Amblyopia is a common ophthalmic disease in the critical periodof children's visual development, and its pathogenesis is complicated. The traditional idea is that amblyopia does not cause obvious changes in the organic structure of the eyeball. However, with the deepening of research in recent years, researchers have found that amblyopia patients not only have different brain anatomy, but also have different eye structure from normal people, which provides a new way to explore the pathogenesis of amblyopia. This paper summarized the pathogenesis and ocular structural changes of amblyopia patients, and summarized the pathogenesis, choroidal thickness(CT), ocular vascular area and density, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFL), and ocular structural changes after occlusion therapy in amblyopia patients.