International Eye Science—IES (Guoji Yanke Zazhi, ISSN:1672-5123) is a Chinese-English-mixed Ophthalmological publication indexed in Scopus, EMBASE, CA, IC, WPRIM of WHO, Chinese Core Journals, and China Core Periodical of Science and Technology. Its CST JCR IF in 2019 is 1.628, monthly.

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    Volume 25,2025 Issue 5
      Guidelines
    • Shao Yi, Li Shiying, Yan Biao

      2025,25(5):689-697 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.01

      Abstract:

      Visual electrophysiology measurements have become a routine method of functional examination in ophthalmology. Small animal visual electrophysiology is an important tool for exploring the functionality of the visual system in small animals, finding widespread applications in neuroscience and drug research and development. This guide aims to offer a standardized operational guide for the operation of visual electrophysiological norms in small animals to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the test. The study emphasizes different types of visual electrophysiological tests, such as electroretinogram(ERG)and visual evoked potential(VEP), evoked in small animals, and their application in different disease models. Detailed descriptions are provided regarding the selection and preparation of experimental animals, including the requirements of animal species, anesthesia methods and test environment. In terms of operational procedures, this guide highlights the correct electrode placement, the selection of stimulus parameters, and the key steps for signal acquisition and processing. According to different animal models, the corresponding operation suggestions were provided, and the troubleshooting methods of common problems were introduced. Beyond fundamental operations, this guide also focuses on the interpretation and reporting of test results. It explains various types of electrophysiological waveforms. In summary, this operational specification for small animal visual electrophysiology provides a comprehensive and detailed framework for researchers to ensure the standardization and reliability of tests. By following these guidelines, researchers can effectively utilize small animal visual electrophysiology techniques to gain insight into the function and abnormalities of the visual system.

    • Articles in English
    • Chen Zhe, Wu Chan, Zhou Yan, Lin Shiqun, Xiao Xingyu, Dai Rongping

      2025,25(5):698-705 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.02

      Abstract:

      AIM: To summarize 10 surgical pearls for managing proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)adapted from the ancient Chinese allusions and analyze the application of these pearls in a real-world fashion.

      METHODS: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional study. Ten surgical pearls were summarized and adapted from the ancient Chinese philosophy. Totally 346 cases(443 eyes)that underwent pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)at our hospial from January 2016 to February 2024 were selected. Flexible combinations of these pearls were applied according to the specific condition of each patient during surgeries. The efficacy and safety were analyzed, as well as the application frequencies according to the existence of tractional retinal detachment or not.

      RESULTS: A total of 473 times of surgeries were performed on all the patients. According to ancient Chinese allusions, ten surgical pearls were summarized from these surgeries. All PPVs went smoothly with the application of different combinations. Finally, almost all proliferative membranes were successfully peeled except for 10 patients(11 eyes), who went through strategy No.10(minimal membranectomy)that, only necessary relaxation incisions were made with most of the proliferative membranes left on purpose. The final visual acuities were mostly improved or stable(1.92±0.83 LogMAR preoperatively vs 1.16±0.85 LogMAR postoperatively, P<0.01). Postoperative complications mainly included early inflammatory responses in the anterior chamber and nuclear sclerosis. Recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and hyphema or neovascular glaucoma occurred in 1.9%(9/473), 3.2%(15/473), 0.4%(2/473)and 0.4%(2/473)times of PPVs, respectively. After 12/473(2.5%)times of PPVs, retinal detachment at the macular area still existed, and multiple times of subsequent PPVs were conducted. Final retinal attachment at the macular area was realized in 98.9% eyes. Those 5 unattached eyes were with heavily reproliferated membranes and subsequent tractional retinal detachment recurrence under the oil, and three of them were scleral buckled additionally.

      CONCLUSION:These 10 surgical strategies and technique pearls were mostly effective and safe in the management of severe PDR patients. They were relatively easy to be memorized and applicated once the meaning of each Chinese idiom was understood. One can use different combinations flexibly according to a patient's specific condition.

    • Experimental study
    • Dai Cailing, Yang Wei, Wang Limei, Dai Jinlong, Wen Yuying, Guo Jianmin

      2025,25(5):706-713 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.03

      Abstract:

      AIM: To provide references for the non-clinical evaluation of therapeutic targets or drugs for retinoblastoma, fluorescently labeled Y79 cells are injected into the vitreous body of BALB/c-nu mice to establish a retinoblastoma model, and the Melphalan treatment group is used as a positive control, which is verified by fluorescence imaging technology.

      METHODS: BALB/c-nu mice were intravitreous injected with GFP transfected Y79 cells(1.0×107 cell/mL, 3 μL)to establish the model. On the 27th day, the mice were randomly divided into model control group and different doses of Melphalan groups(1, 3, 10 μg/eye groups)according to the fluorescence value of in vivo imaging, with vitreous body single administrated and ocular symptoms observed daily. Slit-lamp examination was performed at 12, 20, 29, 35, 42, 48, 55, 76, and 83 d after modeling. In vivo imaging was performed on 12, 20, 27, 41, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76, and 83 d. At the last treatment, the eyeball, brain and cerebellum tissues were removed for histopathological examination.

      RESULTS: From the sixth day of modeling, cloud-like substances could be seen in the eyes of the animals, and the cloud-like substances occupied the whole eyeball of the mice in the model control group at the later stage, accompanied by irregular growth of blood vessels. After 27 days of modeling, the fluorescence value was detected in all the animals, and the fluorescence value continued to increase with the extension of modeling time. The fluorescence value of the tumor reached the peak after 69-83 days of modeling. Histological examination showed severe proliferation of intraocular tumor cells in the model control group, and tumor cells were observed in the brain of 1 model animal. In the 10 μg/eye Melphalan group, the fluorescence value was significantly decreased at 17 d after administration. The fluorescence value of the 3 μg/eye Melphalan group was significantly inhibited at 59 d after administration. No tumor cells were found in the brain tissue of animals in all Melphalan groups.

      CONCLUSION: After vitreous injection of Y79/pCDH-LUC-copGFP cells in BALB/c-nu mice, significant ocular lesions and proliferation of tumor cells were observed in the eyes. Meanwhile, Melphalan intervention significantly inhibited tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the mouse model of retinoblastoma was successfully constructed.

    • Clinical Article
    • Zhang Shujun, Huang Shuai, Li Jiajia, Pei Songbo, Li Yuhong

      2025,25(5):714-717 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.04

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the changes of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness, retinal thickness and blood flow density in different stages of diabetic retinopathy(DR)patients based on optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).

      METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 382 patients(382 eyes)diagnosed with DR in our hospital from February 2023 to February 2024. According to the staging criteria, the patients were divided into mild group(n=121), moderate group(n=133), severe group(n=72), and proliferative group(n=56). The general clinical data of the four groups of patients was compared; OCTA was used to scan and collect data from all patients, and the RNFL thickness, retinal thickness, and blood flow density were compared among the four groups of patients.

      RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in age, gender, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and random blood glucose among patients in the mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative groups(all P>0.05). As the stage of DR worsened, the duration of the disease gradually prolonged(P<0.05). The thickness of the RNFL(superior, inferior, temporal, nasal, and average thickness)and retinal thickness significantly increased with the severity of DR(all P<0.001); however, there was no statistically significant difference in inferior RNFL thickness between the moderate and mild groups(P>0.05). The blood flow density in the superficial and deep retinal layers, as well as in the choroidal capillary layer, significantly decreased with the progression of DR(all P<0.05). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference in superficial retinal blood flow density between the moderate and severe groups(P>0.05).

      CONCLUSION: OCTA can accurately observe the changes in RNFL thickness, retinal thickness, and blood flow density in patients with DR at different stages, which can serve as sensitive indicators for monitoring DR progression.

    • Dong Nannan, Wei Liqing, Chen Yu, Wang Jiapeng, Lin Leilei

      2025,25(5):718-724 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.05

      Abstract:

      AIM: To analyze the changes of retinal structure and function before and after panretinal photocoagulation(PRP)in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

      METHODS: Prospective study. Totally 98 cases(98 eyes)of PDR patients who underwent PRP in Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2022 to May 2023 were included. Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)was used to detect central retinal thickness(CRT), central macular thickness(CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT), foveal avascular zone(FAZ), deep vascular complex(DVC)blood flow density, superficial vascular complex(SVC)blood flow density before and at 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo after PRP. During the follow-up, 1 eye underwent vitrectomy, 2 eyes were lost to follow-up, and finally 95 eyes completed 1 a follow-up, with a loss rate of 3%. According to the visual prognosis at 1 a after treatment, the patients were divided into two groups: 73 eyes in good prognosis group and 22 eyes in poor prognosis group(including 9 eyes of visual disability and 13 eyes of visual regression). The changes in retinal structure and function before and after PRP treatment were compared between the two groups of patients, and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and decision curve were used to analyze the predictive value of retinal structure and function for PDR treatment.

      RESULTS: There were statistical significant differences in PDR staging, CRT, CMT, SFCT, DVC blood flow density, and SVC blood flow density between the two groups of patients before treatment(all P<0.05). At 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo after treatment, the FAZ area of both groups decreased compared to before treatment, while the blood flow density of DVC and SVC increased compared to before treatment(both P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the blood flow density of FAZ, DVC, and SVC between the two groups at 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo after treatment(all P>0.05). The CRT, CMT and SFCT of the two groups at 1 wk after treatment were higher than those before treatment(all P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between the two groups(all P>0.05). The CRT, CMT and SFCT at 1 and 3 mo after treatment were lower than those at 1 wk after treatment and before treatment in both groups. The CRT, CMT and SFCT in the poor prognosis group at 3 mo after treatment were higher than those at 1 mo after treatment, and were higher than those in the good prognosis group(all P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that, at 3 mo after laser treatment in PDR patients, the area under the curve of the CRT, CMT, and SFCT alone or in combination after treatment for 1 a was 0.788, 0.781, 0.783, and 0.902, respectively, and the combined prediction value was better(P<0.05). Decision curve analysis showed that the combined detection of CRT, CMT, and SFCT in PDR patients at 3 mo after treatment can improve the predictive value of visual prognosis.

      CONCLUSION: The optimal time for retinal structure and function recovery in PDR patients after PRP treatment is between 1 wk and 1 mo. OCTA measurement of CRT, CMT, and SFCT at 3 mo after treatment can predict the visual prognosis during the 1 a treatment period.

    • Leng Xuan, Li Jie, Ou Jianbin

      2025,25(5):725-733 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.06

      Abstract:

      AIM:To investigate the relationship between the level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)in the aqueous humor and macular microcirculation in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion(RVO-ME).

      METHODS:A total of 327 patients(327 eyes)with RVO-ME treated in our hospital from July 2022 to July 2024 were selected as the research objects. According to the recurrence or not, they were divided into non-recurrence group(291 cases, 291 eyes)and recurrence group(36 cases, 36 eyes). The clinical data, macular microcirculation index and MCP-1 level were collected. Unordered multinomial Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of MCP-1 on RVO-ME recurrence after excluding the influence of other factors. Cubic spline was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between macular microcirculation indexes and MCP-1 expression level and RVO-ME recurrence. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between macular microcirculation parameters and MCP-1 expression level, and the difference of MCP-1 expression level in recurrence under different macular microcirculation parameters was analyzed. Bootstrap method was used to test the mediating effect of macular microcirculation indexes on MCP-1 expression level and RVO-ME recurrence.

      RESULTS: The course of ME, the incidence of vitreomacular traction(VMT), the incidence of fibrous membrane epiretinal membrane(ERM), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), hyperreflective foci in the inner and outer retinal layers(HRF), the frequency and dose of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)injection in the recurrence group were significantly higher than those in the non-recurrence group(all P<0.05). The external limiting membrane(ELM)integrity and ellipsoid zone(EZ)integrity in the recurrence group were significantly worse than those in the non-recurrence group(all P<0.05). The central foveal thickness(CFT), central macular thickness(CMT), superficial capillary plexus(SCP)vascular density, deep capillary plexus(DCP)vascular density and MCP-1 in the recurrence group were higher than those in the non-recurrence group(all P<0.05), and the foveal avascular zone(FAZ)area was lower than that in the non-recurrence group(P<0.05). Logistic analysis showed that MCP-1 was a risk factor for RVO-ME recurrence before and after adjusting for confounding factors. There was a significant non-linear dose-response relationship between macular microcirculation indexes and MCP-1 expression and the risk of RVO-ME recurrence(non-linear test, all P<0.001). The vascular density of CFT, CMT, SCP and DCP was positively correlated with the expression level of MCP-1(all P<0.05), while the FAZ was negatively correlated with MCP-1 expression level(P<0.05). With the increase of vessel density in CFT, CMT, SCP and DCP, and the decrease of FAZ, the expression level of MCP-1 increased, and the risk of RVO-ME recurrence showed an upward trend. The proportion of MCP-1 in Q3(>28.47 pg/mL)group was the highest(P<0.05). Macular microcirculation parameters play a mediating effect between MCP-1 expression level and RVO-ME recurrence.

      CONCLUSION: The level of MCP-1 in aqueous humor is positively correlated with RVO-ME recurrence, and it is closely related to macular microcirculation. Macular microcirculation has a mediating effect between MCP-1 level and RVO-ME recurrence.

    • Qin Guijuan, Qin Jie, Fu Tingting, Song Bangjian

      2025,25(5):734-738 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.07

      Abstract:

      AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab injection(IVR)combined with subthreshold micropulse(STMP)in the treatment of diabetic macular edema(DME).

      METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 98 DME patients(98 eyes)admitted to our hospital from March 2022 to March 2023 were enrolled and divided into two groups based on treatment methods: the control group(49 eyes)received STMP yellow laser therapy alone, while the study group(49 eyes)underwent combined IVR and STMP yellow laser therapy. Comparisons were made between the two groups regarding best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), retinal neovascularization(RNV)leakage area, parafoveal macular thickness(PMT), foveal macular thickness(FMT), central retinal thickness(CRT), and foveal avascular zone(FAZ)area, quality of life was assessed using the Chinese-version low vision quality of life questionnaire(CLVQOL), and complication rates were recorded. Additionally, serum levels of nitric oxide synthase(NOS)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)were measured before and after treatment in both groups.

      RESULTS: At 3 mo after treatment, both groups showed improved BCVA compared to baseline, with reduced RNV leakage area, PMT, FMT, CRT, FAZ, and serum levels of VEGF, while serum NOS levels and all CLVQOL domain scores were higher than pre-treatment(all P<0.05). Furthermore, the study group demonstrated superior outcomes in all these parameters compared to the control group(all P<0.05), and no ocular or systemic complications occurred in any patient.

      CONCLUSION: IVR combined with STMP yellow laser for DME improves visual acuity, reduces RNV leakage area, PMT, FMT, CRT, and FAZ, modulates serum NOS and VEGF levels, enhances quality of life, and demonstrates good safety.

    • Review Aritcle
    • Sun Haoyuan, Wang Shudan, Zhang Hong

      2025,25(5):739-742 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.08

      Abstract:

      Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy(FECD)is a progressive dystrophic disease characterized by gradual damage to the corneal endothelium, ultimately leading to endothelial decompensation. The current standard treatment, corneal transplantation, has several limitations. Recent studies have shown that Rho-associated kinase(ROCK)inhibitors can promote cell proliferation by modulating the cyclin D and p27 signaling pathways. Additionally, ROCK inhibitors activate Rac1, which drives the actin-related protein complex(ARPC2)to enhance cell adhesion, and regulate processes such as membrane blebbing, nuclear disintegration, and apoptotic body formation, thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of corneal endothelial cells. These findings suggest that ROCK inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic approach for FECD. This review provides an overview of the pharmacological effects, basic research, clinical trials, and potential adverse reactions associated with ROCK inhibitors in the treatment of FECD, with the aim of developing compounds with stable efficacy and minimal side effects for the treatment of FECD in the near future.

    • Geng Wen, Xie Huatao, Wang Jiasong, Zhang Mingchang

      2025,25(5):743-748 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.09

      Abstract:

      Ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)is a series of pathological solid tumors formed by dysplasia of keratoconjunctival epithelium, which is one of the most common ocular surface tumors in adults. In the past two decades, the treatment of OSSN has gradually changed from surgical resection to topical chemotherapy. Interferons, 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin are the most commonly used topical agents for the clinical treatment of this disease. This paper summarizes the diagnosis of OSSN and various local chemotherapy treatment options, highlights the potential role of high-resolution optical coherence tomography(HR-OCT)technology in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

    • Niu Peng, Lyu Yang

      2025,25(5):749-753 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.10

      Abstract:

      Cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation is a standard method for treating cataracts, significantly improving patients' vision and quality of life. In this process, the personalized selection of intraocular lenses plays a crucial role in the surgical outcome. Traditional monofocal intraocular lenses provide good distance vision but often have issues with intermediate vision, requiring patients to rely on glasses for correction in daily life. In contrast, multifocal intraocular lenses can meet vision needs at different distances, but are often accompanied by adverse reactions such as halos and glare, affecting the patient's visual experience. In recent years, new types of monofocal intraocular lenses have made significant progress in improving intermediate vision, with relatively fewer side effects. This article aims to review the different types, optical characteristics, and clinical efficacy of monofocal intraocular lenses, providing a reference for ophthalmologists in selecting suitable lenses for patients.

    • Liu Jingjing, Xiao Yangyan, Hua Xia

      2025,25(5):754-759 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.11

      Abstract:

      Polypoid choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)is associated with poor visual prognosis in its natural course and is more prevalent in Asian populations. Despite advancements in optical coherence tomography(OCT)and OCT angiography(OCTA)that have significantly improved morphological diagnostic capabilities, imaging biomarkers are limited by temporal resolution constraints and fail to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying vascular angiogenesis, inflammation, genetic factors, and extracellular matrix(ECM)remodeling. This review synthesizes current research on molecular biomarkers associated with PCV, focusing on its core pathological mechanisms. These biomarkers provide crucial insights into disease pathogenesis to inform precision prevention, dynamic disease monitoring, and therapeutic response prediction. Furthermore, this article proposes the integration of multi-omics data(genomics, proteomics, and radiomics)to establish a multimodal hierarchical diagnostic-therapeutic model. This framework will guide risk stratification, real-time disease assessment, and personalized treatment strategies, advancing the development of a precision medicine framework for PCV management.

    • Wang Feng, Lan Chenghong, Liu Yiling, Shao Yi

      2025,25(5):760-764 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.12

      Abstract:

      Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a common multifactorial disease among the elderly, which may lead to irreversible vision loss; however, the pathogenesis of ARMD is still unclear. Metabolomics is a relatively new “omics” technique that can provide qualitative and quantitative information about low molecular weight metabolites that make up biological systems, thereby revealing the physiological or pathological state of cell or tissue samples at specific time points. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that metabolic dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progression of ARMD. Metabolic pathway dysregulation involves lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism, which may play important roles in the occurrence and development of ARMD. The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body, so using metabolomics techniques to measure molecular changes in ARMD will further enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis. This will provide important insights for the prevention and treatment of ARMD, This article reviews the application of metabolomics in ARMD.

    • Pan Qianyi, Han Xiaotong, Zhang Jiaqing, Luo Lixia

      2025,25(5):765-769 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.13

      Abstract:

      One of the significant hurdles in telemedicine, particularly in ophthalmology, is the absence of direct physical examination. This specialty depends extensively on specialized instruments that typically require proficient operators. Visual function tests are crucial for both outpatient and inpatient ophthalmic services, playing a vital role in screening, diagnosing, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and managing follow-ups for various eye conditions. The progress in mobile technology has paved the way for expanding these tests beyond traditional clinic settings, promoting the creation of patient-focused, straightforward, cost-effective, and efficient measurement tools. In light of the swift advancement of digital technologies, this article reviews the characteristics, and reliability of self-administered visual function tests tools, including visual acuity, refractive error assessment, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and color vision, along with other pertinent diagnostic tools that have been developed and validated for accuracy and repeatability through research, with a view to providing ophthalmologists and patients with scientific and practical references when selecting and using these tools, further promoting efficiency and efficacy of teleophthalmology.

    • Zhang Ao, Li Shiyi, Huang Ju, Wang Kang, Wang Lin, Xie Yingbin

      2025,25(5):770-774 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.14

      Abstract:

      Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation(Phaco+lOL)has become the main treatment for cataracts due to small incision and fast recovery. Phacoemulsification can damage the conjunctiva, cornea and other ocular surface tissues, causing local inflammation, which in turn leads to eye dryness and discomfort after surgery. According to studies, patients who suffer from phacoemulsification most experience dry eye syndrome within 24 h, which gradually worsens and reaches its peak in the following 1 wk, seriously affecting their quality of life. The review aims to comprehensively investigate the effects of preoperative patient physical conditions and local ocular status, intraoperative maneuvers and postoperative treatments on postoperative dry eye, with the expectation of formulating scientific and effective preventive measures for potential dry eye patients after phacoemulsification, and providing a theoretical basis for postoperative dry eye treatment.

    • Zhang Weijie, Yan Hong, Zhang Jian

      2025,25(5):775-780 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.15

      Abstract:

      Congenital cataract is a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. By inducing visual impairment from birth, it disrupts the normal development of the visual system and profoundly impacts patients' quality of life. Therefore, timely diagnosis and the implementation of effective, safe interventions, particularly during the critical period of visual development, are of paramount clinical importance. Cataract extraction is a cornerstone therapeutic intervention. The success of the surgery, as well as postoperative visual recovery and the incidence of complications in pediatric patients, largely depends on the selected surgical approach and instrumentation. Surgical approaches are primarily categorized into the anterior approach(via corneal or limbal incision)and the posterior approach(via pars plana). Surgical instruments are typically classified by the gauge of the vitreous cutter, such as 20 G, 23 G, and 25 G. The choice of surgical approach not only directly influences the incidence of postoperative complications but also significantly impacts visual recovery. This article reviews and analyzes these critical aspects to provide valuable guidance for clinical practice.

    • Zhu Yue, Zhang Qiuyang, Cao Guofan

      2025,25(5):781-786 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.16

      Abstract:

      Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs). This condition can arise from a complex interplay of multiple mechanisms, including elevated intraocular pressure(IOP), neurotrophic factor deprivation, immune-mediated responses, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Due to the absence of significant clinical symptoms in its initial stages, individuals often remain unaware of the disease until they experience irreversible vision loss, highlighting the critical importance of early diagnosis. Current diagnostic methods predominantly focus on measuring elevated IOP, assessing characteristic visual field deficits, and examining fundoscopic changes in the optic disc. Unfortunately, these indicators typically manifest only after considerable optic nerve damage has already occurred. Consequently, the identification of biomarkers associated with RGCs loss is essential for enhancing the early diagnosis and management of glaucoma. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying RGCs degeneration and to determine the potential existence of biomarkers within these pathways. By identifying early alterations in these biomarkers, we hope to facilitate timely intervention strategies for glaucoma, ultimately reducing the risk of vision loss and improving the overall quality of life for affected individuals.

    • Zhao Zhaoyang, Li Huilin, Shang Yanfeng, Meng Sisi, Hao Shaofeng

      2025,25(5):787-791 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.17

      Abstract:

      This review summarizes the applications and advancements of artificial intelligence(AI)in the analysis of retinal vascular parameters. Retinal vascular parameters, including vessel diameter, fractal dimension, vascular tortuosity, branching angles, and vessel density, are important indicators for assessing changes in the retinal vascular network structure. These parameters are not only related to various ophthalmic diseases but also reflect the conditions of systemic diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. This article provides a detailed discussion on the advantages of AI technology in the automated identification and quantification of retinal vascular parameters, particularly in improving measurement efficiency and accuracy, and enabling the early detection and monitoring of various diseases. Additionally, the challenges faced by AI in the analysis of retinal vascular parameters were discussed, such as data standardization and insufficient sample diversity, and proposes directions for future research. By thoroughly analyzing the application of AI in retinal vascular parameter analysis, this article aims to offer new perspectives and methods for clinical diagnosis and early intervention of diseases, holding significant clinical significance and application prospects.

    • Yuan Hang, Xie Like, Hao Xiaofeng, Ju Pin

      2025,25(5):792-796 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.18

      Abstract:

      Dry eye is a chronic ocular surface disease caused by multiple factors. It is caused by the instability of tear film and the imbalance of the microenvironment of ocular surface, and may be accompanied by ocular surface inflammation, damage, and abnormal nerve sensation. The instability of tear film is its core characteristic. Mucin is an important component of the tear film and plays a role in stabilizing the tear film. The reduction of its secretion and the change of its structure lead to the occurrence and development of dry eye. The intracellular Ca2+ signal is the key to controlling the secretion of water and enzymes by exocrine glands. A decrease in the Ca2+ signal can cause dry eye. Conjunctival goblet cells are the main cells that secrete mucin. By activating the intracellular PLC-IP3-Ca2+ pathway, RyRs pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, P2X receptor, BLT1 and ChemR23 receptors, cholinergic receptor, and ALX signaling pathway, the content of Ca2+ can be increased, and the replenishment of mucin granules can be accelerated, thereby relieving the symptoms of dry eye. The Ca2+ signaling pathway may be an important target for the treatment of dry eye. This article reviews the role of mucin in dry eye and the influence of the Ca2+ signal on the secretion of mucin by conjunctival goblet cells.

    • Chen Hongliang, Suo Long, Wang Qiankun, Liu Shuang

      2025,25(5):797-801 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.19

      Abstract:

      Lactylation, a recently identified post-translational modification of proteins, is induced by lactic acid and can occur at multiple lysine residues in both histone and non-histone proteins. This modification plays a role in disease pathogenesis by affecting transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, and immune inflammation. Significant advancements have been made in understanding the mechanisms of lactylation in various ophthalmic diseases, including retinal neovascularization, uveitis, melanoma, and myopia. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the relationship between lactic acid and lactylation, the regulatory mechanisms of lactylation, and the role of lactylation in different ocular diseases. Additionally, it addresses current research limitations and future directions, which is of great significance to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of lactylation in eye diseases and improving the diagnosis and targeted treatment of these conditions.

    • Clinical research
    • Liu Limei, Han Xinhong, Ming Chunxiu, Zhang Pengfei, Wang Chao

      2025,25(5):802-807 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.20

      Abstract:

      AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of lamellar keratectomy and corneal collagen crosslinking(LKCCC)in treating superficial fungal keratitis.

      METHODS: Retrospective analysis. Totally 79 patients(79 eyes)with superficial fungal keratitis who underwent LKCCC in our hospital from January 2014 to October 2023 were included. After admission, routine antifungal drug treatment for 7 d showed no obvious improvement or progressive aggravation. The maximum diameter of corneal lesions in all patients was ≤7 mm, the maximum depth was no more than 50% of the corneal thickness at the location, and the remaining healthy corneal thickness was ≥300 μm. The follow-up time was 90 to 112 d.

