International Journal of Ophthalmology-IJO (English edition) is a global ophthalmological scientific publication and a peer-reviewed open access periodical (ISSN 2222-3959 print, ISSN 2227-4898 online). This journal is sponsored by Chinese Medical Association Xi’an Branch and obtains guidance and support from WHO and ICO (International Council of Ophthalmology). It has been indexed in SCIE, PubMed, PMC, CA, IC, Scopus, EMBASE and DOAJ. IJO’s JCR IF in 2023 is 1.9, Five year Impact Factor is 1.8, CiteScore of IJO in 2023 is 2.5. IJO was established in 2008, with editorial office in Xi’an, China. It is a monthly publication.
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2024,17(7):1173-1183, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.01
Abstract:
In his beautiful book, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, the eminent biologist Edward O Wilson, advocates the need for integration and reconciliation across the sciences. He defines consilience as “literally a ‘jumping together’ of knowledge with a linking of facts … to create a common groundwork of explanation”. It is the premise of this paper that as much as basic biomedical research is in need of data generation using the latest available techniques– unifying available knowledge is just as critical. This involves the necessity to resolve contradictory findings, reduce silos, and acknowledge complexity. We take the cornea and the lens as case studies of our premise. Specifically, in this perspective, we discuss the conflicting and fragmented information on protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis. These are fields of study that are integrally tied to anterior segment research. Our goal is to highlight the vital need for Wilson’s consilience and unity of knowledge which in turn should lead to enhanced rigor and reproducibility, and most importantly, to greater understanding and not simply knowing.
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Mao-Nian Wu, Kai He, Yi-Bei Yu, Bo Zheng, Shao-Jun Zhu, Xiang-Qian Hong, Wen-Qun Xi, Zhe Zhang
2024,17(7):1184-1192, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.02
Abstract:
AIM: To evaluate the application of an intelligent diagnostic model for pterygium. METHODS: For intelligent diagnosis of pterygium, the attention mechanisms—SENet, ECANet, CBAM, and Self-Attention—were fused with the lightweight MobileNetV2 model structure to construct a tri-classification model. The study used 1220 images of three types of anterior ocular segments of the pterygium provided by the Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Conventional classification models—VGG16, ResNet50, MobileNetV2, and EfficientNetB7—were trained on the same dataset for comparison. To evaluate model performance in terms of accuracy, Kappa value, test time, sensitivity, specificity, the area under curve (AUC), and visual heat map, 470 test images of the anterior segment of the pterygium were used. RESULTS: The accuracy of the MobileNetV2+Self-Attention model with 281 MB in model size was 92.77%, and the Kappa value of the model was 88.92%. The testing time using the model was 9ms/image in the server and 138ms/image in the local computer. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for the diagnosis of pterygium using normal anterior segment images were 99.47%, 100%, and 100%, respectively; using anterior segment images in the observation period were 88.30%, 95.32%, and 96.70%, respectively; and using the anterior segment images in the surgery period were 88.18%, 94.44%, and 97.30%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The developed model is lightweight and can be used not only for detection but also for assessing the severity of pterygium.
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Guang-Hua Zhang, Guang-Ping Zhuo, Zhao-Xia Zhang, Bin Sun, Wei-Hua Yang, Shao-Chong Zhang
2024,17(7):1193-1204, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.03
Abstract:
AIM: To address the challenges of data labeling difficulties, data privacy, and necessary large amount of labeled data for deep learning methods in diabetic retinopathy (DR) identification, the aim of this study is to develop a source-free domain adaptation (SFDA) method for efficient and effective DR identification from unlabeled data. METHODS: A multi-SFDA method was proposed for DR identification. This method integrates multiple source models, which are trained from the same source domain, to generate synthetic pseudo labels for the unlabeled target domain. Besides, a softmax-consistence minimization term is utilized to minimize the intra-class distances between the source and target domains and maximize the inter-class distances. Validation is performed using three color fundus photograph datasets (APTOS2019, DDR, and EyePACS). RESULTS: The proposed model was evaluated and provided promising results with respectively 0.8917 and 0.9795 F1-scores on referable and normal/abnormal DR identification tasks. It demonstrated effective DR identification through minimizing intra-class distances and maximizing inter-class distances between source and target domains. CONCLUSION: The multi-SFDA method provides an effective approach to overcome the challenges in DR identification. The method not only addresses difficulties in data labeling and privacy issues, but also reduces the need for large amounts of labeled data required by deep learning methods, making it a practical tool for early detection and preservation of vision in diabetic patients.
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Hui Cui, Di Sun, Sheng Meng, Tian-Ju Ma, Zi Ye, Zhao-Hui Li
2024,17(7):1205-1216, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.04
Abstract:
AIM: To explore the effect of silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) on modulating apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) and alleviating lens opacification of rats through suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. METHODS: HLECs (SRA01/04) were treated with varying concentrations of tunicamycin (TM) for 24h, and the expression of SIRT1 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Cell morphology and proliferation was evaluated using an inverted microscope and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, respectively. In the SRA01/04 cell apoptosis model, which underwent siRNA transfection for SIRT1 knockdown and SRT1720 treatment for its activation, the expression levels of SIRT1, CHOP, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) were examined. The potential reversal of SIRT1 knockdown effects by 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA; an ER stress inhibitor) was investigated. In vivo, age-related cataract (ARC) rat models were induced by sodium selenite injection, and the protective role of SIRT1, activated by SRT1720 intraperitoneal injections, was evaluated through morphology observation, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Western blotting, and RT-PCR. RESULTS: SIRT1 expression was downregulated in TM-induced SRA01/04 cells. Besides, in SRA01/04 cells, both cell apoptosis and CHOP expression increased with the rising doses of TM. ER stress was stimulated by TM, as evidenced by the increased GRP78 and ATF4 in the SRA01/04 cell apoptosis model. Inhibition of SIRT1 by siRNA knockdown increased ER stress activation, whereas SRT1720 treatment had opposite results. 4-PBA partly reverse the adverse effect of SIRT1 knockdown on apoptosis. In vivo, SRT1720 attenuated the lens opacification and weakened the ER stress activation in ARC rat models. CONCLUSION: SIRT1 plays a protective role against TM-induced apoptosis in HLECs and slows the progression of cataract in rats by inhibiting ER stress. These findings suggest a novel strategy for cataract treatment focused on targeting ER stress, highlighting the therapeutic potential of SIRT1 modulation in ARC development.
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Xiao-Li Wang, Yun-Xia Gao, Qiong-Zhen Yuan, Ming Zhang
2024,17(7):1217-1231, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.05
Abstract:
AIM: To study the effect of the NLRP3/autophagy pathway on the photoreceptor inflammatory response and the protective mechanism of CY-09 and astaxanthin (AST). METHODS: ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected NaIO3, CY-09, AST successively and divided into 5 groups, including the control, NaIO3, NaIO3+CY-09, NaIO3+AST, and NaIO3+CY-09+AST groups. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and flash electroretinogram were examined and the retina tissues were harvested for immunohistochemistry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting. Retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19 cells) and mouse photoreceptor cells line (661W cells) were also treated with NaIO3, CY-09, and AST successively. Cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Changes in autophagosome morphology were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect NLRP3 and caspase-1. NLRP3, caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, p62, Beclin-1, and LC3 protein levels were measured by Western blotting. IL-1β and IL-18 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the activity of NaIO3-treated 661W cells decreased within 24 and 48h, apoptosis increased, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 levels increased, and autophagy-related protein levels increased (P<0.05). Compared with NaIO3 group, CY-09 and AST inhibited apoptosis (P<0.05), reduced NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 expression (P<0.05), and inhibited autophagy. Compared with the other groups, CY-09 combined with AST significantly decreased NLRP3 expression and inhibited the expression of the autophagy-related proteins p62, Beclin-1, and LC3 in vitro and in vivo (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CY-09 and AST inhibit NaIO3-induced inflammatory damage through the NLRP3/autophagy pathway in vitro and in vivo. CY-09 and AST may protect retina from inflammatory injury.
