AIM:To study the refractive error distribution rule about 2-15 years children of low vision. METHODS:From April 2009 to April 2010, 2-15 years old， 1638 cases (3266 eyes) with low vision (725 male cases of 1446 eyes, 913 female cases of 1820 eyes)in our optometry outpatient service were subjected to mydriasis test and optometry and statistical analysis. RESULTS:In 3131 eyes, males myopic refractive error was in 1056 eyes, hyperopic refractive error in 317 eyes, myopic refractive error was the most, more compound myopic astigmatism,accounting for about 35.48％. The females' myopic refractive error was in 1455 eyes, hyperopic refractive error in 303 eyes, myopic refractive error was the most, more compound myopic astigmatism too,about 40.71％.In the distribution of astigmia,the first was compound myopic astigmatism,the second was compound hyperopic astigmatism. The incidences of amblyopia of astigmatism with rule, astigmatism against the rule and oblique astigmatism had significant differences(R×C table data Chi-square test,P<0.01）. CONCLUSION:With the increase of pressure of study, childrens long time reading, learning and the use of computer significantly increase the probability of occurrence of myopic refractive error.Against the rule astigmatism is an important factor to amblyopia occurrence, correction of against the rule astigmatism may be beneficial for the treatment of amblyopia in children.