Volume 7,Issue 1,2014 Table of Contents

  • Display Type:
  • Text List
  • Abstract List
    • 1  Effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles on retina of diabetic rats
    Yan Lu ,  Nan Zhou ,  Xiao Huang ,  Jin-Wei Cheng ,  Feng-Qian Li ,  Rui-Li Wei ,  Ji-Ping Cai
    2014, 7(1):1-7. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.01
    [Abstract](2730) [HTML](0) [PDF 5.48 M](1085)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To investigate the effects of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles on pathological morphology of retina and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein and VEGF mRNA in the retina of diabetic rats.METHODS: Seventy-two 3-month aged diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, each containing 24 animals and 48 eyes. Both eyes of the rats in group A were injected into the vitreous at the pars plana with 3μL of physiological saline, while in groups B and C were injected with 3μL (75μg) of bevacizumab and 3μL of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles (containing 75μg of bevacizumab), respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess retinal angiogenesis, real-time PCR assay was used to analyse the expression of VEGF mRNA, and light microscopy was used to evaluate the morphology of retinal capillaries.RESULTS:Real-time PCR assay revealed that the VEGF mRNA expression in the retina before injection was similar to 1 week after injection in group A (P>0.05), while theVEGF mRNA expression before injection significantly differed from those 4 and 8 weeks after injection (P<0.05). Retinal expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was inhibited 1 week and 4 weeks after injection (P<0.05) in group B, and the expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was obviously inhibited until 8 weeks after injection (P<0.05) in group C. Using multiple comparisons among group A, group B, and group C, the VEGF expression before injection was higher than at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after injection (P<0.05). The amount of VEGF expression was higher 8 weeks after injection than 1 week or 4 weeks after injection, and also higher 1 week after injection compared with 4 weeks after injection (P<0.05). No toxic effect on SD rats was observed with bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles injection alone.CONCLUSION: The results offer a new approach for inhibiting angiogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and indicate that the intravitreal injection of bevacizumab inhibits VEGF expression in retina, and bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles have a longer duration of action.
    2  Effect of EGb761 on light-damaged retinal pigment epithelial cells
    Yun-Yun Zhou ,  Chang-Zheng Chen ,  Yu Su ,  Lu Li ,  Zuo-Hui-Zi Yi ,  Hang Qi ,  Ming Weng ,  Yi-Qiao Xing
    2014, 7(1):8-13. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.02
    [Abstract](1798) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.22 M](807)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To investigate the protective mechanism of Gingko Biloba extract (EGb761) on the ability of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to resist light-induced damage in a comparative proteomics study.METHODS:Human RPE cells (ARPE-19) were randomly distributed to one of three groups:normal control (NC group) and light-damaged model without or with EGb761 group (M and ME groups, respectively). The light-damaged model was formed by exposing to white light (2 200±300)lx for 6h. The RPE cells in ME group were conducted with EGb 761 (100μg/mL) before light exposure. The soluble cellular proteins extracting from each groups were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and stained by silver staining. Different proteins in the profiles of the gels were analyzed by Image Master Software. Two-fold expressing protein spots were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry.RESULTS: NC, M and ME groups displayed 1 892±71, 2 145±23 and 2 216±85 protein spots, respectively. We identified 33 proteins with different expression levels between the NC and M groups, 25 proteins between the M and ME groups, and 11 proteins between the NC and ME groups. MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry successfully identified 16 proteins, including metabolic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, anti-oxidation proteins, and others.CONCLUSION:Differences in some important proteins, such as cathepsin B, heat shock protein, and cytochrome creductase, indicated that multiple pathways may be induced in light-damaged RPE cells and the protective effect of EGb761.
    3  Cytotoxic effects of betaxolol on healthy corneal endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo
    Ying Miao ,  Qian Sun ,  Qian Wen ,  Yue Qiu ,  Yuan Ge ,  Miao-Miao Yu ,  Ting-Jun Fan
    2014, 7(1):14-21. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.03
    [Abstract](2503) [HTML](0) [PDF 7.49 M](791)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To demonstrate the cytotoxic effect of betaxolol and its underlying mechanism on human corneal endothelial cells(HCE cells) in vitro and cat corneal endothelial cells(CCE cells) in vivo, providing experimental basis for safety anti-glaucoma drug usage in clinic of ophthalmology.METHODS: In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to explore whether and how betaxolol participates in corneal endothelial cell injury. The in vitro morphology, growth status, plasma membrane permeability, DNA fragmentation, and ultrastructure of HCE cells treated with 0.021875-0.28g/L betaxolol were examined by light microscope, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) double-fluorescent staining, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The in vivo density, morphology, and ultrastructure of CCE cells, corneal thickness, and eye pressure of cat eyes treated with 0.28g/L betaxolol were investigated by specular microscopy, applanation tonometer, alizarin red staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and TEM.RESULTS: Exposure to betaxolol at doses from 0.0875g/L to 2.8g/L induced morphological and ultrastructural changes of in vitro cultured HCE cells such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular shrinkage, structural disorganization, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body appearance. Simultaneously, betaxolol elevated plasma membrane permeability and induced DNA fragmentation of these cells in a dose-dependent manner in AO/EB staining. Furthermore, betaxolol at a dose of 2.8g/L also induced decrease of density of CCE cells in vivo, and non-hexagonal and shrunk apoptotic cells were also found in betaxolol-treated cat corneal endothelia.CONCLUSION: Betaxolol has significant cytotoxicity on HCE cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis of these cells, and induced apoptosis of CCE cells in vivo as well. The findings help provide new insight into the apoptosis-inducing effect of anti-glaucoma drugs in eye clinic.
    4  Promotion of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment, proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on titanium
    Xin-Yu Li ,  Cai-Ni Ji ,  Ling-Juan Xu ,  Wei-Kun Hu ,  Bin Zhou ,  Gui-Gang Li
    2014, 7(1):22-26. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.04
    [Abstract](1346) [HTML](0) [PDF 617.14 K](663)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To investigate the influence of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment, proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on titanium (Ti) surface.METHODS:The chimeric peptide RKLPDAPRGDN (minTBP-1-PRGDN) was synthesized by connecting RKLPDA (minTBP-1) to the N-terminal of PRGDN , the influence of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment, proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on Ti surface were tested using PRGDN and minTBP-1as controls. The keratocytes attached to the surface of Ti were either stained with FITC-labeled phalloidin and viewed with fluorescence microscope or quantified with alamar Blue method. The proliferation of keratocytes on Ti were quantified with 3-(4,5-dim- ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide up-taking methods. The secretion of type I collagen were determined using an ELISA kit.RESULTS:The results showed that minTBP-1-PRGDN at a concentration of 100ng/mL was the most potent peptide to enhance the attachment of human keratocytes to the surface of Ti (1.40±0.03 folds, P=0.003), to promote the proliferation (1.26±0.05 folds, P=0.014) and the synthesis of type I collagen (1.530±0.128, P=0.008). MinTBP-1 at the same concentration could only promote the attachment (1.13±0.04 folds, P=0.020) and proliferation(1.15±0.06 folds, P=0.021), while PRGDN had no significant influence (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Our data shows that the novel chimeric peptide minTBP-1-PRGDN could promote the attachment, proliferation and type I collagen synthesis of human keratocytes on the surface of Ti.