      RESULTS:Among the included 79 eyes, the lesions were located in the central region of the cornea in 6 eyes, in the paracentral region in 61 eyes, and in the peripheral region in 12 eyes. Hypopyon was observed in 5 cases. LKCCC was successfully administered in 79 eyes, cured in 76 eyes(96%), and failed in 3 eyes(4%). The healing time of corneal epithelium in 76 cured eyes was 3-15 d, of which 51 eyes(67%)healed within 7 d and 24 eyes(32%)healed within 3 d. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of 76 eyes of cured patients were statistically significant compared with those preoperatively(P<0.0167). Two of the 3 failed eyes were located at the edge of the lesion and recovered after re-keratectomy. One eye was located in the center of the lesion and recovered after being covered by bulbar conjunctival flap. At the last follow-up, no other complications were observed in all patients except superficial cloud and thinning of cornea.

      CONCLUSION:LKCCC is a rapid and effective treatment for superficial fungal keratitis and can be considered a new treatment option.

    • Kang Jing, Ma Zhuang, Ma Yuancheng

      2025,25(5):808-812 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.21

      Abstract:

      AIM: To observe the effect of phacoemulsification with corneoscleral limbus incision on cataract.

      METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 84 cases(84 eyes)of cataract patients admitted to our hospital from October 2021 to December 2022 were randomly grouped into two groups using the random number table method. The control group consisted of 42 cases(42 eyes)that underwent phacoemulsification with upper transparent corneal incision, while the study group consisted of 42 cases(42 eyes)that underwent phacoemulsification with corneoscleral limbus incision. The uncorrected visual acuity, astigmatism, ocular surface function, corneal sensitivity, and complications were compared between the two groups.

      RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in uncorrected visual acuity between the two groups of patients before and after surgery, as well as over time(both P<0.05). The uncorrected visual acuity of both groups showed a decreasing trend before and after surgery at 4 and 12 wk(both P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in preoperative and postoperative astigmatism and corneal fluorescein staining(FLS)scores between the two groups of patients, as well as at different time points(both P<0.05). The astigmatism and FLS scores of the two groups of patients showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing before and after surgery at 4 and 12 wk(both P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in breakup time of tear film(BUT)between the two groups of patients before and after surgery(both P<0.05); the BUT of both groups of patients showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing before and after surgery at 4 and 12 wk(both P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt), upper corneal sensitivity, and central corneal sensitivity between the two groups of patients before and after surgery, as well as at different times(all P<0.05). The SⅠt, upper corneal sensitivity, and central corneal sensitivity of the two groups of patients showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing before and after surgery at 4 and 12 wk(all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total incidence of complications between the control group(12%, 5/42)and the study group(14%, 6/42; χ2=0.105, P=0.746).

      CONCLUSION: Compared to the phacoemulsification with upper transparent corneal incision, the phacoemulsification with corneoscleral limbus incision can reduce the adverse effects on uncorrected visual acuity, astigmatism, ocular surface function, and corneal sensitivity in patients with cataract, and does not increase the incidence of complications.

    • Liu Guoying, Hou Jiangping, Wu Huan, Jiang Yi

      2025,25(5):813-818 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.22

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the correlation between the expression of serum lipocalin 2(LCN2), chemokine like receptor 1(CMKLR1), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 11(CCL11)and the severity of disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and dry eye(DE).

      METHODS:A prospective selection of 97 patients(194 eyes)diagnosed with T2DM and DE at our hospital from May 2022 to May 2024 was made as the DE group, which was further divided into mild(47 cases, 94 eyes), moderate(34 cases, 68 eyes), and severe(16 cases, 32 eyes)subgroups based on the severity of dry eye. Additionally, 97 patients(194 eyes)of T2DM without DE were selected as non-DE group, and 97 healthy volunteers(194 eyes)who underwent physical examination during the same period were chosen as control group. Serum levels of LCN2, CMKLR1, and CCL11 were measured in all participants. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between serum levels of LCN2, CMKLR1, and CCL11 and the severity of DE in T2DM patients; multivariate Logistic analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the severity of T2DM patients with DE. The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic value of serum LCN2, CMKLR1 and CCL11 levels for moderate to severe dry eye in T2DM patients.

      RESULTS: Serum levels of LCN2, CMKLR1, and CCL11 increased progressively from the control group to the non-DE group and then to the DE group(all P<0.05). Within the DE group, these levels also increased progressively from the mild to moderate and then to the severe subgroups(all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum levels of LCN2, CMKLR1, and CCL11 were positively correlated with the severity of disease(rs=0.604, 0.591, 0.559, respectively; all P<0.05). Stepwise forward multivariate Logistic analysis showed that Schirmer's test(SⅠt), tear break-up time(BUT), serum levels of LCN2, CMKLR1 and CCL11 were the factors affecting the severity of T2DM patients with DE; ROC curve analysis indicated that the combined diagnosis of serum LCN2, CMKLR1, and CCL11 for the progression of T2DM with DE to moderate-to-severe stages had an area under curve(AUC)value of 0.896, which was significantly higher than that of individual diagnoses of LCN2, CMKLR1, and CCL11(Z=2.925, 2.704, 3.483, respectively; P=0.003, 0.007, <0.001).

      CONCLUSION: Serum LCN2, CMKLR1 and CCL11 levels are increased in T2DM patients with DE, and are positively correlated with the severity of DE. The combination of the three has a high diagnostic value for moderate to severe DE.

    • Liu Zhutao, Han Beibei, Yu Wen, Li Na, Zhang Tian

      2025,25(5):819-825 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.23

      Abstract:

      AIM: To analyze the clinical utility and value of the ultra-wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography(UWF-SS-OCTA)technique in changes of blood flow density and thickness in the central and peripheral regions of the retina and choroid in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)with or without diabetic kidney disease(DKD).

      METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Totally 50 cases(50 eyes)of diabetes mellitus(DM)that visited our hospital between June 2023 and June 2024 were included. They were divided into three groups: NPDR combined with DKD group(DKD group, n=20), NPDR without DKD group(NDKD group, n=20), and DM without retinopathy group(DM group, n=10, which served as control). In order to investigate the impact of DKD on ocular microangiopathy in NPDR patients, the retina and choroid within 24 mm×20 mm of the scan were separated into central and peripheral areas using the 3×3 nine-grid partition option that comes with UWF-SS-OCTA, and the parameters were then quantitatively assessed.

      RESULTS:The central and peripheral blood flow density of the choroidal capillary layer(CCP)was statistically significant between the DM group and the DKD group(t=3.93, P=0.0003; t=3.34, P=0.0016), and between the NDKD group and the DKD group(t=-3.06, P=0.003; t=-2.55, P=0.013), but there was no statistically significant difference between the DM group and the NDKD group(t=1.44, P=0.157; t=1.26, P=0.21). The mid-large choroidal vessel(MLCV)showed a progressive decline in central and peripheral blood flow density in the DM, NDKD, and DKD groups(F=13.74, 19.03, all P<0.0001). The DM, NDKD, and DKD groups saw a progressive decrease in central and peripheral choroidal thickness(CT; F=10.72, P=0.0001; F=13.12, P<0.001).

      CONCLUSION:CCP, MLCV, and CT can be used as visual indicators to identify impaired renal function in patients with NPDR. UWF-SS-OCTA can support the development of precise and noninvasive monitoring and treatment technology for diabetic ocular microangiopathy, while also offering a scientific foundation for the joint management of DR and DKD.

    • Xu Xin, Li Qing, Yu Peng

      2025,25(5):826-830 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.24

      Abstract:

      AIM:To study the relationship between ocular parameters and lens thickness(LT)in myopic patients with different anterior chamber depth(ACD).

      METHODS:Cross-sectional study. A total of 118 myopic subjects(236 eyes)underwent posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens(Phakic-ICL)implantation in the refractive department of our hospital from May 2022 to May 2024 were selected. Ocular parameters examined before surgery included uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), subjective refraction, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), contactless intraocular pressure(IOP), ACD, white-to-white(WTW), horizontal sulcus-to-sulcus(STSH), vertical sulcus-to-sulcus(STSV), and LT. ACD without corneal thickness was measured by Pentacam, and subjects were divided into three groups: shallow anterior chamber group(2.8 mm≤ACD≤3.2 mm), middle anterior chamber group(3.2 mm3.4 mm). The differences in WTW, STSH, STSV, and LT among groups were compared, and the correlation between the above parameters under different ACD groups was analyzed, as well as the multiple linear regression analysis was used to research LT with the above ocular parameters.

      RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference in LT between the middle ACD group and the deep ACD group(P=1.00), while there were statistically significant differences in LT between shallow and middle ACD groups(P<0.0167); there were statistical significant differences in WTW, STSH and STSV among different ACD groups(F=226.36, 15.58, 11.92, all P<0.01), but the differences were varied after pairwise comparison. There was a weak negative correlation between LT and ACD only in the shallow ACD group and overall data of patients(r=-0.231, P<0.05; r=-0.222, P<0.01). There was no correlation in LT and ocular parameters between the middle ACD group and deep ACD group(all P>0.05); moderate correlations were discovered among WTW, STSH and STSV in different ACD groups and overall data(all P<0.01); in the overall data of patients, ACD had weak to low correlations with WTW, STSH, STSV and LT(all P<0.01). Through multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that only the shallow ACD group and the overall data had statistically significant independent variables that were linearly correlated with LT, and their equations were as follows: LTS=5.492-0.167×WTW+0.267×STSV-0.448×ACD; LTT=3.884-0.303×ACD, the corrected R2 of equations showed low values, revealed 0.141 and 0.056, respectively.

      CONCLUSION:Among different ACD groups, there was no correlation or linear relationship between LT and WTW, STSH and STSV; in the shallow ACD group and the overall data, LT had a weak negative correlation with ACD, and its corrected R2 was low. Therefore, there is no linear relationship between LT and ocular diameter parameters under different ACD.

    • Information research
    • Wei Junhan, Ye Lu, Yao Qian, Liu Rui, Zhang Guoyun

      2025,25(5):831-838 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.25

      Abstract:

      AIM: To analyze the prevalence, severity, types, and correction of astigmatism in children, and provide scientific evidences for the prevention and treatment of refractive errors.

      METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 29 153 children aged 6-12 years from Xi'an and Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, China. Visual acuity and non-cycloplegic refraction were measured. Astigmatism was defined as an absolute cylindrical power ≥0.5 D in the right eye. Differences in astigmatism severity, type distribution, and refractive correction were analyzed across age, gender, and region.

      RESULTS:The prevalence of astigmatism increased with age, peaking at 11 years old(62.88%). Boys(57.10%)had a higher prevalence than girls(54.86%), and the municipal areas(58.29%)had a higher prevalence than county areas(51.75%). Mild astigmatism was the most common(63.82%), with moderate astigmatism increasing with age. The highest prevalence of high astigmatism was observed in 11-years-old children(9.68%). Compound myopic astigmatism(59.28%)and mixed astigmatism(25.16%)were the most frequent types. With increasing age, compound myopic astigmatism increased, while simple myopic, simple hyperopic, and compound hyperopic astigmatism decreased. Mixed astigmatism increased from ages 6 to 7, but declined from ages 7 to 12. For astigmatic axis types, with-the-rule astigmatism was the most prevalent(81.06%)and increased with age, peaking at 11 years(85.74%). Against-the-rule astigmatism showed a declining trend, while oblique astigmatism remained relatively stable. Distribution differences in astigmatism types and axes by gender and region were observed. Significant differences in astigmatism severity, types, and axis types across different ages, genders, and regions were observed(all P<0.05). The overall refractive correction rate for children with astigmatism was only 40.18%.

      CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of astigmatism among children aged 6-12 years in Shaanxi Province was 56.02%, with higher prevalence observed in boys and in municipal areas. Age, gender, and region significantly influenced the prevalence of astigmatism. Notably, less than half of the children with astigmatism received refractive correction, highlighting the need for increased attention from parents and relevant authorities.

    • Clinical report
    • Cao Jiufa, Ni Yan, Liu Gaoqin

      2025,25(5):839-842 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.26

      Abstract:

      AIM: To explore the therapeutic effects of diquafosol sodium eye drops combined with sodium hyaluronate eye drops on dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery.

      METHODS:This study is a prospective randomized controlled study. Totally 360 patients(360 eyes)with dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery admitted to the ophthalmology department of our hospital from November 2022 to October 2024 were selected as the research subjects, and they were randomly divided into a control group(n=180)and an observation group(n=180). The control group received postoperative treatment with sodium hyaluronate eye drops, while the observation group received postoperative treatment with diquafosol sodium eye drops combined with sodium hyaluronate eye drops. Both groups of patients were treated for 4 wk. The clinical efficacy, dry eye clinical symptom score and ocular surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire, Schirmer's test(SⅠt), tear film break-up time(BUT), corneal fluorescence staining(FL)score, hexagonality(HEX), coefficient of variation(CV)of corneal endothelial cells were compared between the two groups before and after treatment, and the occurrence of adverse reactions during treatment in both groups was recorded.

      RESULTS:Both groups were followed up for 4 wk, and no cases were lost. The total clinical effective rate of the observation group was 93.9%, which was higher than 84.5% of the control group(P<0.05). After treatment for 4 wk, the clinical symptom score, OSDI scores and FL scores in both groups decreased, and the observation group had lower scores than those of the control group(all P<0.001); both SⅠt and BUT increased in both groups, and the observation group had a higher value than those of the control group(all P<0.001). After treatment for 4 wk, the HEX in both groups increased(P<0.05), and those in the observation group were higher(P<0.05); the CV of the two groups decreased(P<0.05), and the observation group was lower(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).

