Object: To detect the expression of P53 and mTOR in pterygium tissues and normal conjunctival tissues, and to explore the relationship between the expression of P53 and mTOR and the important clinical features of pterygium using quantitative analysis based on immunohistochemistry. Methods: The surgical specimens of 43 patients (43 eyes) who underwent pterygium resection and autologous conjunctival transplantation in the Hospital of Shihezi University from November 2022 to May 2023 were collected. Patients were informed and consent was obtained before surgery. Ten pterygium specimens and 6 normal conjunctival specimens were selected by random number method. qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of P53 and mTOR in pterygium and normal conjunctival tissues. Thirty-three pterygium specimens and 7 normal conjunctival specimens were randomly selected. The expression levels of P53 and mTOR in pterygium tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between P53 and mTOR and important clinical features of pterygium and the correlation between P53 and mTOR expression were analyzed using SPSS27.0. Results: qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of TP53 and mTOR was significantly enhanced in pterygium compared with healthy conjunctival tissues, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression levels of P53 and mTOR proteins in the pterygium group were significantly higher than those in the normal conjunctiva group (P < 0.05). The expressions of P53 and mTOR proteins were different in pterygium, with the highest expression in the head, the middle expression in the neck and the lowest expression in the body (all P < 0.05). We analyzed the two indicators separately with important clinical features of pterygium. There was no significant difference in the expression of P53 and mTOR between the groups of patients older than 40 years and those younger than or equal to 40 years (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of P53 (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in the expression of mTOR (P > 0.05) between the groups with outdoor activity time greater than 3h and less than or equal to 3h, and between the groups with distance of the pterygium head invading the limbus greater than 2mm and less than or equal to 2mm. The expression of P53 was correlated with the duration of outdoor activities (r = 0.484, P < 0.01), the distance of limbal invasion (r = 0.479, P < 0.01) and the expression of mTOR (r = 0.417, P < 0.05). However, the expression of mTOR was only positively correlated with the expression of P53 (r = 0.417, P < 0.05). Conclusions: The overexpression of P53 and mTOR may play a role in the pathogenesis of pterygium. The expression of P53 was associated with the independent risk factors of pterygium (time spent outdoors) and the severity of the disease (distance of the pterygium head invading the limbus). Key words: P53; mTOR; Pterygium; Correlation analysis