    5  Expression of IGFBP-6 in a proliferative vitreoretinopathy rat model and its effects on retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation and migration
    Hong-Mei Zhao ,  Min-Jie Sheng ,  Jing Yu
    2014, 7(1):27-33. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.05
    [Abstract](1612) [HTML](0) [PDF 3.84 M](872)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) in a proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) model and its effects on proliferation and migration in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.METHODS: A PVR Wistar rat model was established by the intravitreal injection of RPE-J cells combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The expression levels of IGFBP-6 were tested by ELISA. ARPE-19 cell proliferation was evaluated by the MTS method, and cell migration was evaluated by wound healing assays.RESULTS: The success rate of the PVR model was 89.3% (25/28). IGFBP-6 was expressed at higher levels in the vitreous, serum and retina of rats experiencing advanced PVR (grade 3) than in the control group (vitreous:152.80±15.08ng/mL vs 105.44±24.81ng/mL, P>0.05; serum:93.48±9.27ng/mL vs 80.59±5.20ng/mL, P<0.05; retina:3.02±0.38ng/mg vs 2.05±0.53ng/mg, P<0.05). In vitro, IGFBP-6 (500ng/mL) inhibited the IGF-II (50ng/mL) induced ARPE-19 cell proliferation (OD value at 24h:from 1.38±0.05 to 1.30±0.02; 48h:from 1.44±0.06 to 1.35±0.05). However, it did not affect basal or VEGF-, TGF-β- and PDGF-induced cell proliferation. IGFBP-6 (500ng/mL) reduced the IGF-II (50ng/mL)-induced would healing rate [24h:from (43.91±3.85)% to (29.76±2.49)%; 48 h:from (66.09±1.67)% to (59.88±3.43)%].CONCLUSION: Concentrations of IGFBP-6 increased in the vitreous, serum, and retinas only in advanced PVR in vivo. IGFBP-6 also inhibited IGF-II-induced cell proliferation in a not dose or time dependent manner and migration. IGFBP-6 participates in the development of PVR and might play a protective role in PVR.
    6  Expression of dectin-1 during fungus infection in human corneal epithelial cells
    Cui Li ,  Gui-Qiu Zhao ,  Cheng-Ye Che ,  Na Li ,  Jing Lin ,  Qiang Xu ,  Qian Wang ,  Ying Liu ,  Sheng Qiu
    2014, 7(1):34-37. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.06
    [Abstract](2025) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.17 M](851)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To evaluate the expression of dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (dectin-1) in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells infected by fungus.METHODS:A total of 20 cases of healthy donor corneas were group A, and 20 patients (20 eyes) suffered from fungal keratitis (FK) composed group B. Real-time qPCR and immunohistochemistry were applied to detect dectin-1 expression in corneal epithelium of both groups. HCE cells were cultured with aspergillus fumigatus (AF) antigens in vitro. The expression of dectin-1 mRNA was measured by real-time qPCR at the stimulation of 0, 4, 8 and 24h separately. Dectin-1 protein was detected by immunocytochemistry at 0 and 24h separately.RESULTS: Dectin-1 expressed in corneal epithelium of normal persons and FK patients. Vitro cellular experiment showed that the expression of dectin-1 mRNA in HCE cells began to increase after stimulation of AF antigens at 4h, and dectin-1 protein expression increased after stimulation at 24h.CONCLUSION: Dectin-1 expressed in corneal epithelium of normal persons. AF antigens stimulation can elevate the expression of dectin-1 in HCE cells in vitro.
    7  Mitochondrial proteomic analysis of ecdysterone protection against oxidative damage in human lens epithelial cells
    Chun-Yan Feng ,  Xiu-Rong Huang ,  Ming-Xin Qi ,  Song-Wen Tang ,  Sheng Chen ,  Yan-Hong Hu ,  Fa-Jie Ke ,  Xin Wang
    2014, 7(1):38-43. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.07
    [Abstract](1558) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.57 M](675)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To investigate the protective effects of the natural medicinal monomer ecdysterone (ECR) with estrogenic activity against oxidative damage in human lens epithelial cells B3 (HLE-B3) caused by hydrogen peroxide 21(H2O2) and to pursue the possible mitochondrial proteomic regularity of the protective effects.METHODS: HLE-B3 cells were treated with H2O2 (300μmol/L), β-estuarial (E2; 10-8mol/L) and H2O2, ECR (10-6mol/L) and H2O2, or left untreated. Altered expression of all mitochondrial proteins was analyzed by protein array and surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). The mass/charge (M/Z) ratios of each peak were tested by the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, and the protein peak value of the M/Z ratio for each treatment by pair comparison was analyzed with the Nemenyi test.RESULTS: H2O2 up-regulated expression of two protein spots (with M/Z of 6 532 and 6 809). When E2 mitigated the oxidative damage, the expression of one protein spot (M/Z 6 532) was down-regulated. In contrast, ECR down-regulated both of protein spots (M/Z 6 532 and 6 809).CONCLUSION: ECR could effectively inhibite H2O2 induced oxidative damage in HLE-B3 cells. The protein spot at M/Z of 6 532 might be the target spot of ECR against oxidative damage induced by H2O2.
