, slit lamp and fundus examination, applanation tonometry, keratometry, IOL MASTER measurement, optical coherence tomography(OCT), Scheimpflug imaging were done for an extensive evaluation.

RESULTS: All IOLs were successfully implanted at the desired position without intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications included corneal edema(n=2), raised intraocular pressure(IOP)(n=3), cystoid macular edema(CME)(n=1)and decentration(n=2). All were managed to the level of good visual recovery. Surgery videos were retrospectively evaluated in cases of postoperative complications. There was no significant change in corneal astigmatism.

CONCLUSION: After extensive 6mo follow up with evaluation of a variety of parameters, our technique of sutureless, glueless scleral fixation of IOL using single-piece IOL has shown favorable results and a potential option in visual rehabilitation.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a major clinical blind-inducing eye disease, and its pathogenesis is closely related to the autophagy of RPE cells and the signaling pathway of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2(Nrf2). Autophagy is one of the common and important physiological phenomena in human body, which is of vital significance for maintaining the stability and metabolism of cells. Nrf2 is a key transcription factor regulating cells to fight against foreign bodies and oxidative damage, and Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a wide range of cell protective functions in anti-tumor, anti-stress and other aspects. With the development of research, it is found that there are extensive interaction mechanisms between autophagy and Nrf2 signaling pathway. Inhibition of autophagy leads to accumulation of p62, which activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway by binding with Keap1(kelch-like ech-associated protein1). At the same time, studies have also found that reactive oxygen species(ROS)and other factors also participate in the mutual regulation between autophagy and Nrf2.This paper will review the recent research progress on the interaction between Nrf2 signaling pathway and autophagy in the development of ARMD. Hope to provide a new perspective for the treatment of ARMD.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the protective effects of Pollen Typhae extract on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in rats.

METHODS: Fifty SPF rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group with normal feeding, DR group was given the same amount of normal saline by gavage, experimental group A with Pollen Typhae extract 50mg/(kg·d), experimental group B with Pollen Typhae extract 100mg/(kg·d)and experimental group C with Pollen Typhae extract 200mg/(kg·d). Determination of fasting blood glucose in rats of each group. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of retina of rats in each group. The expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of rats were measured by ELISA. The VEGF, VEGFR2 and Ang-1 protein expression in retina tissue were observed by Western blot. The VEGF, VEGFR2 and Ang-1 mRNA expression in retinal tissue were observed by qRT-PCR.

RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the fasting blood glucose, the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum and VEGF, VEGFR2 and Ang-1 protein and mRNA expression in retina tissue in DR group and each experimental group were significantly higher(P<0.05). Compared with DR group, fasting blood glucose decreased in all experimental groups, and the fasting blood glucose of experimental groups B and C was significantly decreased than that of DR group(P<0.05). In addition, the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, the protein and mRNA expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR2 and Ang-1 in retina tissue in experimental group B and group C were significantly lower than those in group DR(P<0.05). The results of HE showed that the structure of retinal photoreceptor cell layer in DR group was obviously destroyed, the cell edema and gap widened, and the retinal histopathology of rat retina in group B and group C were improved in varying degrees.

CONCLUSION: Pollen Typhae extract can down-regulate the level of inflammation and the expression of VEGF, VEGFR2 and Ang-1 in DR rats, so as to improve the retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBP)on inflammatory response of human retinal pigment epithelial cells(ARPE-19)induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and its possible signal pathway.

METHODS: ARPE-19 cells were stimulated by LPS in vitro to construct the inflammatory injury cell model. Primarily, the cells were divided into five groups randomly. The blank group was cultured in complete medium, and the LPS group was stimulated with complete medium containing 10μg/mL LPS for 24h. The low, medium and high concentration LBP groups were incubated with complete medium importing 0.1, 0.5 and 1mg/mL LBP for 24h separately, and then stimulated with complete medium containing 10μg/mL LPS for 24h. We used the CCK-8 method to observe the cell survival rate, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to detect the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors and Western blot to test the changes of phosphorylated protein within the signaling pathway of NF-κB/MAPK.

RESULTS: Compared with normal cells, the survival rate of ARPE-19 cells was decreased after the LPS stimulation. With the increase of exogenous LBP concentration, the survival rate of ARPE-19 cell was gradually increased, while the inflammatory factors expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 were reduced accompany with the phosphorylated proteins(p-p65, P-IκBα, p-JNK, p-ERK and p-p38)of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway were decreased.

CONCLUSION: LBP prevents LPS-induced inflammatory response of ARPE-19 by inhibiting the intracellular inflammatory factors and the phosphorylation of the related protein within NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze curative effect of phacoemulsification through clear corneal tunnel incision on cataract and the influences on subjective sylptols of dry eye questionnaire scores(SDES)and break-up time(BUT).

METHODS: During the period from June 2015 to January 2019, 117 cataract patients(139 eyes)who underwent cataract surgery in the hospital were divided into group A(n=65, 72 eyes)and group B(n=52, 67 eyes)by random number table method. Groups A and B underwent phacoemulsification through 2.2mm and 3.0mm micro-incision, respectively. The general surgical status, SDES, BUT and curative effect indexes \〖best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), spherical equivalent(SE), endothelial cell density(ECD)\〗 were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference in ultrasound time, cumulative released energy, operation time or postoperative complications between two groups(P>0.05). After surgery, SDES scores in both groups were significantly increased, BUT was decreased compared with that at 1d before surgery. At 3mo after surgery, SDES and BUT recovered to preoperative levels. At 1d and 1wk after surgery, SDES score in group A was significantly lower than that in group B, while BUT was significantly higher than that in group B(P<0.05). After surgery, BCVA LogMAR and ECD in both groups were significantly decreased, while SE and corneal diopter were significantly increased, without significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The curative effect of phacoemulsification through clear corneal tunnel incision is reliable on cataract. The tear film function is better through 2.2mm micro-incision.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the therapeutic effect of loratadine combined with diclofenac sodium eye drops in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, and the influence on tear film stability and tear-related indexes.

