AIM: To find a new concept to show whether or not apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be determined in the histology of acute hyperglycemia in the role of expressed Brn3b gene related to nitric oxide (NO), caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as an early predictor of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes and their associations. METHODS: Experimental in vivo study was carried out using adult male, white Sprague-Dawley rats aged ≥2mo, weighing 150-200 g. The animals were divided into two groups, one group receiving intraperitoneal injection of streptozotociz 50 mg/kg in 0.01 mol/L citric buffer and pH 4.5 and a comparison made with the control group. Retinal tissue was divided into two parts (both experimental and control groups respectively): a) right retina for immunohistochemistry (IHC; caspase-3 and TNF-α); b) left retina was divided into two parts for the purpose of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (RNA extraction for Brn3b gene expression analysis) and ELISA test (NO and NF-κB). RESULTS: The experimental group showed a decrease in Brn3b gene expression compared to the control group (1.3-fold lower in 2nd month; 1.1-fold lower in 4th month and 2.5-fold lower in 6th month). However, there was a decrease of NO, caspase-3, and an increase of NF-κB and TNF-α quantity. CONCLUSION: The expression of mRNA Brn3b gene is inversely proportional to apoptosis in RGCs. The quantity of NO, caspase-3, NF-κB and TNF-α is influential in expression of Brn3b in RGCs caused by hyperglycemia in diabetic rats.