    8  Anticipation, anti-glaucoma drug treatment response and phenotype of a Chinese family with glaucoma caused by the Pro370Leu myocilin mutation
    Chun-Mei Li ,  Yue-Hong Zhang ,  Rong-Hua Ye ,  Chang-Xian Yi ,  Yi-Min Zhong ,  Dan Cao ,  Xing Liu
    2014, 7(1):44-50. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.08
    [Abstract](1980) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.79 M](878)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To describe the anticipation and anti-glaucoma drugs response of a Chinese family with juvenile-onset open angle glaucoma (JOAG) caused by the Pro370Leu myocilin (MYOC) mutation.METHODS: Fifteen members of a three-generation Chinese family with JOAG were recruited to this study. They all underwent ophthalmic common examinations. Patients suspected to have JOAG got an assessment of visual field and optical coherence tomography. Intraocular pressures (IOPs) of four patients were measured at 8, 10, 12, 14, 17 o’clock respectively after using anti-glaucoma drugs. Mutation screening of all MYOC gene coding exons of the participants was performed by using direct sequencing of PCR products.RESULTS: Clinical examinations and pedigree analysis revealed eight family members were suffered from JOAG. Apparent genetics anticipation phenomenon was observed in this family. Their clinical features included elevated IOP of 35-55mmHg, loss of visual field, thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer, and glaucomatous optic disc damage. Noticeably, their intraocular pressure levels could be controlled within normal range at 8 and 10 o’clock by anti-glaucoma drugs,but their IOPs would elevate >21mmHg after 12 o’clock. Seven patients received trabeculectomy produced thin-walled, pale, and saccate filtering blebs maintaining lower intraocular pressure efficiently. Mutation screening indentified a heterozygous C→T missense mutation in the MYOC gene at position 1 109 in exon 3, corresponding to a substitution of a highly conserved proline to leucine at codon 370 in the olfactomedin domain of MYOC.CONCLUSION: The clinical characteristics of JOAG in this family were 1) genetics anticipation; 2) high IOP; 3) temporay response to anti-glaucoma drugs; 4) filtering surgery produced thin-walled and saccate filtering blebs, helping maintain lower IOP.
    9  5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine inhibits retinoblastoma cell by reactivating epigenetically silenced RASSF1A gene
    Ru Liu ,  Xiao-Huan Zhang ,  Kun Zhang ,  Wei Li ,  Wen-Jun Wang ,  Di-Xian Luo ,  Ling Gao
    2014, 7(1):51-56. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.09
    [Abstract](1978) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.60 M](785)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To investigate the effect of 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, on the growth and survival of the Chinese retinoblastoma (RB) cell line HXO-RB44.METHODS:The DNA methylation status of the Ras association domain family (RASSF1A) promoter in the presence of 5-Aza-CdR at different concentrations was analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). RASSF1A mRNA and protein levels were measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively, when cells were treated with 5.0μmol/L of 5-Aza-CdR. The effect of 5.0μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR on the proliferation and viability of HXO-RB44 cells was examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry.RESULTS:5-Aza-CdR efficiently induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and apoptotic death in HXO-RB44 cells. MSP analysis showed that unmethylated RASSF1A DNA increased and methylated RASSF1A decreased in a dose-dependent manner in a range of 0.5-5.0μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR. Accordingly, RASSF1A expression was reactivated at both mRNA and protein levels. Incubation time of 5-Aza-CdR treatment also functioned as a factor for the demethylation status of RASSF1A promoter DNA, with a plateau on day four. 5-Aza-CdR at 5.0μmol/L completely demethylated the RASSF1A promoter in HXO-RB44 cells on day four, and as a result, RASSF1A expression increased significantly from day 4 to day 7.CONCLUSION: 5-Aza-CdR inhibits the growth of the HXO-RB44 RB cell line and induces apoptosis by demethylating the RASSF1A gene.
    10  Comparison of the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab and intravitreal fasudil on retinal VEGF, TNFα, and caspase 3 levels in an experimental diabetes model
    Fatih Çelik ,  Fatih Ulaş ,  Zeynep Güneş Özünal ,  Tülin Fırat ,  Serdal Çelebi ,  ümit Doğan
    2014, 7(1):57-61. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.10
    [Abstract](1632) [HTML](0) [PDF 510.91 K](927)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To evaluate the influence of an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and fasudil on the retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and caspase 3 levels in a diabetic rabbit model.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the VEGF and caspase 3 levels between groups (P=0.005 and P =0.013, respectively), but the TNFα level did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.792). It was found that VEGF levels were significantly lower in Group 1 and Group 3 than in Group 2 using the Mann-Whitney U test with the Bonferroni correction (P=0.004 for both comparison). There was no statistically significant difference between other groups with regard to VEGF levels (the P value ranged between 0.015 and 0.886). Although the P values of the caspase 3 levels were 0.015 for Group 1 and Group 4, 0.038 for Group 2 and Group 3, and 0.018 for Group 3 and Group 4, these P values remained above the threshold P value of 0.0083, which was the statistically significant level for post hoc tests.CONCLUSION: An intravitreal injection of bevacizumab decreased both the VEGF level, which plays a role in angiogenesis, and the caspase 3 level, which plays a role in apoptosis. Although not as effective as bevacizumab, fasudil had a beneficial effect on the VEGF levels but significantly increased the caspase 3 levels.
    11  Fibrin glue-assisted for the treatment of corneal perforationsusing glycerin-cryopreserved corneal tissue
    Nuo Dong ,  Cheng Li ,  Wen-Sheng Chen ,  Wen-Juan Qin ,  Yu-Hua Xue ,  Hu-Ping Wu
    2014, 7(1):62-65. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.11
    [Abstract](1878) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.28 M](784)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To evaluate the outcomes and safety of lamellar keratoplasty (LK) assisted by fibrin glue in corneal perforations.METHODS: Six eyes of 6 patients affected by different corneal pathologies (2 posttraumatic corneal scar and 3 bacterial keratitis) underwent LK procedures by using fibrin glue. The mean corneal perforation diameter was 1.35±0.64mm (range, 0.7-2.5mm), and the greatest diameter of the ulcerative stromal defect was 2.47±0.77mm in average (range, 1.5-3.5mm). The donor corneal lamella diameters were 0.20-mm larger and thicker than the recipient to restore a physiologic corneal thickness and shape:mean donor diameter was 8.34±0.28mm (range, 8.2-8.7mm) and mean thickness was 352±40.27mm (range, 220-400mm). Mean follow-up was 7.33±1.97 months (range, 6-11 months). Postoperatively, the graft status, graft clarity, anterior chamber response, the visual prognosis, intraocular pressures, and postoperative complications were recorded.RESULTS: All the corneal perforations were successfully healed after the procedure. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranged from 20/1 000 to 20/50 in their initial presentation, and from 20/100 to 20/20 in their last visit, showed increase in all the patients. No major complications such as graft dislocation and graft failure were noted. Neovascularization developed in the superficial stroma of donor graft in 1 case. High intraocular pressure developed on day 2 after surgery, while was remained in normal range after application of anti-glaucomatous eyedrops for 1 week in 1 case.CONCLUSION: Fibrin glue-assisted sutureless LK is valuable for maintaining the ocular integrity in the treatment of corneal perforations.