METHODS: A prospective study was conducted among 93 patients(186 eyes)with allergic conjunctivitis admitted to the hospital between January 2019 and January 2020. They were randomly divided into observation group(n=47, 94 eyes, treated with loratadine and diclofenac sodium eye drops)and control group(n=46, 48 eyes, treated with loratadine). All patients received 2wk of treatment. The improvement of ocular symptoms and signs after treatment was evaluated. Schirmer I test(SⅠt)and break up time(BUT)were used to evaluate the tear film stability. The height, depth and cross-sectional area of lacrimal rivus were measured by anterior segment related optical coherence tomography. Tear specimens were collected to detect changes in tear hyaluronic acid(HA), group ⅡA secretory phospholipase A2(sPLA2-Ⅱa and eosinophil cationic protein(ECP). The occurrence of adverse reactions was counted.

RESULTS: After 2wk of treatment, the scores of main symptoms and signs were reduced in the two groups(P<0.05), and the observation group had lower scores than the control group(P<0.05). SⅠt and BUT were increased in the two groups(P<0.05), which were longer in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05). The height of lacrimal rivus increased, depth increased, and cross-sectional area were increased in the two groups(P<0.05). Besides, the above indexes in observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). Meanwhile, HA, ECP and sPLA2-Ⅱa were decreased in the two groups(P<0.05), which were lower in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the incidence of adverse reactions(12.8% vs 10.9%, P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The overall effect of loratadine combined with diclofenac sodium eye drops is better than that of loratadine alone in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. The combined treatment can improve symptoms, signs and tear film stability, reduce inflammatory mediators in tears, and promote recovery of tear film function. Besides, it is safe and feasible.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of 23G micro-invasive vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 78 patients with PDR who were seen between January 2016 and January 2020. Those treated with 23G micro-invasive vitrectomy alone were included in the surgery group(n=35, 41 eyes), while those treated with 23G micro-invasive vitrectomy and preoperative intravitreal injection of ranibizumab were included in the combined group(n=43, 48 eyes). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, frequency of electric coagulation hemostasis during surgery, intraocular tamponade, occurrence of retinal tear, changes in the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure, central macular thickness(CMT)and fluorescein leakage area of retinal neovascularization before treatment, at 1d and 3mo were compared between the 2 groups. Aqueous humor samples were collected before treatment and at 1wk to determine changes in vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-A, human stromal cell-derived factor-1(SDF-1)and pigment epithelial-derived factor(PEDF)levels. The incidence of surgical complications within 3mo of follow-up was counted.

RESULTS: Operation time for the combined group was shorter than that for the surgery group, the frequency of electric coagulation hemostasis, the number of eyes filled with silica-gel and the total number of intraoperative bleeding eyes were lower and smaller than those in the surgery group(P<0.05). At 1d and 3mo, the improvement of BCVA was better in the combined group than in the surgery group(P<0.05), CMT and retinal neovascularization leakage area were smaller than the surgery group(P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in intraocular pressure between the 2 groups(P>0.05). At 1wk, VEGF-A, SDF-1 and PEDF decreased in both groups(P<0.001), lower in the combined group than in the surgery group(P<0.001). The incidences of iatrogenic tear and vitreous re-hemorrhage were lower in the combined group than in the surgery group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of the other complications between the 2 groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: 23G micro-invasive vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab is superior to 23G micro-invasive vitrectomy alone in the treatment of PDR since the combined treatment can reduce surgical difficulty, shorten the operation time, reduce intraoperative blood loss and instrument operation, promote postoperative recovery of visual acuity, inhibit retinal neovascularization, and reduce the risks of iatrogenic injury, with fewer complications. Also, it is safer and more effective.

Abstract:The effectiveness, safety, stability and predictability ofsmall incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)have been proven by numerous studies. The postoperative visual quality has aroused more and more concern from the public. Recently, the influencing factors of visual quality after SMILE have been continuously reported, which offer further support for improving postoperative visual quality. This review mainly demonstrates the factors related to perioperative period that influence visual quality after SMILE performed on eyes of myopia or myopia astigmatism.

Abstract:In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the study of glaucoma, especially primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). A series of POAG genes has been identified through genetic linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies(GWAS), which significantly advanced the study of glaucoma genetics. The latest perspective suggests that glaucoma is a disease of the central nervous system(CNS). A large number of basic clinical studies have demonstrated the close association between CNS disease and glaucoma. Among these studies, discoveries related to genetics are of prominence.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common complications of diabetes, has been widely reported as microangiopathy. However, retinal neurodegeneration was reported to occur early in DR and played a significant role in DR progression. Retinal neurodegeneration in DR was characterized as neuronal apoptosis and reactive gliosis. The mechanisms for its pathogenesis include hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and inflammation etc. Furthermore, retinal neurodegeneration has a close relationship with the microangiopathy in the pathogenesis of DR.