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Qiao-Ling Lai, Ting Xie, Wei-Dong Zheng, Yan Huang
2024,17(7):1232-1237, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.06
Abstract:
AIM: To examine the regulatory role of microRNA-204 (miR-204) on silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) under high-glucose-induced metabolic memory in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells. METHODS: Cells were cultured with either normal (5 mmol/L) or high D-glucose (25 mmol/L) concentrations for 8d to establish control and high-glucose groups, respectively. To induce metabolic memory, cells were cultured with 25 mmol/L D-glucose for 4d followed by culture with 5 mmol/L D-glucose for 4d. In addition, exposed in 25 mmol/L D-glucose for 4d and then transfected with 100 nmol/L miR-204 control, miR-204 inhibitor or miR-204 mimic in 5 mmol/L D-glucose for 4d. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect miR-204 mRNA levels. SIRT1 and VEGF protein levels were assessed by immunohistochemical and Western blot. Flow cytometry was used to investigate apoptosis rate. RESULTS: It was found that high glucose promoted miR-204 and VEGF expression, and inhibited SIRT1 activity, even after the return to normal glucose culture conditions. Upregulation of miR-204 promoted apoptosis inhibiting SIRT1 and increasing VEGF expression. However, downregulation of miR-204 produced the opposite effects. CONCLUSION: The study identifies that miR-204 is the upstream target of SIRT1and VEGF, and that miR-204 can protect hRPE cells from the damage caused by metabolic memory through increasing SIRT1 and inhibiting VEGF expression.
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Xiao-Tian Zhang, Bo-Wen Zhao, Yuan-Long Zhang, Song Chen
2024,17(7):1238-1247, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.07
Abstract:
AIM: To observe the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) secretions on the relevant factors in mouse retinal astrocytes, and to investigate the effect of hUCMSCs on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and to observe the therapeutic effect on the mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Cultured hUCMSCs and extracted exosomes from them and then retinal astrocytes were divided into control group and hypoxia group. MTT assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect related indicators. Possible mechanisms by which hUCMSCs exosomes affect VEGF-A expression in hypoxia-induced mouse retinal astrocytes were explored. At last, the efficacy of exosomes of UCMSCs in a mouse ROP model was explored. Graphpad6 was used to comprehensively process data information. RESULTS: The secretion was successfully extracted from the culture supernatant of hUCMSCs by gradient ultracentrifugation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) of mice retinal astrocytes under different hypoxia time and the expression level of VEGF-A protein and VEGF-A mRNA increased, and the ROP cell model was established after 6h of hypoxia. The secretions of medium and high concentrations of hUCMSCs can reduce ROS and HIF-1α, the expression levels of VEGF-A protein and VEGF-A mRNA are statistically significant and concentration dependent. Compared with the ROP cell model group, the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway related factors in the hUCMSCs exocrine group is significantly decreased. The intravitreal injection of the secretions of medium and high concentrations of hUCMSCs can reduce VEGF-A and HIF-1α in ROP model tissues. HE staining shows that the number of retinal neovascularization in ROP mice decreases with the increase of the dose of hUCMSCs secretion. CONCLUSION: In a hypoxia induced mouse retinal astrocyte model, hUCMSCs exosomes are found to effectively reduce the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A, which are positively correlated with the concentration of hUCMSCs exosomes. HUCMSCs exosomes can effectively reduce the number of retinal neovascularization and the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A proteins in ROP mice, and are positively correlated with drug dosage. Besides, they can reduce the related factors on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Hai-Shuang Lin, Xiao-Ping Xu, Xuan-Li Zheng, Ji-Bing Wang, Su-Jie Fan, Zuo-Hong Wu, Su-Mian Cheng, Li-Jun Zhao, Qin-Hua Cai, Shao-Dan Zhang, Shan-Shan Liu, Ai-Guo Lyu, Ying Zhang, Hong Chen, Dan-Ni Jiang, Wu-Liang Li, Nathan Congdon, Clement C Tham, Ming-Guang He, Yuan-Bo Liang, the Malignant Glaucoma Treatment Trial Study (MGTT) Group
2024,17(7):1248-1254, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.08
Abstract:
AIM: To report a one-year clinical outcomes of low-dose laser cycloplasty (LCP) among malignant glaucoma patients. METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter, non-comparative clinical study, participants with malignant glaucoma were recruited and underwent LCP at eight ophthalmic centers in China. Patients were followed up at 1wk, 1, 3, 6, and 12mo. Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and complications were recorded. Anatomical success was defined as the reformation of the anterior chamber based on slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Recurrence was defined by the presence of a shallow or flat anterior chamber after initial recovery from treatment. RESULTS: A total of 34 eyes received LCP. Mean IOP and medications decreased from 36.1±11.5 mm Hg with 3.3±1.5 glaucoma medications pre-treatment to 20.9±9.8 mm Hg (P<0.001) with 2.9±1.6 medications (P=0.046) at 1d, and 17.4±6.7 mm Hg (P<0.001) with 1.3±1.7 medications (P<0.001) at 12mo. The ACD increased from 1.1±0.8 mm at baseline to 1.7±1.0 mm and to 2.0±0.5 mm at 1d and 12mo, respectively. A total of 32 (94.1%) eyes achieved initial anatomical success. During follow-up, 2 (5.9%) eyes failed and 8 (23.5%) eyes relapsed, yielding a 12-month anatomical success rate of 64.3%. Complications including anterior synechia (8.82%), choroidal/ciliary detachment (5.88%) and hypopyon (2.94%) were observed within 1wk. CONCLUSION: LCP is simple, safe, and effective in reforming the anterior chamber in malignant glaucoma.
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Sui-Fang Kang, Ying-Xue Wang, Qi-Chen Zhang, Zhi-Lun Wang, Guo-Ling Chen
2024,17(7):1255-1261, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.09
Abstract:
AIM: To explore ocular surface manifestations of dry eye disease (DED) and its influencing factors in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS: Ophthalmological examinations were conducted in SLE patients (n=43) and controls (n=41), including Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), objective scatter index (OSI), tear meniscus height (TMH), lipid layer thickness (LLT), non-invasive Keratograph tear breakup time (NIKBUT), corneal fluorescein score (CFS), Schirmer I test. DED was diagnosed according to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II Criteria. SLE patients were further divided into DED group and non-DED group, the disease activity, clinical manifestations and laboratory investigations were compared between the two groups. The disease activity was evaluated by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K). Receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve and multiple-factor binary logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: SLE patients showed higher OSDI [9.1 (2.8-15.9) vs 6.3 (2.2-7.5), P=0.035], higher OSI [1.67 (1.09-2.60) vs 0.96 (0.87-1.60), P=0.001], higher CFS [1 (0-2) vs 0 (0-1), P=0.001], lower LLT [65 (42-100) vs 100 (79.5-100), P=0.010], and lower NIKBUT [8.03 (4.02-9.73) vs 9.67 (5.26-12.71), P=0.030] than controls. The 32.6% of SLE patients had DED, which was higher than 12.2% of healthy controls. DED group showed higher SLEDAI-2K score [9.7±6.1 vs 5.4±3.4, P=0.025], higher anti-cardiolipin antibody (ACL) [8.7 (3.5-13.2) vs 3.6 (2.0-6.9), P=0.035], and higher proportion of patients with cutaneous eruption [42.9% vs 6.9%, P=0.015] than non-DED group. According to multiple-factor binary logistic regression analysis, the SLEDAI-2K score (OR=1.194, P=0.041) and cutaneous eruption (OR=7.094, P=0.045) could be consider as risk factors for DED in SLE patients. The ROC curve of the combined factors including age, disease duration, SLEDAI-2K score, ACL, and cutaneous eruption was analyzed, with a sensitivity of 0.786, a specificity of 0.793, and an area under curve of 0.820. CONCLUSION: Ocular surface affection is frequent in SLE patients, and patients with high disease activity and cutaneous eruption show increased risk of DED.
