Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease which can cause serious ocular complications. Recent findings indicated that in the early stage of diabetes, before the appearance of retinal capillary pathological changes, abnormal changes in neuronal structure and function in visual pathway have occurred. So the diabetic visual malfunction not only result from retinal capillary pathological changes,but also be related with the malfunction of neurons in many parts of visual pathway. This review will give latest findings about pathological changes of neurons in diabetic visual pathway from the aspects of clinic observation, visual function examine and histomorphology researches.