Abstract:Retinal artery occlusion(RAO)is an ophthalmic emergency, including central retinal artery occlusion(CRVO), branch retinal artery occlusion(BRVO), ciliary retinal artery occlusion and retinal capillary microartery occlusion. The progression is fast and the prognosis is poor, with many risks involved, and there is still lack of standard treatment procedures. At present, the modern treatment procedures include traditional treatments, e.g. lowering intraocular pressure, high flow oxygen inhalation, blood vessels dilatation, antiplatelet aggregation, and other active treatments like thrombolysis, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and arterial intervention. This review summarizes recent advancement about risk factors and treatment in RAO.

Abstract:Physical exercise is a low-cost, easy-to-implement therapeutic intervention. In recent years, it has been found that exercise has a protective effect on retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. The mechanism may be related to enhancing retinal defence against oxidative stress, reducing glutamate secretion and inhibiting retinal cell apoptosis through BDNF/TrkB pathway. This paper reviews the recent literature related to the protective effect of exercise on retina from animal experiments, clinical studies and mechanism investigation.

Abstract:The adhesion of capsule and intraocular lens(IOL)is a common phenomenon after cataract surgery. At present, there are increasing researches on the adhesion between the capsule and IOL at home and abroad. In this paper, we will review the adhesion process between the capsule and IOL, morphology, related factors that affect the adhesion, and its influence on the visual quality.

Abstract:With the growing population of diabetes patients on a global scale, the management of diabetic cataract has been attached more attention. Diabetic patients are often associated with fundus lesions, requiring early diagnosis and treatment for cataract duo to early onset and rapid progression of this disease compared to non-diabetics. Patients with diabetes also have an increased risk of developing postoperative corneal edema, diabetic macular edema and posterior capsular opacification etc., making cataract surgery technically challenging. Before surgery, patients should have good glycemic control and no evidence of ocular infection. An optimal operation timing and individualized treatment should be adopted to prevent vision-threatening complications and improve visual outcomes. This article provides an overview of diabetic cataract and related complications.

Abstract:With the progress in refractive cataract surgery, the refractive effects after cataract surgery are more accurate and predictable. Various types of intraocular lens have been applied to clinical practice and there is an increasingly higher demand on the precision of intraocular lens(IOL)calculation formula. According to calculation principles and different parameters required, this article aims to give a review on the research progress of IOL calculation formula.

Abstract:Stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis(SNIFR)is a new catagory of foveomacular retinoschisis, defined by spokelike appearance on fundus which is similar to X-linked congenital retinoschisis, and without agenetic predisposition. SNIFR is most commonly unilateral and female predominance. The retinoschisis in SNIFR occurs primarily in outer plexus split(OPL), and coexists with inner retinal or peripheral retinoschisis in some cases. The characteristics of SNIFR on multimodal fundus imaging are summarized in the review. The pathogenesis of SNIFR is not yet elucidated. At present, there is not practicable systematic treatment for this disease. Topical dorzolamide therapy or vitrectomy may improve the vision and foveomacular retinoschisis.

Abstract:Ocular squamous cell papilloma is a common benign ocular tumor which has been associated with human papillomavirus(HPV)infection, ultraviolet(UV)radiation exposure, etc., but the pathogenesis still remains uncertain. The tumor often shows a fleshy or gray-white mass with a cauliflowerlike or spongylike appearance involving the conjunctiva, caruncle, limbus, eyelid or orbit. It can be diagnosed by combined examinations including high-resolution optical coherence tomography(HR-OCT), ultrasound biological microscope(UBM)and histopathological examination. Risk factors for local recurrence of ocular squamous cell papilloma may include location of the tumor, cellular atypia and ways of treatment. Surgery has historically been the mainstay of treatment. In addition, adjunctive therapies including cryotherapy, amniotic membrane transplantation, mitomycin(MMC), interferon α-2b(IFN α-2b)or 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)may also help to improve the local control. However, more studies are still needed to prove the effects of adjuvant therapy to surgery in ocular squamous cell papilloma.

Abstract:Immune-mediated eye diseases(IMED)represent a kind of autoimmune eye diseases, such as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, autoimmune uveitis and Sjögren syndromes. Owning to its complicated pathophysiological mechanisms, the efficacies of current therapeutic strategies for IMED are unsatisfactory, which may ultimately result in severe visual impairment. Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by cells that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and immune regulation. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted by cells under pathological conditions are closely associated with the development and progression of IMED, and the exosomes derived from certain cells(such as mesenchymal stem cells)are deemed as promising therapy for IMED. Hence, we review the recent advances of exosomes in IMED.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical effects of FS-LASIK and ICL implantation.

METHODS: From January 2015 to January 2020, used computer to search the clinical contrast test of FS-LASIK and ICL implantation published in CNKI database, Wanfang database, Chongqing VIP Chinese Sci tech journal full-text database, China Bioligy Medicine disc(CBMdisc), Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE and other databases,using rev-man5.3 statistical software for Meta-analysis and statistical processing.

RESULTS: Totally 11 studies were brought into the analysis, including 673 patients and 1 301 operative eyes. The results of Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in the safety, objective visual quality, spherical equivalent degree, cylinder, diopter of correction, trefoil aberration and coma aberration of FS-LASIK and ICL implantation after operation, but there was statistical significance in the effectiveness, total higher-order aberration, spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity of FS-LASIK and ICL implantation after operation.

CONCLUSION: Compared with ICL implantation, the total high-order aberrations and spherical aberrations of FS-LASIK are larger, and the contrast sensitivity is lower. The ICL implantation has more clinical-effect superioity than FS-LASIK, meanwhile it has reversibility and less complications.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab(IVB)and ranibizumab(IVR)for the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)by Meta-analysis.

METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, CQVIP, CBM, OVID and Wanfang were systematically searched. All comparative studies of IVB or IVR as treatment for ROP were included. Two independent reviewers performed the date extraction and assessed study quality. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software. The retreatment rate was defined as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of complete vascularization and myopic(spherical equivalent, SE).

RESULTS: Eight non-randomized studies, including a total of 885 eyes were included in this study. Compared with IVB-treated children, IVR-treated children have higher retreatment rate \〖OR=0.55, 95% CI:0.34-0.88, P<0.05\〗, less spherical equivalent \〖WMD= -1.44, 95% CI: -2.28 to -0.00, P<0.05\〗, and the same percentage of complete vascularization \〖OR=2.15, 95% CI: 0.80-0.576, P>0.05\〗.

CONCLUSION: Both IVR and IVB can complete the vasculization of the retina in the treatment of type 1 ROP, but the two treatments have their own advantages. IVR has little effect on the refractive effect in children, but its effect in reducing the retreatment rate is worse than IVB.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the retinal image of two types of aspheric diffractive multifocal intraocular lens(IOL).

METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Totally 155 cases of simple cataract who received phacoemulsification combined with IOLs implantation from October 2017 to October 2019. They were divided into three groups according to the types of IOL: Aspheric Bifocal Diffractive Group: 54 patients(54 eyes); Aspheric Trifocal Diffractive Group: 54 patients(54 eyes); Aspheric Monofocal Group: 47 patients(47 eyes). All patients were evaluated postoperatively at 6mo. Double-pass visual quality analysis system was used to evaluate OSI, MTF cutoff, Strehl Ratio, OV 100%, OV 20% and OV 9% respectively. Uncorrected distance visual acuity(5m), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity(80cm), uncorrected near visual acuity(40cm), corrected distance visual acuity, distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity, distance-corrected near visual acuity were measured and compared among three groups. Visual function-14 was also assessed.

RESULTS:Both of bifocal and trifocal groups had similar MTF cutoff(P=0.445), OV 100%, OV 20% and OV 9%(OV 100%: P=0.974; OV20%: P=0.713; OV 9%: P=0.947). Monofocal group had better MTF cutoff(P=0.007), OV 100%(P=0.001), OV 20%(P=0.002)and OV 9%(P=0.011)than bifocal. Besides, monofocal group had better MTF cutoff(P=0.043), OV 100%(P=0.012), OV 20%(P=0.043)and OV 9%(P=0.029)than trifocal group. There was no difference among all groups in uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity(P=0.054, 0.180). There was difference in distance-corrected intermediate(H=91.292, P<0.01)and distance-corrected near visual acuity(H=91.292, P<0.01). Uncorrected intermediate visual acuity was better in trifocal group than bifocal(P<0.01)and monofocal group(P<0.01). Distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity was better in trifocal group than bifocal(P<0.01)and monofocal group(P<0.01). Both of bifocal and trifocal groups have similar uncorrected near visual acuity(P=0.428)and distance-corrected near visual acuity(P=0.519), which was better than monofocal group(P<0.01). In terms of VF-14, score in bifocal and trifocal groups are significantly higher than the monofocal group(P<0.01). There was no difference in bifocal and trifocal groups(P=0.055).

CONCLUSION: Bfocal and trifocal diffractive IOL can provide similar retinal image. Trifocal IOL can provide better itermediate visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To test concentrations of IL-37 and IL-6 in aqueous humor samples of patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG), and analyze the potential relationship to intraocular pressure(IOP)and mean defect of visual field.

METHODS: Prospective consecutive non-randomized comparative cohort study was conducted. Totally 25 POAG patients and 25 age related cataract(ARC)patients in Nanjing Medical University Eye Hospital from June, 2019 to January, 2020 were collected. The levels of IL-37 and IL-6 in the aqueous humor were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The IOP and mean defect of visual field of patients in the POAG group were also measured.

RESULTS: The IL-37 concentrations in aqueous humor of POAG group and control group were 25.80±2.87pg/mL and 23.75±3.88pg/mL respectively(P<0.05). The IL-6 concentrations in aqueous humor of POAG group and control group were 43.87±7.75pg/mL and 36.53±7.60pg/mL respectively(P<0.05). In POAG group, the concentration of IL-37 was significantly positively correlated with mean defect of visual field(r=0.4520, P<0.05), the concentration of IL-6 was significantly positively correlated with IOP(r=0.5817, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Significant differences in aqueous humor levels of IL-37 and IL-6 between glaucoma and control patients support the hypothesis that immune inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of POAG.

Abstract:AIM: To understand the epidemic situation of retinopathy of prematurity in Sanya region and its related factors analysis so as to provide a reference for the prevention of the disease in this region.

METHODS: A total of 243 premature infants(486 eyes)with gestational age of less than 36 weeks and 35 cases of full moon(70 eyes)who were delivered in Sanya Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital from January to December 2019 were selected as the research objects. Fundus screening was performed. And the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity was calculated according to the diagnostic criteria, and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed on the related data of the mothers before and during pregnancy.

RESULTS: There was no retinopathy in the whole moon, but 36 cases of premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity. And the incidence of the disease was 14.8%(36/243). Among them, about half(58.3%)of the children with stage Ⅰ disease. Followed by stage Ⅱ disease(30.6%), stage Ⅲ disease(8.3%)and stage Ⅳ disease(2.8%), no stage Ⅴ disease were found. Meanwhile, 2 children with threshold lesions(5.6%). Except for the gestational age, there were no significant differences in the related factors of menstruation, gestational age, gestational births and pregnancy complications between full-term and normal preterm mothers(P>0.05), but compared with the mothers of premature infants, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The irregular menstruation, older pregnancy, gestational age short, polyembryony, eclampsia, PIH, diabetes and perinatal infection were independent risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity is high in Sanya, which should be paid great attention. At the same time, there are many influencing factors. It is an effective method to reduce retinopathy of prematurity in this area that menstrual conditioning before pregnancy, avoid advanced pregnancy, term birth, monocyesis and control pregnancy complications.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the application effect of tobramycin eye drops combined with irrigation and probing of lacrimal passage in the treatment of infant dacryocystitis.