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Satoru Kase, Shinki Chin, Susumu Ishida
2024,17(7):1262-1266, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.10
Abstract:
AIM: To introduce a novel surgical technique using a Z-shaped incision without epithelial resection in ophthalmic pterygia. METHODS: This was a prospective study. During pterygium surgery, all proliferative tissues were separated from the cornea and conjunctiva without resection of the tissues. The unaffected conjunctiva was incised in a Z-shape. The upper (or lower) conjunctival flap was sutured to the lower (or upper) normal conjunctiva on the limbal sclera, while the proliferative tissue was sutured to the upper conjunctiva (or lower) near the fornix. RESULTS: Ten patients with pterygia were eligible for this study. Eight patients with primary pterygia and 2 with recurrent pterygia were included. The age of patients at surgery ranged from 47 to 90y (average: 71.9y). Five patients each showed right and left-sided pterygia. The postoperative follow-up periods were from 8 to 78mo (average: 25.0mo). The surgery was successfully conducted and wounds were favorably reconstructed in all patients. The proliferative tissues sutured to the normal conjunctiva showed palor and attenuated neovessles, and never showed re-growth after surgery. Nine patients did not show recerrence. Recerrent pterygium was noted in 1 patient, but additional treatments were not required. CONCLUSION: The procedure involves the reconstruction of pterygial tissue and normal conjunctiva using a Z-shaped incision. The scleral limbal wound can be covered with non-affected conjunctiva without any excision of conjunctival epithelia in patients with primary or recurrent pterygia.
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Selim Doganay, Mehmet Omer Kiristioglu, Derya Doganay, Elif Kacmaz
2024,17(7):1267-1272, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.11
Abstract:
AIM: To investigate changes in choroidal thickness and vascularity in keratoconus patients treated with corneal crosslinking. METHODS: This study evaluated 28 eyes of 22 patients with keratoconus who underwent corneal crosslinking. The choroidal thicknesses were evaluated on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography at the preoperative and postoperative 3d, 1, and 3mo. Choroidal thickness in the four cardinal quadrants and the fovea were evaluated. The choroidal vascularity index was also calculated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in central choroidal thickness between the preoperative and postoperative 3d, 1mo (P>0.05). There was a significant increase in the 3mo (P=0.034) and a significant decrease in the horizontal choroidal vascularity index on the postoperative 3d (P=0.014), there was no statistically significant change in vertical axes and other visits in horizontal sections (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on choroidal changes in postoperative corneal crosslinking for keratoconus. While it suggests the procedure’s relative safety for submacular choroid, more extensive research is necessary to confirm these findings and their clinical significance.
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Bo-Wen Li, Hao Huang, Man-Sha Huang, Shuang-Lin Guo, Lu Gao, Yu-Ying Zeng, Lu Cheng, Si-Yang Yao, Jian-Qiang Lin, Lin Liu, Ye Yang, Xiao-Ming Lu, Hao Cheng
2024,17(7):1273-1282, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.12
Abstract:
AIM: To evaluate the trending visual performance of different intraocular lenses (IOLs) over time after implantation. METHODS: Ninety-one patients received cataract surgery with implantations of monofocal (Mon) IOLs, segmental refractive (SegRef) IOLs, diffractive (Dif) IOLs, and extended-depth-of-focus (EDoF) IOLs were included. The aberrations and optical quality collected with iTrace and OQAS within postoperative 6mo were followed and compared. RESULTS: Most of the visual parameters improved over the postoperative 6mo. The postoperative visual acuity (POVA) of the Mon IOL, SegRef IOL, and EDoF IOL groups achieved relative stability in earlier states compared with the Dif IOL group. Nevertheless, the overall visual performance of the 3 IOLs continued to upturn in small extents within the postoperative 6mo. The optical quality initially improved in the EDoF IOL group, then in the Mon IOL, SegRef IOL, and Dif IOL groups. POVA and objective visual performance of the Mon IOL and EDoF IOL groups, as well as POVA and visual quality of the Dif IOL group, improved in the postoperative 1mo and stabilized. Within the postoperative 6mo, gradual improvements were observed in the visual acuity and objective visual performance of the SegRef IOL group, as well as in the postoperative optical quality of the Dif IOL group. CONCLUSION: The visual performance is different among eyes implanted with different IOLs. The findings of the current study provide a potential reference for ophthalmologists to choose suitable IOLs for cataract patients in a personalized solution.
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Risk evaluation for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Shou-Yue Huang, Qi-Wei Hu, Ze-Wei Zhang, Ping-Yan Shen, Qiong Zhang
2024,17(7):1283-1291, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.13
Abstract:
AIM: To investigate diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with kidney dysfunction, and to further evaluate its relationship with diabetic nephropathy (DN) incidence and the risk factors for DR development in this population. METHODS: A total of 84 renal-biopsied T2DM patients were included. Fundus and imaging examinations were employed for DR diagnosis. Demographic information and clinical measures along with renal histopathology were analyzed for comparisons between the DR and non-DR groups. Risk factors on DR development were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: DR prevalence was 50% in total. The incidences of DN, non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) and mixed-type pathology were 47.6%, 19.0% and 33.3% in the DR group respectively, while 11.9%, 83.3% and 4.8% in the non-DR group. Systolic blood pressure, ratio of urinary albumin to creatine ratio, urinary albumin, 24-hours urinary protein, the incidence and severity of DN histopathology were found statistically increased in the DR group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed histopathological DN incidence significantly increased the risk of DR development [odds ratio (OR)=21.664, 95% confidential interval (CI) 5.588 to 83.991, P<0.001 for DN, and OR=45.475, 95%CI 6.949 to 297.611, P<0.001 for mixed-type, respectively, in reference to NDRD)], wherein DN severity positively correlated. CONCLUSION: Renal histopathological evidence indicates DN incidence and severity increases the risk of DR development in Chinese T2DM patients inexperienced of regular fundus examinations.
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Lu Zhang, Zuo-Hui-Zi Yi, Xuan Jiang, Gong-Peng Sun, Fang Zhao, Li Zhang, Yi Xiang, Chang-Zheng Chen
2024,17(7):1292-1299, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.14
Abstract:
AIM: To describe the characteristics of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structure (PHOMS) in myopic children and to investigate factors associated with PHOMS. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 101 eyes of 101 children (age ≤17y) with myopia. All included patients underwent comprehensive clinical examination. Optic nerve canal parameters, including disc diameter, optic nerve head (ONH) tilt angle, and border tissue angle were measured using serial enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Based on the optic disc drusen consortium’s definition of PHOMS, eyes were classified as PHOMS group and non-PHOMS group. PHOMS was categorized according to height. RESULTS: Sixty-seven (66.3%) eyes were found with PHOMS. Small PHOMS could only be detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Medium PHOMS could be seen with blurred optic disc borders corresponding to OCT. The most frequent location of PHOMS was at the nasosuperior (91%, 61 of 67 eyes) to ONH disc. The axial length and spherical equivalent were more myopic in the PHOMS group than in the non-PHOMS group (both P<0.001). ONH tilt angle was also significantly greater in PHOMS group than in non-PHOMS group [8.90 (7.16-10.54) vs 3.93 (3.09-5.25), P<0.001]. Border tissue angle was significantly smaller in PHOMS group than in non-PHOMS group [29.70 (20.90-43.81) vs 45.62 (35.18-60.45), P<0.001]. In the multivariable analysis, spherical equivalent (OR=3.246, 95%CI=1.209-8.718, P=0.019) and ONH tilt angle (OR=3.275, 95%CI=1.422-7.542, P=0.005) were significantly correlated with PHOMS. There was no disc diameter associated with PHOMS. In the linear regression analysis, border tissue angle was negatively associated with PHOMS height (β=-2.227, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: PHOMS is associated with optic disc tilt and optic disc nasal shift in myopia. Disc diameter is not a risk factor for PHOMS. The changes in ONH caused by axial elongation facilitated an understanding of the mechanism of PHOMS.
