翼状胬肉是一种与慢性眼表炎症相关的结膜增生性疾病，其发病机制尚未完全明确。既往聚焦人乳头瘤病毒单一病原体致病的认知逐渐被转变，转而强调菌群失调的核心地位。近年研究表明，眼表菌群失调通过破坏眼表免疫稳态，在翼状胬肉的发生发展中发挥关键作用；研究发现，环境因素（如紫外线辐射、高海拔、粉尘暴露）可导致菌群多样性降低、条件致病菌（如棒状杆菌等）丰度升高，进而激活模式识别受体，通过NF-κB等信号通路触发炎性细胞因子释放，诱发慢性眼表炎症；这一过程促进上皮异常增殖、血管形成及组织修复缺陷，最终驱动翼状胬肉的发生。本综述旨在阐明眼表菌群-免疫-炎症轴在翼状胬肉发病中的关键作用，为探索更有效的防治策略提供了思路。

Pterygium is a proliferative disorder of the conjunctiva associated with chronic ocular surface inflammation, the pathogenesis of which remains incompletely understood. The previous research focusing solely on single pathogens like human papillomavirus (HPV) has shifted towards emphasizing the central role of microbial dysbiosis. Recent studies indicate that ocular surface dysbiosis plays a critical role in the development and progression of pterygium by disrupting ocular surface immune homeostasis. Research has demonstrated that environmental factors (such as ultraviolet radiation, high altitude, and dust exposure) can induce a reduction in microbial diversity and an increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens (such as CORYNEBACTERIUM). This dysbiotic state activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines via signaling pathways like NF-κB, thereby initiating chronic ocular surface inflammation. This inflammatory cascade promotes aberrant epithelial proliferation, angiogenesis, and impaired tissue repair, ultimately driving pterygium formation. This review aims to elucidate the pivotal role of the ocular surface microbiota-immune-inflammation axis in pterygium pathogenesis, providing a foundation for exploring more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

安徽省中医药传承创新科研项目（2024CCCX164）