METHODS: Totally 158 infants(174 eyes)with dacryocystitis treated in the hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 were enrolled. They were randomly divided into observation group(79 cases, 85 eyes)and control group(79 cases, 89 eyes)according to the order of treatment. The observation group was treated with tobramycin eye drops combined with irrigation and probing of lacrimal passage, while the control group was treated with irrigation and probing of lacrimal passage alone. The therapeutic effects of two groups were evaluated. The number of successful probing, incidences of complications, changes in inflammatory factors \〖interleukin 6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)\〗 before and after treatment and satisfaction of family members were compared between two groups.

RESULTS: The total response rate and the success rate of one-time probing in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(91.8% vs 76.4%, 94.1% vs 80.9%, P<0.05). After treatment, the observation group had significantly lower levels of IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP than the control group(P<0.05). The incidence rate of complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(4.7% vs 14.6%, P<0.05). Family members of the observation group had significantly higher satisfaction than those of the control group(96.2% vs 82.3%, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Tobramycin eye drops combined with irrigation and probing of lacrimal passage can effectively strengthen the curative effect on infant dacryocystitis, improve the success rate of one-time treatment, control local infectious inflammation, and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. Besides, family members are highly satisfied.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of fluorometholone combined with sodium hyaluronate eye drops in the treatment of xerophthalmia and the influence on inflammatory factors in tears.

METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in 116 patients(232 eyes)with xerophthalmia who were treated between February 2017 and December 2019. They were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 58 cases(116 eyes)in each group. The control group was treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops, while the observation group was treated with 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops based on the treatment for the control group. Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)scoring was carried out before treatment and after 2wk and 4wk of treatment. The tear film break-up time(BUT), Schirmer I test(SⅠt)and corneal fluorescent staining(FL)scores were measured. The tear meniscus height(TMH)and noninvasive keratograph tear breakup time(NIKBUT)were determined by eye surface comprehensive analyzer. Conjunctival impression cytology was performed to determine epithelial cell grading score and goblet cell density. Levels of interleukin 1β(IL-1β), interleukin -6(IL-6)and transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)in tears were determined. Meanwhile, efficacy and safety were evaluated.

RESULTS: The overall response rates of the observation group and the control group were 94.8% and 82.8%(P<0.05). The observation group had higher SⅠt, BUT and NIKBUT, lower FL scores and OSDI scores than the control group at 4wk(P<0.05). The goblet cell density was higher in the observation group than in the control group at 4wk(P<0.05). IL-6 and IL-1β in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at 2wk and 4wk, and TGF-β1 was significantly higher than that in the control group at 4wk(P<0.05). The incidences of adverse reactions in the two groups were 3.4% and 1.7%(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Fluorometholone combined with sodium hyaluronate can significantly improve clinical symptoms as well as tear film stability in patients with xerophthalmia, which may be related to regulating effect on ocular surface inflammatory factors.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the characteristic changes of ocular surface and meibomian gland function after strabismus in adolescents and analyze the related influencing factors.

METHODS:Retrospective study. Totally 168 cases(224 eyes)with strabismus surgery in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2019 were selected as the study objects. According to the surgical incision, all patients were divided into the limbal incision group(group A, 54 cases, 78 eyes), trans-muscular terminal-incision group(group B, 48 cases, 62 eyes), and near-fornix incision group(group C, 66 cases, 84 eyes). Based on the number of muscles involved in the operation, patients were divided into single extraocular muscle group(68 eyes), the double extraocular muscle group(106 eyes)and three extraocular muscle group(50 eyes). The children's eye surface health were evaluated. Other eye index such as lipidlayer thickness(LLT), tear meniscus height(TMH), corneal fluorescence staining score(CFSS), tear film break up time(TBUT), tear secretion(SⅠt), and meibomial gland opening were analyzed by Lipiview eye surface interferometer.

RESULTS:The eye surface and meibomian gland function presented no significant difference in groups after surgery 1wk. Postoperative 1mo, ocular surface and muscle operating meibomian gland function were improved significantly(P<0.05), which TBUT in group B was obviously higher than that of group A(P<0.05), and OSDI, CFSS, TBUT in group C were significantly better than that of group A(P<0.05). TMH of children in two groups was significantly higher than that of a single group(P<0.05), three children OSDI is higher than a single extraocular muscle group(P<0.05). Three month after surgery, the children with ocular surface and meibomian gland function were compared with postoperative 1wk and 1mo improved significantly(P<0.05). Among them, the OSDI, LLT, TMH, CFSS, TBUT and SⅠt of children in C group were significantly better than that of group A(P<0.05). And TMH, CFSS, SⅠt and meibomian gland orifices in other two groups were better than that of group A(P<0.05), double extraocular muscle group and three extraocular muscle group of children with meibomian gland orifices were lower than single extraocular muscle group(P<0.05). OSDI, CFSS and meibomian gland orifices score of children had significantly correlation with the surgery involving muscle number(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Ocular surface and meibomian gland function recovery of children in the fornix incision group were better than that of corneal limbus incision group and across muscle check incision.The ocular surface and meibomian gland function recovery of children with single set were also better than that of children with two and three.Thus,taking nearly fornix incision and decreasing the number of the surgery involving the muscles was helpful to ocular surface and meibomian gland function recovery in the youth eye strabismus surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the corneal biomechanical parameters alteration after phacoemulsitication with 2.4mm corneal incision within 1mo by Corvist ST.