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Jun Zhu, Dan Cheng, Xue-Ying Zhu, Fen-Fen Li, Ye Yang, Yu-Feng Ye
2024,17(7):1300-1306, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.15
Abstract:
AIM: To determine the factors related to preoperative ocular characters that are predictive of insufficient vault (<250 μm) after implantable collamer lens (ICL V4c; STAAR Surgical) implantation. METHODS: The participants underwent ICL surgery and were divided into the low (<250 μm) and normal (250-1000 μm) vault groups based on the postoperative vault at 3mo. The preoperative biometric parameters and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. The relationship between the 3-month vault values and preoperative ocular parameters were evaluated by Generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Sixteen (23 eyes) and 36 patients (63 eyes) were in the low and normal vault groups, respectively. All implantation procedures were uneventful with no cataract formation in the early postoperative period. The sulcus-to-sulcus lens rise (STSL) and iris ciliary angle (ICA) were correlated with vault at 3mo after surgery. Every 0.1 mm increase in STSL was associated with 38.9 μm decrease in the postoperative 3-month vault. A rise of 1 degree in ICA is associated with a reduction of 4 μm in vault. CONCLUSION: Eyes with a narrow ciliary sulcus are associated with a higher rate of low vault after ICL implantation, suggesting a need for adjustments to the ICL size in these patients. Evaluating the characteristics of the ciliary sulcus contributes valuable information to predict low vault after surgery.
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Qing-Bao Wang, Hong-Sheng Bi, Xiao-Fan Wang, Hua Fan, Li Li, Peng Ji
2024,17(7):1307-1312, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.16
Abstract:
AIM: To observe the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted excimer laser in situ keratomileusis combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking (FS-LASIK Xtra) on corneal densitometry after correcting for high myopia. METHODS: In this prospectively study, 130 patients underwent FS-LASIK or FS-LASIK Xtra for high myopia. Their right eyes were selected for inclusion in the study, of which 65 cases of 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK group, 65 patients with 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK Xtra group. Patients were evaluated for corneal densitometry at 1, 3, and 6mo postoperatively using Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging. RESULTS: Preoperative differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups in different ranges were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Layer-by-layer analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the anterior (120 μm), central, and total layer corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups at 1 and 3mo postoperatively (all P<0.05), the FS-LASIK Xtra group is higher than that of the FS-LASIK group. Analysis of different diameter ranges showed statistically significant differences between the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group at 1mo postoperatively in the ranges of 0–2, 2–6, and 6–10 mm (both P<0.05); At 3mo postoperatively, the FS-LASIK Xtra group is higher than that of the FS-LASIK group in the ranges of 0–2 and 2–6 mm (P<0.05). At 6mo postoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group in different diameter ranges (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION: There is an increase in internal corneal densitometry during the early postoperative period after FS-LASIK Xtra for correction of high myopia. However, the densitometry values decreased to the level of conventional FS-LASIK at 6mo after surgery, with the most significant changes observed in the superficial central zone.
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Yan-Yun Lyu, Shuang Wang, Xiao-Niao Chen, Zhen-Yu Wang, Shan-Shan Huang, Yan Yuan, Hong-Shuang Lu, Wen-Li Yang, Li-Ya Qiao, Lei Tian, Ying Jie
2024,17(7):1313-1321, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.17
Abstract:
AIM: To investigate the clinical features of the ocular surface in patients with different degrees of myopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 122 participants with myopia in Beijing Tongren Hospital from February to June, 2023. After completing the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score scale, measurements were taken for refraction, biometric parameters and ocular surface parameters. The prevalence, severity and related parameters of the dry eye among different groups based on axial length (AL) were compared. Correlation analysis was performed between ocular surface parameters and refraction/biometric measurement parameters. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed in refractive error, corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, and subfoveal choroidal thickness among the groups (all P<0.05). With the increase in AL, the incidence and severity of dry eye increased significantly (P<0.05). Moreover, the tear film break-up time (BUT) shortened (P<0.05), and the corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) points increased significantly (P<0.05). OSDI scores were positively correlated with AL and spherical equivalent (SE; both P<0.05); BUT was negatively correlated with AL, SE, and corneal astigmatism (AST; all P<0.05); Schirmer I test (SIT) results were negatively correlated with AL and SE (both P<0.05). CONCLUSION: AL elongation is a risk factor for dry eye onset in myopic participants. The longer the AL, the more severe the dry eye is, with the increased CFS spots and tear film instability. Additionally, SE and AST exhibit negative correlations with dry eye symptom scores and ocular surface parameters.
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Humberto Carreras-Díaz, Josefina Reñones de Abajo, María del Rosario Carreras-Díaz, Amalia Lorente-Velázquez
2024,17(7):1322-1330, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.18
Abstract:
AIM: To evaluate refractive outcomes and corneal astigmatism changes after Toric implantable collamer lens with a central port (V4c T-ICL) implantation over 1y of follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed including 50 eyes of 50 patients that underwent V4c T-ICL implantation. Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, refraction, refractive and corneal astigmatism changes and corneal coupling correction were evaluated preoperatively, 1 and 12mo postoperatively. Vector analysis was used for astigmatism changes. Coefficient of adjustment (CAdj) was calculated for corneal coupling analysis. RESULTS: The mean UDVA achieved was 0.03 logMAR at 1mo and remained unchanged throughout the whole follow-up (P=0.193). At the last visit, 84% of the eyes achieved a CDVA of 0.00 logMAR or better. Regarding spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ), 96% of eyes were ranges of ±1.00 D and 84% of them within ±0.50 D. Also, 94% of eyes had a remaining refractive cylinder within ±1.00 D and 78% of them within ±0.50 D. Both, SEQ and refractive cylinder, remain stable over the postoperative follow-up (P=1.000 and P=0.660, respectively). In terms of surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), no statistically significant differences were found over the follow-up (P=0.102) and under correction was found with a correction index lower than the unit at each visit. A keratometric astigmatism induced of 0.59±0.53 (vector mean: 0.26×73º) D was reached at the last visit. No significant changes in terms of corneal astigmatism orientation were reported over post-surgery visits (P=0.129 and P=0.097 at 1 and 12mo respectively). No clinical significance was found for CAdj on with-the-rule astigmatism. No postoperative complications resulting from the surgery were found. CONCLUSION: Refractive outcomes suggest that the V4c T-ICL implantation for correction of myopic astigmatism was satisfactory in terms of effectiveness, safety, and stability during 1y of follow-up. Corneal astigmatism induced by the incision around 0.5 D is achieved according to the remaining refractive cylinder found at one-year post-surgery. Corneal coupling analysis results in no unexpected spherical change.
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Biomechanical analysis of an absorbable material for treating fractures of the inferior orbital wall
Jin-Hai Yu, Ze-Xi Sang, Huang Zhang, Qi-Hua Xu, Qin Huang, Hong-Fei Liao, Yao-Hua Wang
2024,17(7):1331-1336, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.19
Abstract:
AIM: To investigate the biomechanical properties and practical application of absorbable materials in orbital fracture repair. METHODS: The three-dimensional (3D) model of orbital blowout fractures was reconstructed using Mimics21.0 software. The repair guide plate model for inferior orbital wall fracture was designed using 3-matic13.0 and Geomagic wrap 21.0 software. The finite element model of orbital blowout fracture and absorbable repair plate was established using 3-matic13.0 and ANSYS Workbench 21.0 software. The mechanical response of absorbable plates, with thicknesses of 0.6 and 1.2 mm, was modeled after their placement in the orbit. Two patients with inferior orbital wall fractures volunteered to receive single-layer and double-layer absorbable plates combined with 3D printing technology to facilitate surgical treatment of orbital wall fractures. RESULTS: The finite element models of orbital blowout fracture and absorbable plate were successfully established. Finite element analysis (FEA) showed that when the Young’s modulus of the absorbable plate decreases to 3.15 MPa, the repair material with a thickness of 0.6 mm was influenced by the gravitational forces of the orbital contents, resulting in a maximum total deformation of approximately 3.3 mm. Conversely, when the absorbable plate was 1.2 mm thick, the overall maximum total deformation was around 0.4 mm. The half-year follow-up results of the clinical cases confirmed that the absorbable plate with a thickness of 1.2 mm had smaller maximum total deformation and better clinical efficacy. CONCLUSION: The biomechanical analysis observations in this study are largely consistent with the clinical situation. The use of double-layer absorbable plates in conjunction with 3D printing technology is recommended to support surgical treatment of infraorbital wall blowout fractures.