      CONCLUSION:Compared to sodium hyaluronate eye drops alone, diquafosol sodium eye drops combined with sodium hyaluronate eye drops have a better therapeutic effect on patients with dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery. It can significantly improve the patient's eye symptoms, promote the recovery of eye surface function, stabilize the tear film, and regulate corneal endothelial cell status.

    • Chen Qian, Wang Liying, Zhang Yueling

      2025,25(5):843-848 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.27

      Abstract:

      AIM: To compare the application of two distinct suspension suture fixation techniques in intraocular lens implantation.

      METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 60 patients(60 eyes)who underwent intraocular lens suspension surgery at ophthalmology department of our hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 1, 2023 were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on the suturing techniques: the control group(n=30)received sub-scleral flap suture fixation, while the intervention group(n=30)underwent Z-shaped suture fixation. A 6 mo postoperative follow-up was conducted to assess surgical duration, visual acuity and quality, ocular structure, clinical efficacy, postoperative expose rate of sutures, diopters and decentration of intraocular lens.

      RESULTS:The mean operative time was significantly longer in the intervention group(50.5±3.1 min)compared to the control group(40.9±2.8 min; P<0.01). At 6 mo postoperatively, both groups demonstrated significant improvements in uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity compared to preoperative values(both P<0.01), and there were no statistically significant differences in the uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity between the two groups(all P>0.05); at 6 mo postoperatively, the visual quality of the intervention group was better than that of the control group(P<0.05). While both groups exhibited a significant reduction in corneal endothelial cell count postoperatively(both P<0.01), there was no significant difference between the groups(P>0.05). The overall efficacy rate and suture exposure rate were comparable between the groups at 6 mo postoperatively(P=0.542 and P>0.05, respectively). However, significant differences were observed in postoperative diopters and intraocular lens decentration between the two groups(both P<0.01).

      CONCLUSION:Although both suture fixation techniques yielded satisfactory clinical outcomes in intraocular lens implantation, the Z-shaped suture fixation demonstrated superior performance in terms of visual quality and preservation of ocular structural integrity.

    • Chen Xi, Ma Haiying, Nan Xinshuai, Hua Xin, Zhao Ming, Ye Dongsheng, Ji Heqing

      2025,25(5):849-853 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.28

      Abstract:

      AIM: To analyze the influencing factors of capsular constriction syndrome(CCS)in cataract patients after phacoemulsification(Phaco)combined with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation.

      METHODS: Retrospective study. The data of 2 900 cataract patients(2 900 eyes)in our hospital's information system from January 2021 to January 2024 were collected. All patients were treated with Phaco combined with IOL implantation, and the incidence of CCS within 30 wk after surgery was recorded. Patients were categorized into CCS(116 cases, 116 eyes)and N-CCS group(2 784 cases, 2 784 eyes)based on the occurrence of CCS. The basic data of the two groups were compared, and the influencing factors of CCS within 30 wk after Phaco combined with IOL implantation in cataract patients were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression.

      RESULTS: Among 2 900 patients(2 900 eyes)included, 116 cataract patients(116 eyes)developed CCS within 30 wk after Phaco combined with IOL implantation, with an incidence rate of 4.00%. The single factor and multi-factor Logistic regression analysis showed that the complicated diabetes, high myopia, complicated glaucoma, and axial length(AL)>30 mm were the risk factors for the occurrence of CCS after Phaco IOL implantation in cataract patients(all P<0.05).

      CONCLUSION: Attention should be paid to cataract patients with diabetes, high myopia, glaucoma and AL>30 mm, which will increase the risk of CCS within 30 wk after Phaco combined with IOL implantation in cataract patients.

    • Li Xiuting, Quan Yan, Wang Lili

      2025,25(5):854-857 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.29

      Abstract:

      AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of 3% diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution in treating dry eye syndrome following cataract surgery and its impact on tear film stability.

      METHODS: This prospective clinical study was conducted at Xi'an Aier Eye Hospital, Northwest University from January 2021 to January 2024. A total of 124 patients(124 eyes)who underwent cataract phacoemulsification were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the study group(62 cases, 62 eyes)or the control group(62 cases, 62 eyes)using a random number table. The study group received 3% diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution four times daily for 1 mo, while the control group was treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops four times daily for 1 mo. Clinical efficacy, tear film breakup time(BUT), Schirmer I test(SⅠt), corneal fluorescein staining(FL)score, inflammatory factors \〖interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)\〗 levels in tears, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.

      RESULTS: After treatment, the effective rate was 93.5% in the study group and 87.1% in the control group, with no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). The study group showed significantly higher BUT, SⅠt values compared to the control group, while FL score, and inflammatory factor levels in tears were significantly lower at 1 mo after treatment(all P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly between the two groups(P=0.198).

      CONCLUSION: The 3% diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution significantly improves tear secretion and tear film stability in patients with dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery, effectively alleviating dry eye symptoms. It is a safe and effective treatment method.

    • Yang Ye, Lin Zhiyang, Zhou Ziwei, Shen Meixiao

      2025,25(5):858-862 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.30

      Abstract:

      AIM:To explore the relationship between the amplitude of diurnal variations in the choroidal vascular index(CVI)and annual changes in spherical equivalent(SE)and axial length in school-aged children.

      METHODS: Prospective study. Totally 39 cases(39 eyes)of Chinese school-age children aged 7 to 12 that diagnosed as emmetropia and myopia and error of refraction at optometry clinics of Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University from July to August 2021 were selected. While 33 cases(33 eyes)were finally included, with 6 cases of loss to 1 a follow-up. A total of 16 cases(16 eyes)with annual growth of SE<0.5 D and 17 cases(17 eyes)with annual growth of SE≥0.5 D were divided into a non-progression group and progression group, respectively. Swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)and custom choroidal analysis software were used to longitudinally observe diurnal variations in CVI of subjects, and the association between CVI diurnal amplitude and annual changes in SE and axial length was analyzed.

      RESULTS:It showed no significant correlation between the CVI diurnal amplitude at 1 mm from the fovea and annual changes in SE of the non-progressive group(P=0.65), while in the progression group, the CVI diurnal amplitude at 1 mm from the fovea was negatively correlated with annual changes in SE(P=0.048). However, no significant correlation was identified between CVI diurnal amplitude and annual changes in axial length in either group(all P>0.05). The diurnal amplitude of the CVI at the 1 mm foveal center had an effect on annual SE progression(P=0.039). Conversely, the diurnal amplitude of axial length, the annual changes in axial length, and the maximum or minimum time of CVI demonstrated significant associations with SE progression(all P> 0.05).

      CONCLUSION: Diurnal variations in CVI amplitude are associated with SE progression in school-aged children, providing a basis for further understanding the choroid-related changes in the process of myopia onset and progression.

    • Liu Ming, Song Junlu

      2025,25(5):863-866 ,DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2025.5.31

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the efficacy of endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(EES-DCR)combined with RS-type lacrimal drainage tube placement and dilatation stent in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis in patients with small lacrimal sac.

      METHODS: A total of 298 patients(298 eyes)of chronic dacryocystitis with small lacrimal sac admitted to our hospital from December 2018 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to different treatment modalities, 149 patients(149 eyes)in the control group underwent EES-DCR combined with RS-type lacrimal drainage tube placement, and 149 patients(149 eyes)in the observation group were combined with expansion stents on the basis of the control group. The efficacy of the two groups at 6 mo postoperatively, the changes in ocular indexes \〖Schirmer I test(SⅠt), tear film break-up time(BUT), and degree of tear overflow\〗 at 3 mo postoperatively, the changes in the degree of pain at 3 and 6 mo postoperatively, and the occurrence of complications were compared.

      RESULTS: The efficacy of the observation group was better at 6 mo postoperatively(P<0.05). Compared with the preoperative period, the BUT was significantly higher and the degree of SⅠt and tear overflow was significantly lower in the two groups at 3 mo postoperatively, and it was better in the observation group(both P<0.05). There were differences in visual analogue scale(VAS)scores between the two groups at each time point(Finteraction=181.032, Pinteraction<0.001; Ftime=138.215, Ptime<0.001; Fbetween groups=41.343, Pbetween groups<0.001). Compared with the preoperative period, the postoperative VAS scores of patients in both groups were reduced(observation group: t3 mo postoperatively=22.086, t6 mo postoperatively=35.192, both P<0.001; control group: t3 mo postoperatively=19.031, t6 mo postoperatively=36.960, both P<0.001). VAS scores were smaller in the observation group than in the control group at 3 mo postoperatively(t=5.124, P<0.001). Complications were not statistically different between the two groups at 6 mo pastoperatively(P>0.05).

      CONCLUSION: EES-DCR combined with RS-type lacrimal drainage tube placement in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis in patients with small lacrimal sac has a better effect, effectively improves the patient's ocular condition and relieves pain.

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    • Clinical analysis of 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops combined with sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of moderate to severe dry eye associated with type 2 diabetes

      shicancan, liuxinshu, chenshuwen, zhaoyingyi, yuxiaofan, wanghe, limingxin

      Abstract:

      Abstract OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops combined with sodium vitrate in the treatment of moderate to severe dry eye related to type 2 diabetes. METHODS: From January 2024 to September 2024, 120 patients with type 2 diabetes-related moderate to severe dry eye who visited the Endocrinology and Ophthalmology Departments of Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital were selected. They were randomly assigned into two groups: a 0.05% cyclosporine eye drop (CsA) combination group and a sodium hyaluronate eye drop (HA) control group, with 60 patients in each group. The HA group received treatment with 0.3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops, while the combination group received additional treatment with 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops. Assessments were performed at baseline and at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months post-treatment, including Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), non-invasive tear meniscus height (NITMH), first non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUTf), meibomian gland dropout score, lipid layer thickness grade, conjunctival grading, and corneal fluorescein sodium staining score (FL). Additionally, changes in tear inflammatory factors were observed at 3 months post-treatment, and corneal nerve fiber morphology and density changes in the sub basal nerve plexus (SBN) were analyzed using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). RESULTS: NITMH, NIBUTf, and lipid layer thickness grading increased in both groups after 1mo, 2mo, and 3mo of treatment compared to baseline, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and the increase in the combined group was greater than that in the control group, with intergroup variability (P<0.05); OSDI scores, FL scores, and conjunctival grades scores decreased compared to baseline, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and the magnitude of decrease in the combined group was greater than that in the control group, with intergroup variability (P<0.05); there was no significant improvement in the blepharospasmal deficiency score of the two groups of patients compared with the baseline (P>0.05); the inflammatory factors in the tear fluid of the patients in the two groups, IL-6 and MMP-9, decreased from the baseline after 3mo of treatment, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and the magnitude of decrease in the combined group was greater than that in the control group, with intergroup variability (P<0.05). In the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); after 3mo of treatment, the number of branch nerves and corneal nerve density in the combined group increased from baseline, and the nerve curvature score and dendritic cell(DC) density decreased from baseline, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and there was no significant change in the control group from the baseline comparison (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops with sodium hyaluronate eye drops is effective in treating moderate to severe dry eye associated with type 2 diabetes, significantly controlling ocular surface inflammation, improving corneal nerve morphology and density, and with no observed severe complications.

    • Association study of polymorphisms in Wnt signal pathway-related genes with high myopia in Chinese Han population

      xiepeipei, pengjie, anguangqi, duliping

      Abstract:

      [Abstract] Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether Wnt pathway-related genes previously implicated in high myopia (HM) could serve as candidate genes for HM in the Chinese Han population and to identify risk loci associated with HM susceptibility. Mthods A case-control association analysis was conducted involving 530 HM patients and 1087 healthy controls. The test efficacy was estimated using Quanto software. Peripheral blood DNA was extracted using the magnetic bead method, and seven candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY system. The SNPs analyzed were HIVEP3 rs17365632, rs35134694, rs11210537; TNNB1 rs13072632; CAMK2NA rs10753502; Wnt7B rs73175083; and TCF4 rs41396445. Differences in allele and genotype frequencies between the HM and control groups were compared using the chi-square test under dominant, recessive, and additive inheritance models. Haplotype analysis was performed using SHEsis online software. Statistical significance was set at Pc < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction. Results All seven SNPs had a genotyping detection rate exceeding 90% and were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). The test efficacy of the sample size was above 90.13%, indicating that the samples were representative of the population. In the HM group, the AA genotype frequency of HIVEP3 rs11210537 was significantly reduced (Pc = 0.003,OR = 0.889). Conversely, the GG genotype frequency was significantly elevated (Pc = 0.003,OR = 1.176). In an additive genetic model (AA vs GG), the AA genotype frequency was significantly lower than the GG genotype frequency (Pc = 0.003, OR = 0.583). Additionally, the frequency of the CCA haplotype of rs17365632, rs35134694, and rs11210537 in HIVEP3 was decreased in the HM group compared to the control group (Pc = 0.008, OR = 0.791). Conclusions The SNP locus rs11210537 in the HIVEP3 gene is associated with genetic susceptibility to HM in the Chinese Han population, with the G allele and GG genotype identified as risk genetic markers. The CCA haplotype of rs17365632, rs35134694, and rs11210537 in the HIVEP3 gene represents a risk haplotype for HM.

