分形是指组成部分以某种方式与整体相似的形体，视网膜血管系统的分支模式具有分形的特征。近年来，随着光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）的广泛应用，使分形分析的理念扩展到视网膜微血管网及其分形特征在眼部甚至全身某些疾病中的应用，特别是对疾病的早期诊断提供了有价值的参考指标。分形维数（FD）反映了视网膜血管系统的整体复杂性，已被证实与多种在眼部甚至全身疾病的发生和发展有密切关系。本文就近年来使用OCTA评估糖尿病性视网膜病变、青光眼、年龄相关黄斑变性以及高度近视等眼部疾病的视网膜微血管分形特征的进展做一综述。

A fractal is a geometric structure whose constituent parts exhibit self-similarity with the whole at different scales. The branching pattern of the retinal vascular system demonstrates such fractal characteristics. With the widespread adoption of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in recent years, the application of fractal analysis has expanded to include the study of retinal microvasculature networks. This analytical approach has proven valuable in providing reference indicators for early diagnosis of both ocular and systemic diseases. Fractal dimension (FD), a measure reflecting the overall complexity of the retinal vascular system, has been demonstrated to correlate significantly with the onset and progression of various ocular and systemic conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in the assessment of retinal microvascular fractal characteristics using OCTA across several ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and high myopia.

江苏省科技厅社会发展面上研发项目（No. BE2022699）；无锡市卫生健康委中青年拔尖人才资助计划（No. BJ2023037）