METHODS: A self control study was performed. Twenty-eight age related cataract patients(56 eyes), who were in accordance with the inclusion criteria, received phacoemulsification with 2.4mm corneal incision from March to September in 2019. Corneal biomechanical parameters were measured preoperatively and postoperatively on 3d, 6d and 30d by Corvis ST.

RESULTS: The first applanation length(A1L), the second applanation time(A2T)and corneal thickness(CCT)were significantly different between preoperation and postoperation(F=10.534, 11.655, 14.734; all P<0.05). The value of A1L on 3d postoperative was significantly increased than that on the day before operation, 6d and 30d postoperative, while the A2T value was significantly reduced(P<0.05). But there was no different in A2L and A2T between preoperation and 6d postoperative(P>0.05). The value of central corneal thickness(CCT)was significantly increased on 3d and 6d postoperative compared with the preoperative parameter(P<0.05). The value of CCT got the maximum value on the 3d after surgery, and recovered to the preoperative level on the 30d after surgery.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsitication with 2.4mm corneal incision change the corneal biomechanical preoperties. The corneal biomechanical parameters are basically recovered in the 30d postoperative.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the long-term safety, efficacy and stability of posterior chamber intraocular lens(ICL)implantation for the correction of myopia.

METHODS: This retrospective non-randomized study included 107 eyes of 64 patients who were performed ICL implantation from January 2013 to December 2014. The uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, the lens vault, endothelial cell morphometry were collected preoperatively and followed at 1wk, 1mo, 3mo, 6mo, 12mo and every year postoperatively.

RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity(LogMAR)was 0(-0.076, 0)at 1a postoperatively, and the uncorrected visual acuity 0.096(0, 0.221)decreased until last visit after the surgery. The change of visual acuity was associated with the change of axial length. The safety index was 1.19±0.24 and the efficacy index was 1.00±0.29 at the last visit postoperatively. The toric ICL implantation was stable without rotation at the last visit postoperatively. The vault of the ICL changed significantly in 1a postoperatively, but its change was smaller after 1a postoperatively. The intraocular pressure and endothelial cell morphometry did not changed significantly in long term postoperatively. Two eyes developed anterior cataract in 3a and 5a after the ICL implantation. There were no case developed pupillary block glaucoma.

CONCLUSION: Posterior chamber ICL implantation was a safe and stable procedure for the correction of myopia and astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, predictability and safety of surgical respositioning of in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocated into the vitreous cavity.

METHODS: A retrospective case control study was adopted to analyze 8 eyes of 8 patients with spontaneous in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocated into the vitreous cavity. The study was conducted from April 2017 to June 2019. 8 eyes of 8 patients who had undergone standard 23G pars plana vitrectomy and in-the-bag intraocular lens were respositioned by ciliary sutures fixed act as research group.10 eyes of 10 patients with lens dislocated into vitreous cavity, which were performed with phacofragmentation and ciliary sutures fixed during the same period act as the control group. Patients were examined 7, 30 and 60d postoperatively. The examinations included uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal astigmatism, the tilt and decentration of the IOL, complacations of surgeries etc.

RESULTS: Successful IOL implantations were achieved in all eyes. Visual acuity: At 7, 30, and 60d after surgery, the uncorrected visual acuity of the two groups was both improved compared with before surgery, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no difference between the best corrected visual at 7, 30, 60d after surgery and before(P>0.05). There was no difference in uncorrected visual acuity between the two groups, but there was statistically significant difference in uncorrected visual acuity between 7d and 30d, 7d and 60d after operation(P<0.001). There was no significant difference in corrected visual acuity between the two groups at 7d, 30d and 60d after operation(P>0.05). Intraocular pressure: Intraocular pressure in the two groups was within the normal range(10mmHg-21mmHg)at 7, 30 and 60d after surgery, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups(P>0.05), while the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Corneal astigmatism: At 30d after surgery, the corneal astigmatism of the two groups was both increased than before, at 60d after surgery, the corneal astigmatism of the control group was increased than before, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The corneal astigmatism of research group at 30 and 60d after surgery was significantly lower than control group(P<0.05). The tilt and decentration of the IOL: The tilt and decentration of the IOL of research group at 30 and 60d after surgery was significantly lower than control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Surgical respositioning of spontaneous in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocated into the vitreous cavity provides efficacy and predictability and is safe and reliable.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes of the development of the anterior segment in children after the treatment of laser photocoagulation(LP)for retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)by corneal topographic.

METHODS: In this retrospective case study, 25 children(50 eyes)as ROP group and 23 children(46 eyes)born at term as control group had participated in the study. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was examined in both groups, and converted to LogMAR vision when statistical analysis was performed. The observation indicators of the Sirius anterior segment analysis system in the study were as follows: the horizontal iris diameter(HVID), corneal radius of the thinnest point, the thinnest point of the cornea, the maximum curvature of the cornea, the maximum radius of cornea curvature, central corneal thickness(CCT), corneal volume(CV), anterior chamber depth(ACD), anterior chamber volume and the anterior chamber angle.