    • Effect of Optimal pulse technology on meibomian gland morphology and function in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction

      ZhouYiFan, ZhangPengFei, LiuLiFeng, HanXinHong, WangChao, LiuLiMei

      Abstract:

      Abstract Objective: To assess the impact of optimized pulsed technology (OPT) on the morphological and functional changes of meibomian glands in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: This prospective case-control study enrolled 60 MGD patients (60 eyes, right eye) treated at Weifang Eye Hospital from September 2023 to February 2024. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe groups based on the extent of meibomian gland loss, with 20 individuals per group. Treatments consisted of bilateral OPT combined with meibomian gland massages, administered biweekly over four sessions. We monitored ocular surface function indicators including the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), non-invasive average tear break-up time (NIBUTav), and non-invasive tear meniscus height (NITMH), as well as meibomian gland function scores (MGES and MGYSS). Cellular-level assessments using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) examined meibomian gland acinar unit density (MGAUD), inflammatory cell density (ICD), and acinar dimensions (MGALD and MGASD). Results: At baseline, no significant differences were found in NITMH across groups (P>0.05). Significant disparities were observed in NIBUTav, MGES, MGYSS, MGAUD, MGALD, and MGASD (P<0.05). Compared to the mild group, the moderate and severe groups showed significant differences in OSDI, CFS, and ICD (P<0.05), though no significant differences existed between moderate and severe groups (P>0.05). After three months of treatment, all groups showed no significant differences in NITMH (P>0.05). All parameters improved significantly in the mild group (P<0.05); all but MGASD improved in the moderate group (P>0.05 for MGASD); significant improvements were noted in OSDI, CFS, and NIBUTav in the severe group (P<0.05), while MGES and MGYSS did not differ significantly (P>0.05). IVCM parameters (MGAUD, ICD, MGALD, and MGASD) showed no significant change in the severe group post-treatment (P>0.05). Conclusion: OPT effectively enhances various ocular surface functions and improves gland expressibility and secretion quality in mild to moderate MGD cases, while also positively impacting certain cellular parameters. In severe cases, where most acinar functions are lost and structural reversibility is limited, OPT can still mitigate MGD symptoms and decelerate disease progression.

    • The expression and clinical significance of TLR4 and NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears of patients with dry eye syndrome

      liuguoying

      Abstract:

      Objective: To investigate the expression and clinical diagnostic value of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears of patients with dry eye syndrome. Methods: From January 2023 to June 2024, 104 dry eye patients (disease group) who visited our hospital and 100 healthy individuals (control group) who underwent physical examination were selected. The changes of TLR4 and NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears were analyzed. Pearson analysis was applied to analyze the correlation between TLR4 and NF-κB expression in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears. Logistic analysis was applied to analyze the factors that affected dry eye syndrome. ROC was applied to analyze the diagnostic value of TLR4 and NF-κB expression in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears for dry eye syndrome. Results: The expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears in the disease group were obviously higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between TLR4 and NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears (r=0.392, 0.348, P<0.05). The differences in the use of eye drops, BUT value, SIT value, TFT, and CFS scores between the disease group and the control group were statistically significant (χ2/t=9.525, 29.069, 38.498, 21.722, 27.487, P<0.05). Frequent use of eye drops, CFS score, TLR4, and NF-κB were risk factors for dry eye syndrome (OR=2.153, 3.183, 1.578, 2.452, P<0.05), while BUT value, SIT value, and TFT value were protective factors for dry eye syndrome (OR=0.654, 0.755, 0.276, P<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of TLR4 combined with NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells in the diagnosis of dry eye were 86.54%, 81.00%, and 0.889%, respectively. The combination of TLR4 and NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells had higher diagnostic value for dry eye than alone diagnosis (Z combination - TLR4=3.506, P=0.001, Z combination - NF-κB=3.165, P=0.002). The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of TLR4 combined with NF-κB in tears for diagnosing dry eye syndrome were 82.69%, 70.00%, and 0.818, respectively. The combination of TLR4 and NF-κB in tears had higher diagnostic value for dry eye syndrome than alone diagnosis (Z combination - TLR4=3.117, P=0.002, Z combination - NF-κB=2.363, P=0.018). Conclusion: The expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in conjunctival epithelial cells and tears of patients with dry eye syndrome are elevated. TLR4 and NF-κB are related to the development of dry eye syndrome, and The increase in both can increase the risk of developing dry eye syndrome. The combination of TLR4 and NF-κB has certain diagnostic significance for dry eye syndrome.

    • The Impact of Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Markers on Neovascular Glaucoma Secondary to Diabetic Retinopathy

      Wang Mingfang, Zhu Wenwen, Xia Deyu, Xu Dengrui, Shi Yawen, Fu Hongchen, Zhao Qian, Li Xiuyun

      Abstract:

      Objective: To investigate the influence of relevant inflammatory markers in peripheral blood on the progression of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) secondary to diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted, categorizing patients into two groups based on the presence or absence of NVG: those with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) alone (PDR group, n=148) and those with NVG secondary to PDR (NVG secondary to PDR group, n=142). Peripheral blood inflammatory markers were evaluated, including white blood cell-related indices, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). Analyze the distinctions in peripheral blood inflammatory markers between the two groups of patients and the relationships these bear to NVG secondary to PDR. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics between the two groups, confirming their comparability. However, significant differences were found in eosinophil percentage and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) between the PDR group and the NVG secondary to PDR group (P< 0.05), with both values being significantly higher in the NVG secondary to PDR group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the eosinophil percentage and the monocyte - to - lymphocyte ratio were factors influencing the development of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in patients. Conclusion: Eosinophil percentage and MLR may be associated with the progression of PDR to NVG and could serve as potential predictive markers for NVG development in PDR patients. Keywords:diabetic retinopathy; neovascular glaucoma; eosinophils; monocyte to lymphocyte ratio; inflammatory indicators

    • CiteSpace-based Visualization and Analysis of the Knowledge Map of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Diabetic Retinopathy

      Ma Xiaohua, Luo Xiangxia, Zhuang Jiayuan, Kang Li

      Abstract:

      Purpose: To conduct a CiteSpace-based visualization and analysis of the literature on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) from January 2014 to January 2024. Methods: The literature was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. Co-occurrence, clustering, and emergence analyses of annual publications, authors, research institutions, and keywords were performed using Note Express and CiteSpace software to generate knowledge maps. Results: A total of 643 Chinese-language articles were included. The annual publication trend was characterized by fluctuations. The primary research institutions were Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Eye Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences. Twenty high-frequency keywords were identified, including "diabetes,""TCM," and "review," along with 12 emergent terms such as "Qiming granules" and "data mining." The research focus in 2014 was on exploring therapeutic methods and the efficacy of proprietary Chinese medicines. From 2016 to 2017, the research perspective expanded to include symptoms and multi-factorial analysis. Between 2018 and 2020, there was an in-depth investigation into evidence types and disease stages. After 2019, the emphasis shifted towards TCM-specific therapies and patient-centered concepts. From 2022 to 2024, innovation in research methods and the theory of TCM complexes emerged as new hotspots. Conclusion: The research on TCM treatment for DR is still in an ascending phase. The primary research hotspot currently centers on Qiming granules. Future trends are likely to focus on the efficacy and mechanisms of action. The combined application of different therapies and long-term follow-up experimental research could provide a more robust basis for evidence-based medicine, unearth the potential of TCM, and promote its development.

    • Research progress on the role of advanced glycosylation end products in ocular diseases

      GONG Xiaoqi, FENG Jiaojiao, HAN Yibo, SONG Jike, BI Hongsheng

      Abstract:

      The excessive accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), the end products of non-enzymatic glycosylation reactions, can be involved in the pathological processes of various ocular diseases through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the key role of AGEs in diabetic keratopathy, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). It was found that AGEs activate signalling pathways such as NADPH oxidase, MAPK and NF-κB by binding to the receptor RAGE, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, release of inflammatory factors, and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which in turn induces delayed corneal healing, cross-linking of lens proteins, optic nerve degeneration, formation of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) disruption. disruption. For example, in diabetic keratopathy, AGEs delay wound healing via the ROS/NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle axis; in cataract, ascorbic acid-mediated cross-linking of lens proteins due to AGEs directly impairs lens transparency; and in DR, AGEs exacerbate microvascular damage by regulating VEGF expression and pericyte apoptosis. In addition, this article discusses the advances and limitations of AGEs detection techniques, such as the potential application of lens AGEscan fluorescence assay in screening for diabetic complications, and the need to develop tissue-specific assays for atrial fluid and vitreous. For therapeutic strategies, the research directions of inhibiting AGEs production, blocking RAGE signalling pathway and developing anti-glycosylation drugs are proposed to emphasise their clinical value in delaying disease progression. This review not only integrates the molecular mechanisms and clinical associations of AGEs in ocular diseases, but also provides a theoretical basis for targeted interventions, which is of great significance in exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

    • Advancement on the Mechanism and Clinical Impact of Retinal Displacement after Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Surgery

      Li shengnan, Wang li, Yi xiaojing, Wang hua, Ren hui

      Abstract:

      Retinal displacement refers to the strong fluorescent lines parallel to the retinal vessels that are detected through autofluorescence examination after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. Actually, even if patients with RRD achieve macroscopic structural reattachment after the operation, the visual function of some patients remains suboptimal. This is associated with the incomplete recovery of retinal function, and retinal displacement is one of the critical influencing factors. This paper reviews the related concepts of retinal displacement and systematically summarizes the incidence of retinal displacement after retinal reattachment surgery and its impact on function, the possible mechanisms of retinal displacement, and the influence of various factors on the occurrence of retinal displacement in the recent five years. It is conducive to enabling surgeons to conduct better design and planning for retinal reattachment surgeries, then achieve higher integrity of retinal function recovery, and enable patients to obtain better postoperative visual function.

    • Research progress of foldable capsule buckle in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

      Zhang Yingqing, Feng Meiyan

      Abstract:

      Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a common blinding ophthalmic dis-ease that has always received significant attention in clinical treatment. The foldable capsular buckle (FCB), as a new method for extraocular treatment of RRD, offers "Five Noes" advantages over traditional treatments such as scleral buckling (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and pneumatic retinopexy (PR) - no retrobulbar anes-thesia, no muscle traction, no scleral fluid release, no intraoperative positioning, and no cryotherapy. This effectively reduces postoperative complications in RRD pa-tients and shortens the operation time. This review aims to investigate the develop-ment process and treatment principle of foldable capsule buckle, and focus on its therapeutic advantages, indication selection, efficacy and safety for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. It is expected to play a more important role in the treatment of a variety of retinal diseases through technological innovation and application field ex-pansion.

    • A study of the correlation between serum LRG1 and FGF-21 levels and neovascular glaucoma

      luozhong

      Abstract:

      Objective To investigate the correlation between serum leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) levels and neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Methods A total of 110 patients with NVG admitted to the ophthalmology department from September 2020 to September 2022 were selected as the NVG group (23 patients of grade II, 44 patients of grade III, 43 patients of grade IV), 90 cataract patients matched with sex and age were the control group. The levels of LRG1, FGF-21, VEGF, PEDF and TNF-α in serum were detected by ELISA; Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between serum LRG1, FGF-21 levels and Teich grade, VEGF, PEDF, TNF-α levels. Results The levels serum LRG1, FGF-21, VEGF, PEDF and TNF-α in NVG group were obviously higher than those in control group (P<0.05). With the increase of Teich grading, the levels of serum LRG1, FGF-21, VEGF, PEDF and TNF-α in NVG patients increased obviously in turn, and there was a statistically obvious difference between the subgroups (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the levels of LRG1 and FGF-21 in serum of NVG patients were positively correlated with the levels of VEGF, PEDF and TNF-α (P<0.05). Conclusion The levels of LRG1 and FGF-21 in serum of patients with NVG are obviously increased, which are positively correlated with the levels of VEGF, PEDF and TNF-α, and may cooperate with VEGF, PEDF and TNF-α to induce the occurrence and development of NVG.