    12  Comparison of outcomes between overlapping-spot and single-spot photodynamic therapy for circumscribed choroidal hemangioma
    Zhao-An Su ,  Xia-Jing Tang ,  Li-Xia Zhang ,  Xiao-Hong Su
    2014, 7(1):66-70. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.12
    [Abstract](1782) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.17 M](733)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To compare the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with overlapping multiple spots and single spot for treating circumscribed choroidal hemangioma.METHODS:Twenty-two patients (22 eyes) with symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma received PDT treatment. Fourteen patients received overlapping spots (two to three spots) PDT, whereas eight patients received single-spot PDT. Laser was used at 50J/cm2 for 83s in the overlapping-spot group and 50J/cm2 for 166s in the single-spot group. Clinical examination, funduscopy, fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography were performed at baseline and after treatment.RESULTS:The mean follow-up time was 28.5±8.0 months in the overlapping-spot group and 27.0±5.0 months in the single-spot group. Nine patients (64.2%) had their vision improved over two lines on the Snellen chart, and five patients showed stable visual acuity in the overlapping-spot group. The mean thickness of tumor decreased from 2.7±0.8mm to 1.2±0.9mm, and the mean greatest tumor linear dimension decreased from 7.4±1.5mm to 4.5±3.5mm after treatment. In the single-spot group, two patients (25%) had their vision improved over two lines on the Snellen chart, and six patients had unchanged stable vision. The mean tumor thickness in this group decreased from 2.5±0.7mm to 1.4±1.0mm, and the mean greatest tumor linear dimension decreased from 7.2±1.3mm to 4.7±3.6mm. No significant differences in visual improvement and tumor regression were found between the two groups.CONCLUSION: Overlapping-spot PDT under appropriate treatment parameters and strategies is as effective and safe as single-spot PDT for treating symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Improved or stabilized visual acuity was achieved as a result of tumor regression.
    13  Evaluation of regional bulbar redness using an image-based objective method
    Wen-Juan Zhao ,  Fang Duan ,  Zhong-Ting Li ,  Hua-Jun Yang ,  Qiang Huang ,  Kai-Li Wu
    2014, 7(1):71-76. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.13
    [Abstract](1749) [HTML](0) [PDF 4.13 M](888)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To develop an image-based objective method to precisely evaluate regional ocular bulbar injection.METHODS:Six healthy adult volunteers were photographed in four orientations (superior, inferior, nasal and temporal sides) with and without stimulating eye drops. Six line segments (covering 30°) were drawn 4mm away from the limbus on each image using ImageJ software. The graph peaks, which were derived from the areas under the line segments and corresponded to the cross-sectional grey-level of the vessels, were analyzed to obtain peak area, peak height/width (PH/PW), and peak numbers. Different-sized areas were selected to calculate the pixels based on the edge-detection algorithm. Also, conjunctival and superficial scleral vessels were analyzed separately. RESULTS:This method had a smaller coefficient of variation, especially for PH/PW, in all four orientations. Hyperaemia parameters changed the least after challenging in the superior region. Moreover, 95% of the PH/PW ratios were greater than 0.87 in conjunctival vessels and less than 1.00 in superficial scleral vessels. PH/PW significantly increased in conjunctival vessels and changed less in superficial scleral vessels.CONCLUSION:A new method of objectively assessing bulbar injection based on ocular surface images was developed. This method can be used to quantify ocular regional injection and to distinguish the superficial scleral and conjunctival vessels.
    14  An enhanced functional ability questionnaire (faVIQ) to measure the impact of rehabilitation services on the visually impaired
    James Stuart Wolffsohn ,  Jonathan Jackson ,  Olivia Anne Hunt ,  Charles Cottriall ,  Jennifer Lindsay ,  Richard Gilmour ,  Anne Sinclair ,  Robert Harper
    2014, 7(1):77-85. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.14
    [Abstract](2506) [HTML](0) [PDF 711.45 K](797)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To develop a short, enhanced functional ability Quality of Vision (faVIQ) instrument based on previous questionnaires employing comprehensive modern statistical techniques to ensure the use of an appropriate response scale, items and scoring of the visual related difficulties experienced by patients with visual impairment.METHODS:Items in current quality-of-life questionnaires for the visually impaired were refined by a multi-professional group and visually impaired focus groups. The resulting 76 items were completed by 293 visually impaired patients with stable vision on two occasions separated by a month. The faVIQ scores of 75 patients with no ocular pathology were compared to 75 age and gender matched patients with visual impairment.RESULTS:Rasch analysis reduced the faVIQ items to 27. Correlation to standard visual metrics was moderate (r=0.32-0.46) and to the NEI-VFQ was 0.48. The faVIQ was able to clearly discriminate between age and gender matched populations with no ocular pathology and visual impairment with an index of 0.983 and 95% sensitivity and 95% specificity using a cut off of 29.CONCLUSION:The faVIQ allows sensitive assessment of quality-of-life in the visually impaired and should support studies which evaluate the effectiveness of low vision rehabilitation services.
    15  Comparison of intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion
    Alex Yuan ,  Baseer U. Ahmad ,  David Xu ,  Rishi P. Singh ,  Peter K. Kaiser ,  Daniel F. Martin ,  Jonathan E. Sears ,  Andrew P. Schachat ,  Justis P. Ehlers
    2014, 7(1):86-91. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.15
    [Abstract](2002) [HTML](0) [PDF 637.76 K](798)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To compare the efficacy of ranibizumab and bevacizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted at a single academic institution. Eighty-one patients na?ve to anti-VEGF therapy with RVO and macular edema were identified. Twenty-six eyes were treated with ranibizumab, 33 eyes with bevacizumab, and 22 eyes with bevacizumab then switched to ranibizumab (crossover). The main outcome was change in visual acuity at 3 months, 6 months, and final visit.RESULTS:The mean visual acuity improved from 20/80 to 20/40 in the ranibizumab (R) group and from 20/125 to 20/60 in the bevacizumab (B) group (P=0.66). The mean change in central subfield thickness (CST) was -186 and -212μm, respectively (P=0.69). Mean time between injections was 94±21.1d in the R group and 103.8±10.5d in the B group (P=0.78). In the crossover group, mean initial visual acuity was 20/125, reached 20/60 at crossover, and remained 20/60 at conclusion (P=0.91).CONCLUSION:Both ranibizumab and bevacizumab are effective for the treatment of RVO and appear to have similar visual and anatomic outcomes. Changing treatments from bevacizumab to ranibizumab did not result in further gains in visual acuity.