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Dong Fang, Wang-Ting Li, Jia Liang, Lu Chen, Ning-Xin Dou, Hui-Yan Zheng, Can-Feng Huang, Ting Xie, Yi-Jing Zhuang, Peng-Feng Li, Xing-Xing Mao, Shao-Chong Zhang
2024,17(7):1337-1343, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.20
Abstract:
AIM: To investigate Omicron’s impact on clinical presentation of acute primary angle closure (APAC) in China. METHODS: A consecutive case series with historical controls was conducted at Shenzhen Eye Hospital, the largest specialized hospital in Shenzhen, China. Medical records from a two-month period during the Omicron pandemic (December 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023) were compared with records from two control groups (12/2018–1/2019 and 12/2021–1/2022) before pandemic. Patients with APAC were included, and the prevalence of APAC and demographic characteristics in Omicron-infected and non-infected patients were compared. RESULTS: Seventy-one (23.43%) out of 303 patients were diagnosed with APAC in the pandemic cohort, which was 2.98 and 2.61 times higher than that in control cohorts (7.87% in 2019, 8.96% in 2022, P<0.001). The pandemic cohort has significantly higher Omicron-infected rate (78.87% vs 0 vs 0; P<0.001), lower proportion of glaucoma history (16.90% vs 42.86% vs 41.67%, P=0.005), higher surgical rate (95.77% vs 83.33% vs 78.57%, P=0.024), higher total medical costs and larger pupil diameter (5.63±0.15 vs 4.68±0.15 vs 4.69±0.22 mm, P<0.01). In 83% Omicron-infected patients, ocular symptoms appeared within 3d after systemic symptoms onset. In multivariate analysis, Omicron infection (P<0.001) was the only independent predictor of pupil diameter. CONCLUSION: In the Omicron epidemic in China, there is an increase of prevalence and severity of APAC, particularly focusing on the first 3d following infection.
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Zi-Ling Hu, Yu-Xuan Wang, Zi-Yue Lin, Wen-Shuo Ren, Bo Liu, Hui Zhao, Qiong Qin
2024,17(7):1344-1362, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.21
Abstract:
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complicated disease that causes irreversible visual impairment. Increasing evidences pointed retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) cells as the decisive cell involved in the progress of AMD, and the function of anti-oxidant capacity of PRE plays a fundamental physiological role. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a significant transcription factor in the cellular anti-oxidant system as it regulates the expression of multiple anti-oxidative genes. Its functions of protecting RPE cells against oxidative stress (OS) and ensuing physiological changes, including inflammation, mitochondrial damage and autophagy dysregulation, have already been elucidated. Understanding the roles of upstream regulators of Nrf2 could provide further insight to the OS-mediated AMD pathogenesis. For the first time, this review summarized the reported upstream regulators of Nrf2 in AMD pathogenesis, including proteins and miRNAs, and their underlying molecular mechanisms, which may help to find potential targets via regulating the Nrf2 pathway in the future research and further discuss the existing Nrf2 regulators proved to be beneficial in preventing AMD.
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Xin-Ya Qi, Chen-Hui Mi, De-Rui Cao, Xie-Qun Chen, Peng Zhang
2024,17(7):1363-1369, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.22
Abstract:
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Its main clinical manifestations include night blindness and progressive loss of peripheral vision, making it a prevalent debilitating eye disease that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. RP exhibits significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. For instance, numerous abnormal genes are implicated in RP, resulting in varying clinical presentations, disease progression rates, and pathological characteristics among different patients. Consequently, gene therapy for RP poses challenges due to these complexities. However, stem cells have garnered considerable attention in the field of RPE therapy since both RPE cells and photoreceptors can be derived from stem cells. In recent years, a large number of animal experiments and clinical trials based on stem cell transplantation attempts, especially cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation and bone marrow-derived MSC transplantation, have confirmed that stem cell therapy can effectively and safely improve the outer retinal function of the RP-affected eye. However, stem cell therapy also has certain limitations, such as the fact that RP patients may involve multiple types of retinal cytopathia, which brings great challenges to stem cell transplantation therapy, and further research is needed to solve various problems faced by this approach in the clinic. Through comprehensive analysis of the etiology and histopathological changes associated with RP, this study substantiates the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy based on rigorous animal experimentation and clinical trials, while also highlighting the existing limitations that warrant further investigation.
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Xiao-Lei Yin, Zhi-Yang Ji, Xiu-Xin Li, Xue-Mei Liang, Shu-Xing Ji
2024,17(7):1370-1374, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.23
Abstract:
Among refractive errors, astigmatism is the most common optical aberration, where refraction changes in different meridians of the eye. It causes blurred vision at any distance and includes corneal, lenticular, and retinal astigmatism. Cataract surgery used to cause a progressive increase in the pre-exisiting corneal astigmatism because of creating a surgically induced astigmatism, for example, a large size surgery incision. The development of surgical techniques during last decades has made cataract surgery interchange to treat preoperative corneal astigmatism at time of surgery. Nowadays, three surgical approaches can be used. By placing a sutureless clear corneal incision on the steep meridian of the cornea, a preoperative corneal astigmatism less than 1.0 D can be corrected. Single or paired peripheral corneal relaxing incisions (PCRIs) provide 1.0-3.0 D corneal astigmatism correction. PCRIs are typically used for treating 1.0-1.5 D of regular corneal astigmatism, if more than 2.0 D, the risk of overcorrection and irregular astigmatism is increased. When toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are unavailable in markets, PCRIs are still a reasonable option for patients with up to 3.0 D of pre-existing corneal astigmatism. Toric IOLs implantation can correct 1.0-4.5 D of corneal astigmatism. Several IOLs are approved to correct a high degree of corneal astigmatism with cylinder power up to 12.0 D. These approaches can be used alone or in combination.
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Yan-Xia Chen, Han Deng, Xiao-Yun Ke, Min Fu
2024,17(7):1375-1378, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.24
Abstract:
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2024,17(7):1379-1380, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.25
Abstract:
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Ping Yu, Bai-Yu Hu, Yu He, Lin Jing, Han-Ying Fan, Jing Shu, Liu-Zhi Zeng
2024,17(7):1381-1384, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.26
Abstract:
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Suraj Kumar Chaurasiya, Mahendra Singh, Pradeep Agarwal
2024,17(7):1385-1386, DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.27
Abstract:
Volume 17,2024 Issue 7
Commentary
Intelligent Ophthalmology
Basic Research
Clinical Research
Investigation
Review Article
Letter to the Editor
Comment and Response
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Jie Wang, Su-Zhen Wang, Xiao-Lin Qin, Meng Chen, Heng-Ming Zhang, Xin Liu, Meng-Jun Xiang, Jian-Bin Hu, Hai-Yu Huang, Chang-Jun Lan
Abstract:
● AIM: To propose an algorithm for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions based on ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). ● METHODS: The algorithm utilized the FasterRCNN (Faster Regions with CNN features)+ResNet50 (Residua Network 50)+FPN (Feature Pyramid Networks) method for detecting hemorrhagic spots, cotton wool spots, exudates, and microaneurysms in DR ultra-widefield SLO. Subimage segmentation combined with a deeper residual network FasterRCNN+ResNet50 was employed for feature extraction to enhance intelligent learning rate. Feature fusion was carried out by the feature pyramid network FPN, which significantly improved lesion detection rates in SLO fundus images. ● RESULTS: By analyzing 1076 ultra-widefield SLO images provided by our hospital, with a resolution of 2600×2048 dpi, the accuracy rates for hemorrhagic spots, cotton wool spots, exudates, and microaneurysms were found to be 87.23%, 83.57%, 86.75%, and 54.94%, respectively. ● CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm demonstrates intelligent detection of DR lesions in ultra-widefield SLO, providing significant advantages over traditional fundus color imaging intelligent diagnosis algorithms.