    • Study on specific imaging of choroidal melanoma cells by novel functionalized upconversion nanomaterials

      Zhao Bingxin, Fu Aicun, Li Xiuhong, Wei Li, Wang Weiqun

      Abstract:

      Abstract ·AIM:To prepare a new functionalized upconversion nanomaterial UCNPs-PEG-Tf through an improved method and observe its specific imaging phenomenon to choroidal melanoma cells (OCM-1). ·METHODS:Prepared NaYF4:Yb/Er (Up-conversion nanoparticles, UCNPs) and did plasma treatment to carboxylate the surface; then respectively loaded amino polyethylene glycol and transferrin (Tf) to prepare UCNPs-PEG-Tf. Characterized them accordingly. Tested their biocompatibility. Detected the specific fluorescence phenomenon to OCM-1 using a fluorescence spectrophotometer and inverted fluorescence microscope. ·RESULTS:Characterization confirmed successful synthesis of UCNPs, UCNPs-PEG, and further loading of Tf to form UCNPs-PEG-Tf. UCNPs-PEG-Tf exhibited excellent biocompatibility and emitted significant green fluorescence. Under the same conditions, fluorescence intensity measurement and observations from the inverted fluorescence microscope both demonstrated its significant specificity in imaging to OCM-1 cells. ·CONCLUSION:We have synthesized a novel functionalized UCNPs-PEG-Tf nanocomposite, which can exhibit good biocompatibility and can achieve specific imaging to OCM-1 cells. ·KEYWORDS:Up-conversion nanoparticles; Plasma; Choroidal melanoma; Transferrin; Specific imaging

    • Comparison of myopia progression before and after discontinuation of low-concentration atropine in children wearing orthokeratology lenses

      Wang Yaozeng

      Abstract:

      Objective: To compare the progression of myopia in children wearing orthokeratology lenses combined with low-concentration atropine before and after drug withdrawal, to determine the rebound effect of drug withdrawal in orthokeratology lens wearers, and to analyze its causes based on changes in pupil diameter. Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted to collect 80 children with myopia who were treated with orthokeratology lenses combined with 0.01% atropine ophthalmic gel at the First Hospital of Xi'an from January 2022 to June 2022. One year later, they were divided into a drug withdrawal group (Group A, 40 cases) and a continuous medication group (Group B, 40 cases) based on whether they stopped taking the medication. The progression of myopia before and after drug withdrawal was observed by analyzing changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) in Group B children within one year before and after drug withdrawal. The changes in AL, pupil diameter (PD), and SE were compared between Group A and Group B children over two years, and the correlation between PD and AL growth was analyzed. Independent sample t-test, paired t-test, and linear regression correlation analysis were performed on the data. Results: In Group A, the axial length increased by (0.16±0.21) mm and (0.29±0.18) mm at 0.5 and 1 year after drug withdrawal, respectively, which were both greater than before drug withdrawal (t=3.651, 2.983, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in SE growth between the two time points (t=5.479, P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in AL, PD, and SE changes between Group A and Group B at baseline, 0.5 years, and 1 year during combined medication. At 1.5 years, the increase in AL in Group A was greater than that in Group B [(0.16±0.21) mm vs. (0.11±0.14) mm, t=4.803, P<0.001], and the PD was smaller than that in Group A [(3.67±2.19) mm vs. (4.53±1.72) mm, t=-5.946, P<0.001]. At 2 years, the increase in AL in Group A was greater than that in Group B [(0.27±0.18) mm vs. (0.17±0.14) mm, t=2.706, P=0.016<0.05], and the PD was smaller than that in Group B [(3.78±2.60) mm vs. (4.42±2.07) mm, t=-3.493, P<0.001]. There was no statistically significant difference in SE changes between the two groups (t=7.416, P>0.05). Correlation analysis at 0.5-year and 1-year follow-ups over two years showed a negative correlation between PD and AL progression (R = -0.156, R= -0.190, P<0.001). Conclusion: After stopping low-concentration atropine in children wearing orthokeratology lenses, AL increased more rapidly than before drug withdrawal, PD decreased, and SE changed little. Compared with continuous medication, discontinuation of medication led to faster progression of axial length with little change in diopter, and the larger the pupil diameter during orthokeratology lens wear, the slower the progression of axial length.

    • Effect of Qi Jing Mingmu decoction combined with artificial tears on Th17 related cytokines in tears of conjunctivochalasis with Liver-kidney Yin deficiency type

      Yong-Yi Sha, Yi Zhao, Shao-Hua Tu, Xue-Qing Kong, Cheng-Long Yi, Ni-Xia Tao, Min-Hong Xiang

      Abstract:

      AIM: To observe the changes of Th17-related cytokines in tears of patients with Liver-kidney Yin deficiency type conjunctivochalasis(CCH)treated with traditional Chinese medicine Qi Jing Mingmu decoction combined with artificial tears. METHODS: 56 cases of 56 eyes CCH patients with Liver-kidney Yin deficiency type CCH of grade Ⅱ to Ⅲ were collected and randomly divided into treatment group (treated with Qi Jing Mingmu decoction combined with artificial tears) of 26 patients (26 eyes) and the control group (purely treated with artificial tears) of 30 cases (30 eyes). The treatment course was one month, and international ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film break-up time (BUT), tear meniscus height (TMH) and conjunctival congestion index of the patients were observed before and after treatment. The patients' tears were collected before and after treatment, and Th17-related cytokines in tears were detected by flow cytometry immunofluorescence luminescence method. All the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS. RESULTS: After one month of treatment, the OSDI, BUT and conjunctival congestion index of CCH patients in the treatment group and control group were significantly improved compared to before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all p < 0.05). After one month treatment, the TMH of CCH patients in the treatment group was significantly reduced compared to before treatment (p <0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in TMH of the control group before and after treatment (p =0.41). After one month treatment, the expression levels of Th17-related cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, IL-22, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β in tears of CCH patients in the treatment group were significantly decreased compared to before treatment (all p < 0.05), while the expression levels of Th17-related cytokines in tears of control group were not statistically significant (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Qi Jing Mingmu decoction combined with artificial tears can effectively improve the ocular surface microenvironment, enhance tear film stability, and inhibit ocular surface inflammation in CCH patients with Liver-kidney Yin deficiency type. This may be related to its reduction in the secretion of Th17-related cytokines in tears. KEYWORDS: conjunctivochalasis; Liver-kidney Yin deficiency type; Qi Jing Mingmu decoction; Th17; IL-17

    • The clinical diagnostic value of 18 MHz color Doppler ultrasonography for epimacular membrane

      ZHAO Jun

      Abstract:

      Objective: Exploring the Diagnostic Value of 18 MHz Color Doppler Ultrasound in the Premacular Membrane. Methods: From January 2020 to January 2022, 44 patients (80 eyes) with suspected cataract and vitreous opacity underwent fundus examination in our hospital were collected. The affected eyes were examined using OCT and 18 MHz color Doppler ultrasound, respectively. The differences in sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy between 18 MHz color Doppler ultrasound and OCT in the diagnosis of macular membrane were compared. Results: 80 eyes were examined by 18MHz color Doppler ultrasound in 62 patients with macular membrane, 18 patients with non macular membrane, 54 patients with macular membrane confirmed by OCT, and 13 patients with non macular membrane. The consistency between 18 MHz color Doppler ultrasound and OCT diagnosis was high (Kappa=0.892, P<0.05); The sensitivity and specificity of 18 MHz color Doppler ultrasound in detecting the macular membrane were 91.52%, 61.90%, 8.47%, 38.09%, and 83.75%, respectively; Compared with OCT detection, the specificity, accuracy, positive prediction accuracy, and negative prediction accuracy of 18 MHz color Doppler ultrasound detection decreased, while the misdiagnosis rate increased (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic sensitivity and missed diagnosis rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: 18MHz color Doppler ultrasound has a certain value in identifying macular epidermal lesions, and it is consistent with the OCT test.

    • Role and Research Progress of Gut Microbiota in Uveitis

      lin ying cheng, hu qiu ming, zhou ming, liu jin qing

      Abstract:

      Uveitis is a blinding inflammatory disease involving multiple structures of the eye, posing a severe threat to patients" vision and psychological well-being.Currently,treatments for uveitis primarily consist of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants,which are plagued by side effects,frequent recurrence and high costs.Recent research also indicates that dysbiosis of gut microbiota may plays a role in the development of uveitis by the gut-eye axis, with related metabolites exerting significant effects on disease progression.The modulation of gut microbiota or related metabolites may represent a novel approach for treating uveitis. The associations between gut microbiota and various types of uveitis-related diseases,as well as the research progress in utilizing gut microbiota for uveitis treatment are reviewed.Aiming to promote the development of new therapies targeting uveitis-specific microbial communities and related genetic markers, thus advancing precision medicine.

    • Research hotspot and evolution trend analysis of ocular surface flora based on bibliometrics

      yangyang, zhang ting, li shuangle, cao wenhzai

      Abstract:

      Background In recent years, the ocular surface microflora has garnered significant interest from researchers worldwide.Although China's foray into this domain has been relatively late, it is crucial to leverage the findings of international studies to foster advancements in the field of ocular surface microbiology. Such insights are instrumental in propelling the development of related disciplines and enhancing our understanding of the complex interactions within the ocular microenvironment. Objective Using bibliometric methods, we analyze the current state, research hotspots, and development trends of ocular surface microbiota studies internationally Methods Leveraging the Web of Science database, we conducted a targeted literature search on ocular surface flora. The retrieved data were meticulously screened and weighted to enhance relevance. Our bibliometric analysis delved into publication trends, authorship patterns, institutional collaborations, and pivotal research themes. Employing CiteSpace software, we visually dissected the landscape of institutional and national partnerships, citation impact, keyword co-occurrences, keyword clustering dynamics, and the emergence of new research trends. Results A total of 3,884 publications were ultimately included, with an overall upward trend in the number of publications in the field of ocular surface microbiota from 2003 to 2023, with the most rapid growth occurring from 2019 to 2023. The top three regions/countries by publication volume are the United States (1,039 papers), China (570 papers), and India (302 papers). The top three authors by publication volume are Willcox, Mark (48 papers), Sharma, Savitri (33 papers), and Fleiszig, Suzanne M.J (27 papers). The top three institutions by publication volume, all from the United States, are the University of California (109 papers), L. V. Prasad Eye Institute (79 papers), and Harvard University (73 papers). The citation network map of the literature includes 801 nodes and 1,508 connections, with the most frequently cited document being "Temporal Stability and Composition of the Ocular Surface Microbiome." The top 5 keywords by frequency of occurrence are, in order, "keratitis," "bacterial flora," "identification," "inflammation," and "endophthalmitis." The keyword clustering analysis yielded a total of 8 clusters, which are specifically reflected in three aspects: ocular-related diseases, the relationship between ocular surface microbiota and ocular surface structures, and detection methods for ocular surface microbiota. The keyword with the highest burst strength is "ciprofloxacin." Keywords that have emerged in recent years and continue to the present include "diversity," "gut microbiome," and "ocular surface microbiome." Conclusion Currently, the study of ocular surface microflora is gaining momentum globally, with a particular focus on the diversity of microflora, the composition of the core microbiome, and its impact on ocular diseases. In the future, research should concentrate on elucidating the functional metabolism of the ocular surface microflora and further investigate the causality and mechanisms by which changes in the ocular surface microflora are related to diseases.

    • Review of the ocular manifestations that related to gout and hyperuricemia

      Xiu-Ying Jiang, Hu-Cheng Duan

      Abstract:

      Gout is a systemic inflammatory disease and one of the most common forms of arthritis worldwide. Hyperuricemia is the leading risk factor for gout, with a high incidence rate. Gout etiology involves the deposition of urate crystals, secondary inflammation, and oxidative stress. These inflammatory and oxidative activities contribute to the pathophysiology of a variety of ocular disorders. Numerous studies have found a correlation between gout and hyperuricemia and ocular diseases, such as direct urate crystal deposition in ocular structures, dry eye syndrome, corneal endothelial damage, scleritis and uveitis, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and certain metabolic diseases like thyroid-related eye diseases. Furthermore, because of its antioxidant effect, uric acid levels have been linked to a variety of neuropathies, including multiple sclerosis-related optic neuritis and neuromyelitis optica. Although the correlation between uric acid levels and ocular diseases has been reported, many aspects remain unresolved. To gain a more thorough understanding of the association between gout, hyperuricemia, and ocular illnesses, this review will delve into their pathophysiology and disease characteristics, aiming to increase knowledge about gout and hyperuricemia and serving as a reference for future studies.

    • Research progress on the effects of different myopia prevention and control methods on choroid

      zhangshangzhu, wangjiawei, xiruijie, chaisong

      Abstract:

      In recent years, there has been a significant surge in the prevalence of myopia at younger ages in China.Numerous studies have investigated methods for preventing and controlling myopia, including orthokeratology, low-concentration atropine eye drops, light therapy, posterior scleral reinforcement, and traditional Chinese medicine. These approaches can modulate choroidal thickness, blood flow, and target various molecular mechanisms. Orthokeratology and low-concentration atropine demonstrate a thickening effect on the choroid and regulate choroidal blood flow.However,further large-scale studies are necessary to explore their long-term effects on the choroid.The ues of multi-point defocus control lenses also shows promise in thickening the choroid but requires additional research to understand its impact on choroidal blood flow. The influence of light and light feeding therapy on myopia prevention and control is also reflected in the choroidal thickness and blood flow.Nevertheless, more research is needed to assess their safety and potential side effects.Nowadays,traditional Chinese medicine has shown good prospect in influencing the microstructure of the choroid for myopia prevention and control,further investigation into the changes within choroidal molecular biology is essential for exploring. This article provides an overview of various methods used to regulate the choroid and prevent myopia.The mechanisms by which these interventions act on the choroid are described to provide new insights and identity novel clinical strategies for myopia management.

    • The era of artificial intelligence: Thinking about the key issues in the development of intelligent ophthalmology

      yangweihua, xuyanwu, chiwei

      Abstract:

      The rapid development of intelligent ophthalmology research in recent years still faces some challenges in its clinical application or clinical translation process. Two important issues that urgently need to be addressed in the development of intelligent ophthalmology are: promoting clinical application and maintaining medical equity. In response to the aforementioned issues, this article analyzes the reasons and current situation of the insufficient promotion of clinical application and the potential challenges of medical equity, and proposes that promoting clinical application and maintaining medical equity are key issues in the development of intelligent ophthalmology. At the same time, it systematically proposes corresponding specific measures to promote the development of intelligent ophthalmology.