RESULTS: The HVID, the thinnest point of the cornea, ACD, and the anterior chamber volume in ROP group were smaller than that in the control group(all P<0.05). The CV and the anterior chamber angle in ROP group were smaller than that in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups(all P>0.05). The BCVA was significantly better in the control group than that in the ROP group(0.07±0.10 vs 0.24±0.25, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The development of eye anterior ganglion tissues of the ROP group had changed with steeper cornea, shallower anterior chamber, smaller angle of the anterior chamber and poor BCVA. All of the changes above might make it easier for the development of refractive errors and glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM:To use multifocal electroretinogram(MFERG)to evaluate patients' functional changes of the cone system in the macular center of the retina after taking hydroxychloroquine.

METHODS:Retrospective study. Totally 264 eyes of 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis examined in the Ophthalmology Department of the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from January 2017 to November 2019 were included in the analysis. According to the length of medication period, patients were divided into 6 groups: 38 cases 76 eyes in group A did not take hydroxychloroquine, 38 cases 76 eyes in group B took hydroxychloroquine for 1a, 17 cases 34 eyes in group C took hydroxychloroquine for 2a, 18 cases 36 eyes in group D took hydroxychloroquine for 3a, 13 cases 26 eyes in group E took hydroxychloroquine for 5a, and 8 cases 16 eyes in group F took hydroxychloroquine for 5a or more and stopped for 3a. The changes of the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and the P₁ wave amplitude density value of the first ring retinal response area in the central MFERG were compared among groups.

RESULTS:There was no significant difference in BCVA among groups A to F(F=1.287, P=0.270), BCVA in A-F groups were(0.11±0.11, 0.11±0.10, 0.13±0.10, 0.15±0.10, 0.15±0.11, 0.14±0.10 LogMAR),but the amplitude density of P₁ wave in group A(122.68±1.87nV/deg²)was significantly higher than other groups(115.76±1.71, 113.38±1.51, 109.10±2.52, 94.61±0.78, 94.02±0.91nV/deg², all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:After long-term administration of hydroxychloroquine, even if the central visual acuity does not change, the results of MFERG examination show that the function of the central cone system of the macular retinal system will decrease with the prolonged administration time, and the visual function cannot recover after stopping taking hydroxychloroquine.

Abstract:AIM: To study the characteristics and related influencing factors of subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)changing with time in children with myopia.

METHODS: Totally 60 eyes of 60 children with myopia aged 6-15 years old who were admitted to the Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from July 2018 to September 2018 were included. IOP, axial length, equivalent spherical degree and SFCT were measured at baseline and 6mo of follow-up, respectively. Analyze the changes of the above-mentioned eye parameters and related influencing factors of SFCT.

RESULTS: Compared with baseline, follow-up for 6mo, myopic children's SFCT decreased by 8±14μm(P<0.001), the axial length increased by 0.15±0.16mm(P<0.001), and the equivalent spherical degree increased by -0.34±0.33D(P<0.001), and there is a significant correlation between the SFCT change value and the axial length and equivalent spherical power change value(r_s=-0.701, 0.633, both P<0.001), indicating faster axial growth and myopia increasing is related to more thinning of the membrane thickness. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that SFCT is significantly correlated with axial length(P=0.001).

CONCLUSION: The SFCT of myopic children becomes thinner over time, and the axial length is negatively correlated with SFCT, and children with faster axial growing and greater myopia increasing are usually accompanied by more SFCT thinning.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of blocking short wave visible light(400-500nm)on tear film stability in healthy people.

METHODS: In this prospective intervention experiment, 26 college students were selected, including 12 males and 14 females, aged 22.1±1.4 years, from February to March 2020. At the same time of two adjacent days, the subjects watched the video for 1h under the same environmental conditions. For the first time, there was no short wave visible light blocking, and for the second time, they wore short wave visible light blocking myopia or flat glasses. The subjects were examined the radius of curvature of lacrimal River curved surface, tear osmolality, tear film rupture time, corneal fluorescein sodium staining score, the basic state before watching the video and after watching the video respectively. And the questionnaire of visual perception was completed at the end of the experiment.

RESULTS: There were significant differences in the radius of curvature of lacrimal River curved surface, tear osmolality, tear film rupture time, corneal fluorescein sodium staining score between the basic state and the short wave visible unstopped state(t=4.50, 5.72, 4.437, 3.245, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the short wave visible light blocking and the basic state(t=1.972, 1.993, 1.921, 1.641, P>0.05). There was also significant difference between the short wave visible light blocking and the short wave visible light unblocking(t=2.825, 3.771, 2.610, 3.028, P< 0.05). The results of the questionnaire showed that: eighteen subjects(69%)said that wearing the short wave visible light blocking glasses or without wearing short wave visible light blocking glasses had slight eye dryness, pain, foreign body sensation, visual fatigue and other discomfort after watching the video. Sixteen subjects(62%)said that they were more comfortable after blocking the short wave visible light. Twenty-four subjects(92%)said that they were willing to block the short wave visible light.

CONCLUSION: The stability of tear film could be reduced by watching the display screen for a short time. Blocking the short wave visible light could protect the stability of tear film of the ocular surface.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the vision-related quality of life after corneal refraction surgery of the new recruits in a navy unit.

METHODS:New recruits in a navy unit during 2014-2016 were interviewed druing recheck ophthalmic examination through a questionnaire, including basic data and the Visual Function Questionnaire-25(VFQ), and also checking the visual acuity, contrast sensitivity(CS), optometry.