    16  Tono-pen measurement of intraocular pressure under topical anaesthesia in full term normal newborns
    Sagili Chandrasekhara Reddy ,  Rosnita Alias
    2014, 7(1):92-94. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.16
    [Abstract](1855) [HTML](0) [PDF 180.58 K](653)
    Abstract:
    AIM: Tono-pen measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) under topical anaesthesia in full term normal newborns.METHODS: The IOP measurements were taken using Tono-pen XL tonometer under topical anaesthesia in 150 newborns (300 eyes) within 24h after birth, over a period of three months, in a university hospital. Gender, gestation period, mode of delivery and birth weight of newborns were noted from medical records.RESULTS:There were 70 males and 80 females. All babies were Malays. The IOP measurements were taken between 12 and 24h after birth. The gestation period of babies ranged between 37 and 41 weeks; 118 babies were delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery and 32 by caesarian section. The birth weight of babies ranged between 2.1 and 4.3kg. The mean IOP of 300 eyes was 15.99±2.79mmHg (range 8-22). There was no statistically significant difference of mean IOP and gender, laterality of eye, type of delivery, gestation age, or birth weight of newborns.CONCLUSION: The IOP in full term normal newborns was 16mmHg. Tono-Pen appears to be ideal instrument for taking IOP in newborns because of its small size and easy handling.
    17  A new measure of nystagmus acuity
    Jun-Ping Yao ,  Zheng Tai ,  Zheng-Qin Yin
    2014, 7(1):95-99. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.17
    [Abstract](3122) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.46 M](696)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To construct a new visual acuity measuring function for congenital nystagmus (CN) patients by studying the relationships between acuity, velocities and positions of the eye.METHODS: After assessing the relationship between acuity, movement velocities and positions of the eye separately, a new function, which we call the automated nystagmus acuity function (ANAF), was constructed to measure the visual acuity of CN patients. Using a high-speed digital video system working at 500 frames per second, each eye was calibrated during monocular fixation. Twenty-six recorded nystagmus data were selected randomly. Using nystagmus waveforms, the best vision position (foveation period) and visual acuity were analyzed in three groups of subjects, and then all outputs were compared with the well-known expanded nystagmus acuity function (NAFX) and ANAF. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize the outputs of the two programs.RESULTS:Foveation periods were brief intervals in the CN waveform when the image was on or near the fovea and eye velocity was relatively slow. Results showed good visual acuity happened during the period when velocity was low and the eye position was near the zero position, which fitted the foveation periods. The data analyzed with NAFX and ANAF had a correlation coefficient of 0.934276, with an average error of -0.00973.CONCLUSION: The results from ANAF and NAFX analyses showed no significant difference. The NAFX manually identifies foveation eye positions and produces accurate measurements. The ANAF, however, can be calculated simply using the factors eye position and velocity, and it automatically calculates the ANAF without the need to manually identify foveation eye positions.
    18  Contrast visual acuity after multifocal intraocular lens implantation:aspheric versus spherical design
    Jun-Hua Li ,  Yi-Fan Feng ,  Yun-E Zhao ,  Yin-Ying Zhao ,  Lei Lin
    2014, 7(1):100-103. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.18
    [Abstract](1661) [HTML](0) [PDF 555.48 K](782)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To evaluate contrast visual acuity (CVA) after implantation of an aspheric apodized diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) or a spherical apodized diffractive IOL in cataract surgery. METHOD: This prospective randomized controlled study with a 12-month follow-up compared the results of cataract surgery with implantation of an aspheric AcrySof ReSTOR SN6AD3 IOL (30 eyes) and a spherical AcrySof ReSTOR SN60D3 IOL (30 eyes). CVA with best distance correction was measured at 4 contrast levels (100%, 25%, 10% and 5%) under 3 levels of chart luminance [250, 85 and 25 candelas per square meter (cd/m2)] using a multi-functional visual acuity tester (MFVA-100)． RESULTS:At 12 months after surgery, there were no statistically significant differences in 100% CVA and 25% CVA under 250cd/m2 (P100%=0.875 and P25%=0.057) and 85cd/m2 (P100%=0.198 and P25%=0.193) between the aspheric group and the spherical group. However, the 10% CVA and 5% CVA were significant better in aspheric group than spherical group under 250cd/m2 (P10%=0.042 and P5%=0.007) and 85cd/m2 (P10%=0.002 and P5%=0.039). Under the luminance level of 25cd/m2, no significant differences was found in the 100% CVA between the 2 group (P100%=0.245), while aspheric group had better visual acuity in the remaining 3 contracts (P25%=0.023, P10%=0.026 and P5%=0.002, respectively). CONCULSION:The aspheric AcrySof ReSTOR SN6AD3 IOL provided patients with better low-contrast visual acuity than the spherical AcrySof ReSTOR SN60D3 IOL.
    19  Trabeculectomy with large area mitomycin-C application as a first-line treatment in advanced glaucoma:retrospective review
    Zeynep Aktas ,  Safak Korkmaz ,  Murat Hasanreisoglu ,  Merih Onol ,  Berati Hasanreisoglu
    2014, 7(1):104-109. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.19
    [Abstract](1706) [HTML](0) [PDF 261.96 K](697)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To evaluate the outcomes of trabeculectomy with large area mitomycin-C (MMC) application as a first line treatment in advanced glaucoma.METHODS:The records of 55 patients with severe visual field defects undergoing trabeculectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were classified as first-line therapy to either early trabeculectomy (initial trabeculectomy-Group 1) or long term medical therapy followed by trabeculectomy (primary trabeculectomy-Group 2). Trabeculectomy was performed with large-area MMC application. Intraocular pressure (IOP) values, visual acuities, mean deviations, morphology and function of the blebs, necessity for anti-glaucomatous medications and surgical complications were reported.RESULTS:There were 20 eyes of 18 patients in Group 1 and 37 eyes of 37 patients in Group 2. The mean preoperative IOPs in Groups 1 and 2 were 40.2±10.0mmHg (27-68mmHg) and 29.0±4.4mmHg (21-41mmHg), respectively (P=0.001). Average preoperative mean deviations (MD) in Groups 1 and 2 were 17.4±2.8dB (13.3-23dB) and 17.9±2.4 dB (13.7-23.2dB), respectively (P=0.441). Postoperative IOPs significantly decreased and were comparable in both Groups. The mean number of medications was significantly higher in Group 2 (P=0.005). No cystic bleb formation was observed in Group 1, whereas 4 patients from Group 2 (10.8 %) developed cystic bleb (P=0.040). No visually devastating complication has occurred in both Groups.CONCLUSION:Initial trabeculectomy with large area MMC application might be applied in patients with advanced glaucoma with low complication rates. Long-term topically applied anti-glaucomatous medications seem to increase the risk of cystic bleb formation.