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Algorithm of automatic identification of diabetic retinopathy foci based on ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Jie Wang, Su-Zhen Wang, Xiao-Lin Qin, Meng Chen, Heng-Ming Zhang, Xin Liu, Meng-Jun Xiang, Jian-Bin Hu, Hai-Yu Huang, Chang-Jun Lan
Abstract:
● AIM: To propose an algorithm for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions based on ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). ● METHODS: The algorithm utilized the FasterRCNN (Faster Regions with CNN features)+ResNet50 (Residua Network 50)+FPN (Feature Pyramid Networks) method for detecting hemorrhagic spots, cotton wool spots, exudates, and microaneurysms in DR ultra-widefield SLO. Subimage segmentation combined with a deeper residual network FasterRCNN+ResNet50 was employed for feature extraction to enhance intelligent learning rate. Feature fusion was carried out by the feature pyramid network FPN, which significantly improved lesion detection rates in SLO fundus images. ● RESULTS: By analyzing 1076 ultra-widefield SLO images provided by our hospital, with a resolution of 2600×2048 dpi, the accuracy rates for hemorrhagic spots, cotton wool spots, exudates, and microaneurysms were found to be 87.23%, 83.57%, 86.75%, and 54.94%, respectively. ● CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm demonstrates intelligent detection of DR lesions in ultra-widefield SLO, providing significant advantages over traditional fundus color imaging intelligent diagnosis algorithms.
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Abstract:
AIM: To explore the correlation between several blood cell-associated inflammatory indices including mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We searched for eligible studies from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CNKI up to December 13, 2017. Standardized mean difference (SMD) calculated with confidence interval (CI) of 95% was used to estimate the values of those indices. RESULTS: A total of 31 studies were included in the present Meta-analysis. As compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without DR, the values of MPV, PDW, NLR, and PLR were higher in patients with DR (SMD=0.67; 95%CI: 0.36 to 0.98; SMD=0.51; 95%CI: 0.27 to 0.75; SMD=0.77; 95%CI: 0.49 to 1.05 and SMD=1.18; 95%CI: 0.07 to 2.28). Additionally, it was also observed that MPV was closely correlated with the severity of DR. CONCLUSION: MPV, PDW, NLR, and PLR could be recommended as diagnostic biomarkers for DR, and MPV could be applied to assess the severity of DR.
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Arshad Ali Lodhi, Sameen Afzal Junejo, Mahtab Alam Khanzada, Imran Akram Sahaf, Zahid Kamal Siddique
Abstract:
AIM: To evaluate the surgical outcome of congenital upper eyelid coloboma repair. · METHODS: All patients underwent complete ophthalmic and general examination before going to surgery, and then examination under anesthesia was performed to assess the site and size of eyelid defect, conjunctival involvement. The status of cornea and ocular motility with forced duction test was also being noted. The surgical procedure was performed according to the size of defect. · RESULTS: Out of 21 cases of congenital upper eyelid coloboma, 18 occurred in isolation with upper eyelid medial defect, 13 were bilateral and 5 were unilateral. Others were associated with Goldenhar syndrome and CHARGE syndrome with bilateral upper lid medial defects. All patients were presented for surgical corrections during age of 2.5-4.0 years except one that presented at 25 years of age. Cosmetically surgical results were acceptable, except one that was already presented with opaque corneal. · CONCLUSION: In this study, overall surgical results were satisfactory except one that was presented late with compromised cornea.
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Veronica E. Giordano, Sergio E. Hernandez-Da Mota, Tania N. Adabache-Guel, Armando Castillejos-Chevez, Sonia Corredor-Casas, Samantha M. Salinas-Longoria, Rafael Romero-Vera, Juan M. Jimenez-Sierra, Jose L. Guerrero-Naranjo, Virgilio Morales-Canton
Abstract:
AIM: To determine whether different intravitreal doses of quinupristin/dalfopristin lead to electroretinographic or histological changes in the rabbit retina over one month period after injection. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three treatment groups (groups 1 to 3) and different intravitreal doses of quinupristin/dalfopristin were tested in each group. The right eye was injected with the drug and the left eye received intravitreal injection of 5% dextrose water and served as control eye. The doses delivered to each group were 0.1 mg/0.1 mL, 1 mg/0.1 mL and 10 mg/0.1 mL. Simultaneous, bilateral, dark-adapted electroretinography and clinical images of both eyes were obtained in all groups before injection (baseline) and after 7, 14, 21 and 28d, followed by enucleation for histological examination. RESULTS: Subjects in the group 1 showed no signs of toxicity in the electroretinogram when compared with groups 2 and 3 (Kruskall-Wallis test, P=0.000). By day 7, no electrical response to light stimuli was recorded in the treated eyes in groups 2 and 3, consistent with severe damage due to retinal toxicity. Light microscopy revealed no significant histopathological changes in the group 1, while rabbits in groups 2 and 3 had signs of granulomatous inflammation in most cases. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal 0.1 mg/0.1 mL doses of quinupristin/dalfopristin do not lead to electroretinographic or histological signs of retinal toxicity compared with 1 mg/0.1 mL and 10 mg/0.1 mL in this rabbit model.
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Anteneh Amsalu, Kindie Desta, Demiss Nigussie, Demoze Delelegne
Abstract:
AIM: To assess the pattern of ocular manifestation and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) /acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to April 2015. After obtaining informed written consent, 240 adult HIV/AIDS patients on HAART were randomly selected regardless of their ophthalmic symptoms, WHO status or CD4 count. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and ophthalmologic clinical examination. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. RESULTS: The mean duration of HAART was 62.5mo. The prevalence of HIV related ocular manifestation was 14.2%. Seborrheic blepharitis (5%) was the most common ocular manifestation, followed by squamoid conjunctival growth (3.8%). The rate of ocular manifestation was significantly higher among study participants who had CD4+ count <200 cells/μL (AOR=3.83; 95%CI: 1.315-11.153), low duration of HAART (AOR=3.0; 95%CI: 1.305-6.891) and who had primary school education [odds ratio (OR) =2.8; 95%CI: 1.105-7.099]. Prevalence of visual impairment and blindness was 10.9% and 5.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: HAART may be the reason for the decline in the prevalence of ocular manifestation in HIV/AIDS patients in the study area. Ophthalmologic screening of HIV/AIDS patients, especially those with CD4 counts of <200/μL cells and in the first five years of HAART follow-up is recommended to reduce visual impairment and/or blindness.
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Zhi-Chun Zhao, Ying Zhou, Gang Tan, Juan Li
Abstract:
In recent years, people have become increasingly attentive to light pollution influences on their eyes. In the visible spectrum, short-wave blue light with wavelength between 415 nm and 455 nm is closely related to eye light damage. This high energy blue light passes through the cornea and lens to the retina causing diseases such as dry eye, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, even stimulating the brain, inhibiting melatonin secretion, and enhancing adrenocortical hormone production, which will destroy the hormonal balance and directly affect sleep quality. Therefore, the effect of Blu-rays on ocular is becoming an important concern for the future. We describe blue light’s effects on eye tissues, summarize the research on eye injury and its physical prevention and medical treatment.
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Ji Jin, Lei Chen, Gao-Qin Liu, Pei-Rong Lu
Abstract:
AIM: To analyze the retinal proteomes with and without conbercept treatments in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and identify proteins involved in the molecular mechanisms mediated by conbercept. METHODS: OIR was induced in fifty-six C57BL/6J mouse pups and randomly divided into four groups. Group 1: Normal17 (n=7), mice without OIR and treated with normal air. Group 2: OIR12/EXP1 (n=14), mice received 75% oxygen from postnatal day (P) 7 to 12. Group 3: OIR17/Control (n=14), mice received 75% oxygen from P7 to P12 and then normal air to P17. Group 4: Lang17/EXP2 (n=21), mice received 75% oxygen from P7 to P12 with intravitreal injection of 1 μL conbercept at the concentration of 10 mg/mL at P12, and then normal air from P12 to P17. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS data were reviewed to find proteins that were up-regulated after the conbercept treatment. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed of conbercept-mediated changes in proteins involved in single-organism processes, biological regulation, cellular processes, immune responses, metabolic processes, locomotion and multiple-organism processes. RESULTS: Conbercept induced a reversal of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway as revealed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and also induced down-regulation of proteins involved in blood coagulation and fibrin clot formation as demonstrated by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and the stimulation of interferon genes studies. These appear to be risk factors of retinal fibrosis. Additional conbercept-specific fibrosis risk factors were also identified and may serve as therapeutic targets for fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Our studies reveal that many novel proteins are differentially regulated by conbercept. The new insights may warrant a valuable resource for conbercept treatment.