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    • Virtual reality technology in ocular trauma teaching for medical students

      Zheng Chao, Ma Jiyuan, Zhang Guoheng, Fei Fei, Sun Jiaxing, Zhang Shuai, Zhou Jian, Dou Guorui

      Abstract:

      AIM:To explore the application effect of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in the teaching of ocular trauma for medical students. METHODS:In this study, 90 medical students who participated in the teaching practice of Ophthalmology between November 2022 and April 2024 were included as trainee subjects. Using a test-control method, 45 students in the test group participated in traditional classroom ocular trauma theory lectures combined with VR virtual simulation experiments, and 45 students in the control group participated in traditional classroom ocular trauma theory lectures only. After the teaching practice, the two groups were compared in terms of their theoretical assessment scores, learning ability (Self-Directed Learning Rating Scale evaluated), questionnaire surveys on satisfaction with the quality of teaching, and statistical analyses using t-test or chi-square test. RESULTS:The theoretical knowledge and case analysis scores of the trainees in the test group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant [theoretical knowledge scores, (57.27±2.78) versus (53.91±3.20), and case analysis scores, (35.71±3.73) versus (32.67±5.52), both P<0.05]. The self-directed learning scale scores of the participants in the test group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the satisfaction with teaching quality of the participants in the test group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:VR-enabled teaching of ocular trauma can effectively improve medical students" mastery of basic knowledge and practical skills, enhance students" self-directed learning ability and improve teaching satisfaction.

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    • Rui-Bo Zhao, Jian-Jun Li

      Abstract:

      AIM:To investigate giant papillary conjunctivitis patients who can not be divorced from contact lenses change to frequent replacement type contact lenses and rigid gas permeable contact lenses and observe the condition of giant papillary conjunctivitis with or without changes.And to investigate the efficacy of desensitizing agents at the same time.METHODS:Totally 112 cases(208 eyes) who were diagnosed with giant papillary conjunctivitis in our center were randomly divided into four groups:Group 1(Ⅰ group) of 68 eyes were treated with frequent replacement type contact lenses combined with mingmuqing eye drops;Group 2(Ⅱ group)of 56 eyes were treated with frequent replacement type contact lenses combined with desensitizer eye drops;Group 3(Ⅲ group) of 52 eyes were treated with rigid gas permeable contact lenses combined with mingmuqing eye drops;Group 4(Ⅳ group)of 32 eyes were treated with rigid gas permeable contact lenses combined with desensitizer eye drops.RESULTS:Condition of giant papillary conjunctivitis patients in all the 4 groups were significantly improved,data of 4 groups were no statistically significant difference(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The giant papillary conjunctivitis caused by contact lenses wearing can get effective control and cure of the disease without affecting wearing of contact lenses if the replacement of rigid gas permeable contact lenses or frequent replacement type contact lenses can be introduced timely.

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    • Jin-Xiu Luo, Zi-Zhong Hu, Qing-Huai Liu, Yuan Fang

      Abstract:

      AIM: To explore the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)agents(Conbercept)before pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)on inflammatory cytokine levels of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

      METHODS: A total of 49 patients(49 eyes)who diagnosed with PDR at the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University from June 2017 to January 2018 were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. A total of 25 cases(25 eyes)who did not receive intravitreal injection before PPV were included in no-intravitreal injection of Conbercept(IVC)group, and 24 cases(24 eyes)who received IVC 5~7d before PPV were included in IVC group. The vitreous samples were collected from all the patients at the start of PPV. Levels of VEGF-A, monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1)and inflammatory cytokines in the vitreous humor were measured using Luminex technology.

      RESULTS: Compared with the no-IVC group, the level of VEGF-A decreased significantly(P<0.001), the concentration of IL-6(P=0.004), IL-8(P=0.002), IL-18(P=0.04)and TNF-α(P=0.03)increased remarkably in the IVC group. The other inflammatory cytokines in the vitreous humor showed no significant difference between the IVC and no-IVC groups.

      CONCLUSION: IVC before PPV can effectively decrease the concentration of VEGF-A, but had limited influence on the level of inflammatory cytokines in the vitreous humor of patients with PDR.

      • 1
    • He-Lin Zhu, Jian Zhang, Hong Yan

      Abstract:

      Glaucoma and cataracts are the leading causes of blindness, and surgery is an important treatment option. Patients with glaucoma have clinical characteristics such as high intraocular pressure, shallow anterior chamber and short axial length, and the ocular structure is often altered after anti-glaucoma surgery like trabeculectomy. These changes also lead to differences in the accuracy of intraocular lens(IOL)refractive calculation between cataract surgery after anti-glaucoma surgery or combined glaucoma and cataract surgery and alone cataract surgery. Meanwhile glaucoma patients' individual clinical characteristics and structural changes caused by anti-glaucoma surgery have shown differences in the impact on the predictive accuracy of IOL diopters and the type of refractive drift. This article reviews the latest research advances in the causes of refractive error(RE), the characteristics of refractive drift, and the selection of the most appropriate IOL formula for glaucoma patients undergoing cataract surgery or cataract surgery after anti-glaucoma surgery or combined glaucoma and cataract surgery.

      • 1
    • Xiao-Jie Zhou, Ren-Yi Wu

      Abstract:

      Childhood glaucoma is a kind of refractory glaucoma. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS)provides a safe and effective treatment option for childhood glaucoma. Most of the published studies tend to be with circumferential ab interno trabeculotomy, showing that its safety and effectiveness in the treatment of childhood glaucoma are comparable to non-MIGS circumferential ab externo trabeculotomy. Studies on KDB, trabectome and Xen-gel stent are relatively limited, but they may have advantages in some specific cases. While considering the advantages of each MIGs operation, it is also necessary to weigh the long-term effect of each operation method. In addition, more prospective and comparative researches, larger sample size and longer follow-up time are needed to verify the safety and effectiveness of MIGs in the treatment of childhood glaucoma.

      • 1
    • Lei Guo, Xian-Jun Liang, Xi-Qiao Zhang, Yan-Xue Xu, Ying-Jie Lin

      Abstract:

      AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery combined with PanOptix trifocal intraocular lens implantation.

      METHODS:The retrospective study enrolled 22 cases(26 eyes)of cataract patients who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery combined with PanOptix trifocal intraocular lens implantation from August 2020 to August 2021. Follow-up to 3mo after surgery, the changes of far, intermediate and near visual acuity, aberration, Strehl ratio(SR)and modulation transfer function cutoff(MTF-cutoff)frequency were compared. Defocus curve at 1mo postoperatively was made, and the visual quality and satisfaction were evaluated after 3mo of surgery.

      RESULTS: The visual acuity of all patients was better than 0.1(LogMAR)at the far, intermediate and near distance at 1d, 1wk, 1 and 3mo postoperatively, and it was significantly improved compared with those before surgery(all P<0.01). The defocus curve transitioned smoothly between +0.5 and -3.0D at 1mo after surgery, and visual acuity was better than 0.63. The total aberration and spherical aberration in the whole eye were significantly lower after surgery than before, and the SR and MTF-cutoff were significantly improved at 1d and 1wk after surgery(all P<0.05). With high satisfaction and good visual quality, patients could watch at far, intermediate and near distance without wearing glasses at 3mo after surgery.

      CONCLUSION: Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery combined with PanOptix trifocal intraocular lens implantation gave patients a comfortable and satisfactory full-course vision.

      • 1
    • Wen-Kui Zhu, Wen-Shuai Li, Pei-Shan Xu

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)combined with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique in the treatment of macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD)in high myopia.

      METHODS: A retrospective clinical study was conducted. A total of 63 patients(64 eyes)with high myopia and MHRD who treated at our hospital from October 2017 to October 2021 were selected as research subjects. They were divided into two groups according to different surgery, with 34 cases(35 eyes)who received PPV combined with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique in group A, and 29 cases(29 eyes)received PPV combined with internal limiting membrane peeling in group B. The patients were followed up for 6mo. The two groups were compared in terms of the hole closure rate, the reduction rate of retinal detachment and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)before operation and at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo after operation, and the postoperative complications were recorded.

      RESULTS: The hole closure rate within 6mo after operation was significantly higher in group A than in group B(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in the reduction rate of retinal detachment(P>0.05). The BCVA of the two groups was significantly improved over time after operation(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in BCVA between the two groups before operation and at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo after operation(P>0.05). Complications were observed in the two groups, but there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups(P<0.05).

      CONCLUSION: PPV combined with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique is safe and effective in the treatment of MHRD in high myopia, which can effectively improve the patients' BCVA and the hole closure rate without influence on intraocular pressure.

      • 1
    • Xue Zu, Guang-Zheng Dai, Tie-Zhu Lin

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the risk factors associated with neovascular glaucoma(NVG)after pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)for proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

      METHODS: The PDR patients who received 23G PPV treatment at Shenyang He Eye Specialist Hospital from October 2015 to September 2020 and were followed up for at least 12mo with complete data were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of NVG during follow-up. The preoperative and intraoperative variables between two groups were compared. The cumulative hazard ratio for NVG was evaluated.

      RESULTS: A total of 151 PDR patients(169 eyes)with a mean follow-up of 18.07±12.55(1~79)mo were included, of which 30(17.8%)eyes developed NVG, the mean time of occurrence was 6.27±4.01(1~17)mo, and 50%(15 eyes)of NVG occurred within 5mo after vitrectomy. The cumulative hazard ratios of NVG at postoperative 3, 6 and 12mo were 4.8%, 12.6% and 18.1%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative best corrected visual acuity(OR=3.077, 95%CI: 1.203~7.869, P=0.019), preoperative iris rubeosis(OR=7.897, 95%CI: 1.313~47.498, P=0.024), and contralateral NVG(OR=22.108, 95%CI: 1.562~312.861, P=0.022)were risk factors with the occurrence of NVG, while the number of intraoperative retinal laser photocoagulation(OR=0.772, 95%CI: 0.666~0.893, P=0.001)was the protective factor with the occurrence of NVG.

      CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NVG in PDR eyes after PPV was 17.8%, of which 50% occurred within 5mo after surgery. PDR eyes with poor baseline visual acuity, iris rubeosis, and contralateral NVG are prone to postoperative NVG, and sufficient intraoperative retinal laser photocoagulation has a certain protective effect. PDR eyes after PPV should be closely followed up for 1a.

      • 1
    • Hai-Xia Jing, Shu Zhang, Hui-Ling Bai, Qin Liu, Xiao-Yan Zhu

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the expression and correlation of C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 9(CTRP9)levels in the serum of patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy(DR)and diabetic macular edema(DME).METHODS: A total of 135 patients with type 2 diabetes who were admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital from April 2021 to April 2022 were selected as the experimental group. According to the results of non-mydriatic fundus photography, they were divided into non-DR(NDR)group(n=45), non-proliferative DR(NPDR)group(n=45), proliferative DR(PDR)group(n=45); according to the results of optical coherence tomography, DR patients were divided into DME group(n=51), non-DME group(n=39). In addition, other 45 healthy subjects who matched the age and sex of the experimental group were selected as normal control group. The clinical data and biochemical index test results of subjects in each group were recorded and compared, the correlation between serum CTRP9 level and other biochemical indexes was analyzed, and the risk factors affecting the occurrence of DR and DME were explored.RESULTS: There were significant differences in serum CTRP9 levels among subjects in normal control group, NDR group, NPDR group and PDR group(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001), and normal control group &#x0026;#x003E; NDR group &#x0026;#x003E; NPDR group &#x0026;#x003E; PDR group. There was significant difference in serum CTRP9 level between DME group and non-DME group(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001), and non-DME group &#x0026;#x003E; DME group. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the level of serum CTRP9 in DR patients was negatively correlated with the course of diabetes(rs=-0.251, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), the level of serum CTRP9 in DME patients was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose(FBG)(rs=-0.370, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05)and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)(rs=-0.421, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that the course of diabetes(OR=1.194, 95%CI: 1.068~1.335,P=0.002)and the level of serum CTRP9(OR=0.936, 95%CI: 0.907~0.966,P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001)were risk factors for DR. The level of serum CTRP9 was a risk factor affecting the occurrence of DME(OR=0.838, 95%CI: 0.778~0.903, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001).CONCLUSION: The reduction of CTRP9 level is a risk factor for the occurrence of DR and DME, which may be of great significance to the risk assessment of both DR and DME.

      • 1
    • Zi-Wei Zhao, Jie Peng, Pei-Quan Zhao

      Abstract:

      Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is a hereditary disorder of retinal angiogenesis, of which the most typical clinical feature is the peripheral avascular area. The progression of the disease can lead to retinal detachment(RD), followed by secondary complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, corneal opacification, and even bulbi phthisis. As one of the main reasons for the RD in Asian children and juvenile, FEVR-associated retinal detachment(FEVR-RD)is mainly treated by surgery, including pars plana vitrectomy, scleral bucking, and combined with retinal photocoagulation or anti-vascular endothelial grouth factor(VEGF)sometimes. The surgery of FEVR-RD requires careful pre/intra-operative evaluation to determine the best surgical procedure and its outcome, including the nature of the affected eye, the stage, the fibrosis of fiber proliferation and the anterior complications, and the anatomy and prognosis of eyes in different stages vary greatly. Adult patients with rhegmatogenous RD have a higher rate of post-operative retina reattachment compared to young patients with tractional RD. In young or advanced patients, surgery is difficult and the prognosis is less optimistic, thus the surgery strategy is controversial. This article reviews the surgical outcomes and progress of FEVR-associated RD.

      • 1
    • Wei Fan, Guang-Bin Zhang

      Abstract:

      AIM: To measure the indexes including postoperative distance, middle, near visual acuity and near stereopsis vision of patients with high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism by femtosecond laser, which can quantify the diameter of capsulorhexis opening, and to evaluate the availability and necessity of Toric intraocular lenses(IOL)in high myopia.