    20  Peribulbar anesthesia in 750 patients treated with oral anticoagulants
    Emile Calenda ,  Olivier Genevois ,  Annie Cardon ,  Marc Muraine
    2014, 7(1):110-113. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.20
    [Abstract](1952) [HTML](0) [PDF 199.82 K](689)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To check the safety of continuation of oral anticoagulants in ophthalmic procedures requiring a peribulbar anesthesia. METHOD:A prospective case control study included 750 patients with oral anticoagulants in group A and 750 patients who had never been treated with oral anticoagulant in group B. Hemorrhages were graded as follows:1) spot ecchymosis of eyelid and or subconjunctival hemorrhage; 2) eyelid ecchymosis involving half of the lid surface area; 3) eyelid ecchymosis all around the eye, no increase in intraocular pressure; 4) retrobulbar hemorrhage with increased intraocular pressure.RESULTS: In group A, grade 1 was observed in 13 patients (1.74%) and grade 2 in 2 patients (0.26%). In group B, grade 1 was observed in 12 patients (1.6%) and grade 2 was absent. No 3 or 4 hemorrhage grade was encountered in both groups. There was not significant difference in grade 1 hemorrhage between both groups (P=0.21).CONCLUSION:Oral anticoagulants were not associated with a significant increase in potentially sight-threatening local anesthetic complications.
    21  Spectrum of fungal keratitis:clinicopathologic study of 44 cases
    Rajpal Singh Punia ,  Reetu Kundu ,  Jagdish Chander ,  Sudesh Kumar Arya ,  Uma Handa ,  Harsh Mohan
    2014, 7(1):114-117. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.21
    [Abstract](1902) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.20 M](756)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To determine the causative agents of fungal keratitis and study the predisposing factors over a period of ten years in a single tertiary care hospital.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of fungal corneal ulcers was done from 2003-2012. Patients’ clinical data were noted from the file records. Correlation of histopathological diagnosis was done with the report on fungal culture.RESULTS: Mycotic keratitis was established in 44 cases by a positive fungal culture. Direct microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide (KOH) mounts revealed fungal elements in 39 cases while 40 cases showed fungus on Gram stained smears. Males (54.55%) were more commonly affected than the females (45.45%). The age ranged from 18 to 82 years. Most common age group to be involved was 41-60 years. Predisposing risk factors were seen in 34 (77.27%) cases. Most common findings on clinical examination were anterior chamber reaction and conjunctival injection seen in all the cases. Other common findings were stromal infiltration and hypopyon seen in 20 (45.45%) and 18 (40.91%) cases respectively. On histopathological examination the fungus was typed, as aspergillus in 34 cases while no definite typing was possible in 10 cases. The predominant isolate was aspergillus flavus (59.09%) followed by fusarium (15.91%). Mixed fungal and bacterial infection was seen in 3 (6.82%) cases.CONCLUSION:Although culture is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of fungal keratitis, direct microscopic examination of corneal scrapings or histomorphological evaluation of biopsies allow a rapid preliminary diagnosis. Early administration of antifungal treatment helps in preventing dreadful complications.
    22  Ocular findings in children with thalassemia major in Eastern Mediterranean
    Adnan Aksoy ,  Murat Aslankurt ,  Lokman Aslan ,  Özlem Gül ,  Mesut Garipardıç ,  Oğuz Çelik ,  Seydi Okumuş ,  Murat Özdemir ,  Gökhan Özdemir
    2014, 7(1):118-121. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.22
    [Abstract](2099) [HTML](0) [PDF 262.99 K](721)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To investigate ophthalmologic findings in children with thalassemia major (TM) and compare the findings with healthy controls. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 43 children with thalassemia major from pediatric hematology outpatient clinics from two university hospitals and age/sex matched 47 healthy children were included in the study. After a complete ophthalmic examination, tear function tests including the Schirmer test, fluorescein tear break-up time (BUT), ultrasound pachymetry, and axial length measurement were performed. Obtained data was recorded for statistical analysis and the values of right eyes were compared between groups. RESULTS: The mean best corrected visual acuity was 1.34±0.75 in TM and 1.08±0.28 in controls. It was found lower than 0.1 logMAR unit in 10 (23.2%) children with TM and 2 (4.2%) in controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). The mean central corneal thickness was 540±26.95 in children with TM and 536.98±20.45μm in controls (P＞0.05). The mean axial length was 22.53±0.50 in TM and 22.57±0.43mm in the control group. The mean Schirmer test score was 19.94±6.91 in TM and 24.22±3.95mm in the control group (P＜0.01). The mean BUT score was 9.62±1.28 in TM and 9.73±0.6s in the control group (P＞0.05). CONCLUSION: In TM, while corneal thickness, axial length, and BUT are close to controls, the Schirmer scores are less than normal. The study revealed that TM may be affected by the tear function and visual acuity.
    23  Measurement of retinal thickness in macular region of high myopic eyes using spectral domain OCT
    Ai-Ping Song ,  Xin-Yi Wu ,  Jian-Rong Wang ,  Wei Liu ,  Yan Sun ,  Tao Yu
    2014, 7(1):122-127. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.23
    [Abstract](2571) [HTML](0) [PDF 1.18 M](686)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To investigate the changes of retinal thickness in macula of high myopic eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).METHODS: Middle-aged and young myopic patients were divided into three groups according to their refractive error/axial length:low and medium myopia group (LMMG), high myopia group (HMG) and super high myopia group (SHMG). Cirrus HD-OCT was used to evaluate total average macular thickness, central subfield thickness, inner/outer macular thickness and macular volume. The differences among experimental groups were analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance. Associations between macular thickness and refractive error/axial length were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age among the three groups (P=0.2789). The mean refraction error in the LMMG, HMG, and SHMG groups was -2.49±1.38D, -8.53±1.95D and -13.88±1.76D, respectively (P＜0.001). The central subfield thickness of three groups was 244.56±12.19μm, 254.33±11.61μm and 261.75±11.83μm, respectively, and there were statistically significance between random two groups. The total average macular thickness, inner/outer macular thickness, and macular volume decreased with increased myopia/axial length. Average foveal thickness had negative correlations with refractive error (P＜0.001), and positive correlations with axial length. The inferior and temporal inner macular thickness, all the quadrants of outer ring, total average macular thickness and macular volume featured positive correlations with refractive error, and negative correlations with axial length. Average foveal thickness, superior and temporal inner macular thicknesses, and temporal outer macular thickness was lower in females compared to males.CONCLUSION:With an increase in myopia degree/axial length, the average foveal thickness increased and the inner/outer macular thickness decreased. Females featured thicker average foveal thickness, and thinner macular thickness compared to males.