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Xi-Teng Chen, Hui Huang, Yan-Hua Chen, Li-Jie Dong, Xiao-Rong Li, Xiao-Min Zhang
Abstract:
AIM:To identify the genetic defects in a Chinese family with achromatopsia.METHODS:A 2.5-year-old boy, who displayed nystagmus, photophobia, and hyperopia since early infancy, was clinically evaluated. To further confirm and localize the causative mutations in this family, targeted region capture and next-generation sequencing of candidate genes, such as CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, PDE6C, and PDE6H were performed using a custom-made capture array.RESULTS:Slit-lamp examination showed no specific findings in the anterior segments. The optic discs and maculae were normal on fundoscopy. The unaffected family members reported no ocular complaints. Clinical signs and symptoms were consistent with a clinical impression of autosomal recessive achromatopsia. The results of sequence analysis revealed two novel missense mutations in CNGA3, c.633T>A (p.D211E) and c.1006G>T (p.V336F), with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.CONCLUSION: Genetic analysis of a Chinese family confirmed the clinical diagnosis of achromatopsia. Two novel mutations were identified in CNGA3, which extended the mutation spectrum of this disorder.
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Abstract:
Simulation can be defined as malingering, or sometimes functional visual loss (FVL). It manifests as either simulating an ophthalmic disease (positive simulation), or denial of ophthalmic disease (negative simulation). Conscious behavior and compensation or indemnity claims are prominent features of simulation. Since some authors suggest that this is a manifestation of underlying psychopathology, even conversion is included in this context. In today’s world, every ophthalmologist can face with simulation of ophthalmic disease or disorder. In case of simulation suspect, the physician’s responsibility is to prove the simulation considering the disease/disorder first, and simulation as an exclusion. In simulation examinations, the physician should be firm and smart to select appropriate test(s) to convince not only the subject, but also the judge in case of indemnity or compensation trials. Almost all ophthalmic sensory and motor functions including visual acuity, visual field, color vision and night vision can be the subject of simulation. Examiner must be skillful in selecting the most appropriate test. Apart from those in the literature, we included all kinds of simulation in ophthalmology. In addition, simulation examination techniques, such as, use of optical coherence tomography, frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and modified polarization tests were also included. In this review, we made a thorough literature search, and added our experiences to give the readers up-to-date information on malingering or simulation in ophthalmology.
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Ping-Ting Zhao, Ling-Jun Zhang, Hui Shao, Ling-Ling Bai, Bo Yu, Chang Su, Li-Jie Dong, Xun Liu, Xiao-Rong Li, Xiao-Min Zhang
Abstract:
AIM: To test the therapeutic effects of delayed treatment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis (rEAU). METHODS: The efficacy of different regimens of MSC administration in rEAU were tested by evaluation of clinical and pathological intraocular inflammation, as well as retinal structural and functional integrity using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinogram (ERG). The retinal sections were also immunostained with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and rhodopsin (RHO). RESULTS: Delayed treatment of MSCs effectively alleviated the severity of intraocular inflammation with relative intact of outer retinal structure and function. Moreover, double therapies with longer interval led to an even better clinical evaluation, as well as a trend of decrease in relapse and amelioration of retinal function. MSC therapies also effectively reduced GFAP expression and increased RHO expression in the retina. CONCLUSION: MSC administration can effectively treat developed diseases of rEAU, and multiple therapies can provide additional therapeutic benefits.
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Li-Fei Yuan, Guang-Da Li, Xin-Jun Ren, Hong Nian, Xiao-Rong Li, Xiao-Min Zhang
Abstract:
AIM:To determine the effects of rapamycin on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) and investigate of role of rapamycin on T cell subsets in the disease. METHODS:EAU was induced in rats using peptides 1169 to 1191 of the interphotoreceptor binding protein (IRBP). Rapamycin (0.2 mg/kg/d) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for a consecutive 7d after immunization. Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, TGF-β1, and IL-6 produced by lymphocyteswere measured by ELISA, while Th17 cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from rat spleen were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Intraperitoneal treatment immediately after immunization dramatically ameliorated the clinical course of EAU. Clinical responses were associated with reduced retinal inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue destruction. Rapamycin induced suppression of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 release from T lymphocytes of EAU rats, in vitro. Rapamycin also significantly increased TGF-β1 production but had no effect on IL-6 productionof T lymphocytes from EAU rats in vitro. Furthermore, rapamycin decreased the ratio of Th17 cells/CD4+T cells and upregulated Tregs in EAU, as detected by flow cytometry. CONCLUSION: Rapamycin effectively interferes with T cell mediated autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting antigen-specific T cell functions and enhancing Tregs in EAU. Rapamycin is a promising new alternative as an adjunct corticosteroid-sparing agent for treating uveitis.
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Abstract:
AIM: To report various ocular lesions caused by accidental instillation of superglue.METHODS: Three cases of ocular injuries are described in children aged 6 years, 3 years and 8 months, following accidental instillation of superglue in the eye.RESULTS: In the first case there was sticking of eyelashes in the medial 1/3 of eyelids in both eyes. In the second case sticking of eye lashes was present in the lateral 1/3 of eyelids in the left eye. In the third case, superglue was present on the right cheek, above the right ear and sticking of eyelids in medial 1/3 in right eye. The eyelids were separated by pulling the lid margins with fingers in the first case and later on superglue was removed by trimming the eyelashes; and by direct trimming the eyelashes in second and third cases. There was no injury to other structures of anterior segment in the first two cases. However, removal of the superglue on the cornea resulted in corneal abrasion in the third case which healed with medical treatment and patching of the right eye.CONCLUSION: Accidental instillation of superglue is possible because of the appearance of the tube like eye ointment tube. Immediate medical aid will prevent ocular morbidity.
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Yang-Qing Huang, He Huang, Rong-Zhi Huang
Abstract:
AIM:To introduce a new near-vision chart for children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:The new near-vision chart which combined the Bailey-Lovie layout with a newly devised set of symmetry symbols was designed based on Weber-Fechner law. It consists of 15 rows of symmetry symbols, corresponding to a visual acuity range from 1.3 to 0.1 logMAR. The optotypes were red against a white background and were specially shaped four basic geometric symbols:circle, square, triangle，and cross, which matched the preschool children''s cognitive level. A regular geometric progression of the optotype sizes and distribution was employed to arrange in 15 lines. The progression rate of the optotype size between two lines was 1.2589 and two smaller groups of optotypes ranging from 0.7 to -0.1 logMAR were included for repetitive testing. A near visual acuity was recorded in logMAR or decimal, and the testing distance was 25 cm.RESULTS:This new near-vision chart with pediatric acuity test optotypes which consists of 4 different symbols (triangle, square, cross, and circle) met the national and international eye chart design guidelines. When performing the near visual acuity assessment in preschoolers (3-5 years old). It overcame an inability to recognize the letters of the alphabet and difficulties in designating the direction of black abstract symbols such as the tumbling ''E'' or Landolt ''C'', which the subjects were prone to lose interest in. Near vision may be recorded in different notations:decimal acuity and logMAR. These two notations can be easily converted each other in the new near-vision chart. The measurements of this new chart not only showed a significant correlation and a good consistency with the Chinese national standard logarithmic near-vision chart (r=0.932, P<0.01), but also indicated good test-retest reliability (89% of retest scores were within 0.1 logMAR units of the initial test score) and a high response rate.CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the validity and reliability of near visual acuity measurements using the new near-vision chart in children aged 3-5y over a wide range of visual acuities, and the new eye chart was especially suitable for the detection of amblyopia risk factors and low vision examination in children (3-5y of age). It can be applied in routine clinical practice.
