Retinopathy of Prematurity is a retinal vascular proliferative disease. With the improvement of the medical care in China, retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)has become one of the main causes of child hood blindness in recent years. Several factors such as short gestational age, low birth weight and oxygen supplementation are the three major risk factors for the disease, however, the pathogenesis is still not clear. This review here aims to expand the etiology and pathogenesis of ROP and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the disease.