    24  Study of long term structural and functional changes in medically controlled glaucoma
    Achyut N Pandey ,  S Sujata
    2014, 7(1):128-132. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.24
    [Abstract](1779) [HTML](0) [PDF 234.13 K](721)
    Abstract:
    AIM:Prospectively analyze the long term structural and functional changes in patients of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) receiving medical therapy (beta blockers and non beta blockers). In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate whether medical reduction of IOP prevents or delays the progression of glaucomatous visual field loss and/or optic nerve damage in patients with open angle glaucoma.METHODS:Study conducted over a period of 27 months, at a tertiary eye care hospital including both eyes of 40 patients with POAG. Group 1 (20 patients, 40 eyes) received beta-blockers, and Group 2 (20 patients, 40 eyes) received non-beta-blockers. Each patient underwent intraocular pressure measurement, best corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp, fundus examination, gonioscopy, central corneal thickness, visual field assessment by Humphrey automated perimetry and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness by Stratus optical coherence tomography at baseline and at two subsequent visits. The average time interval between each visit was 10-11 months. The statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post-hoc test, using tukey’ method were adopted. Probablity (P) value of 0.05 or less was considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS:A total of 80 eyes of 40 patients of POAG were enrolled, 24 males, 16 females, age group 50-80 years. In both beta and non beta blocker group, reduction (improvement) in mean IOP from initial levels to the levels achieved at the 2nd and 3rd visits was statistically significant. One way ANOVA (df=2), fisher f value=11.64, P=0.000, one way ANOVA (df=3), fisher f value=35.61, P=0.000. Both mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) in both beta and non beta blockers at different visits were not statistically significant. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) -only mean inferior retinal nerve fibre layer, the difference between the mean value in beta and non beta blocker groupwere statistically significant. [unpaired t test value (df=78) =2.27, P=0.03]. Side effects with beta blocker were conjunctival hyperemia (10%), burning (5%), and conjunctival hyperemia (5%) in non beta blockers.CONCLUSION: Non-beta-blockers are as effective as beta-blockers in bringing about a significant lowering of intraocular pressure to the normal range, and in preventing progressive damage to the visual fields and retinal nerve fibre layer. The absence of systemic side effects and superior IOP lowering efficacy has made non beta-blockers attractive for first line therapy for the treatment of glaucoma worldwide.
    25  Measuring quality of life in oculoplastic patients
    Edward Ridyard ,  Clare Inkster
    2014, 7(1):133-138. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.25
    [Abstract](1853) [HTML](0) [PDF 271.48 K](664)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To investigate if there is any published evidence of impaired quality of life in conditions which are corrected by oculoplastic surgery and whether there is proven benefit in the quality of life such procedures. METHODS: We searched a number of databases to determine the level of evidence available for common conditions amenable to oculoplastic surgery. Search terms concentrated on quality of life measures rather than anatomical correction of deformities.RESULTS: The level of evidence available for different conditions was very variable. Certain conditions had extensive research documenting reduction in quality of life, with some evidence for improvement after surgery. Some other common conditions had little or no evidence supporting of reduction in quality of life to support the need for surgery.CONCLUSION:The evidence is sparse for quality of life improvement after some of our most commonly performed procedures. Many of these procedures are now being identified by primary care trusts (PCTs) as of “low clinical value”, and are no longer being routinely commissioned in certain parts of the UK. There is a need to address this lack of evidence to determine whether oculoplastic surgery should continue to be commissioned by PCTs.
    26  Changed trends of major causes of visual impairment in Sichuan, China from 1987 to 2006
    Hui Chen ,  Ying-Chuan Fan ,  Qi-Hong He ,  Xiao-Yun Wu ,  Min Wei ,  June E. Eichner ,  Bradley K. Farris ,  P. Lloyd Hildebrand ,  Chun-Tao Lei ,  Shu-Hua Wu ,  Jing-Yun Yang
    2014, 7(1):139-144. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.26
    [Abstract](1852) [HTML](0) [PDF 329.13 K](629)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To study the trends of major causes of visual impairment (VI) in adults in Sichuan, China and evaluate the effect of aging on the trends.METHODS: We used data from the National Sample Survey on Disabilities (NSSD) in Sichuan province conducted in 1987 and 2006. The age-adjusted prevalence of major causes of VI and the prevalence stratified by age in each cause were calculated and compared. The association between age and each cause of VI was also analyzed.RESULTS: Retinal disease increased and became the second leading cause of VI in 2006 while blinding trachoma decreased markedly. Cataract and non-trachomatous corneal diseases were among the leading causes of VI in both years. We found associations between age and causes of VI, with age showing the strongest association with cataract and relatively lower associations with other causes.CONCLUSION: In the last two decades, dramatic changes occurred in the major causes of VI with significantly increased retinal disease and decreased blinding trachoma. Aging of the population might be an important factor accounting for the changed trends of VI. Understanding the prevalence of VI, its major causes and trends over time can assist in prioritizing and developing effective interventional strategies and monitoring their impact.
    27  Health resource utilization and the economic burden of patients with wet age-related macular degeneration in Thailand
    Piyameth Dilokthornsakul ,  Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk ,  Paisan Ruamviboonsuk ,  Mansing Ratanasukon ,  Somsanguan Ausayakhun ,  Akrapope Tungsomeroengwong ,  Nattapol Pokawattana ,  Chalakorn Chanatittarat
    2014, 7(1):145-151. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.27
    [Abstract](2354) [HTML](0) [PDF 502.79 K](771)
    Abstract:
    AIM:To determine healthcare resource utilization and the economic burden associated with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in ThailandMETHODS:This study included patients diagnosed with wet AMD that were 60 years old or older, and had best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured at least two times during the follow-up period. We excluded patients having other eye diseases. Two separate sub-studies were conducted. The first sub-study was a retrospective cohort study; electronic medical charts were reviewed to estimate the direct medical costs. The second sub-study was a cross-sectional survey estimating the direct non-medical costs based on face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. For the first sub-study, direct medical costs, including the cost of drugs, laboratory, procedures, and other treatments were obtained. For the second sub-study, direct non-medical costs, e.g. transportation, food, accessories, home renovation, and caregiver costs, were obtained from face-to-face interviews with patients and/or caregivers.RESULTS: For the first sub-study, sixty-four medical records were reviewed. The annual average number of medical visits was 11.1±6.0. The average direct medical costs were $3 604±4 530 per year. No statistically-significant differences of the average direct medical costs among the BCVA groups were detected (P=0.98). Drug costs accounted for 77% of total direct medical costs. For direct non-medical costs, 67 patients were included. Forty-eight patients (71.6%) required the accompaniment of a person during the out-patient visit. Seventeen patients (25.4%) required a caregiver at home. The average direct non-medical cost was $2 927±6 560 per year. There were no statistically-significant differences in the average costs among the BCVA groups (P=0.74). Care-giver cost accounted for 87% of direct non-medical costs.CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that wet AMD is associated with a substantial economic burden, especially concerning drug and care-giver costs.
