黄斑裂孔是一种与年龄密切相关的眼科黄斑疾病，以黄斑中心凹视网膜组织部分缺损和严重损害中心视力为特征。自19世纪中叶首次被描述以来，黄斑裂孔的研究已历经150余年。随着科学技术的飞速发展，尤其是眼底检查设备的不断更新换代，人们对黄斑裂孔的认识不断加深。光学相干断层扫描（Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT）技术的问世，极大地提升了人们对黄斑裂孔的认知水平。与此同时，黄斑裂孔手术的广泛开展，推动了对其发病机制和术前评估的深入研究，也促进了手术技术的推广及手术成功率的显著提高。本文将系统回顾黄斑裂孔的影像学检查方法，重点讨论OCT在临床应用中的优势及现存问题，为临床诊疗提供参考。

Macular hole is an age-related disorder defined by a full-thickness defect of the foveal retina and a profound loss of central vision. First described in the mid-19th century, its study has now extended across more than 150 years. Breakthroughs in science and technology—especially the relentless refinement of retinal imaging platforms—have progressively refined our understanding of the disease. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in particular has revolutionized characterization of the condition. At the same time, the widespread adoption of vitreoretinal surgery has not only driven deeper investigations into pathogenesis and pre-operative assessment but also facilitated the global dissemination of surgical expertise and a marked rise in anatomical success. This review synthesizes the multimodal imaging hallmarks of macular holes and highlights the remaining clinical challenges in the application of OCT technology.