AIM:To investigate the operation timing of vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) with macular hemorrhage. METHODS:In this retrospective analysis study, 62 PDR patients (62 eyes) with macular hemorrhage were enrolled from March 2009 to December 2010. 38 cases (38 eyes) were treated with panretinal photocoagulation firstly, then underwent vitrectomy after 2 months. 24 cases (24 eyes) were treated with vitrectomy directly, and retinal photocoagulation was made at the same time. The patient were treated with BSS or silicone oil tamponade in vitrectomy surgery according to whether the merger of rubeosis iridis, optic disc neovascularization and lens intraocular, so the retina get a good reset. RESULTS:There were 16 (67%) eyes with course of disease <2 months and postoperative visual acuity ≥ 01. There were 9 (24%) eyes with course of disease≥ 2 months and postoperative visual acuity ≥ 0.1. The two groups difference was statistically significant (χ²=11293,P=0.001). The difference of filler material was statistically significant (χ² =14.078,P＜0.05), comparing the course of disease <2 months group and ≥ 2 months group. CONCLUSION: PDR with macular hemorrhage patients should use silicone oil limiting hemorrhage to those whose course of disease ≥ 2 months, the retinal was reseted good. The patients who were treated in two months after the changes can get a good visual function.