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Ali Ihsan Incesu, Güng?r Sobac?
Abstract:
Simulation can be defined as malingering, or sometimes functional visual loss (FVL). It manifests as either simulating an ophthalmic disease (positive simulation), or denial of ophthalmic disease (negative simulation). Conscious behavior and compensation or indemnity claims are prominent features of simulation. Since some authors suggest that this is a manifestation of underlying psychopathology, even conversion is included in this context. In today's world, every ophthalmologist can face with simulation of ophthalmic disease or disorder. In case of simulation suspect, the physician's responsibility is to prove the simulation considering the disease/disorder first, and simulation as an exclusion. In simulation examinations, the physician should be firm and smart to select appropriate test(s) to convince not only the subject, but also the judge in case of indemnity or compensation trials. Almost all ophthalmic sensory and motor functions including visual acuity, visual field, color vision and night vision can be the subject of simulation. Examiner must be skillful in selecting the most appropriate test. Apart from those in the literature, we included all kinds of simulation in ophthalmology. In addition, simulation examination techniques, such as, use of OCT (optical coherence tomography), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and modified polarization tests were also included. In this review, we made a thorough literature search, and added our experiences to give the readers up-to-date information on malingering or simulation in ophthalmology.
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Bora Yüksel, Sultan Kaya ünsal, Sevgi Onat
Abstract:
AIM: To compare the efficiency and safety of fibrin glue to suture technique in pterygium surgery performed with limbal autograft. METHODS: A prospective randomised clinical trial was carried out in 58 eyes of 58 patients operated for primary nasal pterygium. Autologous conjunctival graft taken from the superotemporal limbus was used to cover the sclera after pterygium excision. In 29 eyes, the transplant was attached to the sclera with a fibrin tissue adhesive (Beriplast P) and in 29 eyes with 8-0 Virgin silk sutures. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis. Postoperative patient discomfort (pain, stinging, watering) and biomicroscopic findings (hyperemia, edema) were graded. Patients were followed up at least for six months. RESULTS: Subconjunctival hemorrhage occured under the graft in one patient in group 1. In seven cases of group 2, sutures were removed at the 15th day because of granulomatous tissue reaction. Patient symptoms were significantly less and biomicroscopic findings were better in group 1. Pterygium recurrence was seen in one case of group 1, and 2 cases of group 2. Average surgery cost was higher (P<0.05) and surgery time was shorter (P<0.05) in fibrin group. CONCLUSION: Using fibrin glue for graft fixation in pterygium surgery causes significantly less postoperative pain and shortens surgery time significantly.
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Blake F. Webb, Jadon R. Webb, Mary C. Schroeder, Carol S. North
Abstract:
AIM: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for vitreous floaters in the general population.METHODS: An electronic survey was administered through a smartphone app asking various demographic and health questions, including whether users experience floaters in their field of vision. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors.RESULTS:A total of 603 individuals completed the survey, with 76% reporting that they see floaters, and 33% reporting that floaters caused noticeable impairment in vision. Myopes were 3.5 times more likely (P=0.0004), and hyperopes 4.4 times more likely (P=0.0069) to report moderate to severe floaters compared to those with normal vision. Floater prevalence was not significantly affected by respondent age, race, gender, and eye color.CONCLUSION:Vitreous floaters were found to be a very common phenomenon in this non-clinical general population sample, and more likely to be impairing in myopes and hyperopes.
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Abstract:
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low level laser therapy, has recently risen to the attention of the ophthalmology community as a promising new approach to treat a variety of retinal conditions including age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, amblyopia, methanol-induced retinal damage, and possibly others. This review evaluates the existing research pertaining to PBM applications in the retina, with a focus on the mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes. All available literature until April 2015 was reviewed using PubMed and the following keywords: “photobiomodulation AND retina”, “low level light therapy AND retina”, “low level laser therapy AND retina”, and “FR/NIR therapy AND retina”. In addition, the relevant references listed within the papers identified through PubMed were incorporated. The literature supports the conclusion that the low-cost and non-invasive nature of PBM, coupled with the first promising clinical reports and the numerous preclinical-studies in animal models, make PBM well-poised to become an important player in the treatment of a wide range of retinal disorders. Nevertheless, large-scale clinical trials will be necessary to establish the PBM therapeutic ranges for the various retinal diseases, as well as to gain a deeper understanding of its mechanisms of action.
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Wen-Bin Huang, Qian Fan, Xiu-Lan Zhang
Abstract:
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness. Improved knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease has allowed the exploration of new therapeutic methods. In general, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), oxidative stress, and vascular insufficiency are accepted as the major risk factors for the progression of glaucoma. Many natural compounds have been found beneficial for glaucoma. Nutritional therapies are now emerging as potentially effective in glaucomatous therapy. One nutritional supplement with potential therapeutic value is cod liver oil, a dietary supplement that contains vitamin A and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Vitamin A is important for preserving normal vision and it is a well-known antioxidant that prevents the oxidative damage that contributes to the etiology and progression of glaucoma. Vitamin A is also a crucial factor for maintaining the integrity of conjunctival and corneal ocular surfaces, and preventing the impairment of ocular epithelium caused by topical antiglaucomatous drugs. Omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for glaucoma patients as they decrease IOP, increase ocular blood flow, and improve optic neuroprotective function. In this article, we propose that cod liver oil, as a combination of vitamin A and omega-3 fatty acids, should be beneficial for the treatment of glaucoma. However, further studies are needed to explore the relationship between cod liver oil and glaucoma.
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Jun Yi, Jun Yun, Zhi-Kui Li, Chang-Tai Xu, Bo-Rong Pan
Abstract:
· Congenital cataract is a crystallin severe blinding disease and genetic factors in disease development are important. Crystallin growth is under a combination of genes and their products in time and space to complete the coordination role of the guidance. Congenital cataract-related genes, included crystallin protein gene (CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBA1/A3, CRYBA4, CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, CRYGC, CRYGD, CRYGS), gap junction channel protein gene (GJA1, GJA3, GJA8), membrane protein gene (GJA3, GJA8, MIP, LIM2), cytoskeletal protein gene (BF-SP2), transcription factor genes (HSF4, MAF, PITX3, PAX6), ferritin light chain gene (FTL), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and so on. Currently, there are about 39 genetic loci isolated to which primary cataracts have been mapped, although the number is constantly increasing and depends to some extent on definition. We summarized the recent advances on epidemiology and genetic locations of congenital cataract in this review.
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Juan-Juan Li, Yun-Peng Li, Zhu-Lin Hu
Abstract:
We describe the successful treatment in a patient with bilateral congenital aniridia and cataract by insertion of capsular tension rings and IOL.
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Abstract:
AIM: To compare the efficacy for preventing exposure keratopathy of three forms of eye care (artificial tear, moist chamber and polyethylene covers) for intensive care patients. METHODS: Eighty-four patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were randomized to three treatment groups, including artificial tears group, moist chambers group and polyethylene film group. Patients of artificial tear group received two drops of carboxymethylcellulose drops to each eye every 2 hours. The moist chambers and the polyethylene were changed every 12 hours or as needed if they became unclean or torn. The corneal fluorescein stains were performed daily. RESULTS: No of 28 patients (0%) in the polyethylene group and one of the 27 patients (3.70%) in the moist chamber group had exposure keratopathy, compared to 8 of the 29 patients (27.59%) in the artificial tear group. There were statistical significance between the artificial tear group and the moist chamber group (P=0.02), and the artificial tear group and the polyethylene group (P =0.003). The time on eye care every day of the artificial tear group, the moist chamber group and the polyethylene group was 26.69±2.39 minutes, 35.33±2.63 minutes and 7.48±0.87 minutes, respectively. The eye care of the polyethylene group were statistically more time-save than that of the artificial tear group (P<0.001) and the moist chamber group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Polyethylene covers are more effective and more time-saving in reducing the incidence of corneal damage in intensive care patients
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