      METHODS: Prospective case-control study. Patients with binocular high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism who undergone femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in our hospital were selected, and they were divided into two groups, with 20 cases(40 eyes)in group A(Toric IOL)and 20 cases(40 eyes)in group B(IQ IOL). Indexes, including preoperative corneal astigmatism and spherical equivalent and best-corrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected middle visual acuity, uncorrected near visual acuity, residual refractive astigmatism, near stereopsis acuity, total high-order aberration and total spherical aberration, were measured postoperatively at 7d, 1 and 3mo.

      RESULTS: The uncorrected middle and near visual acuity, Titmus near stereopsis acuity and residual astigmatism at 7d, 1 and 3mo after surgery were significantly improved in the Toric IOL group than the non-Toric group(all P<0.05). The dependence on glasses was reduced. The postoperative best-corrected distance visual acuity, total high-order aberration and total spherical aberration of the two groups showed no statistically significant differences(all P>0.05).

      CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of Toric IOL in patients with high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism can effectively correct corneal astigmatism, improve postoperative uncorrected middle and near visual acuity and near stereopsis visual function, reduce postoperative dependence on glasses and enhance binocular stereopsis visual function.

      • 1
    • Zhen-Bo Zhao, Li-Wei Ma, Kai-Li Tang, Yu-Xi Ding, Dong Han, Jing Wang

      Abstract:

      Keratopathy-associated cataract, that is, on the basis of corneal disease, and later the development of lens opacity, seriously damage visual quality. In order to avoid corneal transplantation for some patients, partial visual quality can be restored. A comprehensive and accurate evaluation of the effect of corneal opacity on visual function is of great improtance for determining cataract surgery alone. Due to the opacity of the cornea, the operation is very difficult and challenging. Therefore, it is of clinical value to develop and use new assistive technologies, including capsule staining, endoillumination, pupil dialation technology, femtosecond laser assisted technology, etc., avoiding problems such as limited visibility and decreased light flow caused by corneal opacity and facilitating cataract surgery. This article reviews progress of assistive technologies for keratopathy-associated cataract, hoping to guide clinical application.

      • 1
    • Mei Sun, Xiao-Feng Hao, Li-Ke Xie, Qi Jin

      Abstract:

      Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is the second most common cause of visual loss classified under retinal vascular disorders after diabetic retinopathy, and its complication, macular edema(ME), is the leading cause of vision loss. Currently, the first-line treatment for RVO-ME is the intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, which can improve retinal morphology and patients' vision. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)can clearly image retinal structures, and some specific imaging features found by OCT have become biomarkers for evaluating the prognosis of RVO patients. The recent findings of biomarkers are reviewed, such as central retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, disorganization of retinal inner layers, hyperreflective foci, integrity of external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone, central macular volume, prominent middle limiting membrane, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, highly reflective line, to provide references for selecting the best treatment for RVO.

      • 1
    • Ming Ai, Ming Sun, Dai Li

      Abstract:

      Retinitis pigmentosa(RP) is a group of inherited retinal disorders characterized by the progressive photoreceptor and pigment epithelial cells dysfunction.It is the common cause of blindness in the whole worldwide.Until now it is not clear about its exact pathogenesis and etiology,so effective treatments are still little.This paper looks back on lots of the recent domestic and abroad related documents,eapecially abroad,and then reviews research advances in treatment of RP.

      • 1
    • Ruo-Jun Geng, Jing-Jing Wei, Kai-Li Yang, Shao-Pei Wang, Sheng-Wei Ren

      Abstract:

      AIM: To evaluate the applicability of Chinese dry eye questionnaire in college students using the ocular surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire as a reference.

      METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A total of 711 college students from Nanyang Medical College were enrolled in the study and assessed for dry eye condition using OSDI questionnaire and Chinese dry eye questionnaire. The response rate of each question in the two questionnaires was counted. Cronbach α was calculated to evaluate the internal consistency of both questionnaires. Correlation between the total scores of the two questionnaires was analyzed to evaluate the criterion validity. Based on OSDI scores, the discriminant validity of Chinese dry eye questionnaire was evaluated; receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves was plotted for Chinese dry eye questionnaire scores, area under the ROC curve(AUC)was calculated, and diagnostic thresholds and corresponding sensitivity and specificity were also analyzed.

      RESULT: The response rates of the 12 questions on the OSDI questionnaire were 33.2%-100.0%, while it was 100.0% for each question on the Chinese dry eye questionnaire. The Cronbach α values of OSDI questionnaire and Chinese dry eye questionnaire were 0.905 and 0.789, respectively. The Chinese dry eye questionnaire score was positively correlated with the OSDI score(rs=0.712, P<0.001). According to OSDI questionnaire scores, dry eye severity was divided into normal group, mild dry eye group, moderate dry eye group and severe dry eye group. The scores of Chinese dry eye questionnaire in these groups were 4.00(2.00, 6.00), 9.00(7.00, 11.00), 12.00(9.00, 14.00)and 16.00(13.50, 22.00), respectively, which increased with the severity of dry eye, and the overall difference was statistically significant(P<0.001), as well as pairwise comparison between groups(P<0.05). The AUCs of Chinese dry eye questionnaire in distinguishing normal population from dry eye population, mild dry eye from moderate dry eye, moderate dry eye from severe dry eye were 0.862, 0.661 and 0.769, respectively, and the diagnostic thresholds were 6.5, 11.5 and 14.5, respectively.

      CONCLUSION:Chinese dry eye questionnaire has an equivalent reliability, validity, discriminant ability and better response rate for dry eye screening and epidemiological survey among college students in China compared with OSDI questionnaire.

      • 1
    • Mei-Mei Zhang, Shen Wang, Jing Zhang, Chen Li, Shan-Shan Ge, Jia Yu, Yue-Hua Zhou

      Abstract:

      AIM: To observe the therapeutic effect of the diquafosol sodium combined with intense pulsed light(IPL)on meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)dry eye after refractive surgery.

      METHODS:A total of 64 patients(128 eyes)with MGD dry eye diagnosed within 6mo after laser corneal refractive surgery in our hospital from March 2021 to December 2021 were selected. They were randomly divided into control group and experimental group. A total of 33 patients(66 eyes)in the control group were treated with sodium hyaluronate combined with IPL, and 31 patients(62 eyes)in the experimental group were treated with diquafosol sodium combined with IPL. Ocular symptom scores were performed before each IPL treatment in both groups to examine non-invasive tear breakup time(NIBUT), tear meniscus height, lipid layer grade of tear film, meibomian gland deletion rate and uncorrected visual acuity.

      RESULTS:After IPL treatment, ocular symptom scores and meibomian gland deletion rate score of two groups were decreased continuously. NIBUT, tear meniscus height and lipid layer grade of tear film were increased continuously, and there was no significant change in uncorrected visual acuity. NIBUT of patients in the experimental group was better than that in the control group before the third IPL treatment(6.24±0.27s vs. 5.51±0.24s, P=0.046).

      CONCLUSIONS:Both diquafosol sodium and sodium hyaluronate combined with IPL showed good therapeutic effect on MGD dry eye, but there was no significant difference in the short-term efficacy between the two groups.

      • 1
    • Shu-Ying Fu, Yan-Min Dong

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the relationship among the fasting plasma glucose coefficient of variation(FPG-CV)and macular morphology and microcirculation in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR).

      METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 82 cases(82 eyes)with NPDR admitted to our hospital from February 2018 to June 2022 was the research object, and another 82 cases(82 eyes)of non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)patients during the same period were selected as the control group, and the clinical data of the two groups of patients were analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting the incidence of NPDR, and the back propagation(BP)neural network model was established and evaluated. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation among FPG-CV and macular morphology and microcirculation in patients.

      RESULTS: The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the disease duration ≥7.2a, glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)≥7.7%, triglyceride(TG)≥1.9 mmol/L, microalbuminuria(MALB)≥24.5 mg/L, FPG-CV ≥9.8%, superficial capillary plexus-vessel density(SCP-VD)<27.6%, deep capillary plexus-vessel density(DCP-VD)<47.7%, foveal avascular zone(FAZ)area ≥0.38 mm2, central retinal thickness(CRT)≥197.7 μm and subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)<227.7 μm were risk factors for NPDR(P<0.05). The number of hidden layer nodes is 5, and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve, calibration curve and clinical decision curve show that the prediction model has good discrimination, accuracy and validity. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that FPG-CV was negatively correlated with SCP-VD, DCP-VD and SFCT(P<0.05); FPG-CV was positively correlated with FAZ area and CRT(P<0.05).

      CONCLUSION: The course of disease, HbA1c, TG, MALB, FPG-CV, SCP-VD, DCP-VD, FAZ area, CRT and SFCT are all related to the pathogenesis of NPDR. With the increase of FPG-CV, the indexes of macular morphology and microcirculation changed. FPG-CV was negatively correlated with SCP-VD, DCP-VD and SFCT and positively correlated with FAZ area and CRT.

      • 1
    • Feng-Tao Ji, Hui Wang, Ke Wei, Yong-Rong Li, Wei Dai, Zhi-Min Wang, Rong-Feng Liao

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the changes in retinal and choroidal blood flow after pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)for proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

      METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 35 patients(35 eyes)who were diagnosed as monocular PDR and received 23GPPV in ophthalmology department of the Second People's Hospital of Hefei between September 2020 and July 2022. All eyes underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography(SS-OCTA)examination. Retinal and choroidal vascular parameters within 3mm×3mm of macular zone were measured by built-in analyzer, and its correlation with postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was analyzed.

      RESULTS: The follow-up was 1~22(average 9.72±6.67)mo. At the last follow-up, flow area(FA)of intermediate capillary plexus(ICP)layer in paranasal foveal region was significantly reduced in PPV eyes(0.31±0.06mm2)compared with contralateral eyes(0.38±0.05mm2), and FA of deep capillary plexus(DCP)in temporal foveal region was significantly lower in PPV eyes(0.19±0.08mm2)than contralateral eyes(0.27±0.07mm2; all P<0.05). Choroidal vascularity index(CVI)were lower in PPV eyes than contralateral eyes in parafoveal subregions except temporal region(P<0.05). After PPV, BCVA had a certain correlation with the density and FA of middle and deep retinal vessels.

      CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with severe PDR may be prone to having a decrease in the DCP and parafoveal choroidal perfusion in the parafoveal regions after PPV than contralateral eyes.

      • 1
    • Shan Zhong, Hui Yang, Shi He, Wen-Jing He

      Abstract:

      AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of suture-guided gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy(GATT)combined with phacoemulsification in the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).

      METHODS: A total of 84 patients(84 eyes)with POAG and cataract who underwent surgery in our hospital from January 2021 to July 2022 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. There were 43 cases(43 eyes)in the combined group who underwent suture-guided GATT combined with phacoemulsification, and 41 cases(41 eyes)in the simple group who underwent suture-guided GATT. The two groups were followed up for 3mo to compare the surgical success rate, intraocular pressure, topical intraocular pressure-lowering drugs, visual acuity and postoperative complications.

      RESULTS: There was no significant difference in overall success rate between the combination and simple groups at 3 mo after surgery(88% vs. 85%, P>0.05). The intraocular pressure levels and topical intraocular pressure-lowering drugs at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after surgery in the two groups were significantly lower than those before surgery(all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups(all P>0.05). The visual acuity at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after surgery of patients in the combined group was significantly better than that in the simple group(P<0.01). During the follow-up period, the incidence of anterior chamber hemorrhage and transient hypertension in the combined group was significantly lower than that in the simple group(P<0.05).

      CONCLUSION: Both suture-guided GATT combined with cataract phacoemulsification and suture-guided GATT are effective treatment for POAG, however, suture-guided GATT combined with phacoemulsification has a lower incidence of anterior chamber hemorrhage and transient ocular hypertension.

      • 1
    • Yu-Lin Yan, Yan-Ning Yang, Shan-Shan Wan

      Abstract:

      Contact lens(CL)is currently one of the most common methods of vision correction, with more than 140 million users worldwide and the demand is rising yearly as constantly development of materials and features. Wearing CL can lead to a variety of complications such as dry eye, corneal abrasions, giant papillary conjunctivitis, and infectious keratitis is one of the most severe complications. According to research, bacteria account for 80%~95% of the pathogens that cause CL-associated infective keratitis, it may have been related to the bacterial composition, virulence mechanism, biofilm formation and the combined effect of the lens itself and the process of use, which is prone to introducing pathogens, reducing antimicrobial capacity of the cornea and tears and causing ocular surface hypoxia and ocular surface inflammation. Overnight and prolonged lens wear, irregular lens purchase, use and care procedures can also be risk factors for bacterial infections. This article reviews the studies on the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CL-related bacterial keratitis.

      • 1
    • Yi Mu, Hong Zhang

      Abstract:

      Diseases like viral keratitis can harm corneal nerves, which are necessary for maintaining the health and functionality of the cornea. Recent research has shown that corneal nerve pathology affects the infected eye as well as the contralateral one, and that aberrant changes in sympathetic nerves can be seen, with the exception of sensory nerves that correspond to corneal sensation. However, apart from in vivo confocal microscopy and corneal sensation, there have been no additional prognostic indicators that allow clinicians to assess the severity of corneal nerve damage. While multiple functions of corneal nerves are mediated by neuropeptides, substance P, the first topical neuropeptide used in ocular clinical practice, was proved to regulate the process of viral infections, and it is involved in bilateral corneal pathologies through pro-inflammatory and neurotrophic functions in viral keratitis, so it may be used as a diagnostic biomarker or a therapeutic target. Therefore, this review summarized the changes and roles of corneal nerves as well as substance P in viral keratitis, which may serve as a reference for further study into associated mechanisms and clinical applications.

      • 1
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