    28  Regulation of scleral fibroblast differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein-2
    Hong-Hui Li ,  Li-Jun Huo ,  Feng Zhao ,  Zhen-Ya Gao ,  Jun-Wen Zeng
    2014, 7(1):152-156. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.28
    [Abstract](1494) [HTML](0) [PDF 248.41 K](688)
    Abstract:
    Bone morphogenesis proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors. They are expressed in retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and sclera and serve as a regulator in the growth and development of the eye. This article reviewed the chondrogenic potency of the sclera, biochemical and pathological changes of myopic scleral tissue and the differentiation of chondrogenesis by BMP-2. We proposed the hypothesis that BMP-2 can regulate differentiate of scleral fibroblasts and affect the development of myopia.
    29  Progress of corneal collagen cross-linking combined with refractive surgery
    Na Li ,  Xiu-Jun Peng ,  Zheng-Jun Fan
    2014, 7(1):157-162. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.29
    [Abstract](2217) [HTML](0) [PDF 269.67 K](678)
    Abstract:
    As a photochemical reaction that can stiffen the cornea, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only promising method of preventing the progress of keratectasia, such as keratoconus and secondary ectasia following refractive surgery. The aim of CXL is to stabilize the underlying condition, with a small chance of visual improvement. Combining CXL with refractive surgery targeting both stabilization and reshaping of the corneal tissue for visual function improvement is a good treatment option. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and unbiased summary of the published research regarding combined CXL and refractive surgery, including measures and results, to help elucidate the future direction of CXL.
    30  R102W mutation in the RS1 gene responsible for retinoschisis and recurrent glaucoma
    Xiu-Feng Huang ,  Chang-Sen Tu ,  Dong-Jun Xing ,  De-Kang Gan ,  Ge-Zhi Xu ,  Zi-Bing Jin
    2014, 7(1):169-172. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.31
    [Abstract](1847) [HTML](0) [PDF 2.80 M](801)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To identify the mutations in RS1 gene associated with typical phenotype of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) and a rare condition of concomitant glaucoma.METHODS: Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed in the proband. The coding regions of the RS1 gene that encode retinoschisin were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced.RESULTS: The proband showed a typical phenotype of XLRS with large peripheral retinal schisis in both eyes, involving the macula and combined with foveal cystic change, reducing visual acuity. A typical phenotype of recurrent glaucoma with high intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduced visual field was also demonstrated with the patient. Mutation analysis of RS1 gene revealed R102W (c.304C>T) mutations in the affected male, and his mother was proved to be a carrier with the causative mutation and another synonymous polymorphism (c.576C>CT).CONCLUSION: We identified the genetic variations of a Chinese family with typical phenotype of XLRS and glaucoma. The severe XLRS phenotypes associated with R102W mutations reveal that the mutation determines a notable alteration in the function of the retinoschisin protein. Identification of the disease-causing mutation is beneficial for future clinical references.
    31  Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients presenting with proliferative diabetic retinopathy as an initial sign
    Hoon Park ,  Young Gyun Kim ,  Jong Wook Lee ,  Jong Seok Park
    2014, 7(1):173-178. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.32
    [Abstract](1481) [HTML](0) [PDF 470.52 K](719)
    Abstract:
    AIM: To investigate the clinical features of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDM) patients showing proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) as an initial sign.METHODS: As a retrospective case series, the medical records of a total of four hundred and thirty-two patients who underwent a vitrectomy due to PDR were reviewed to find the subjects. Of 432 patients, six cases of NDM patients showing PDR as an initial sign were included and analyzed with their systemic and ocular features. Main outcome measures:the systemic features and ocular features [preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraoperative findings].RESULTS: The mean onset age of visual symptoms was 36.3 years old. The mean serum insulin and C-peptide titer was below the normal range. The mean fasting plasma glucose was 178mg/dL and the mean postprandial 2h plasma glucose was 306mg/dL. The mean HbA1c at diagnosis was 11.02%. In all cases, an acute progressive fibrovascular proliferation was observed. Intraoperative retinal tears were found in three cases of six. The mean preoperative BCVA was +0.67±0.58 logMAR and the mean BCVA at postoperative 6 months was +0.20±0.30 logMAR.CONCLUSION: All patients were considered to have latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). A rapid deterioration of kidney function as well as poor diabetic control status at diagnosis was observed in all six cases. The ocular features of the patients showed acute progressive fibrovascular proliferation and relatively favorable postoperative visual acuity.
    32  Spontaneous resolution of a macroaneurysm on the optic disc
    Taku Toyama ,  Satoshi Kato ,  Yasuo Noda ,  Atsuko Tsutsumi
    2014, 7(1):179-180. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.33
    [Abstract](1930) [HTML](0) [PDF 837.40 K](785)
    Abstract:
    33  A reasonable option in vitrectomized eyes:manual small incision cataract surgery
    Hüseyin Bayramlar ,  Remzi Karadağ ,  Bahri Aydin ,  Yaşar Dağ
    2014, 7(1):181-181. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.34
    [Abstract](2539) [HTML](0) [PDF 107.43 K](688)
    Abstract:
    Journal introduce

    Editors-in-Chief: Yan-Nian Hui and Peter Wiedemann

    Established in April, 2008

    ISSN 2222-3959 print

    ISSN 2227-4898 online

    Quick search
    Press search
    Search term
    From To
    Periodical Search
    • Most Read
    • Most Cited
    • Article Ranking
    You are the  Visitors
    Governing Body：Department of Health, Provincial Government of Shaanxi, China
    Organizer：Xi'an Medical Association of China
    Address：Room 11707-08, Building 2, Unit 1, Wanda Plaza, No.8 Yanta North Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
    Fax：(8629)82245172 Phone：(+8629)82245172/82210956
    Email：ijopress@163.com
    International Journal of Ophthalmology ® 2024 All Rights Reserved