RESULTS: Among 2 760 new recruits, 340 persons(12.32%)had undergone corneal refractive surgeries, which included corneal stroma surgery(89.71%)and corneal surface surgery(10.29%). According to the preoperative myopia spherical equivalent, the subjects were divided into three groups: mild myopia group(≤-3.00D, 134 cases), moderate myopia group(>-3.00 D to < -6.00D, 159 cases), and high myopia group(≥-6.00D, 47 cases). The postoperation spherical equivalent range ±1.0D is 128 cases(95.52%), 153 cases(96.23%), 38 cases(80.85%)in mild myopia group, moderate myopia group and high myopia group respectively. The contrast sensitivity(CS)were statistically significant among three different diopter groups under natural light and glare conditions(P<0.05), the CS of the low myopia group and moderate myopia group were higher than in high myopia group(P<0.05). The visual-related quality of life scores were statistically significant among three group(P<0.05). The scores of low(6.25±8.61)points and moderate myopia groups(6.87±8.51)points were significantly better than that of high myopia group(9.84±9.76)points(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The vision-related quality of life in new recruits after corneal refractive surgery in the unit is related with preoperative diopter of refractive error. The vision-related quality of life in recruit with lower diopter are better than in recruit with higher dioper.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of 25G⁺vitrectomy combined with fixation by sclera suture through vitreous cavity in the treatment of Bigbag IOL-bag complex dislocation of high myopia.

METHODS: Totally 13 patients(15 eyes)of high myopia with Bigbag IOL-bag complex dislocation enrolled in this respective study. All cases underwent 25G⁺ vitrectomy. The vitreous body wrapped around the complex was cleaned and the heavy water was injected into the vitreous cavity to make the IOL float to the pupil area. The IOL was suspended and fixed on the sclera through the vitreous cavity. One case(1 eye)with macular hole was treated with inner limiting membrane peeling combined with gas injection, and laser photocoagulation was performed on 1 case(1 eye)with retinal hole.

RESULTS: The postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)(16.75±6.71mmHg)was similar to the preoperative IOP(17.45±6.81mmHg)within normal limits(t=1.635, P=0.360), and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA, LogMAR)at 1wk postoperatively were ameliorated from 1.31±0.33 to 1.03±0.29(t=4.126, P=0.017). No significant difference was noted between preoperative(2388.93±405.04cell/mm²)and postoperative(2345.92±399.59cell/mm²)counting of corneal endothelial cell(t=2.323, P=0.279). Corneal transparency and position of IOL kept normal and no complications such as choroid detachment, retinal detachment, bleeding or secondary glaucoma was recorded in the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION: 25G vitrectomy combined with fixation by sclera suture through vitreous cavity contributes to the anatomical repair and visual function recovery of patients of high myopia with Bigbag IOL-bag complex dislocation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the application of rapid diagnosis and classification of retinal artery occlusion(RAO)by multicolor imaging(MCI)with optical coherence tomography(OCT).

METHODS: Totally 19 patients(19 eyes)who were diagnosed with RAO in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients were diagnosed of RAO after ophthalmologic examination, including 13 eyes of central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO), 5 eyes of branch retinal artery occlusion(BRVO)and 1 eye of RAO with sparing of cilioretinal artery. The best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp, OCT, MCI, FFA and visual field were performed on the patients, and the examination results and image data were analyzed.

RESULTS: Totally 12(63%)eyes showed dullness or disappearance of pupil response to light, 16(84%)eyes showed total or partial paleness and edema in the posterior pole of retina, and 10(53%)eyes showed narrowing of retinal artery by slit-lamp examination. FFA examination was performed in 10 cases(53%). However 9 cases were not examined, including 6 cases with serious systemic diseases, 2 cases rejecting to be checked and 1 case with drug allergy. All the patients showed specific manifestations in both MCI and OCT examination, and the typical highly reflectivity of inner retinal layers in OCT formed tight one-to-one relationship with the green ischemic area in MCI.

CONCLUSION: RAO can be diagnosed quickly by MCI combined with OCT, and their image characteristics can accurately identify the retinal ischemic areas, which can help for disease classification and prognosis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the characteristics of fundus fluorescein angiography in patients with pigment incontinence and the significance of its adjuvant therapy.

METHODS: A retrospective study, we collected the clinical data of 10 patients(18 eyes)diagnosed retinopathy of pigment incontinence from March 2019 to August 2019. The patients were all female children, and they were 2 weeks-42 months old. The children's medical and family histories were recorded in detail, and fundus color photography and fundus fluorescein angiography were performed.

RESULTS: The results of fundus examination of 18 eyes of 10 children showed that 1 eye with stage 1, FFA showed that the retina was scattered with abnormal blood vessels, and there was no leakage in the late stage, and we will return to this regularly. 6 eyes with stage 2, FFA showed abnormal vascular anastomosis in the retina, and no obvious neovascularization, and all underwent laser photocoagulation. 9 eyes with stage 3, FFA showed fluorescence leakage of retinal neovascularization and fluorescence obscuration of preretinal hemorrhage, all of which underwent anti-VEGF vitreous injection combined with laser photocoagulation; 2 cases had monocular disease and the opposite eye was normal. 2 eyes with stage 4 and 1 eye with stage 4a, FFA showed that the optic disc and macula were pulled to the peripheral retina and partial retinal detachment, and vitrectomy was performed; 1 eye with stage 4b, the anterior segment was photographed, and a white mechanical film was behind the lens, B ultrasonography of the eye showed retinal detachment, and vitrectomy was performed.

CONCLUSION: This article preliminarily confirmed that fundus fluorescein angiography can assist in the staging and treatment of IP retinopathy, and had guiding significance for its follow-up treatment. However, there was no unified standard for the treatment of various stages of disease, and more clinical data were needed.